MN HC

HA L 1
(physical chemistry 1)

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

NI DUNG

30 tit

Chng 1. Nhit ha hc Chng 2. Chiu v gii hn ca qu trnh Chng 3. Cn bng ha hc Chng 4. L thuyt cn bng pha Chng 5. Cn bng pha trong h mt cu t Chng 6. Dung dch, cn bng lng - hi Chng 7. Cn bng lng rn Chng 8. Ha keo

CHNG 1

NHIT HA HC
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

MC TIU CA NHIT NG HC
Nghin cu cc quy lut v s bin chuyn tng h ca ha nng v cc dng nng lng khc trong cc qu trnh ha hc. Nghin cu cc iu kin t din bin (phn ng ha hc) v cc iu kin bn vng (trng thi cn bng) ca cc h ha hc.

1. MT S KHI NIM C BN
Systems and Surroundings (H thng v mi trng) System (H): part of the universe we are interested in. Surroundings(mi trng ): the rest of the universe.

1. MT S KHI NIM C BN
a. H: l lng nht nh ca mt hay nhiu cht iu kin nhit , p sut v nng nht nh - H m - h kn - h c lp - h on nhit - H ng th, d th,
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1. MT S KHI NIM C BN

b. Trng thi tp hp tt c cc tnh cht v m ca h - Thng s trng thi: T, P, V, m, C, d, Cp, - Thng s cng : T, P, C, d,.. - Thng s dung : V, m, U,.. - Hm trng thi U = f(T,P,n,)
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1. MT S KHI NIM C BN
c. Qu trnh Con ng m h chuyn t TT ny sang TT khc - Qu trnh m - Qu trnh kn (chu trnh) - Qu trnh c V, P, T, q = const - Hm qu trnh d. Pha tp hp nhng phn ng th ca h c cng tnh cht l ha
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2. NHIT V CNG
Nng lng l thc o vn ng ca vt cht. ng vi nhng hnh thi vn ng khc nhau ca vt cht chng ta c nhng hnh thi nng lng khc nhau nh th nng, ng nng, ni nng Hai dng th hin ca nng lng ha hc l: NHIT (Q) v CNG (W) Lu : khng c gi tr nng lng bng 0 tuyt i m ch c nng lng bng 0 ng vi mt h quy chiu chun no .
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Nhit
Nhit (q) l thc o s chuyn ng hn lon (chuyn ng nhit) ca cc tiu phn to nn cht hay h.

Cng
Cng (w) l thc o s chuyn ng c trt t v c hng ca cc tiu phn theo hng ca trng lc

Ni nng (U)
Ni nng (U) l nng lng c sn, n du bn trong h

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Quy c v du
Theo qui c v du ca nhit ng hc: Nu h ta nhit th nhit c tr s m, q < 0. Nu h thu nhit th nhit c tr s dng, q > 0. Nu h nhn cng th cng c tr s m, W < 0. Nu h sinh cng th cng c tr s dng, W > 0.

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3. NGUYN L I NHIT NG HC
BIU THC TON HC Nu qi v wi l nhit v cng trao i gia h vi mi trng ngoi theo ng qu trnh i th qi v wi ring r thay i theo ng qu trnh nhng tng s qi + wi lun lun l mt hng s khng ty thuc ng qu trnh m ch ty thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui ca h m thi

U = Q + A
Do quy c v du nn biu thc nguyn l 1 c vit li nh sau:

U = Q - A
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NHIT NG CA MT S QU TRNH a. Qu trnh ng tch V= hng s, dV=0 QV = U b. Qu trnh ng p P = hng s, dP=0 Qp = H Nu h l kh l tng th pV=nRT

Wp = nRT Up = Qp nRT
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NHIT NG CA MT S QU TRNH c. Qu trnh gin n ng nhit KLT nh lut Joule: ni nng ca kh l tng ch ph thuc vo nhit UT = 0

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4. NH LUT HESS
Ni dung nh lut Hess Trong qu trnh ng p hay ng tch, nhit phn ng ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui m khng ph thuc vo trng thi trung gian ca qu trnh QV = U v Qp = H i vi cc qu trnh ca kh l tng: H = U + RTn. H = U + PV ( enthalpy) hm trng thi
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4. NH LUT HESS
H qu nh lut Hess

Hnghch = - Hthun Hphn ng = Hssp Hstc Hphn ng = Hctc Hcsp

Hs : nhit sinh, nhit to thnh Hc : nhit chy, thiu nhit

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H1 = H2 + H3
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MI QUAN H GIA ENTANPI V NI NNG

i vi nhng qu trnh c cht phn ng hay sn phm phn ng th kh th H v U c th khc xa nhau. Vi cht kh: PV = nRT Trong n l hiu s phn t gam ca cc sn phm kh vi s phn t gam ca cc cht kh tham gia phn ng. Nh vy: = U + nRT Khi n = 0 th H = U , nhng khi n 0 th H U
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5. NHIT DUNG (C)

Nhit dung: Nhit dung ring ca mt cht bt k l nhit lng cn cung cp cho mt n v khi lng cht lm tng nhit thm 1o - Nhit dung ring - Nhit dung ng tch
c
cv

Q dT
Qv dT

- Nhit dung ng p

cp dT

Qp

nh hng ca nhit n nhit dung Cp = ao + a1.T + a2.T2 + ..

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6. NHIT CHUYN PHA (cp)

Nhit chuyn pha l nhit lng cn thit cn cung cp cho mt n v khi lng cht thc hin qu trnh chuyn pha Qu trnh chuyn pha cc cht nguyn cht l ng nhit - Nhit ha hi v nhit ngng t:

hh = - nt
- Nhit nng chy v nhit ng t:

nc = -
- Nhit thng hoa

th = nc + hh
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7. nh hng ca nhit n hiu ng nhit phn ng

nh lut Kirchhoff

HT = Ho + CpdT
Cng thc gn ng (trong khong nhit hp)

HT2 = H1 + Cp(T2 T1)

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