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Giao Trinh Be Tong Cot Thep 1
Giao Trinh Be Tong Cot Thep 1
Giao Trinh Be Tong Cot Thep 1
KT CU B TNG CT THEP
PHN CU KIN C BAN
M U 1
KT CU B TNG CT THEP
Chng 1
M U.
Chng 1
Keo
Nen
Keo
M U 3
ng 1
Vy thc cht b tng ct thep la mt vt liu xy dng hn hp maCh
trong
o b
tng va ct thep a lin kt hp ly vi nhau cung lam vic trong mt kt cu.
S d b tng va ct thep co th cung lam vic c la do:
- Lc dnh bam gia BT va ct thep: B tng khi ninh kt dnh cht vi ct thep
nn ng lc co th truyn t BT sang ct thep va ngc lai, nh o co th khai thac ht
kha nng chu lc cua ct thep, han ch b rng khe nt...
- Gia b tng va thep khng xay ra phan ng hoa hoc: B tng bao boc bao
v ct thep khng b han r va ngn nga tac dung co hai cua mi trng i vi thep.
M U 4
Chng 1
M U 5
Chng 1
B TNG CT
TON
P1.. THP
P2.. P3..
P4..KHI
P5..
B TNG CT THP LP
GHP
M U
6
Chng 1
Theo PP nay, ngi ta tin hanh lp ghep cac cu kin c ch tao sn cha hoan
chnh, sau o t thm ct thep, ghep van khun va BT hoan chnh kt cu.
M U 7
3. U NHC IM CU BTCT
Chng 1
1,3. U NHC IM CU BTCT:
1.3.1 u im:
S dung vt liu a phng (cat, soi, a..) tit kim thep. Re tin hn so vi thep
Chu lc tt hn kt cu g va gach a.
Chu la tt hn g va thep. B tng bao v cho ct thep khng b nung nong sm.
Tui tho cua cng trnh cao, chi ph bao dng t. BT co cng tng theo
thi gian, chu tac ng cua mi trng tt, ct thep c BT bao boc bao v khng b g.
Vic tao dang cho kt cu thc hin d dang. Va BT khi thi cng dang nhao
co th vao cac khun co hnh dang bt ky, ct thep u deo un theo hnh dang cua
kt cu.
1.3.2 Nhc im :
Trong lng ban thn ln nn gy kho khn cho vic xy dng kt cu co nhp ln
bng BTCT thng. Khc phuc: Dung BT nhe, BTCT LT (2), kt cu vo mong (3),...
B tng ct thep d co khe nt vung keo khi chu lc. Cn phai ngn nga
hoc han ch khe nt kt cu trong mi trng xm thc, cac ng ng hay b cha
cht long.. (Tnh toan han ch khe nt, s dung BTCT LT.. )
Thi cng phc tap, kho kim tra cht lng. Khc phuc: BTCT lp ghep..
Kho gia c va sa cha. Thit k cn phai phu hp yu cu s dung hin tai va d
M U 8
kin phat trin mP1..
rng.P2.. P3.. P4.. P5..
4. PHM VI NG DNG
Chng 1
Xy dng dn dung, cng nghip: Kt cu chu lc nha 1 tng va nhiu tng [1]
[2], ng khoi, bun ke, xi l [3], mong may, hanh lang vn chuyn v.v.. Cng trnh cp
thoat nc [4] [5]... (Hnh nh), (Hnh nh KC mi)..
Xy dng cng trnh giao thng: Cu, ng, ta vet, u tau, cu tau, vo hm...
(Hnh nh cng trnh ng), (Hnh nh cng trnh cu), (Hnh nh tunnel)..
Xy dng cng trnh thuy li: Tram bm, mang dn nc, p thuy in,...
(Hnh nh cng trnh thy li), (Hnh nh cng trnh thy in, p)..
Xy dng cng trnh truyn thng, thng tin; Cac cng trnh c bit
Xy dng cng trnh quc phong: Cng s kin c, doanh trai,...
M U 9
Chng 1
- Giai oan nghin cu l lun va s dung rng rai (sau 1880), nghin cu v
cng cua BT va ct thep, lc dnh gia BT va ct thep, giai thch s lam vic chung
gia chung.
1886: Koenen (Trng thanh tra XD cua Ph) xuat ban cun sach v phng
phap tnh toan bn cua BTCT.
T nm 1890 n 1920 cac ky s thc hanh a dn dn nm c kin thc v
c hoc cua BTCT. Cac cun sach, bai bao, tiu chun a th hin cac ly thuyt tnh toan.
- Giai oan phat trin hin tai: XD cac phng phap tnh toan theo ng sut cho
phep da trn c s cua mn SBVL, tnh theo giai oan pha hoai co xet n tnh bin
dang deo cua vt liu, tnh theo trang thai gii han. Nghin cu va ch tao thanh cng
BTCT LT [5.2].
M U 10
Chng 1
M U 11
2.1. B tng
Chng 2
2.1. B tng:
- Tnh nng c hoc cua BT la ch cac c trng c hoc nh: cng va bin dang.
- Tnh nng vt ly la tnh co ngot, t bin, kha nng chng thm, cach nhit, ... cua BT.
Chng 2
Cng la ch tiu c hoc quan trong, la mt c trng c ban cua BT, phan
anh kha nng chu lc cua vt liu.
Thng cn c vao cng phn bit cac loai b tng.
2.1.2.1 Cng chu nen:
Chun b mu th:
Ban nen
h =2D
h = 4a
Mu
a
a
a
D
Th nghim trn may nen, tng tai dn khi mu b pha hoai. Goi P la lc pha
hoai mu.
P
( 2 1)
Cng nen cua mu: R = ;
A
A la din tch TD ngang cua mu.
B tng thng co R=5 30MPa. BT co R>40MPa la loai cng cao. Ngi
ta a ch tao c loai BT c bit co R80MPa.
TNH NNG C LY CUA VT LIU 2
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
Chng 2
Khi b nen ngoai bin dang theo phng lc tac dung, mu con n ngang. Chnh s n
ngang qua mc lam cho BT b pha v do ng sut keo (kha nng chu keo cua BT kem
hn chu nen nhiu ln). Lc ma sat gia ban nen va mu th can tr s n ngang anh
hng n cng BT khi nen.
Bin dang ngang
khng u
Bi trn
Hnh dang mu th: Mu lng tru co cng be hn mu khi vung co cung kch
thc ay Rlt= (0.7-0.8)R...
Chng 2
a (10cm)
4a
P
h=b(=15cm)
b
4h
2.1.2.3 Quan h gia cng chu keo R(t) va cng chu nen R:
Cng thc dung quan h ng cong: R(t ) = t R ; (2 3a)
Trong o t c ly phu thuc vao loai BT va n v cua R. Voi BT nng thng thng va
n v cua R la MPa t = 0.280.30.
Cng thc dung quan h ng cong theo h s Ct: R(t ) = Ct .R; (2 3c)
R + 150
C
=
; ( 2 4)
Vi n v cua R la MPa, H s Ct:
t
TNH
N
Chng 2
R28
Rt
t
t
28
Cng b tng tng theo thi gian c xac nh theo cng thc thc nghim:
Rt=R1+(R10- R1).lgt.
lgt
0.7 R28 lg t ;
Cng thc cua Nga (1935), (Skramtaep): Rt = R28
lg28
(vi t = 7-300 ngay)
Cng thc cua Vin nghin cu BT My ACI theo quy lut hyperbn:
t
Trong o h s a, b phu thuc loai XM. Thng thng
Rt = R28
;
a + b.t
a=4; b=0.85. Voi XM ng cng nhanh a=2.3; b=0.92.
TNH NNG C LY CUA VT LIU 5
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
Chng 2
Khi tc gia tai chm cng at khoang 0.850.9 tr s thng thng va khi gia tai
nhanh cng cua mu co th tng 1.151.2 ln.
Khi th nghim phai tun theo quy trnh TN vi tc gia tai 0.2MPa/s.
Ri
Rm = i=1 ;
( 2 6)
n
2.1.3.2 lch qun phng, h s bin ng:
2i
;
Vi s lng mu u ln (n 15) tnh lch qun phng: =
H s bin ng c tnh:
Rm
(2 8)
n 1
( 2 7)
Chng 2
Gia tr tiu chun cua cng cua BT (goi tt la cng tiu chun) c
ly bng cng c trng cua mu th Rch nhn vi h s kt cu KC.
Cng tiu chun v nen Rbn, v keo Rbtn:
Rbn = KC .Rch ; (2 9a )
H s KC xet n s lam vic cua BT trong kt cu co khac vi s lam vic cua mu th,
c ly bng 0,7-0,8 tuy thuc vao Rch. .
Gia tr cua Rbn va Rbtn c cho TCXDVN 356:2005 (Bang 12 trang 35)
2.1.4. Cp bn va mac cua b tng:
La tr s cua cac c trng c ban v cht lng cua BT. Tuy theo tnh cht va nhim vu
cua kt cu ma quy nh mac hoc cp bn theo cac c trng khac nhau.
Ch
Cp bn chu nn ca b tng: k hiu bng ch B, l gi tr trung bnh thng
k ng
ca2
cng chu nn tc thi, tnh bng n v MPa, vi xc sut m bo khng di 95%,
xc nh trn cc mu lp phng kch thc tiu chun (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm)
c ch to, dng h trong iu kin tiu chun v th nghim nn tui 28 ngy.
Ch
Cp bn chu ko ca b tng: k hiu bng ch Bt, l gi tr trung bnh
thng
ng2
k ca cng chu ko tc thi, tnh bng n v MPa, vi xc sut m bo
khng di 95%, xc nh trn cc mu ko tiu chun c ch to, dng h
trong iu kin tiu chun v th nghim ko tui 28 ngy.
BT co cp bn chu keo doc truc Bt0,8; Bt1,2; Bt1,6; Bt2; Bt2,4; Bt2,8; Bt3,2.
2.1.4.5 Mac theo cac yu cu khac:
Mac theo kha nng chng thm la con s ly bng ap sut ln nht (tnh bng
atm) ma mu chu c nc khng thm qua.
Cp chng thm cua BT: W2; W4; W6; W8; W10; W12.
W cn quy nh cho cac kt cu co yu cu chng thm hoc c cht cua BT nh
cac cng trnh thuy li, thuy in...
Mac theo khi lng ring trung bnh D (kha nng cach nhit):
- BT nhe D800; D900; D1000; D1100; D1200; D1300; D1400; D1500; D1600;
D1700; D1800; D1900; D2000.
- BT t ong D500; D600; D700; D800; D900; D1000; D1100; D1200.
- BT rng D800; D900; D1000; D1100; D1200; D1300; D1400.
Chng 2
Chng 2
1
D
Rlt
l
C
(1)
b1
(2)
Khi con be th t cong nhng khi th
cong nhiu.
0
b
*b
pl el
-im D ng vi luc mu b pha hoai: ng sut
at Rlt va bin dang cc ai *b.
Bin dang cua BT gm 2 phn: phn khi phuc c la bin dang an hi
(1el), phn khng khi phuc la bin dang deo (2pl): b= el+ pl; (2-11)
Do vy BT la vt liu an hi-deo.
(2 13)
Mun bin dang deo cua BT Eb: b = Eb' . b Eb' = b = tg ;
b
ng 2
Khi BT chu keo cung co bin dang an hi va bin dang deo: Eb= t.ECh
b.
Bin dang cc han khi keo kha be 0,00015.
2R
Rt
= t;
Th nghim cho thy khi BT chu keo sp nt th t 0,5 nn *b =
0.5Eb Eb
Eb
0,4 Eb
Mun chng ct vi h s Posson = 0,2 vi moi loai BT: Gb =
2(1 + )
v1
b
Tc gia tai khac nhau th cac
v2
ng biu din quan h - khac
v3
nhau.
el pl
2.1.5.3 Bin dang do tai trong tac dung dai han - T bin:
c
P
P
b
c
b
2
b
c
t
Hin tng bin dang deo tng theo thi gian goi la hin tng t bin cua BT.
Phn bin dang deo tng ln do tai trong tac dung dai han goi la bin dang t
bin.
TNH NNG C LY CUA VT LIU 12
P1.. P15.. P2.. P3..
ng 2
Cha
Hin tng bin dang deo tng theo thi gian goi la hin tng t bin cu
BT.
Phn bin dang deo tng ln do tai trong tac dung dai han goi la bin dang t
bin.
* Cac nhn t anh hng n bin dang t bin:
- ng sut trong BT ln bin dang t bin ln.
- Tui BT luc t tai ln bin dang t bin be.
- m mi trng ln bin dang t bin be.
- T l N/X ln, cng ct liu be bin dang t bin ln.
- Lng X tng bin dang t bin tng.
Chng 2
bmax
bmin
b
bin dang deo se c tch luy dn, nu tai trong ln se gy hin tng
moi cho kt cu .
2.1.5.5 Bin dang nhit:
y la loai bin dang th tch khi nhit thay i, xac nh theo h s n v
nhit cua BT t.
2.2. Ct thep
Chng 2
2.2. Ct thep:
2.2.1. Yu cu i vi thep dung trong B tng Ct thep:
Chng 2
Thep deo:
B
D
Biu _ gm mt oan thng xin OA ng vi giai oan
y
lam vic an hi.
C
oan nm ngang c goi la thm chay, thep trang thai el
A
chay deo. Luc nay xac nh c gii han chay cua
thep y.
B
Thep rn (gion):
y
Biu _ gm mt oan thng xin OA ng vi giai
C D
A
oan lam vic an hi, oan cong AD la giai oan ct
el
thep co bin dang deo. Khi keo t xac nh c
gii han bn B va bin dang cc han *S.
2.2.3.2 Bin dang an hi va bin dang deo:
0,2%
Nu keo thep trong giai oan an hi ri giam tai th toan
O pl
*S
b bin dang c phuc hi.
Khi keo thep vt qua gii han an hi (co bin dang deo) ri giam tai th biu khng
TNH NNG C LY CUA VT LIU 16
P15..
v theo ng cu vaP1..
co m
t bin P2..
dang P3..
d la pl.
Chng 2
o la hin tng tng gii han chay khi gia cng ngui ct thep.
Ly ct thep deo em keo ngui cho qua gii han chay ri giam tai se co c ct thep
keo ngui. Ct keo ngui nay co gii han chay cao hn ct thep ban u. Sau vai ln keo
hoc chut thm chay se bin mt, ct thep tr thanh rn vi cng tng cao va bin
dang cc han giam.
Chng 2
Chng 2
max
ln
ln
Tr s lc dnh cc ai:
max =
.Rbn
m
( 2 18)
max =
.Rbn
m
Tr s lc dnh cc ai:
max =
.Rbn
m
( 2 18)
Chng 2
1 < 0
(=a)
Ab
AS
(1)
(2)
t = (0 - 1).t.Eb.
S = 1.ES.
Chng 2
b = . .Eb ; = b ;
Trong BT:
.Eb
Trong CT:
Ab
C1
NN
AS
ES
la h s tng ng ( 8-20).
.Eb
Chng 2
- Vi thanh chu keo: Sau khi BT b nt, ct thep chu toan b lc keo. Pha hoai khi ng
sut trong ct thep at gii han chay.
- Vi ct chu nen: Pha hoai khi ng sut nen trong BT at n cng chu nen.
- Vi dm chu un: Pha hoai khi ng sut trong ct thep chu keo at gii han chay
hoc khi ng sut trong BT vung nen at n cng chu nen.
2.3.3.2 S huy mon cua b tng & cac bin phap bao v:
B tng b n mon la do:
Tac dung c hoc (ma, dong chay, s ong va tan bng lin tip..),
Tac dung sinh hoc (rong ru, ha, vi khun sng, bin..) hoa tan va cun i lam BT tr
nn xp,
Tac dung hoa hoc (cac cht axt, kim..) xm thc b mt hoc thanh phm cua cac
phan ng hoa hoc co th tch ln hn th tch cac cht tham gia phan ng, lam nt ne
khi BT.
2.3.3.2 S huy mon cua b tng & cac bin phap bao v:
Chng 2
Chng 2
Chng 2
Chng 2
Picture
TT TT = TT TC.n
(3 1)
Picture
3.1.23.1.2
Ni lc
Chng 3
Ni lc:
S tnh: S kt cu la c s xac nh s tnh toan kt cu chu lc.
Vi kt cu tnh nh:
Vi kt cu siu tnh (dm lin tuc, khung, vo mong..): Tnh theo s an hi hoc
theo s deo
tnh ni lc va thc hin t hp ni lc cn thanh lp mt s s tnh:
(3 - 3)
- Bai toan thit k: cung t iu kin (3 - 3) nhng trong biu thc xac nh Std cac
thng s v tit din con la n s cn xac nh.
Picture
Chng 3
[].
(3 - 4)
[ ] =
Picture
Chng 3
Da vao iu kin bin dang cua Ct thep & BT tai v tr Ct thep o la bng nhau:
S =
ES
= bt =
bt
Eb
S =
ES
. bt = nS . bt ;
Eb
Tc la qui i vi mt din tch ct thep chu keo tng ng thanh ns ln din tch BT
hay din tch ct thep AS quy i thanh nS.AS din tch BT.
Khng xet BT chu keo ( vung keo ch co din tch BT quy i cua ct thep chu keo)
bmax
Db
Tit din quy i va s ng sut:
b.x 3
+ n S .AS .(h 0 x )2 ;
J red =
Da
3
V tr truc trung hoa:
b.x 2
Sred =
n S .AS .(h 0 x ) = 0;
2
M
.x [ b ];
ng sut ln nht cua BT chu nen: b max =
J red
AS
b
M .(h0 x )
;
J red
Picture
h0
a
nSAS
Chng 3
[].
(3 - 4)
[ ] =
Picture
Chng 3
Ni dung c ban cua phng phap la: Xac nh ni lc ln nht do tai trong tai TD
tnh toan ri so sanh vi kha nng chu lc cua TD o.
Sc Sph /k hay
k.Sc Sph.
(3 - 5)
Trong o:
Sc: Ni lc do tai trong tiu chun gy ra tai TD xet.
Sph: Kha nng chu lc cua TD ( Con goi la ni lc pha hoai).
k >1: H s an toan cua kt cu. (k = 1.52.5)
Xac nh kha nng chu lc cua TD theo cac gia thit sau:
- ng sut trong BT chu nen at Rb va phn b ch nht (u).
- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo at gii han chay RS.
Rb
C = Rb.b.x
AS
Picture
T = RS.AS
NGUYN LY CU TAO & TNH TOAN 7
Chng 3
b=Rb
Db
RS.AS
h0
a
AS
Chiu cao vung BT chu nen xac nh theo phng trnh hnh chiu cac lc ln
phng truc cu kin: X= 0 RS.AS=Rb.b.x.
iu kin (3-5) la: k.M Mph.
Picture
Chng 3
Ni dung c ban cua phng phap la: Xac nh ni lc ln nht do tai trong tai TD
tnh toan ri so sanh vi kha nng chu lc cua TD o.
Sc Sph /k hay
k.Sc Sph.
(3 - 5)
Trong o:
Sc: Ni lc do tai trong tiu chun gy ra tai TD xet.
Sph: Kha nng chu lc cua TD ( Con goi la ni lc pha hoai).
k >1: H s an toan cua kt cu. (k = 1.52.5)
Xac nh kha nng chu lc cua TD theo cac gia thit sau:
- ng sut trong BT chu nen at Rb va phn b ch nht (u).
- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo at gii han chay RS.
u im:
- a xet n s lam vic cua vt liu giai oan deo nn tit kim vt liu.
- Cho khai nim ro rang hn v an toan cua kt cu .
Nhc im:
- H s an toan k= Sph / Sc gp chung lai nh vy la cha thoa ang v an toan cua kt
cu phu thuc rt nhiu yu t nh tai trong, vt liu, iu kin lam vic v.v.. V vy
khng th anh gia an toan bng mt h s duy nht c.
- Cha xet n bin dang va nt cua kt cu la hai vn cung rt c
quan tm.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
Picture NGUYN LY CU TAO & TNH TOAN 9
Chng 3
3.2. PHNG PHP TNH CU KIN THEO TRNG THI GII HN:
S Sgh.
(3 - 6)
f fgh.
Chng 3
(3 7a)
(3 7b)
Chng 3
bc
bt
Rs =
Rsn
stuy
Trong o S la h s tin cy cua ct thep. Khi tnh theo TTGH th nht s=1,05-1,2
thuc loai thep. TCXDVN 356:2005 Bang 20 trang 46.
si la h s iu kin lam vic cua ct thep (i=1, 2, .., 9). TCXDVN 356:2005
Bang 23 trang 49.
Chng 3
3.3. NGUYN L CU TO
ngn3
Khung ct thep: gm ct doc, ct ngang, ct thi cng. Thng b tr cacCh
c
u ki
dang thanh nh ct, dm.
Li ct thep: Thng s dung cho cac cu kin dang ban nh ban san, ban mong.
Buc
3.3.2.1 Khung li buc:
Buc
Buc bng si thep 0,8 1.
* u im:
Van khun
Thanh ni ngang
(1-3 thanh/m).
3.3.3 Ct chu lc v ct cu to
Chng 3
- Ct chu lc: Dung chu cac ng lc phat sinh do tai trong, c xac nh
theo tnh toan.
- Ct cu tao: Lin kt cac ct chu lc thanh khung hoc li, giam s co ngot
khng u cua BT, chu ng sut do co ngot va thay i nhit , giam b rng
khe nt, han ch bin dang (vong), phn b tac dung cua tai trong tp trung..
3.3.4 L p BT bo v:
Lp BT bao v ct doc chu lc TCXDVN 356:2005 qui inh:
iu 8.3.2 trang 122: i vi ct thp dc chu lc (khng ng lc trc, ng lc
trc, ng lc trc ko trn b), chiu dy lp b tng bo v cn c ly
khng nh hn ng knh ct thp hoc dy cp v khng nh hn:
- Trong bn v tng c chiu dy:
c2
+ t 100 mm tr xung:
10 mm (15 mm)
+ trn 100 mm:
15 mm (20 mm)
- Trong dm v dm sn c chiu cao:
+ nh hn 250 mm:
15 mm (20 mm)
20 mm (25 mm) c1 c2
+ ln hn hoc bng 250 mm:
- Trong ct:
20 mm (25 mm)
c2
30 mm
- Trong dm mng:
c1
- Trong mng:
+ lp ghp:
30 mm
+ ton khi khi c lp b tng lt: 35 mm
LY
U TAO & TNH TOAN 15
P1.. kh
P2..
P3..
P3.5..
i khi
khng
c lp Picture
b tng NGUYN
lt:
70 Cmm
+ ton
3.3.4 L p BT bo v
Chng 3
3.3.4 L p BT bo v:
Lp BT bao v ct cu tao TCXDVN 356:2005 qui inh:
iu 8.3.3 trang 122: Chiu dy lp b tng bo v cho ct thp ai, ct thp
phn b v ct thp cu to cn c ly khng nh hn ng knh ca cc ct
thp ny v khng nh hn:
- khi chiu cao tit din cu kin nh hn 250 mm:
10 mm (15 mm)
- khi chiu cao tit din cu kin bng 250 mm tr ln: 15 mm (20 mm)
ch thch:
1. Gi tr trong ngoc (...) p dng cho kt cu ngoi tri hoc nhng ni m t.
2. i vi kt cu trong vng chu nh hng ca mi trng bin, chiu dy lp b tng
bo v ly theo quy nh ca tiu chun hin hnh TCXDVN 327 : 2004.
Trong kt cu mt lp lm t b tng nh v b tng rng cp B7,5 v thp hn, chiu
dy lp b tng bo v ct thp dc chu lc cn phi khng nh hn 20 mm, cn i vi
cc panen tng ngoi (khng c lp trt) khng c nh hn 25 mm.
i vi cc kt cu mt lp lm t b tng t ong, trong mi trng hp lp b tng bo
v khng nh hn 25 mm.
Trong cc cu kin lm t b tng nh, b tng rng c cp khng ln hn B7,5 v lm
t b tng t ong, chiu dy lp b tng bo v cho ct thp ngang ly khng nh hn
15 mm, khng ph thuc chiu cao tit din.
3.3.5 B tr ct thp
Chng 3
t0
30
d
t0
25
d
t0 50
t0
t0
25
d
t0 1.5d
Ngoai ra khoang cach gia cac ct thep cung khng nn qua ln nhm tranh cac vt nt
do co ngot, thay i nhit , tranh s pha hoai cuc b va n nh cua khung (li) ct
thep khi thi cng.. Trong moi trng hp t0 400.
P1.. P2.. P3.. P3.5..
Picture NGUYN LY CU TAO & TNH TOAN 17
Chng 3
Neo ct thep nhm bao am phat huy ht kha nng chu lc cua ct thep, tranh pha hoai
3d
cuc b do tut.
2,5d
Un tay
6,25d
2,5d
Un may
3,25d
45-900
Chiu dai oan neo: c xac nh theo kha nng truyn lc gia BT va ct thep (lc
dnh):
R
lan = an s + an d ; (3 10)
Rb
Trng hp khi thanh cn neo c din tch tit din ln hn din tch yu cu theo tnh
ton bn vi ton b cng tnh ton, chiu di lan theo cng thc (3-10) cho
php gim xung bng cch nhn vi t s din tch cn thit theo tnh ton v din tch
P1..titP2..
P3..
P3.5..
Picture NGUYN LY CU TAO & TNH TOAN 18
thc t ca
din ct
thp.
Chng 3
3.3.6 Neo ct thp:
Chiu dai oan neo: c xac nh theo kha nng truyn lc gia BT va ct thep (lc
dnh):
R
lan = an s + an d ; (3 10)
Rb
4d
d
d
4d 10mm
2.5d
3.3.7 Un ct thp
3.3.7 Un ct thp:
Chng 3
F
r 10d
d
Khi d 36. Khng nn ni buc ct thep trong vung keo tai TD tn dung ht
kha nng chu lc.
oan lan xac nh theo cng thc tnh oan neo va:
Keo: lan 250 mm.
Tuy thuc mac BT
lan
va loai ct thep
Nen: lan 200 mm.
Khng c ni buc khi d > 36 hoc khi cu kin chu keo
3.3.8.2 Ni hn :
hoan toan (Thanh chu keo cua dan, thanh treo cua khung..).
0.85 d2
Han i u:
d2
d1
10 mm
Han i u co nep:
Han ghep (chng):
Han trong mang:
d10
lh
d8
lh8d
lh
lh10d lh5d
lh4d
NGUYN LY CU TAO & TNH TOAN 20
Picture
Chng 3
Khung-Li thp
Chng 3
1. C IM CU TO
Chng 4
P
M&Q
M&Q
Q=0
Cu kin chu un la loai cu kin c ban rt quan trong c s dung rng rai va trong
nhiu b phn cua cng trnh nh dm, san, cu thang, ...
Co th quy v hai loai c ban: ban va dm.
4.1. C IM CU TO:
4.1.1 Bn:
Ban la loai kt cu phng co chiu day kha be
so vi chiu dai va chiu rng.
Ct phn b
Chng 4
ng knh d=612 mm, khoang cach gia cac ct thep a=720 cm.
Ct phn b
Ct chu lc
lan10d
4.1.2 Dm:
h
b
l
CU KIN CHU UN 2
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
CU KIN CHU UN 3
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
h
Ct thep:
a. Ct dc chu lc:
Ct xin Ct ai
Ct doc ct
Ct doc
ai 2 nhanh
chu lc
Chu M, xac nh theo tnh toan. ng knh d = 10-32
B tr trong vung keo, i khi co ca trong vung nen;
ai 4 nhanh
CU KIN CHU UN 4
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Ct xin
Ct ai
Ct doc ct
Chng 4
Ct doc
ai 4 nhanh
ai 2 nhanh
chu lc
b. Ct dc cu to:
ng knh 10 14.
Ct gia: la ct doc t trong vung BT chu nen (tai cac goc cua ct ai).
Ct thep phu: Khi dm co chiu cao ln h > 700. Lng thep 0.1% din tch
BT sn.
Co tac dung gi n nh ct ai, chu ng lc co ngot va nhit .
c. Ct ai:
chu lc ct, lin kt ct doc thanh khung, gn vung BT chu keo va vung
BT chu nen vi nhau chu m men.
Tnh toan theo lc ct.
ng knh ct ai: d 6mm; khi h 800 d 8mm.
d. Ct xin:
chu lc ct (thng kt hp a ct doc ln chu M(-) mep trn).
Goc nghing
= 450 khi h 800;
= 600 khi h > 800.
0 khi P412..
CU KIN CHU UN 5
P1.. P2.. P3..
= 30P4..
dm thP42..
p va baP5..
n. P54.. P56..
2. S LM VIC CA DM
Chng 4
CU KIN CHU UN 6
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
Khe nt
nghing
Khe nt
thng goc
Nh vy vic tnh toan va cu tao cac cu kin chu un theo iu kin cng nhm:
- Khng b pha hoai trn TD thng goc: Tnh toan theo cng trn TD
thng goc.
- Khng b pha hoai trn TD nghing: Tnh toan theo cng trn TD
nghing.
4.3. TRNG THI NG SUTBIN DNG TRN TIT DIN THNG GC:
Din bin cua trang thai US - BD trn TD thng goc co th phn thanh 3 giai oan sau:
4.3.1 Giai on I:
Khi tai trong be vt liu lam vic an hi.
b<Rb
Ia
b<Rb
x
x M
Tai trong tng bin dang deo trong BT M
phat trin (nht la vung keo). S ng
sut trong BT cong i.
SAS
SAS
Khi bt=Rbt BT vung keo sp sa nt:
Trang thai Ia.
btP56..
CU KIN CHU
Ubt
=R
N 7bt
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54..
II
b<Rb
x
S<RS
IIa
M
Chng 4
b<RB
x
S=RS
Nu lng ct thep chu keo khng nhiu lm, khi tai trong tng ng sut
trong ct thep at gii han chay RS (S=RS): Trang thai IIa.
Trng hp 1
Trng hp 2
4.3.3 Giai on III:
(pha hoai deo)
(pha hoai gion)
Ct thep trang thai chay deo, tai trong
b=Rb
b=Rn
tng Khe nt m rng va phat trin
dn ln pha trn, min BT chu nen M
x
x
M
thu hep dn.
Khi ng sut trong BT chu nen at Rb
S=RS
s<RS
b pha hoai: trng hp pha hoai th
nht (pha hoai deo).
Nu lng ct thep chu keo kha nhiu, khi tai trong tng tit din b pha hoai
khi BT chu nen at Rb trong khi S< RS. y la trng hp pha hoai th 2
(pha hoai gion).
Khi thit k cu kin chu un cn tranh trng hp pha hoai gion v s pha hoai xay ra
t ng
t khiP2..
bin P3..
dang co
n kha
be, khng
bitP5..
trcP54..
c (nguy
). M
t kha
Chi
Um
KI
N CH
UcUkhng
N 8
P1..
P4..
P412..
P42..
P56..
tn dung ht kha nng chu lc cua vt liu (Ct thep ch mi at S< RS).
4.4. TNH TON THEO CNG TRN TIT DIN THNG GC: Chng 4
4.4.1 Tnh cu kin c TD ch nht:
Co 2 trng hp b tr ct doc chu lc:
Mgh
h0-x/2
a
ch nht)
Rb
x/2
x
x/2
Rbbx
h
AS
RSAS
b
X =0
Rs . As = Rb .b.x; ( 4 1)
Tng m men vi truc qua trong tm ct thep chu keo va vung goc vi mp un :
M gh = Rb .b.x. h0 ; ( 4 2)
CU KIN CHU UN 9
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42..2 P5.. P54.. P56..
M As = 0
X = 0 Rs . As = Rb .b.x; (4 1)
x
M As = 0 M gh = Rb .b.x. h0 2 ;
Chng 4
( 4 2)
M M gh ; M Rb .b.x. h0 ; (4 3)
2
x
Kt hp (4-1) & (4-3): M RS . AS . h0 ; (4 3a )
2
x
x
R = R =
=
; (4 4)
RS
h0
h0
1+
1
sc ,u 1,1
Trong o: - c trng tnh cht bin dang cua vung BT chu nen:
- H s phu thuc loai BT, =0,85 vi BT nng.
Rb, RS tnh bng MPa.
sc,u - ng sut gii han cua ct thep trong vung BT chu nen (khi BT
at ti bin dang cc han),
sc,u =500MPa vi tai trong thng xuyn, .. sc,u =400MPa vi tai trong c bit.
R b .b.x R .R b .b.h 0
= As,max ; (4 6)
RS
RS
A
R
A
Goi = S la ham lng ct thep th ham lng cc ai max = S,max = R . b ; (4
CU KIb.h
N CH
U UR
N S10
P1..
b.h
0
0 P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
R b .b.x R .R b .b.h 0
Chng 4
= As,max ; (4 6)
RS
RS
AS
la ham lng ct thep th ham lng cc ai:
b.h 0
A
R
max = S,max = R . b ; (4 7)
b.h 0
RS
Ct thep qua t cung b pha hoai gion, v vy: min ;
Goi =
m= .(1 - 0,5. ),
iu kin han ch
= (1 - 0,5.);
m R;
1 20 i b
Chng 4
Giai:
- Cn c cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep: (tra bang) Rb, RS, theo (4-4) tnh R,
theo (4-7) tnh max.
- Tnh h0 = h - a. V cha co AS nn phai gia thit trc a: a = 15-20 vi ban,
a = 30-60 vi dm.
M
- T phng trnh (4 - 9) xac nh m: m =
; (4 12)
2
R b .b.h 0
AS =
M
; ( 4 13)
.R Sh 0
AS
min
b.h 0
*Chon :
Chng 4
M
; (4 14)
R bb
Sau khi co bxh hp ly th vic tnh AS tin hanh theo nh bai toan 1.
Bai toan 3 (BT kim tra): Bit b, h, AS, cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep. Tnh
kha nng chu lc cua tit din Mgh (Mtd)
Giai:
- Cn c cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep: (tra bang) Rb, RS, theo (4-4) tnh R..
- Cn c vao cach b tr ct thep xac nh c a ri tnh h0 = h - a.
Bai toan vi 2 phng trnh cha 2 n , Mgh nn hoan toan xac nh.
R A
- T (4 - 8) = S S ;
R b .b.h 0
- Kim tra theo iu kin han ch:
*Nu R: tra bang co m th vao (4 - 9) M gh = m .Rb .b.h02 ;
**Nu > R chng to AS qua nhiu, kha nng chu lc c tnh theo kha
nng cua vung nen, tc ly = R hay m = R
M gh = R .Rb .b.h02 ;
CU KIN CHU UN 13
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
Cac ly do chu yu b tr ct thep chu nen trong dm (cu kin chu un):
c Giam vong do t bin khi chu tai trong dai han.
d Tng tnh deo cua cu kin.
A's
a'
e D thi cng.
Rsc A's
Rb Ab
M
h0
Ab
As
a
Rs As
* iu kin t ct kep:
Vic t ct kep khng phai luc nao cung la kinh t. Kt qua nghin cu cho
thy ch nn t ct kep khi m 0,5 nu m >0,5 th nn tng kch TD.
M
V vy iu kin tnh ct kep la R < m =
0,5;
2
R b .b.h 0
Vic tnh toan vi trng hp t ct kep con co th gp khi do yu cu cu tao
trong vung nen co mt lng thep ang k, cn xet n anh hng cua no.
CU KIN CHU UN 14
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
a) S ng sut:
n TTGH v cng , s ng sut:
a'
Rb
AS
RSCAS
x
h0
Mgh
AS
RSAS
h0 h
a
X =0
Tng m men vi truc qua trong tm ct thep AS va vung goc vi mp un cua dm:
M As = 0
Chng 4
x R.h0 hoc
hay
m R.
(4 - 20)
(4 - 21)
M - R R b .b.h 02
Thay m= R vao (4-19) tm c: A'S =
; ( 4 23)
R sc (h 0 a ' )
.R .b.h R
As = R b 0 + sc A's ; (4 24)
Th AS vao (4-18) c:
Rs
Rs
CU KIN CHU UN 16
P1..
P2..
P3..
P4..
P412..
P42..
P5..
P54.. P56..
Khng qun kim tra lai a, a a gia thit!
ng 4
Bai toan 2: Bit M, b, h, cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep va AS. Tnh ACh
S?
Giai:
- Cn c cp bn cua BT va nhom ct thep Rb, RS, RSC, tnh R.
- Xac nh h0 = h - a (a va a c chon trc nh trng hp t ct n).
Bai toan xac nh v co hai phng trnh cha 2 n s.
T (4-19) tnh m: m =
; (4 25)
As =
.Rb .b.h0
Rs
Rsc
A's ; ( 4 26)
Rs
Nu x < 2a: ng sut trong ct thep chu nen SC< RSC. Xem hp lc cua
vung nen trung vi trong tm AS (ly x = 2a).
a
a
Rb.b.x
SC.AS
RS.AS
Nu m > R: ct thep AS a cho la cha u am bao kha nng chu lc cua vung
nen nn ta xem AS la cha bit va tnh theo bai toan 1(Tnh AS, AS).
CU KIN CHU UN 17
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
kha
ng 4
Bai toan 3: Bit b, h, cp bn cua BT, loai ct thep, AS, AS. KimChtra
nng chu lc cua TD (Mgh = ?).
Giai:
- Cn c cp bn cua BT va nhom ct thep Rb, RS, RSC, tnh R.
- Xac nh a, a, h0 = h a.
Bai toan vi 2 phng trnh cha 2 n s la va Mgh nn hoan toan xac nh.
R A R SC A'S
T (4 - 18) = S S
;
R b .b.h 0
Kim tra iu kin han ch:
2a '
R T m: M gh = m .Rb .b.h02 + RSC . A'S .(h0 a' );
Nu
h0
2a '
Nu
(tc x < 2a) ly x = 2a tnh Mgh theo (4-27);
h0
Hoc la khng k n ct chu nen AS va tnh nh ct n ri so sanh 2 kt qua tnh,
ly Mgh nao ln hn lam kha nng chu lc cua tit din.
Nu > R ly = R hay m = R tnh Mgh: M gh = R .Rb .b.h02 + RSC . A'S .(h0 a' );
Chng to ct thep chu keo AS qua nhiu, xac nh kha nng chu lc cua tit din theo
kha nng cua vung nen, tc ly = R hay m = R.
CU KIN CHU UN 18
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
hf
a)
b
h
h
b
b)
bf
b
h
bf
h
b
c)
bf
hf
bf
bf
hf
h
hf
bs h
bs
Trng hp b):
d)
Canh nm trong vung keo khng anh hng n kha nng chu lc cua TD nn c tnh
nh TD ch nht b*h.
Trng hp c):
Canh nm trong vung nen, truc TH qua canh, kha nng chu lc cua TD tng ng
nh TD ch nht bf*h.
ng
B rng canh dung trong tnh toan c xac nh theo vn SC quyCh
nh
ly4
nh sau:
TCXDVN 356:2005 iu 6.2.2.7 trang 62 qui inh:
Gi tr bf dng tnh ton c ly t iu kin: b rng mi bn cnh SC, tnh
t mp bng dm khng c ln hn 1/6 nhp cu kin v ly khng ln hn:
-khi c sn ngang hoc khi hf 0,1h: 1/2 khong cch thng thy gia cc
sn dc;
khi khng c sn ngang hoc khi khong cch gia chng ln hn khong
cch gia cc sn dc, hf < 0,1h: 6hf;
b'f
SC
SC
b
SC
S
SC
S
Chng 4
b'f
Rb
x
h'f
h h0
Mgh
AS
x
h h0
RS.AS
Rb
h'f
Mgh
AS
RS.AS
b
b
- Nu truc TH qua canh TD ch T c tnh nh TD ch nht bf xh.
- Nu truc TH qua sn tnh toan theo TD ch T.
phn bit truc TH qua canh hay sn, goi Mf la m men un khi truc TH i qua mep
gia canh va sn (x= hf):
M A = 0 M f = Rb .b' f .h' f . h0 0,5h' f ; (4 29)
S
CU KIN CHU UN 21
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
b'f
Rb
a) S ng sut:
X = 0;
h'f
x
h h0
Mgh
AS
M AS = 0;
RS.AS
) (
x R.h0 hoc
hay
m R.
CU KIN CHU UN 22
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
) (
Chng 4
hoc
hay
m R.
* Nu m > R: phai t ct kep hoc tng kch thc TD, cp bn cua BT.
Bai toan kim tra: Bit b, bf, hf, h, cp bn cua BT, ct thep AS. Tnh Mgh?
Giai:
Rs . As Rb . b' f b .h' f
; ( 4 37)
Rb .b.h0
* Nu R tra bang co m, t (4 - 34): M gh = m .Rb .b.h02 + Rb . b' f b .h' f . h0 0,5.h' f ;
T (4-33) xac nh :
) (
Chng 4
Q
M
4.5.2 Tnh toan theo kha nng chu ng sut nen chnh (K han ch):
Kt qua thc nghim chng to, BT khng b pha v v ng sut nen
chnh cu kin cn phai thoa man iu kin:
Q 0,3. w1. b1.Rb .b.h0 ; (4 39)
Trong o w1 - H s k n anh hng cua ct ai t vung goc vi truc cu kin, c
w1= 1+5..w 1,3;
(4 - 40)
xac nh theo cng thc:
Vi
ES
A
; w = sw ;
Eb
b.s
Asw- din tch tit din ngang cua cac nhanh ct ai t trong mt mt phng
vung
c viP3..
truc c
u kiP412..
n va ct P42..
qua TD P5..
nghing
CU KIN CHU UN 24
P1.. go
P2..
P4..
P54.. P56..
4.5.2 Tnh toan theo kha nng chu ng sut nen chnh (K han ch)Ch
: ng 4
Kt qua thc nghim chng to, BT khng b pha v v ng sut nen
chnh cu kin cn phai thoa man iu kin:
Q 0,3. w1. b1.Rb .b.h0 ; (4 39)
Trong o w1 - H s k n anh hng cua ct ai t vung goc vi truc cu kin, c
w1= 1+5..w 1,3;
(4 - 40)
xac nh theo cng thc:
Vi
ES
A
; w = sw ;
b.s
Eb
Asw- din tch tit din ngang cua cac nhanh ct ai t trong mt mt phng
vung goc vi truc cu kin va ct qua TD nghing.
b - Chiu rng cua TD ch nht; Chiu rng sn cua TD ch T va ch I.
s - Khoang cach gia cac ct ai theo chiu doc cu kin.
b1- H s xet n kha nng phn phi lai ni lc cua cac loai BT khac nhau:
b1 = 1 Rb ; (4 41)
- H s ly nh sau:
+ i vi b tng nng, b tng ht nh, b tng t ong:
+ i vi b tng nh:
0,02;
Rb tnh bng MPa.
0,01;
iu kin (4 - 39) nu khng thoa man phai tng kch thc tit din hoc tng
cp bn BT.
CU KIN CHU UN 25
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
ng 4
Chkhng
4.5.3 Tnh toan theo kha nng chu ct cua tit din BT (cu kin
b tr ct ngang chu ct):
Kt qua thc nghim chng to rng khi dm chu ct thun tuy, se khng xut
hin khe nt nghing nu ng sut tip thoa iu kin:
Q
2,5.Rbt ;
= kc =
b.h0
Tc kha nng chu ct ln nht cua tit din BT: Qb max = 2,5.Rbt .b.h0 ; (4 42)
ng 4
Chkhng
4.5.3 Tnh toan theo kha nng chu ct cua tit din BT (cu kin
b tr ct ngang chu ct):
TCXDVN 356:2005 iu 6.2.3.4 trang 81 qui inh:
N
0,5; (4 45)
Rbt .b.h0
i vi cu kin ng lc trc, trong cng thc (4-45) thay N bng lc nn trc P;
khng xt nu lc nn dc trc gy ra m men un cng du vi tc dng ca ti trng.
N
Khi chu lc ko dc trc, xc nh theo cng thc: = 0 ,2
; ( 4 46 )
n
R bt bh 0
CU KIN CHU UN 27
P1..
P2..
P4..v P412..
P5.. ln
P54..
nhng
gi tr
tuytP3..
i ca
phi ca P42..
(4-46) khng
hnP56..
0,8.
n
Chng 4
s
Rsw Asw
Rsw Asw
c0
c
Giai thch cac ai lng trong s ng lc:
s: Khoang cach gia cac ct ai.
RSW: Cng tnh toan cua ct thep ngang.
ASW: Din tch tit din ngang cua cac nhanh ct ai t trong mt mt phng vung goc
vi truc cu kin (goi la 1 lp).
AS,inc(i): Din tch tit din ngang cua cac lp ct xin (i=1, 2,..).
Zs: Khoang cach t trong tm ct thep doc chu keo n trong tm vung nen.
Zsw(i): Khoang cach t cac lp ct ai n trong tm vung nen.
Zs,inc(i): Khoang cach t cac lp ct xin n trong tm vung nen. CU KIN CHU UN 28
Chng 4
s,inc2
Zs,inc1
Qb
Nb+RSCAS
RswAs,inc1 ZS
RswAsw
Q
RSAS+ RSPASP
Z sw2
c0
c
Zsw1
Chng 4
Kha nng chu ct cua BT phai am bao Qb Qbmin. T (4-48) va (4-50) suy ra:
c
b 2
h ; ( 4 50a)
b 3 0
c b 2 (1 + f + n ).h0; ( 4 50b)
2 ,5
CU KIN CHU UN 30
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
am bao cng trn TDng theo m men, cn tnh toan vi TDng nguy
him nht theo iu kin: M M s + M sw + M s ,inc ;
( 4 51)
Trong o: M -M men cua tt ca ngoai lc t mt pha cua TDng i vi truc i qua
hp lc cua vung nen va thng goc vi mt phng un.
Ms, Msw, Ms,inc -tng m men i vi truc noi trn cua cac ni lc tng ng
trong ct thep doc, ct ai va ct xin ct qua TDng.
Qumin
Qsw = Rsw. Asw = qsw.c; (4 53)
R .A
Vi:
qsw = sw sw ; ( 4 54 )
s
Cung vi (4-48), iu kin cng trn TDng (4-52) tr thanh:
Q Qu =
c0
+ qsw .c; ( 4 55 )
Chng 4
4.5.5.2 Tit din nghing nguy him nht:
Tr s c0 tng ng vi Qu nho nht (Qumin). tm c0:
M
dQu
= qsw 2b = 0; (4 56) Trong o: M b = b 2.(1 + f + n ) Rbt .b.h02; ( 4 57 )
dc
c0
Mb
; ( 4 58 ) Qu min = 2. M b .qsw ;
Tm c: c0 =
qsw
;
q sw
R .A
trong : qsw ni lc trong ct thp ai trn mt n v chiu di cu kin: qsw = sw sw ;
s
c xc nh theo cng thc:
CU KIN CHU UN 32
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
ng 4
i vi cu kin ch t ct thp ai thng gc vi trc dc cu kin, Ch
c
bc
khng i trong khong tit din nghing ang xt, gi tr c0 ng vi cc tiu ca
biu thc (Qb + Qsw) xc nh theo cng thc:
b 2 .(1 + n + f ).Rbt .b.h02
c0 =
;
q sw
R .A
trong : qsw ni lc trong ct thp ai trn mt n v chiu di cu kin: qsw = sw sw ;
Khi tnh toan ct ai cn phai tnh vi nhiu TDng khac nhau vi gia tr c khng vt qua
khoang cach t gi ta n TD co gia tr m men cc ai va khng vt qua gia tr tnh
theo (4-50a).
Qb
q1
4.5.5.3 Tnh cu kin chu tai trong phn b u:
Qu =
Nb+RSCAS
x
+ qsw .c + q1.c;
Mb
+ (qsw + q1 ).c; ( 4 61 )
c
qsw
ZS
RswAsw
Va TDng nguy him nht c0:
qsw
Mb
c0 =
; ( 4 62 )
RSAS+ RSPASP
Q
qsw + q1
c
CU KIN CHU UN 33
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Qu =
Qu =
Nb+RSCAS
x
+ qsw .c + q1.c;
Mb
+ (qsw + q1 ).c; ( 4 61 )
c
Qbng 4
Ch
q1
qsw
s
qsw
Q
ZS
RswAsw
RSAS+ RSPASP
c
Mb
+ (qsw + q1 ).c; ( 4 63 )
c
Mb
; ( 4 64 )
q1
iu nay co ngha khi q1 be, gia tr c0 khng phu thuc vao s b tr ct ai.
* Khi
Th
2
Qmax
Qb21
qsw =
; ( 4 68 )
4M b
Mb
Qb1
(
Qmax Qb1 )2
+
Q
>
Q
>
;
(
4
69
)
* Khi
; ( 4 70 )
Th qsw =
b1
max
CU KIN CHU UN 34
h0 P2.. P3.. P4..
0,6 P412.. P42.. P5..
P1..
P54..
M b P56..
Chng 4
Th
2
Qmax
Qb21
qsw =
; ( 4 68 )
4M b
2
Mb
Qb1
(
)
Q
Q
max
1
b
+ Qb1 > Qmax >
; ( 4 69 ) Th qsw =
* Khi
; ( 4 70 )
h0
0,6
Mb
Qb1
Q
;
Trong ca hai trng hp trn, ly qsw max
2.h0
M
Qmax Qb1
Qmax b + Qb1; ( 4 71 )
; ( 4 72)
* Khi
Th qsw =
h0
h0
Q
Nu tnh c qsw < b min th phai tnh lai qsw theo cng thc sau:
2.h0
2
2
Qmax b 2 Qmax
Qmax b 2
; (4 73)
qsw =
+
+
.q1
.q1
h
h
2.h0 b3
2
.
2
.
0
0
b3
s1 s1
s1
s2
s2
tr ai tha hn).
l1
CU KIN CHU UN 35
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
s1 s1
s1
s2
s2
l1
Mb
b 2 .h0 ; (4 75)
q1 (qsw1 qsw 2 ) b3
F1
Chng
F 4
2
<
=
.
* Nu i
th: qsw(i ) = i . 0i ; (4 79)
0i
Qbi 2.h0
c0 0i + 1
ci
Q Qbi
<
; (4 80)
* Nu 0i
th: qsw(i ) = i
i
c0
c0
ci
ci
(Qi Qbi )2 ; (4 81)
<
q
=
* Nu
th:
sw( i )
i
Mb
c0
h0
ci
Q Qbi
>
; (4 82)
* Nu i
th: qsw(i ) = i
h0
h0
y: c0 ly bng ci nhng khng ln hn 2.h0;
Cui cung ly gia tr qsw(i) ln nht xac nh ct ai.
CU KIN CHU UN 37
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
4.5.5.6 Khoang cach ln nht gia cac ct ai:
Co th xay ra trng hp pha hoai theo TD nghing nm gia 2 ct ai.
c=smax
l/4
l/4
l/4
Chng 4
Ct xin co nhim vu chu phn lc ct vt qua kha nng cua ai va BT trong vung co
Q>Qu am bao cng trn TDng ct qua BT nm gia mep gi ta va u lp c
F t
xin th nht va gia cac lp ct xin tip theo.
smax
smax
smax
Khi thit k cn kim tra cng cua tt ca cac mt ct nghing xut phat t
mep gi va t cui cua cac lp ct xin.
Ngoai ra cn kim tra cng cua cac TDng co im cui tai im t cua lc
tp trung nm trong khu vc co ct xin.
F
Khi kim tra theo (4-84) cn lu y :
Chng 4
M M s + M sw + M s ,inc ; ( 4 51)
zs, inc
Nb
Rsw Asw
Rsw Asw
Rsw Asw
zs
Rs As
zsw
Ti cc v tr gn gi ta ca cu kin, m men
zsw
Ms chu bi cc ct thp dc ct qua vng chu
ko ca tit din nghing c xc nh theo
zsw
cng thc: M s = Rs . As .z s ;
c
trong : As din tch ct thp dc ct qua tit din nghing;
zs khong cch t hp lc trong ct thp dc n hp lc vng chu nn.
Khai trin iu kin (4-51) theo cac ct thep Ms, Msw va Ms,inc c:
M Rs . As .zs + Rsw . Asw .zsw + Rsw . As,inc .zs ,inc ; (4 85)
CU KIN CHU UN 40
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
( 4 87 )
X =0
4.5.7.1 Kim tra neo ct thep doc chu keo tai gi ta t do:
z s .cos + (c a1 ).sin ; ( 4 88 )
* Trng hp dm co ca ct xin va lzcs,inc
tp= trung
iu kin (4-85) kim tra trn TDng nguy him nht co:
c=
; (4 93)
Trong o Q -lc ct TD gi ta
F, q -Tai trong tp trung va tai trong phn b
trong pham vi TDng.
Gia tr c tnh c theo (4-93) khng c ln hn chiu
dai phn k gi ta ma pha ngoai oan o thoa man
iu kin:
0,8.b 4 .Rbt .b.h02
la
M
; ( 4 94 )
4.5.7.1 Kim tra neo ct thep doc chu keo tai gi ta t do:
* Trng hp dm co ca ct xin va lc tp trung:
Q Fi Rsw . As,inc .sin
c=
; (4 93)
qsw + q
Trong o Q -lc ct TD gi ta
F, q -Tai trong tp trung va tai trong phn b
trong pham vi TDng.
Gia tr c tnh c theo (4-93) khng c ln hn chiu
dai phn k gi ta ma pha ngoai oan o thoa man
iu kin:
0,8.b 4 .Rbt .b.h02
Chng 4
la
M
; ( 4 94 )
Q 2.( Rs . As .z s M 0 )(
. qsw + q ); ( 4 95)
Cho phep khng phai kim tra cng trn TDng theo m men khi thoa
man cac iu kin sau:
Qmax
Chng 4
la
la 5d;
da 0,5d;
C 15mm khi d 10 mm;
C 1,5d khi d > 10mm;
da
la
la 10d;
Trn oan neo phai
han hai ct ngang.
Nu thoa man iu kin (4-42a) va (4-43) (TD b tng u chu ct): la 5d; trong
khung va li han nu la ct trn th phai co mt ct ngang han vi ct doc cach u mut
mt oan C.
Nu iu kin (4-42a) va (4-43) khng thoa man (phai b tr ct ngang chu ct):
la 10d; trong khung va li han nu la ct trn th trn oan neo phai han hai ct ngang
vi ct doc cach u mut mt oan C.
q
Fi
Chng 4
4.5.7.2 Kim tra cng trn TDng theo m men i vi cng xon:
q
Fi
* i vi cng xon chu tai trong tp
trung khe nt nghing se xut phat t im t
tai tp trung tai gn u mut cng xon.
l1
* i vi cng xon chu tai trong phn b q TDng nguy him nht se kt thuc
gi ta va co:
Rs . As .z s
c=
; (4 99)
lan .(qsw + q )
Trong o As la din tch ct doc c keo n u mut cng xon.
zs c xac nh vi TD tai gi ta.
Nu c < l-lan th vic kim tra theo cng trn TDng co th bo qua.
* i vi cng xon co chiu cao TD tng dn theo lut bc nht v pha gi ta,
khi xac nh TDng nguy him theo (4-97) gia tr cua t s phai c giam i mt lng
bng:
Rs.As.tg khi mep chu nen nghing;
Rs.As.sin khi mep chu keo nghing; ( la goc nghing so vi phng ngang)
CU KIN CHU UN 44
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 4
4.5.7.3 Kim tra cng trn TDng theo m men khi giam ct doc chu keo:
a) Biu bao vt liu: (BBVL)
b) Un ct dc chu ko:
am bao cng trn TDng N1-N1 th
Zs,inc ZS.
Vy khoang cach t im un ct thep doc
trong vung keo (Tit din I-I) n TD ma tai o
ct doc c s dung ht kha nng chu lc
(Tit din tnh toan II-II) phai (h0/2).
c) Ct ct dc chu ko:
Tai gi lng thep doc mep trn nhiu. Xa
gi M giam, tai tit din O-O theo tnh toan co
th ct bt ct doc (Tai gi la AS, ct bt AS2,
con lai AS1: AS = AS1+ AS2).
h0/2
N1
W
II
N1
I
II
ZS
A
Zs,inc ZS
W
MA MO
Chng 4
4.5.7.3 Kim tra cng trn TDng theo m men khi giam ct doc chu keo:
a) Biu bao vt liu: (BBVL)
b) Un ct dc chu ko:
h0/2
N1
II
N1
c) Ct ct dc chu ko:
Tai gi lng thep doc mep trn nhiu. Xa
gi M giam, tai tit din O-O theo tnh toan co
th ct bt ct doc (Tai gi la Fa, ct bt AS2,
con lai AS1: AS = AS1+ AS2).
II
Za
A
Zs,inc Za
W
MA MO
Xet trn TD nghing OA co MA>M0 ct chu keo la AS1 se khng u chu m men un MA.
Q - Qs,inc
2.q sw
+ 5.d
20d ; (4 101)
Trong o Qs,inc= Rsw.As,inc.sin vi As,inc la din tch cua ct xin trong vung ct thep.
Q - Qs,inc
;
C2.q
U KIN CHU UN 46
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
sw
Chng 4
Db
M
RaFx1
RaF
RaFx2
Q
aFa
C
Chng 4
Zx2
Q
Db
RaFx1
h0
RaF
Zx1
RaFx2
Zx2
aFa
- Co C0 xac nh Qb;
- Co C0 bit c mut cui cua TDng, xac nh m men un M tai TD thng goc
i qua mut o;
- Tnh phn m men do ct doc chu la: Ma = M 0.5q.C02.
M
Tnh kha nng chu ct cua ct doc chu keo la: Qa = a tg ;
Z
(Z co th ly gn ung bng 0.9h )
0
CU KIN CHU UN 48
P1.. P2.. P3.. P4.. P412.. P42.. P5.. P54.. P56..
Chng 5
SAN PHNG.
q
l
KHOA XY DNG DD&CN
q
l
SAN PHNG 1
1
- Khi ban co lin kt 4 canh, tai
trong c truyn vao lin kt
theo ca 2 phng.
Ta goi loai nay la ban k 4 canh.
Chng 5
q2
q2
l2
q1
q1
l1
l1
Goi
Ta co:
l2
Chng 5
Vung BT co bin
dang deo ln
- Trang thai khi xut hin khp deo cui cung trc khi kt cu b pha hoai goi
la trang thai cn bng gii han.
- Phng phap tnh theo s deo (xet s hnh thanh khp deo cho n khi h sp
b pha hoai) con goi la tnh theo trang thai cn bng gii han.
SAN PHNG 3
P Chng 5
MA
MB
Nu tnh theo s an hi, ty s
,
M nh M nh
khng i. M
A
MB
Mnh
Tng P n P1 tai gi A xut hin khp deo trc.
Luc nay nu P tng th m men tai gi A khng tng, con tai cac TD khac vn tng.
Khi P tng n P2 gia s tai gi B xut hin khp deo.
Nu P tng th m men tai cac gi A va B khng tng. (nh dm n gian)
Khi P tng n P3 gia nhp hnh thanh khp deo, kt cu b pha hoai: y la TT cn
MkdA
MkdB
bng gii han.
P
Nh vy khi hnh thanh khp deo, trong kt cu co s phn
b lai ni lc, y la yu t co li tranh s pha hoai cuc b.
Khi tai cac gi hnh thanh khp deo, t s trn co th
thay ngam bng lin kt khp va mt m men khp deo.
b
MkdB
MkdA
Mkdnh
a
b
Goi M0 la m men cua dm n gian vi P3: M 0 = M kd nh + .M kdA + .M kdB ;
l
l
Kt hp vi M0 = M(P3) xac nh c tai trong TT cn bng gii han P3
theo cac Mkd.
KHOA XY DNG DD&CN
SAN PHNG 4
Chng 5
hnh thanh khp deo, vt liu va h phai co cac tnh cht sau:
- Ct thep co thm chay ro rt (dung thep deo, dy thep keo ngui, khng dung thep
dp ngui..)
SAN PHNG 5
Chng 5
5.2.1 S kt cu:
Cac b phn chnh cua san:
1. Ban,
2. Dm phu,
3. Dm chnh,
4. Ct,
5. Tng.
San gm ban san va h
dm (sn) uc lin khi:
ban k ln dm phu, dm
phu gi ln dm chnh, dm
chnh gi ln ct va tng,
3l1
1
2
3l1
3
3l1
l2
l1
l1
l1
4
l2
l2
l2
l1 l1 l1
l2
2
l1
3l1
3l1
3
l1
4
l1
l1
SAN PHNG 6
1 1
Chiu day ban hb = .l1 ;
35 25
Chng 5
1 1
Chiu cao dm phu hdp = nhp;
20 12
1 1
Chiu cao dm chnh hdc = nhp;
15 8
B rng dm
bd = (0,3 - 0,5)hd;
22cm
SAN PHNG 7
Chng 5
- Tai trong:
Tnh tai g (trong lng ban thn ban BTCT va cac lp cu
l2
tao..)
l2
l1 l1 l1
bt
lb
l1
lb
l
l1
g
3l1
3l1
l
l1
l1
SAN PHNG 8
- Ni lc:
q.l 2b
Nhp bin va gi th 2: M =
; (5 5)
11
q.l 2
; (5 6)
Nhp gia va gi gia: M =
16
Trong o q = g + p;
2
q.l
ng 5
Ch
q.l2b
11
16
lb
l2
bdc l
l2
gd
lb
l
l2
bdc
l2
pd
Co th t hp tai trong (vi cac dm bt ky) hoc dung cac cng thc va bang lp sn
(dm u nhp) ve biu bao (BB) m men, lc ct.
xet n anh hng chng xon cua dm chnh lam giam ni lc trong dm phu, khi
tnh ni lc theo s deo hoat tai c tnh vi gia tr la p=p.3/4 va tnh tai la g=g+p/4.
q.l 2
2
* M
dngP1..
gia nhp
gi
a
:
M
=
+
=
+
0
,
0625
.
q
.
l
;
KHOA XY
Dmen
NG DD&CN
P2.. P3.. P4.. 16
SAN PHNG 9