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Steel Ductility
Steel Ductility
Steel Ductility
Overview of Presentation
What is Ductility ? Why is Ductility Important ? How Do We Achieve Ductility in Steel Structures ?
What is Ductility ?
Ductility: The ability to sustain large inelastic
deformations without significant loss in strength.
F F
Ductility
F
Fyield
F
Fyield
Ductility
More Ductile
M
Mp
M
Mp
yield
max
yield
Ductility Factor:
max
max yield
M
Mp
M
Mp
yield
Plastic Rotation Angle:
max
yield
Rotation Capacity: R =
max p yield
=-1
p = max - yield
M
Mp
yield
max
Based on:
yield max
yield
yield
What is
yield ?
What is
yield ?
Mmax
M
0.8 Mmax
max
max
What is
max ?
What is
max ?
M M
Mp
max
What is
max ?
40000 Bending Moment (kip-inches) 30000 20000 10000 0 -10000 -20000 -30000 -40000 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 Rotation Angle (rad)
What is Ductility ?
Ductility = inelastic deformation capacity
Why Ductility ?
Permits redistribution of internal stresses and forces Increases strength of members, connections and structures Permits design based on simple equilibrium models Results in more robust structures Provides warning of failure Permits structure to survive severe earthquake loading
Example:
6"
P P L 1/2" x 6"
X 50 ksi
max 50 ksi
50 ksi
50 ksi X
P 2.5 in2
Material "A"
Material "B"
Pmax = 49 k
Example:
Example:
50 ksi
50 ksi
50 ksi
50 ksi
50 ksi =
Material "B"
P 2.5 in2
Material "B"
Pmax = 125 k
P M M
12"
50 ksi X
50 ksi
Material "A"
Material "B"
50 ksi X
50 ksi
Material "A"
Material "B"
4"
4"
12"
12"
max = 50 ksi
max =
M = 50 ksi S
max =
50 ksi
50 ksi X
S = 96 in3
Material "A"
50 ksi
Material "B"
4"
50 ksi
4"
M
12"
M
X 50 ksi
12"
50 ksi
50 ksi
max =
M = 50 ksi Z
Material "A"
Material "B"
50 ksi
Z = 144 in3
Material "B"
250 k-ft
M
500 k-ft
wL2 8
M
500 k-ft.
M
500 k-ft.
M
500 k-ft.
wL2 = 750 k ft 8
Beam "A"
Beam "A"
Beam "B"
L = 30 ft. w
500 k-ft 250 k-ft
wL2 8
M
500 k-ft
M
500 k-ft.
M
500 k-ft.
Beam "A"
Beam "B"
M
500 k-ft.
wL = 1000 k ft 8
Beam "B"
Why Ductility ?
Permits redistribution of internal stresses and forces Increases strength of members, connections and structures Permits design based on simple equilibrium models Results in more robust structures Provides warning of failure Permits structure to survive severe earthquake loading
M
Mp = 500 k-ft.
L = 30 ft. w
L = 30 ft. w
What is the load capacity for this beam ?? By lower bound theorem: Choose any moment diagram in equilibrium with the applied load. The moment cannot exceed Mp at any point along the beam. The resulting load capacity "w" will be less than or equal to the true load capacity. Moment diagram in equilibrium with applied load "w" Possible lower bound solutions......
wL2 8
L = 30 ft. w
L = 30 ft. w
500 k-ft
wL2 8
M
wL2 8
wL2 = 500 k ft 8
500 k-ft
w = 4.44 k / ft.
( 8.89 k / ft. )
wL2 = 500 k ft 8
w = 4.44 k / ft.
( 8.89 k / ft. )
L = 30 ft. w
L = 30 ft. w
250 k-ft
500 k-ft
wL 8
2
M
500 k-ft
M
500 k-ft
wL2 8
wL2 = 750 k ft 8
w = 6.67 k / ft.
( 8.89 k / ft. )
wL2 = 1000 k ft 8
w = 8.89 k / ft.
(= true wmax )
C
d
C
d
T
Fy
T
Fy
Fy
Equilibrium: C=T Mn = C * d = Z Fy
steel Fy
Equilibrium:
Why Ductility ?
Permits redistribution of internal stresses and forces Increases strength of members, connections and structures Permits design based on simple equilibrium models Results in more robust structures Provides warning of failure Permits structure to survive severe earthquake loading
Why Ductility ?
Permits redistribution of internal stresses and forces Increases strength of members, connections and structures Permits design based on simple equilibrium models Results in more robust structures Provides warning of failure Permits structure to survive severe earthquake loading
Building Acceleration
Building: Mass = m
F = ma
Earthquake Forces on Buildings: Inertia Force Due to Accelerating Mass
Ground Acceleration
Objective:
Objectives are not to: - limit damage - maintain function - provide for easy repair
H
H
Helastic
1/4 *Helastic
MAX
Ductile Limit States Must Precede Brittle Limit States How Do We Achieve Ductility in Steel Structures ?
Example
gusset plate double angle tension member
P P P
Example:
Ductile Limit State: Brittle Limit States: Gross-section yielding of tension member Net-section fracture of tension member Block-shear fracture of tension member Net-section fracture of gusset plate Block-shear fracture of gusset plate Bolt shear fracture Plate bearing failure in double angles or gusset
Gross-section yielding of tension member must precede net section fracture of tension member Pyield = Ag Fy Pfracture = Ae Fu
Pyield Pfracture Ag Fy Ae Fu
Ae Fy Ag Fu
The required strength for brittle limit states is defined by the capacity of the ductile element
Example:
Pbolt-fracture = nb ns Ab Fv
Fv =
Pyield Pbolt-fracture
The required strength for brittle limit states is defined by the capacity of the ductile element
Example:
Bolts: 3 - 3/4" A325-X double shear Ab = 0.44 in2 Fv = 0.5 x 120 ksi = 60 ksi Pbolt-fracture = 3 x 0.44 in2 x 60 ksi x 2 = 158k Angles: 2L 4 x 4 x 1/4 A36 Ag = 3.87 in2 Pyield = 3.87 in2 x 36 ksi = 139k
The ductile element must be the weakest element in the load path
Pyield Pbolt-fracture
OK
What if the actual yield stress for the A36 angles is greater than 36 ksi? Say, for example, the actual yield stress for the A36 angle is 54 ksi.
P Pyield Pbrittle
Stronger is not better in the ductile element (Ductile element must be weakest element in the load path) For ductile response: must consider material overstrength in ductile element
P Pyield Pbrittle
The required strength for brittle limit states is defined by the expected capacity of the ductile element (not minimum specified capacity)
Pyield = Ag RyFy
Connection response is generally non-ductile..... Connections should be stronger than connected members
The ductile element must be the weakest in the load path Unanticipated over strength in the ductile element can lead to non-ductile behavior. Steels with a low value of yield ratio, Fy / Fu are preferable for ductile elements
Use Sections with Low Width-Thickness Ratios and Adequate Lateral Bracing
Moment Capacity
Plastic Buckling
Mp Mr
M
Mp
Increasing b / t
Moment Capacity
Mp Mr
Moment Capacity
Ductility
ps p
Plastic Buckling
Mp Mr
Ductility
Ductility
ps p
ps p
Moment Capacity
Mp Mr
Moment Capacity
Plastic Buckling
Mp Mr
Ductility
5000 4000 3000 Bending Moment (kN-m) 2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000 -5000 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Drift Angle (radian)
Mp
RBS Connection
Ductility
ps p
ps p
150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Example: W-Shape
tf h tw
Link Rotation,
(rad)
Beam Flanges
Compact:
bf Es 0.38 2t f Fy bf Es 0.30 2t f Fy
Lb ry
Seismically Compact:
Seismically Compact:
Es h 2.45 tw Fy
Lb
Lb
M
Mp
Increasing Lb / ry
Effect of Lateral Buckling on Ductility For ductile flexural response: Use lateral bracing based on plastic design requirements or seismic design requirements
Plastic Design:
M1 Lb 0.12 + 0.076 M 2
E F y
Seismic Design:
E Lb 0.086 F y
ry
Experimental Behavior of Brace Under Cyclic Axial Loading Pcr P Pcr W6x20 Kl/r = 80
Provide connections that are stronger than members Avoid high strength steels in ductile elements Use cross-sections with low b/t ratios Provide adequate lateral bracing Recognize that compression member buckling is non-ductile