Trng i hc S phm Thnh ph H Ch Minh Khoa Vt l

B mn: Vt l ht nhn v nguyn t

ti Seminar:

X L CHT THI HT NHN SAU KHI NH MY THO D

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Vn Hoa Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: 1. Nguyn L Anh 2. Nguyn T i 3. Nguyn Quc Khnh

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, thng 12 nm 2012

I.

L do chn ti

Nh my in nguyn t hay nh my in ht nhn l mt nh my to ra in nng quy m cng nghip, s dng nng lng thu c t phn ng ht nhn. Cc loi my in nguyn t ph bin hin nay thc t l nh my nhit in, chuyn ti nhit nng thu c t phn ng phn hy ht nhn thnh in nng. a s thc hin phn ng dy chuyn c iu khin trong l phn ng nguyn t phn hy ht nhn vi nguyn liu ban u l ng v Uran 235 v sn phm thu c sau phn ng thng l Pluton, cc neutron v nng lng nhit rt ln. Nhit lng ny, theo h thng lm mt khp kn ( trnh tia phng x r r ra ngoi) qua cc my trao i nhit, un si nc, to ra hi nc p sut cao lm quay cc turbine hi nc, v do quay my pht in, sinh ra in nng. Khi qu trnh sn xut v x l cht thi c bo m an ton cao, nh my in nguyn t s c th sn xut nng lng in tng i r v sch so vi cc nh my sn xut in khc, c bit n c th t gy nhim mi trng hn cc nh my nhit in t than hay kh thin nhin. Vic lu gi v thi cht thi ht nhn an ton vn cn l mt thch thc v cha c mt gii php thch hp. Vn quan trng nht l dng cht thi t cc nh my nng lng ht nhn l nguyn liu qua s dng. Mt l phn ng cng sut ln to ra 3 mt khi (2530 tn) nguyn liu qua s dng mi nm. N bao gm urani khng chuyn ha c cng nh mt lng kh ln cc nguyn t thuc nhm Actini (hu ht l plutoni v curi). Thm vo , c khong 3% l cc sn phm phn hch. Nhm actini (urani, plutoni, v curi) c tnh phng x lu di, trong khi cc sn phm phn hch c tnh phng x ngn hn. V vy, cn phi c nhng phng php x l cht thi ht nhn phng x rt nguy him cho con ngi v mi trng. l l do nhm chng ti thc hin ti ny. Trong qu trnh s tm ti liu, dich v thit k seminar khng th no trnh khi sai st ng tic, mong c gi ng gp kin phn hi cho chng ti. Thay mt nhm ti xin chn thnh cm n!

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II.

c im ca cht thi ht nhn

Mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht i vi ngnh cng ngh ht nhn hin nay l vn x l v ct gi cht thi. L do n gin l trong cht thi ht nhn c nhng ng v phng x c th tn ti sau hng triu nm. Thng thng mt nh my in ht nhn c th hot ng trong vng vi chc nm. Sau khi ng ca, ngi ta phi tin hnh hng lot cc bin php cn thit sau y: Qun l an ton cc vt liu ht nhn; Qun l an ton cc cht thi ht nhn v phi ht nhn; Kh c i vi cc cht phng x v phi phng x; Tho d nh my; Ph hu cc cng trnh phc hi cnh quan cho mi trng.

i tng tho d khng ch l cc nh my in ht nhn, m l tt c cc c s c lin quan ti chu trnh nhin liu quy m thng mi nh cc c s khai thc urani, cc nh my ti ch bin v lm giu nhin liu, cc nh my ch to nhin liu, cc l phn ng ht nhn, cc c s ct gi v x l cht thi Tnh n thng 9 nm 2001, trn ton th gii c trn 90 l phn ng nng lng thng mi, 50 nh my ch bin nhin liu, khong 100 c s khai thc urani v hn 150 c s nghin cu khc, n lc phi ngng hot ng. Nhiu c s trong s ny v ang c tho d mt cch kh sun s. Tuy nhin vn qun l an ton cc cht thi phng x vn cn l vn gy nhiu tranh ci. Thng thng cc cht thi ht nhn c chia lm hai loi: cc cht thi phng x mc thp (Low Level Radioactive Waste) v cc cht thi phng x mc cao (High Level Radioactive Waste). i vi cc cht thi phng x mc thp, c hot ln chu k bn r u tng i nh. Trong vng 10 15 nm, hu ht cc cht thi nhm ny u phn r ht; ni chn ct c th coi nh mt bi ph thi thng thng. Tiu biu ca cc cht thi phng x thuc nhm ny l Ba-140 (13 ngy), Sr-89 (54 ngy), Ru-106 (1 nm), Ce-144 (1,3 nm) Ngnh cng nghip ht nhn cng to ra mt lng ln cc cht thi phng x cp thp dng cc cng c b nhim nh qun o, dng c cm tay, nc lm sch, my lc nc, v cc vt liu xy l phn ng. Hoa K, y ban iu phi ht nhn (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) c gng xt li cho php gim cc vt liu phng x thp n mc ging vi cht thi thng thng nh thi vo bi thi, ti s dng... Hu ht cht thi phng x thp c phng x rt thp v ngi ta ch quan tm n cht thi phng x lin quan n mc nh hng ln ca n. Cc cht thi phng x mc cao ni chung l nhng cht c ngun gc t li l phn ng ht nhn hoc cc cht n ht nhn nh urani, plutoni, cc mnh phn hch v cc cht phng x nhn to ng sau urani. Cc cht ny li c th chia lm hai nhm nh: Nhm cc mnh phn hch v nhm cc ng v siu urani. Nhm cc mnh phn hch thng tri qua cc chui phn r , v ri cui cng tr thnh cc ng v bn. Ni chung, sau 1000 Trang 2/16

nm chng c mc phng x rt thp. t ti mc phng x hu nh l v hi ny, nhm siu urani phi cn ti 500.000 nm, thm vo qu trnh to nhit c th ko di trn 200 nm. in hnh cc cht thi phng x thuc nhm th nht l Te-99 (2.106 nm), I-129 (16.107 nm). i din ca cc cht nhm 2 l Pu-239 (24.000 nm), Pu-240 (6.500 nm) v Am-243 (7.300 nm). Nguyn liu qua s dng c tnh phng x rt cao v phi rt thn trong trong khu vn chuyn hay tip xc vi n. Tuy nhin, nguyn liu ht nhn s dng s gim kh nng phng x sau hng ngn nm. C khong 5% cn nguyn liu phn ng khng th s dng li c na, v vy ngy nay cc nh khoa hc ang th nghim ti s dng cc cn ny gim lng cht thi. Trung bnh, c sau 40 nm, dng phng x gim 99,9% so vi thi im loi b nguyn liu s dng, mc d n vn cn phng x nguy him.

Nhin liu qua s dng c xp vo loi cht thi c tnh phng x mt cao. l do s tng dn cc sn phm phn hch c tnh phng x cao khi nhin liu c dng trong l phn ng. Khi nhin liu qua s dng c loi khi l phn ng v c thay bng nhin liu mi, n phi tch tr mt thi gian trong b cha nhin liu qua s dng. Nhin liu qua s dng phi c gi di nc do nhit c to ra bi s phn r cc sn phm phn hch, ng thi nhm gii hn mc phng x trong khu vc b cha. Cc b cha thng c t ti ch. Tuy nhin, ty vo lng nhin liu m cc nh my nng lng phi d tr, c th c thm cc b cha b sung. Hin nay vn cha c mt thit b x l dnh cho cht thi c tnh phng x cao mang tnh thng mi. Sau vi nm, s gim nhit c to ra bi s phn hy ca cc sn phm phn hch cho php s lu tr nhin liu qua s dng c lm mt bng khng kh, sy kh bng

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thit b lu tr trn mt t. Cc thit b ny phi c thit k loi b nhit t nhin liu qua s dng v c thit k hn ch s phng x ca nhng khu vc xung quanh thit b ny.

Hnh minh ha trn l mt phn ct ngang ca thit b lu tr (HSM) vi ng ng bo v.

Nhin liu s c bn trong hp, sau s c t bn trong thit b lu tr. y ch l mt trong mt s mu thit k ca vic lu tr nhin liu kh, mt s b phn theo mt ct ngang v dc. Vic lu gi v thi cht thi ht nhn an ton vn cn l mt thch thc v cha c mt gii php thch hp. Vn quan trng nht l dng cht thi t cc nh my nng lng ht nhn l nguyn liu qua s dng. Mt l phn ng cng sut ln to ra 3 mt khi (2530 tn) nguyn liu qua s dng mi nm. N bao gm Urani khng chuyn ha c cng nh mt lng kh ln cc nguyn t thuc nhm Actini (hu ht l Plutoni v Curi). Thm vo , c khong 3% l cc sn phm phn hch. Nhm Actini (Urani, Plutoni, v Curi) c tnh phng x lu di, trong khi cc sn phm phn hch c tnh phng x ngn hn.

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III.

Mt s phng php x l cht thi ht nhn

1. a vo khng gian (Disposal in outerspace)

C ba l do tt gi cht thi ht nhn vo khng gian. u tin, n l an ton. Th hai, khng gian x l tt hn so vi vic chn ct di lng t. Th ba, cui cng n c th m rng ra cnh ca cho vic chinh phc khng gian ca con ngi.

V tr l ni c hot ng phng x mnh, nhng cng hp th phng x

Cht thi s c ng gi n c th s vn cn nguyn vn di hu ht cc kch bn tai nn c th tng tng. Mt tn la hay tu con thoi khng gian s c s dng khi ng cc cht thi ng gi vo khng gian. C mt s im n cui cng cho cht thi c xem xt, bao gm c ch o n vo mt tri. Ni lo v cht thi ht nhn s tan bin v khng th gy hi cho con ngi nu chng ta c th a chng vo h mt tri, hay th vo mt tri. Bng cch gi cho h thng khi ng trn mt t thay v t n trn xe, thit k v xy dng cc container khng th ph v v sp xp nhiu lp phng nga ri ro, chng ta c th hot ng mt cch ng n v an ton. Tuy nhin phng php x l cht thi ny ch c th thch hp cho cht thi phng x mc thp (LLW) hoc nhin liu qua s dng (tc l tn ti lu di vt liu phng x cao l tng i nh v khi lng). Cu hi c iu tra ti Hoa K bi NASA vo cui nm 1970 v u nhng nm 1980. Bi v chi ph cao ca gii php ny v cc kha cnh an ton lin quan vi nguy c tht bi khi ng, gii php ny b b. Hin nay ch c my pht in ng v phng x nhit (TRGs) c cha mt vi kg Pu-238 c a ra bi NASA. Nhng nu cc v phng tu a ra cc cht thi ht nhn vo khng gian tht bi, hu qu s khn lng nh th no? Khi tu phng ri xung cc i dng, pht n trn vng thng quyn hu qu vi con ngi, sinh vt trn Tri t l khn lng. Do , vic a cht thi ra ngoi v tr cn c cn nhc. Thm ch, gi s vic phng ra ngoi khng gian thnh cng theo ng l trnh v an ton, rt c th mt ngy no , nhng cht thi c th quay tr li.

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2. Chn su lng t (Deep boreholes)

Trong khong thi gian di m mt s cht thi vn cn phng x dn n tng v x l cht thi ht nhn bng cch chn su trong cc kho di lng t to thnh cc dng a cht n nh. S ngn cch c to bi s kt hp ca s cn tr do trong thit k v trong t nhin (, mui, t st) v c ngha v tch cc trong vic duy tr khng cho cc thit b c vt qu gii hn n cc th h trong tng lai. S ngn cch ny thng c gi vi khi nim nhiu ngn cch (multi barrier), vi bao b thi, kho thit k v a cht, tt c cc cung cp cc s ngn cch ny ngn chn cc ht nhn phng x n con ngi v mi trng. Kho lu tr bao gm cc ng hm khai thc hoc cc hang ng s c t vo cc cht thi ng gi. Cht thi rn ng gi s c t trong cc l khoan su khoan t b mt ti su vi km vi ng knh thng t hn 1 mt. Cc thng cha cht thi s c ngn cch vi nhau bi mt lp bentonite hoc xi mng. Cc l khoan s khng c hon ton y cc cht thi. Khong trn 2 km s c nim phong vi cc vt liu nh nha ng, bentonite hoc b tng. Vic khai qut mt kho lu tr su di lng t phi s dng cng ngh khai thc hoc cng ngh k thut dn dng c gii hn n cc a im c th (v d nh di t hoc gn b), khai qut n nh hp l v khng c dng nc ngm ln th su t 250m n 1000m. su ln hn 1000m, vic khai qut c th tr nn ngy cng kh khn nn rt tn km. Vic chn cht thi ht nhn xung su di lng t l mt la chn a thch ca nhiu quc gia, bao gm Argentina, Australia, B, Cng ha Sc, Phn Lan, Nht Bn, H Lan, Hn Quc, Nga, Ty Ban Nha, Thy in, Thy S v M. Tuy nhin, n s c chn nh th no l cu hi gy ra s tranh ci. Do , c nhiu thng tin v cc phng php x l khc nhau. Mc ch xy dng kho lu tr a cht i vi ILW (Internmediate Level Radioactive Waste) tn ti lu di m hin ti ang c cp giy php cho cc hot ng x l M. K hoch x l nhin liu qua s dng c nng cao Phn Lan, M v Thy in. Ti Trang 6/16

Canada v Vng quc Anh, x l chn su c la chn v qu trnh la chn ni x l cng c khi cng. Gii php chn su vn l mt d tnh trn giy, m t vic a cht thi vo trong nhng chic hp thp ri chn su hng km di b mt Tri t. Mt li th ca vic chn cht thi l c th khoan chng gn cc l phn ng ht nhn, gip gim khong cch vn chuyn nhng cht thi nguy him cao xung ni chn lp. Tuy nhin, cc nc u vp phi vn lin quan n la chn a im chn lp cht thi, nhng nguyn tc tiu chun m bo an ton cho mi trng sinh thi khu vc

3. Chn lp di bin (Disposal at sea)

y bin vi lp ph sa dy c th hp th phng x, nhng vic khoan cc h chn c th gp phi ri ro v khoan nhm ging du gy thm ha

Phn ln y ca cc i dng u cu to t lp t st dy v nng, mt nguyn liu hon ho hp th phng x ca cc cht thi ht nhn pht ra. Bin php ny c nh hi dng hc Charles Hollister, thuc Vin Hi dng Woods Hole khi xng vo nm 1973. Vic lu gi cht thi ht nhn di y bin c Quc hi M thng qua nm 1986. Tuy nhin, vn ni cm vi vic lu tr, l phi thc hin khoan cc ging ngm su di y bin. Thm ha trn du Deepwater Horizon l li cnh bo i vi cc hot ng khoan, khai thc di y bin. Chn ct cht thi phng x trong cc trm tch i dng su c th c thc hin bng hai k thut khc nhau: m xuyn (penetrators) hoc khoan l (drilling placement). su chn ct cc thng cha cht thi di y bin c th khc nhau gia hai k thut ny. Trong trng hp ca m xuyn, thng cha cht thi c th c t khong 50 mt vo cc lp trm tch. S m xuyn nng khong vi tn s ri xung nc, ng lng chn su vo cc lp trm tch. Mt kha cnh quan trng ca vic x l cht thi vo cc trm tch y bin l cht thi c c lp di y bin bng dy ca trm tch. Nm 1986, mt s s tn hiu kh quan trong qu trnh ny c thu thp t cc th nghim c thc hin su khong 250 mt vng bin a Trung Hi. Cc th nghim chng minh cho thy hng i ny c to ra bi s m xuyn b ng ca v lp y xung quanh cc trm tch c mt ging nhau khng b nh hng.

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Cht thi cng c th c t bng cch s dng cc thit b khoan da trn cc k thut c s dng vng bin su trong khong 30 nm. Bng phng php ny, ng cht thi ng gi s c t trong cc l khoan n su 800 mt di y bin, vi cc container cao nht khong 300 mt di y bin. Trong nhng nm 1980, tnh kh thi ca vic x l HLW trong trm tch i dng su thm c iu tra v bo co bi T chc Hp tc v Pht trin Kinh t (Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development). i vi phng php ny, cht thi phng x s c ng gi trong cc thng cha hoc thy tinh ngn cn s n mn, chng s c t bn di t nht l 4000 mt nc trong a cht n nh su di y bin, s la chn ny cho c dng chy chm v lm chm kh nng s chuyn ng ca ht nhn phng x. Ht nhn phng x c vn chuyn thng qua cc phng tin trong a cht, xut hin y ca khi nc bin, sau s c pha long, khuch tn, phn tn v s ht thm b mt nh hng n cht thi phng x c x l trn bin. Do , phng php x l ny gip ngn chn s tng thm ca cc ht nhn phng x khi so vi vic x l cht thi trc tip t y bin. Ngoi ra, c mt xut phng php rt cng ngh thp (very low tech method), s dng phi tiu c ht nhn. K hoch ny dng nim phong hai hoc ba hp ng cht thi ht nhn c trng men vo li ca mt con c ng khng l bng thp khng r. C ng ny s c cho vo mt chic tu ln. Ti mt a im c xc nh trc trong i dng, n s c th qua mt bn. Qu trnh li s c chnh xc thng qua vic s dng cc cnh qut li. Vi thit k thy ng lc thch hp, chng s c kh nng t tc hp l. iu ny cn chn vi hon ton trong trong bn su. (ng nhin, mt ni ph hp vi bn mm thch hp, s cn phi c chn). Bn cnh , cn nhiu tranh ci trong cc din n a phng ca cc quc gia pht trin ht nhn ni ring v ton cu v vn x l cht thi ht nhn ra bin. V vy, gii php chn lp di y bin cn s xem xt bng cc tha c quc t nhm em li li ch chung.

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4. Chn di sng bng (Disposal in ice sheets)

Chn di sng bng gp phi nhiu tr ngi khch quan nh hin tng nng ln ton cu lm cc sng bng, ni bng tan chy nhiu

Container cht thi to ra nhit ca phng php ny s c t trong cc tng bng n nh nh nhng ni Greenland v Nam Cc. Cc container s lm tan bng xung quanh v c li su vo di bng, khi m ni bng ng lnh li trn cc cht thi s to ra mt lp ro cn rt dy. Mc d x l trong tng bng c th c xem xt v mt k thut cho tt c cc loi cht thi phng x, n cng ch c nghin cu cho HLW, ni nhit c to ra bi cc cht thi c th c s dng do li th t cht thi chn cht thi trong bng bng cch lm nng chy bng ra. Cc phng php x l dng tm bng khng c thc hin bt c ni no. Vic t cc qu cu cht thi ht nhn xung cc phin bng n nh, n chy xung bn di, sau s c cc lp bng khc c c li. Cht thi c th c bo qun vnh vin bn di cc lp bng dy hng chc mt. Tuy nhin, kin ny sm b loi b. L gii cho vic bc b, l lo ngi vic dch chuyn cc mng bng cng nh hin tng bin i kh hu v nng ln ton cu. N b t chi bi cc nc k Hip c Nam Cc nm 1959 cam kt cung cp mt gii php qun l cht thi phng x ca h trong phm vi bin gii quc gia. K t nm 1980, khng c s xem xt ca phng php ny na. Hin nay, nh Quelccaya Nam Peru, nh ni bng nhit i ln nht th gii, c tc tan chy khong 60 mt mi nm, tng gp 10 ln so vi tc tan bng ca nhng nm 1960.

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5. Chn lp vng ht chm (Disposal at a subduction zone)

Gii php gi vic a cc thng cha cht thi ht nhn xung dc theo vng ht chm gia cc mng kin to

Khi nim vng ht chm cn l lm vi nhiu ngi. y l thut ng trong a cht hc, l ni din ra qu trnh hi t bin gii gia cc mng kin to: mt mng kin to di chuyn xung di mng kin to khc, sau b chm xung di lp v tri t. T l s ht chm khong vi cm mi nm (trung bnh t 2-8 cm). V mt l thuyt, vic chn lp cht thi ht nhn vng ht chm s a nhng thng cha nhin liu ht nhn qua s dng dc theo ai bng chuyn gia cc mng kin to v i vo trong lp v Tri t. Tuy nhin, gii php ny gp phi nhiu vn lin quan n ch quyn lnh th quc gia cng nh s tham gia ca nhiu bn lin quan, ging nh d n chn lp di y bin.

6. Ct gi trong nhn to

Cc loi nhn to c kh nng lu tr cht thi ht nhn lu di

La chn tt nht v hin thc nht hin nay l vic c lp cc cht thi phng x trong cc loi tng hp nhn to sau chn xung di lng t. Cch ny s ngn cht thi phng x v lm nhim c t, v nc xung quanh. Cc nh khoa hc pht trin loi nhn to (synrock) t nhng nm 1970 nhm lu gi nhng cht thi ht nhn c mc phng x ln. Cc loi c thit k khc nhau ph thuc vo loi cht thi ring bit, da trn cng thc cho phn ng nc nh sng cng nh hm lng cht plutonium.

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Mt gii php tng t l s dng vt liu gm nano trong bo qun v lu gi cht thi phng x. cc nh khoa hc Australia dng sn vi si gm nano c lm t oxit ca titan sn ln b mt cc b hay thng ln bng thp, c dng cha cht thi pht sinh trong qu trnh khai thc cc cht phng x v nc thi trong qu trnh lm mt l phn ng. Vt liu gm nano c u im l rt bn v c thi gian tn ti lu hn cc ion cht phng x, c kh nng by cc ion dng ca cht phng x v gi cht chng mi trong . Ch cn qut mt lp sn mng c nano mt (mt phn t mt) s tng an ton ln rt nhiu.

7. Rt ngn chu k bn r (Giant laser transmutes nuclear waste)

My Laser Vulcan

Hin nay, mt s nh khoa hc ang tnh ti vic gim chu k bn r ca cc cht thi phng x, qua , x l nhanh chng cc cht ny, thay v tm cch chn chng u v ch chng phn r ht. Mt laser khng l s ct gim thi gian sng ca mt ht cht thi phng x t hng triu nm ch cn vi pht. Chin tch ny lm dy ln hy vng rng c mt gii php hn ch vn ln nht ca in ht nhn l cht thi ca n hi vng vo mt ngy c th. My Laser Vulcan l mt thit b ra i t tng . My c th to ra cc xung in mnh v ngn, mt triu t Watts, bn vo mt cc vng nh, to ra bc x gamma nh bt cc neutron n l khi cht thi phng x nh Iodine 129. Iodine129 l mt trong nhiu ng v phng x c to ra khi Uranium b t trong l phn ng ht nhn. Tuy nhin, cc nh khoa hc nh gi, my Laser s khng gii quyt trit vn cht thi xong n gim mc phng x. Chuyn ho c thc hin bng cch s dng Laser Vulcan, n c kch thc ca mt khch sn nh v c lu gi ti Phng th nghim Rutherford Appleton Oxfordshire. Khong mt triu nguyn t Iodine 129 c bin thnh Iodine128. Chu k bn r ca Iodine129 l 15,7 triu nm, c ngha l n vn cn phng x trong mt thi gian rt di. Ngc li, chu k bn r ca Iodine128 ch l 25 pht. V cng s c k thut tng t c th c p dng cho cc cht thi phng x khc nh Technetium99, Stronti90 v ng v ca Caesium. Tuy nhin, mt qu trnh khc nhau s c yu cu i vi cc cht thi khc tn ti lu di nh Plutonium v Americium.

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Cng c th chuyn ho cht thi ht nhn bng cc l phn ng hoc my gia tc ht. Tuy nhin, gii khoa hc cn phi pht trin my laser nh gn, ph hp. Qu trnh c th phi mt ti 30 nm. Cc phng php u s dng rt nhiu nng lng. Hin nhm nghin cu phi bn laser Vulcan 1017 ln vo mt cc Iodine129 nng 46 gam chuyn ho tt c cc nguyn t. Karl Krushelnick, chuyn gia vt l Laser ti H Hong gia, London, khuyn co: Chng ta cn cn xy dng mt s nh my in chuyn ho cht thi t mt nh my in ht nhn. Ngay c khi c mt thit b Laser hiu qu, cng ngh Laser c th phi i mt vi nhng tr ngi khc. Theo McKinley thuc Cng ty cht thi ht nhn Thu S Nagra, gim t ngt chu k bn r ca cc ng v s lm mc bc x c pht ra trong mi giy tng vt. Bc x ban u t Iodine128 s cao gp hng trm t ln so vi t iodine129, gy nguy him i vi nhn vin vn hnh. Phng php ny mi ch thc hin trong phng th nghim v ch c kh nng p dng giai on x l ban u ca cht thi ht nhn.

8. Ti ch cht thi ht nhn

Uranium c s dng trong l phn ng ht nhn ch ly c 5% nng lng, cc thanh nhin liu ht nhn ny qua s dng vn cn n 95% gi tr nng lng, vic ti ch khng ch gip khai thc gi tr nng lng mt cch ng k m cn gim khi lng v c tnh phng x ca cht thi ht nhn,trong khi cc nh my in nguyn t vn cha th ti s dng nhin liu ny.

Nhng thanh nhin liu ht nhn qua s dng c gi trong h mt ti nh my ht nhn Yongbyon, Triu Tin nm 2003

Nguyn nhn l do dng ph bin nht ca Uranium, Ion uranyl c cng thc ha hc l [UO2]2+ rt kh phn tch t cc thanh nhin liu qua s dng.

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Cc nh khoa hc va sng ch ra mt loi phn t n cht phng x uranium gip chuyn i cht thi ht nhn thnh nhin liu. Loi phn t m cc nh khoa hc i hc Edinburgh, Scotland to ra c dng mch vng. N ging nh mt b rng hm v khi tip xc vi cht uranyl, n s n phn ln cc ion. Nh vy, cu trc ca uranyl s b suy yu gip thanh nhin liu chy d dng phn ng vi cc cht c kh nng d tch lc hn ra khi cht thi, khng gy nhim mi trng. Cc nh nghin cu cn a ra nhiu thch thc khc cn vt qua trc khi cc phn t Pac-Man c th s dng rng ri. V d, phn t mch vng trn khng c tc dng tt trong mi trng nc v khng kh. Song cc nh khoa hc cho rng kt qu nghin cu trn s m ra mt k nguyn mi k nguyn nng lng ht nhn thn thin mi trng.

9. Phng php Rolfs (Rolfs Method)

Klaus Rolfs tin rng ng c th lm cho an ton ca cht thi phng x ch trong nhiu thp k, ch khng phi th k. Nu n hot ng, phng php Rolfs s lm tn km chi ph x l ngm khng cn thit. ng tuyn b ct gim mt na thi gian ca mt ng v phng x natri 1% bng cch nhng n trong kim loi palladium lm lnh n mt vi trn 00K. Tip theo, ng mun nhm mc tiu Radium226 vi chu k bn r 1600 nm, mt phn quan trng ca cht thi ht nhn. ng ngh rng n c th c a xung mt 100 nm t i. Kt qu ca ng b bc b vi mt tng lu nay rng phn r ht nhn khng b nh hng bi mi trng. Rolfs, ca i hc Ruhr ti Bochum, c, ni rng n s mt 10 nm gii quyt l thuyt v k thut cn thit lm cho cng ngh ca ng c thc t.

10. Phng php n gin x l Iodine phng x

Chuyn gia thuc i hc Sheffied pht hin ra mt phng thc mi nhm c nh mt dng Iodine phng x bng cch s dng sng vi ba. ng v phng x ca Iodine c to ra bi s phn r ca nhin liu Uranium trong phn ng ht nhn. Iodine phng x ang c quan tm nhiu bi n chuyn ng nhanh trong mi trng v hp thu chn lc qua tuyn gip c th gy nguy c ung th nghim trng nu tip xc trong thi gian di. Hn na, ng v Iodine129, mt loi Iodine phng x, c thi gian tn ti cc k lu, 15,7 nghn nm, l mt trong nhng mi nguy him ln trong di hn m con ngi phi i mt do s pht thi ca n trong sut qu trnh x l a cht ca cht thi ht nhn. Gio s Neil Hyatt thuc Khoa K thut v Khoa hc Vt liu, i hc Sheffied tm ra cch kha ng v phng x Iodine trong mt loi vt liu rn, bn thch hp cho x l sau cng l Iodovanadinite Pb5(VO4)3I. Nghin cu, c ng trn tp ch Nuclear Materials, chng minh phng thc nhanh chng, n gin, r tin ny c th thc hin trong p sut khng kh. Gio s Hyatt v nhm nghin cu to ra vt liu rn nhm c nh Iodine vi cng thc Pb5(VO4)3I bng cch gia nhit hn hp Iodine ch, Oxit ch v Oxit Vanadi. Trc y, hn hp ny ch t c khi s dng p sut cao v mt bnh cha kn do Iodine bay hi nhit cao. Tuy nhin, s dng Vanadi, mt cht hp thu tt vi sng 2.45

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Hz, tn s c s dng trong l vi sng ni a, nhm nghin cu c th gia nhit hn hp cc cht ha hc trong l vi sng to ra Pb5(VO4)3I trong 3 pht. Cha kha ca thnh cng l (Pb5(VO4)3I) l cht hp thu km vi sng 2.45 Hz, v vy khi cht ny c hnh thnh, cht th nghim khng th hp thu vi sng nn nhit khng ln ti cao lm bay hi iot. Iot 131 l kh c hi c thi ra t nh my in nguyn t Fukushima Nht Bn trong trn ng t v sng thn thng 4/2011 v l nguyn nhn quan trng nh hng ti sc khe con ngi t cuc th nghim n bom nguyn t t nhng nm 1950, v cng c thi ra trong thm ha Chernobyl. Nghin cu mi ny c trng i s gim thiu tc ng ti sc khe cng ng do r r iot phng x ra mi trng bng cch cung cp mt phng php n gin, r tin c nh iot phng x trong vt liu rn, cht c th s c trin khai nhanh chng khi c s c. GS Nei Hyatt cho bit, trong thanh d tr nhin liu ht nhn, iot khng b c nh, v vy khi b cha b r r, chng d dng phn tn ra ngoi. Hin nay, iot 129 r r t qu trnh ti sn xut nhin liu ht nhn c o thi trc tip ra b bin Sellafied ca bin Ailen. Mt lng ng k cht phng x ny cng c thi ra bin Nht Bn trong s c Fukushima. Phng php mi a ra mt cch thc cha cc ht nhn phng x ny mt cch an ton v nhanh chng, lm gim tc ng tim tng lu di ti sc khe con ngi do x thi ra mi trng.

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IV.

Ti liu tham kho

1. A Modest Proposal for Nuclear Waste Disposal by Willis Eschenbach 2. Radioactive Waste Management - USNRC Technical Training Center 3. Storage and Disposal Options - Radioactive Waste Management Appendix 2 (Updated November 2010) 4. http://www.world-nuclear.org/ 5. http://www.newscientist.com/ 6. http://www.xaluan.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=197094 7. http://cordis.europa.eu/fetch?CALLER=EN_NEWS&ACTION=D&SESSION=&RC N=26110 8. http://www.vista.vn/UserPages/News/detail/tabid/73/newsid/2987/seo/Phuong-phapdon-gian-xu-ly-iot-phong-xa/language/vi-VN/Default.aspx

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V.
I. III. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. IV.

Mc lc
L do chn ti ................................................................................................................ 1 Mt s phng php x l cht thi ht nhn ................................................................. 5 a vo khng gian (Disposal in outerspace) ................................................................ 5 Chn su lng t (Deep boreholes) ............................................................................... 6 Chn lp di bin (Disposal at sea) .............................................................................. 7 Chn di sng bng (Disposal in ice sheets) ................................................................ 9 Chn lp vng ht chm (Disposal at a subduction zone) ......................................... 10 Ct gi trong nhn to .............................................................................................. 10 Rt ngn chu k bn r (Giant laser transmutes nuclear waste) ................................... 11 Ti ch cht thi ht nhn ............................................................................................. 12 Phng php Rolfs (Rolfs Method) .............................................................................. 13 Phng php n gin x l Iodine phng x .......................................................... 13 Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................................ 15

II. c im ca cht thi ht nhn ......................................................................................... 2

V. Mc lc ............................................................................................................................. 16

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