PGS.TS. L C NGOAN, TS.

NGUYN XUN B,
TS. NGUYN HU VN
(HIU NH: GS.TS. V DUY GING)
------------------------------------------------

THC N CHO GIA SC

NHAI LI TRONG NNG H
MIN TRUNG

NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP

PGS.TS. L C NGOAN, TS. NGUYN XUN B,

TS. NGUYN HU VN
(HIU NH: GS.TS. V DUY GING)

THC N CHO GIA SC

NHAI LI TRONG NNG H
MIN TRUNG

NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP

H NI 2006

MC LC
LI GII THIU .......................................................................6
CHNG 1. MT S LOI C HA THO ..........................10
1. C VOI (Pennisetum purpureum).................................10
1.1. Ngun gc..............................................................10
1.2. c im chung .....................................................11
1.3. Gieo trng v chm sc ..........................................12
1.4. Nng sut ...............................................................14
1. 5. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng .............14
1.6. S dng..................................................................15
2. C P ANGOLA (Digitaria decumbens).........................16
2.1. Ngun gc..............................................................16
2.2. c im sinh vt...................................................16
2.3. Trng v chm sc .................................................17
2.4. Nng sut ...............................................................18
2.5. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng ..............19
2.6. S dng..................................................................19
3. C GHIN (Panicum maximum)..................................20
3.1. Ngun gc v phn b............................................20
3.2. c im chung .....................................................21
3.3. Gieo trng v chm sc ..........................................22
3.4. Nng sut ...............................................................24
3.5. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng ..............24
3.6. S dng..................................................................24
4. C LNG P ARA (Brachiaria mutica) .........................25
4.1. Ngun gc..............................................................25
4.2. c im chung .....................................................26
4.3. Nng sut ...............................................................27
4.5. S dng..................................................................28
5. CY NG (Zea mays)..................................................28
3

5.1. Ngun gc..............................................................28

5.2. c im chung .....................................................29
5.3. Nng sut ...............................................................29
5.4. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng ..............30
5.6. S dng cy ng.....................................................34
6. C G/C CH (Cynodon dactylon)............................34
6.1. Ngun gc..............................................................34
6.2. c im chung .....................................................35
6.3. Nng sut ...............................................................36
6.4. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng ..............36
6.5. S dng..................................................................37
7. C RUZI (Brachiaria ruziziensis) ................................38
7.1. Ngun gc v phn b............................................38
7.2. c im chung .....................................................38
7.3. Gieo trng v chm sc ..........................................39
7.4. Nng sut ...............................................................41
7.5. Gi tr dinh dng ..................................................42
7.6. S dng..................................................................42
8. CY MA (Saccharum officinarum).............................43
8.1. Ngn ma ...............................................................43
8.2. R mt ....................................................................45
8.3. B ma....................................................................47
9. C T NHIN ................................................................48
CHNG 2. MT S LOI H U V CY GIU M .50
1. C STYL (Stylosanthes sp.) ......................................50
1.1. c im sinh vt hc ............................................51
1.3. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng ..............54
2. CY KEO DU (Leucaeana leucocephala) .................55
2.1. Ngun gc..............................................................55
2.2. c im chung .....................................................56
4

2.3. K thut gieo trng v chm sc.............................56

2.4. Nng sut ...............................................................58
2.5. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng ..............59
2.6. c t mimosine ....................................................59
2.7. Cch s dng .........................................................61
3. CY U FLEMINGIA (Flemingia macrophilla).......61
3.1. Ngun gc..............................................................61
3.2. c im sinh vt hc ............................................61
3.3. Gieo trng v chm sc ..........................................62
3.4. Nng sut v s dng .............................................65
4. CY TRICHANTHERA ..............................................66
4.1. c im................................................................67
4.3. K thut canh tc ...................................................69
4.4. Thu hoch v ch bin............................................69
4.5. S dng trong chn nui.........................................70
CHNG 3. PHNG PHP D TR, CH BIN CY C
V PH PHM NNG NGHIP ............................................86
1. Lm c kh...................................................................86
2. Phi kh v bo qun rm.............................................89
3. chua ..........................................................................91
3.1. K thut chua cy ng ......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
3.2. K thut chua c ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Bin php kim ho nhm x l, ch bin ph phm
giu x............................................................................101
5. Phng php lm bnh dinh dng .............................113

TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH ..................................122

LI GII THIU
Ti hn hnh c vit my li gii thiu trn trang
u cun sch Thc n cho gia sc nhai li trong nng h
min Trung ca cc tc gi PGS.TS. L c Ngoan, TS.
Nguyn Xun B v TS. Nguyn Hu Vn. Cun sch
cp n mt s gii php gii quyt thc n cho gia sc nhai
li trong iu kin ca nng h khu vc min Trung, ni
m chn nui, c bit l chn nui gia sc nhai li c
ngha quan trng i vi cuc sng ca nng dn, to thu
nhp v gp phn quan trng trong cng cuc xo i gim
ngho. Cun sch cng gii thiu mt s quy trnh k thut
trng v pht trin cy thc n gia sc trong nng h v cc
k thut d tr, ch bin cc ngun ph phm nng nghip
lm thc n cho gia sc. Cc quy trnh ny kh n gin,
ph hp vi iu kin v trnh ca ngi dn min Trung
ni ring v ca nc ta ni chung.
Cc tc gi ca cun sch l cc cn b ging dy lu
nm ca trng i Hc Nng Lm Hu trong lnh vc
chn nui gia sc nhai li v dinh dng thc n gia sc.
Ti cng xin cm n Trung tm Nghin cu Nng
nghip Quc t Australia (ACIAR) c d n
(LPS/2002/078) hp tc nghin cu vi trng v ti tr
cho vic xut bn cun sch.
6

Vi tnh cm ng nghip chn thnh, ti vui mng

c gii thiu cun sch ny vi bn c.

PGS.TS. Trn Vn Minh

Hiu trng trng HNL Hu

M U
Hin nay c nc c khong 5,5 triu con b v 2,9
triu con tru (B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn,
2006). Chn nui tru b ng vai tr quan trng trong i
sng ca hng triu gia nh nng dn v n l ngun cung
cp tht, sa, sc ko, phn bn v cn c coi l mt loi
"ngn hng di ng" cho nng dn ngho.
Nhiu nghin cu gn y cho thy nng sut chn
nui tru, b cn thp v mt s nguyn nhn: thc n cha
m bo c s lng v cht lng; tim nng ca n ging
cha c pht huy tt; cng tc phng tr dch bnh cha
c quan tm tha ng; ngoi ra, u t k thut v ti
chnh cho chn nui thp, cng tc chuyn giao tin b k
thut cn chm.
Chn nui tru b nc ta ch yu da vo nng
h vi quy m nh (di 5 con/h), tn dng ngun thc n
t nhin v ph phm l ch yu. Din tch ng c hn ch
nn gia sc hu nh ch c chn th ven ng, b
rung, ni khng th canh tc. Vi phng thc chn nui
nh vy, n gia sc tng trng v cho sn lng tht thp,
khng p ng nhu cu tiu dng trong nc. y l mt
thch thc ln i vi cc nh khoa hc cng nh nng dn.
Thch thc ny li cng tr nn bc bch hn trong th k
XXI, khi m din tch t nng nghip ngy cng thu hp v
p lc tng dn s ngy cng ln. T h thng chn nui
8

gia sc nhai li dn dn thay i bn cht theo hng tp

trung v chuyn mn ho. Pht trin mt ngnh chn nui
gia sc nhai li bn vng, mt h thng chn nui da ch
yu vo cc ngun thc n sn c ang l mt la chn
khn ngoan ca cc nc ngho.
Trong khun kh hot ng ca d n hp tc
nghin cu Ci thin h thng chn nui b tht min
Trung, Vit Nam (LPS/2002/078) do ACIAR ti tr giai
on 2004-2007, chng ti xut bn cun sch ny nhm
gip bn c c thm thng tin cn thit v ngun thc n
v cc gii php gii quyt thc n cho chn nui tru b
trong nng h.
Hy vng cun sch s em li nhiu hu ch cho bn
c.
Tuy vy, sch khng trnh khi thiu st, rt mong
nhn c s gp ca bn c ln xut bn sau c
hon ho hn.

Cc tc gi

CHNG 1
MT S LOI C HA THO
1. C VOI (PENNISETUM PURPUREUM)
Phm vi ng dng: Thch hp cho thu ct v chua
1.1. Ngun gc
Ngun gc Nam Phi, phn b rng cc nc
nhit i trn th gii. Qu hng lu i ca c voi l vng
Uganda (100 v Bc 200 v Nam) nhp vo M t nm
1913, Australia 1914, Cuba 1917, Brasil 1920... Vit
Nam, c voi c coi l c
Hu v ln u tin ly
ging y a ra Bc
(1908). Hin nay c voi
c trng nhiu vng
sinh thi nc ta. y l
mt ging c cho nng sut
cht xanh cao nht trong
iu kin thm canh Vit
Nam.
Ngoi ging c voi
thng ang c trng
Vit Nam (King grass) th
Hnh 1: C voi (pennisetum
mt s ging V oi lai (P.
purpureum)
purpureum Selection 1),
10

V oi ln (P . purpureum cv. Mott; dwarft elephant grass)

ang pht trin mt s ni. C voi ln c thi gian sinh
trng di hn, hm lng protein cao hn v tc gim
hm lng protein theo tui chm hn so vi cc ging
khc.
1.2. c im chung
C voi l loi lu
nm, thn ng c th cao
t 4-6m, nhiu t, nhng
t gn gc thng ra r,
hnh thnh c thn ngm
pht trin thnh bi to, l
hnh di c mi nhn
u, b l dt ngn v
mm, di 30cm, rng 2cm.
Chm hoa hnh try ging
ui ch, mu vng nht.
R pht trin mnh, n su
c khi ti 2m. T l Hnh 2: Ging c voi chn lc 1
(Selection 1)
l/ton cy bin ng rt
ln. Cc phn l v thn chim khong 58%, cc phn ngm
di t chim 42%. T l l gim dn khi tng tui cy (t
66 n 30% t 2 n 12 tun tui). Ti sinh nhanh sau 30
ngy tui (chiu cao trung bnh 120cm).

11

C voi sinh trng mnh trong ma h khi nhit

v m cao. Sinh trng chm trong ma ng v mn
cm vi sng mui. Nhit thch hp nht cho sinh
trng t 25-400C. Nhit thp nht cho sinh trng
khong 150C. C voi c th sinh trng nhng vng cao
ti 2000m so vi mc nc bin. Thch hp nht vi t
giu dinh dng c tng canh tc su, pH= 6-7, t khng
bn v khng ngp ng. Thch hp nhng vng c lng
ma khong 1500mm/nm.
1.3. Gieo trng v chm sc
Trng c voi bng hom trong ma ma, nhng tt
nht l u ma ma.
Chun b t: Cy t su 20-25cm, ba v cy
o (ln 2) lm ti t, v c di v san phng mt t
trng. Rch hng su 15-20cm theo hng ng Ty;
khong cch hng
l 60-80cm.
Phn bn:
u t cho 1 ha c
trng gm phn
hu c hoai mc:
15 - 20 tn; supe
ln : 250- 300 kg;
sulfat kali : 150200 kg; ur: 400500 kg.
Hnh 3: Trng c voi bng hom
12

Cc loi phn hu c, ln, kali dng bn lt ton b

theo lng rnh hng; phn m bn chia u cho cc ln thu
hoch trong nm v bn thc.
Ging: S dng loi thn ging c tui 80-100
ngy v c cht vt thnh hom c di 50-60cm. Mi
hom c 3-5 mt mm. Tt nht ly phn thn bnh t. S
dng 6-7 tn ging/ha (ging cht thnh hom).
Cch trng: t sau khi rch hng v bn phn y
theo quy nh, t hom theo lng rnh, t hom ny gi
ln na hom kia ni tip nhau, lp kn hom bng mt lp t
3-5cm v m bo mt t bng phng sau khi lp hom
ging.
Chm sc: Sau khi trng 10-15 ngy, tin hnh kim
tra t l ny mm (mm nh ln mt t). Trng dm nhng
ch b cht v lm c ph vng (trnh khng lm ng thn
ging
trng).
Dng cuc lm c di
2-3 ln trc khi c
ln cao ph kn t
trng. Dng 100 kg
ur/ha bn thc khi
c giai on 25-30
ngy tui. Sau mi
ln thu hoch, lm c
di mt ln v bn
thc phn m khi c
Hnh 4: K thut thu ct c voi
13

ti sinh l mi (sau khi thu hoch 15 ngy).

1.4. Nng sut
Thu hoch ln u khi c t 70-80 ngy tui (cy c
thn cng khng thu ct non la u). Cc la ti sinh thu
hoch khi thm c cao 80-120 cm (khong sau 30 ngy
vo ma ma, 35-40 ngy ma kh). Trong ma kh, cao
ct gc li khong 5cm, ma ma th di hn. C th ct
c bng my, lim hoc dao. Khi thu hoch ch ct ton
b khng li cy mm, to thm c ti sinh u.

cao gc cn l

C voi cho nng sut cht xanh rt cao, t 100-300

tn/ha/nm v c th ln 500 tn/ha/nm.
Bng 1.1. nh hng tui thu ct n nng sut (tn/ha) v
t l cht kh (%) ca c voi
Tun
Nng sut
VCK

10

12

2
14,57

20
18,20

30
19,57

54
21,10

55
21,53

58
23,78

Ngun: Vin chn nui, 1976.

1. 5. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng
Gi tr dinh dng c s bin ng ln, c bit l
hm lng ni t, tu thuc vo tui thu hoch (t l l/thn),
phn bn. V d: sau 6 tun ti sinh hm lng protein th
t 10%, sau 10 tun th ch cn 7,6%. Hm lng protein
th v t l tiu ho cht kh l c theo th t bin ng t
9,5-19,7 v 68 - 74%. Gi tr nng lng trao i, protein
14

th, x trung tnh (NDF) trung bnh theo th t l 8,9MJ/kg

VCK, 13,2% v 63%.
Bng 1.2. Thnh phn ho hc ca c voi
c im Cht
kh
(%)
Mu
Ti,
20,0
cao 80cm
Ti,
25,0
cao 240cm
Ti, 8
19,5
tun tui
Ti, 10 tt, 18,3
cao 135cm
Ti, 10 tt, 18,5
cao 150cm
Ngun: Gohl, 1998

Tnh theo cht kh (%)

Pro. X
Tro M DXK
th
th
9,0 28,6 14,8 1,1
46,5
7,2

36,1

12,4

1,0

43,3

9,7

33,3

16,4

1,5

39,1

8,7

32,8

10,9

3,3

44,3

6,5

33,0

11,4

2,7

46,4

1.6. S dng
C voi dng thu ct lm thc n gia sc di hnh
thc ti hay chua. Ct ln u st mt t cho cy sinh
trng v nhnh nhiu khng tri ln trn. Trn thc t,
c voi ch s dng 3-4 nm v phi trng li. Tuy nhin, nu
qun l tt c th cho nng sut cao trong 10 nm lin. C
th trng xen vi cc cy h u (Kudzu, Centro,
Desmodium). C voi c th chua d tr cho gia sc vo
ma thiu thc n.
15

2. C PANGOLA (Digitaria decumbens)

Phm vi ng dng: Thch hp cho chn th v lm c kh
2.1. Ngun gc
C Pangola xut hin b sng Pangola thuc Nam
Phi, nhp vo M 1935, Cuba 1950, Peru 1952, Australia
1954 v cc ni khc thuc vng nhit i v cn nhit i.
C Pangola u tin nhp vo Vit Nam t Trung Quc
(8/1967), sau ny (thng 10/1968) nhp t Cuba v nhiu
con ng khc qua cc d n nghin cu.
2.2. c im sinh vt
C Pangola l loi c ho tho lu nm, cy thp, c
hng rp, thn cnh nh (0,2-0,3 cm) v b an vo
nhau to thnh thm. cc t thn, nht l cc thn b c
vng lng mu trng xanh hay pht tm, l c xanh mt v
mm, di khong
6-7cm v rng
0,6cm. Mi nhnh
c khong 10-12 l.
L c li tha ch
khng c lng nh
cc loi thuc
Cynodon (c g).
T l thn v l ty
thuc vo tui thu
Hnh 5: Thm c Pangola
hoch. Nhn chung,
16

t l l gim dn theo tui. T l thn v l lc thu hoch

khong 60-70% v 30-40%.
C Pangola c bin sinh thi rng. Nhit lnh
(5-6 C) v nng 420C khng b tn tht. Nhit di 220C
pht trin chm v di 120C c th ngng pht trin. C
Pangola thch hp vi nhng vng c lng ma khong
1000mm/nm. N c th chu m v t ngp nc tm thi,
mn cm vi sng mui. Pht trin tt trn nhiu loi t,
t t ct ngho dinh dng n t st nng.
0

2.3. Trng v chm sc

Thi v gieo trng: u ma ma l thch hp.
Chun b t: t trng c Pangola cn c lm k,
cy ba 2-3 ln m bo t nh, ti xp, sch c di, mt
t trng bng phng v rch hng trng vi khong cch
hng 50-60cm.
Phn bn cho 1 ha c trng:
Phn hu c hoai mc: 10 tn
Supe ln : 150 - 200 kg
Sulfat kali : 100-150 kg
Phn m ur: 250-300 kg
Phn hu c, ln, kali dng bn lt theo hng rch
trc khi trng c. Phn m dng bn sau khi gieo trng
v thu hoch (tp trung vo ma ma trong nm).

17

Ging: Trng bng thn, c ging c tui 75-90

ngy c ct thnh hom c di 35-40cm (xn b phn l
ngn). Dng 1,2 -1,5 tn ging/ha.
Cch trng: t sau khi rch hng v bn phn
theo quy nh c ging c t thnh khm p v mt pha
thnh ca hng rch to gc xin 35-400. t khm cch
khm 15-20cm (pha gc di v pha ngn trn). Trong
mi khm c 4-6 hom ging.
Chm sc: Kim tra ny mm v trng dm sau 10 15 ngy. Sau khi trng 2-3 tun tin hnh dit c di, xi
ph vng. Cn chm sc lm c di 2 ln trc khi c
Pangola pht trin che ph t trng. Dng phn m bn
thc khi rung c c mu xanh v ti sinh ra l mi.
2.4. Nng sut
Nng sut cht xanh ca c t 60-80 tn/ha/nm.
Nng sut c ty thuc vo ch phn bn, h thng canh
tc, ma v....Sau 2 thng trng, c cao 47,8 cm, nng sut
20 tn ti/ ha. Ch canh tc tt, bn phn nhiu (10-15
tn phn hu c/ha) nng sut ln n 100-120 tn/ha. C
cho nng sut cao nm th 2, c th ln ti 165 tn ti/ha.
V Vn Tr v cng s (1976) cho bit ti ng Giao nng
sut Pangola ch t 44,5 tn ti/ha. Nng sut c ph
thuc rt ln vo ma v. Vo ma kh, nng sut c ch t
33% c nm. Nng sut c cao nht vo khong 6-8 thng
tui.
18

2.5. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng

Gi tr dinh dng ph thuc rt ln vo tui thu ct,
dinh dng ca t v ging. Hm lng protein nm trong
khong 9-14%, c th ln ti 20%. Hm lng x th cao
(30-36%). T l tiu ho cht kh khong 45-70%. C
Pangola c hm lng Na cao khi so snh vi nhiu loi c
nhit i khc. Thu hoch mun lm tng t l x, gim gi
tr dinh dng
2.6. S dng
Pangola trng v s dng chn th hay thu ct lm
c kh, la u thu hoch thch hp sau khi trng 2,5-3
thng, cc la sau ty theo iu kin c th c th thu sau
60-65 ngy vo v h-thu v 80-100 ngy vo v ng-xun,
khi thm c c cao 40-50cm ( thu ct) v 25-30cm (
chn th). Thm c Pangola thu ct lm c kh khi c 70-80
ngy tui (cn lu khi thi tit thun li phi c).
cao cy cn li sau khi thu hoch 10cm l thch hp cho
thm c ti sinh.
Bng 1.3. Thnh phn ho hc ca c Pangola
c im
Mu
Ti, bt u ra
hoa
Ti, hoa r

Cht
kh
(%)
28,6

Pro
th
8,2

Tnh theo cht kh (%)

X
Tro
M DXK
th
33,3
6,9
2,0
49,6

39,3

6,8

29,5

7,8

2,1

53,8

19

Ti, 21 ngy
ti sinh
Ti, 42 ngy
ti sinh
C kh thu 35
ngy
C kh thu 45
ngy
C kh thu 65
ngy

21,4

9,2

35,3

12,2

1,3

41,0

21,4

4,8

36,3

6,9

1,0

51,0

6,9

34,7

9,8

1,8

46,8

7,5

33,1

9,8

2,3

47,3

5,8

29,6

9,1

2,3

53,2

Ngun: Gohl, 1998

C Pangola thng c trng kt hp vi cc cy
h u (keo u, Stylo, Kudzu, Desmodium...) tng gi tr
hn hp c.
3. C GHIN (Panicum maximum)
Phm vi ng dng: Thch hp thu ct, chua v chn th
nh.
3.1. Ngun gc v phn b

20

C Ghin c ngun gc Chu Phi nhit i v phn

b rng ri cc nc nhit i, cn nhit i. Australia,
c ny c a vo trn 30 nm nay v lan rng ra
cc vng c kh hu bin (khng c sng mui ) nhit i
v nhit i
thuc
bang
Queensland vi
lng ma hng
nm
khong
1000mm.

nc ta c
Ghin c
a vo Nam
B nm 1975 v
trng ph bin
Hnh 6: C Ghin (P. maximum TD58)
nhiu ni trn
c nc. Mt s ging c ghi-n ph bin: P . maximum
TD58, P . maximum CIA T 673, P . maximum Common, P .
maximum Harmil, v.v.
3.2. c im chung
C Ghin l loi c lu nm, thn cao 2-3m, khng c thn
b, ch sinh nhnh v to thnh bi. B l mc quanh gc c
mu tm, c b v l u c lng nh v trng, nht l b l.
Nhng l pha trn ngn v c b l di nn khng che nng
nhng l di. L c kh nng xoay theo chiu nng. T
l l/thn l 1,7, cm hoa hnh chung l c trng ca c,
21

cng c lng nh v mn. B r c nhiu nhnh, pht trin

rt mnh. C pht trin to thnh tng cm nh mt ci
phu hng nc ma nn kh nng chu hn cao.
Nhit thch hp cho s sinh trng ca c Ghin t
19,1-22,90C, khng chu c sng mui nng. Sinh
trng tt trong nhng vng c lng ma t 800-1800
mm/nm. Khng chu hn c nhng vng qu kh.
Sng c trn nhiu loi t nhng a t nhiu mu m
v t ph sa. a t giu canxi, oxyt st, tiu nc tt. Tt
nht pH = 6, khng chu c t m ko di. Chu c
t mn nh. L cy phn ng vi nh sng ngy ngn v
tng i chu bng. N c th mc tt nhng ni cao ti
2500m so vi mc nc bin.
3.3. Gieo trng v chm sc
Trng vo ma ma, tt nht trng u ma ma
m bo t l sng cao.
Chun b t: Cy v t vi su 20cm, ba v
cy o (cy 2 ln), ba ti t, nht sch c di v san
phng mt t trng. Nu dng ht gieo th chun b t k
hn, cy ba nhiu ln m bo t ti nh.
Phn bn cho 1ha trng c gm:
Phn hu c hoai mc: 10-15 tn
Supe ln : 200-250 kg
Sulfat kali : 100-200 kg
Phn m ur: 300-350 kg
22

Cc loi phn hu c, ln, kali dng bn lt theo

hng; phn m dng bn thc v chia u cho mi ln
thu hoch trong nm.
Ging: Gieo trng bng ht cn 4-6 kg ht tiu
chun/ha. Trng bng thn s dng 4-6 tn/ha v c
chun b nh sau: Khm/bi c Ghin lm ging c xn
b phn l ngn li gc cao khong 25-30cm. Dng cuc
nh khm c ln, p r t khi r ct bt r li cn 45cm. Sau tch khm thnh cc cm nh lin khi, m
bo mi cm c 4-5 thn nhnh ti.
Cch trng: t sau khi rch hng, bn phn theo
quy nh, t tng cm ging vo thnh hng rch vi
khong cch 35-40cm, dng cuc lp kn 1/2 di ca thn
ging (phn gc) v dng chn dm cht t lp phn gc
r c tip xc cht vi t to iu kin m cao, chng
ny mm v t t l sng cao.
Nu dng ht gieo ri u theo hng rch v dng t
nh lp kn ht mt lp mng (khng qu 1 cm) hoc dng
tay kha u ht vi t theo hng trng.
Chm sc: Sau khi trng 15-20 ngy kim tra t l
sng, nhng ch khng c mm mc th trng b sung. Nu
l cy con mc t ht th phi ch n khi phn bit r (rt
d nhm ln vi c di) mi chm sc c trong hng v
trng ta b sung. Chm sc lm c di 2 ln trc khi c
23

pht trin tt che ph t. Dng phn m bn thc khi thm

c ny mm xanh v sau khi lm c di.
3.4. Nng sut
La u thu hoch khi thm c trng c 60 ngy
tui, cc la ti sinh thu hoch sau khi thm c c cao
45-60 cm (ty theo ma v trng thi pht dc ca c). Phn
gc li l 10-15cm.
Nng sut t t 50-100 tn ti/ha v c th ln ti
180 tn/ha. C th ct 8-9 la/nm. C Ghin pht trin
nhanh trong ma ma v y l mt trong nhng loi c th
thay th Pangola v gi c nng sut ng k mc d
ngon ming c km hn.
3.5. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng
Hm lng cht kh 20-30%, protein th 5-9%, x
th 30-40%. T l tiu ho cht kh ca c din bin t 64%
(sau 2 tun thu hoch) xung 50% (sau 8 tun thu hoch).
3.6. S dng
C Ghin c th dng chn th hay thu ct lm c
xanh hoc kh hoc chua. Chu k s dng di ti 6 nm,
ph thuc vo ch s dng. C th trng xen vi keo du,
Stylo lm tng gi tr dinh dng ca hn hp c.
Bng 1.4. Thnh phn ho hc c Ghin v t l tiu ha (%)

24

c im

Cht
kh

Tnh theo vt cht kh (%)

X
Tro
M DXK
th
29,9 11,2 1,6
48,5

25,0

Pro.
th
8,8

25,0

8,8

32,8

12,9

1,5

44,0

Ti, mi
c hoa

28,0

5,3

39,6

10,6

1,4

43,0

C kh, 6
tun
C kh, 8
tun
chua
T l tiu
ha

88,6

11,9

31,7

12,0

3,2

41,2

89,7

6,6

35,5

13,2

1,8

42,9

20,0
57,2

6,3
58,4

39,7
67,5

19,6

2,7
55,8

31,7
57,2

Mu
Ti,
40cm
Ti,
80cm

Trng c Ghin chn th th 2 la u tin phi

thu ct, n la th 3 mi a b vo chn th. Thm c
chn th c cao 35-40 cm l hp l. Thi gian ngh c
ti sinh mc li (chu k chn th) khong 25-35 ngy v thi
gian chn gia sc lin tc trn mt l c khng qu 4 ngy.
4. C LNG PARA (Brachiaria mutica)
4.1. Ngun gc
C lng Para c ngun gc Nam M, phn b
nhiu cc nc nhit i. C ny c a vo Nam b
nm 1875 v Trung b nm 1930 ri sau ra Bc b. Hin
25

nay c s dng nhiu ni v l mt trong cc loi c

Ha tho tt nc ta.
4.2. c im chung
C lng Para l loi c lu nm thn c chiu hng
b, c th cao ti 1,5m. Thn v l u c lng ngn. Cnh
cng to rng rut, t di 10-15cm, mt 2 u t c mu
trng xanh. Cc mt t c
kh nng m chi v r di, l
di u nhn nh hnh tim
gc. B l di, li b ngn.
C lng Para l c sinh
trng trong ma h, thuc c
lu nm. Nhit sinh trng
trung bnh thch hp 210C. N
c th sinh trng nhng
vng cao ti 1000m so vi
mc nc bin, thch hp vi
nhng vng c lng ma cao
Hnh 7: C Lng Para
nhng c th tn ti nhng
vng c lng ma thp 500mm/ nm. Pht trin mnh
nhng ni t bn ly, chu c ngp nc (ti 60cm), c
thng xut hin cc b sng, sui, cng rnh. C th sinh
trng t , t mn t phn... nhng a t ph sa,
ng bng. Lng Para l cy c na nc, na cn v c th
sng c nhng ni nc chy.
26

4.3. Nng sut

Nng sut c thay i theo thi gian sinh trng,
ma v v tnh cht t ai. Nng sut xanh ca c lng
Para t 70-80 tn/ha/nm, c ni t 90-100 tn/ha/nm.
c bit, c lng Para c kh nng pht trin tt vo v
ng-Xun nn n chnh l cy ha tho trng cung cp
thc n xanh cho gia sc vo v ny rt tt.
4.4. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng
L c Para c tnh ngon ming cao song phn thn v
c gi tnh ngon ming gim r rt khi nui gia sc. Gi tr
dinh dng ca c cao, mc d lng cht kh n vo ca
gia sc chn th c th gim do hm lng nc cao v
nc ng trn l v thn. Hm lng protein bin ng t
14-20% v t l tiu ho cht kh 65-80% l v 55-65%
phn cnh ngn. Gi tr ny gim xung ch cn 35-45%
ngn gi.
Bng 1.5. Thnh phn dinh dng ca c lng Para
c im

Mu
Ti, 6
tun tui
Ti, 10
tun tui
Ti, 14
tun tui

Cht
kh
29,5

% Tnh theo vt cht kh

Pro.
X
Tro
M DXK
th
th
14,2 26,6 12,4 1,9
44,9

39,8

13,2

29,4

12,0

1,5

43,9

36,3

11,9

28,5

11,3

1,8

46,5
27

Ti, gia
ra hoa
Kh, thu
45 ngy
Kh, thu
55 ngy

29,0

9,4

30,8

9,9

2,0

50,9

12,0

27,3

10,7

2,9

47,1

10.4

27,9

9,9

3,0

48,8

4.5. S dng
C lng Para khng chu c gim p do vy ch
nn trng thu ct lm thc n xanh cho n ti chung hay
chua hoc dng chn th gia sc lun phin, ct la u
45-60 ngy sau khi gieo, cc la sau ct cch nhau 30-35
ngy, ct 5-10 cm cch mt t. C trng 1 ln c th s
dng n 4-5 nm. C cn l ngun phn xanh cho kt qu
rt tt trn cc vng trng da. C cnh tranh rt khe vi
c di mc lan trn mt nc.
5. CY NG (Zea mays)
5.1. Ngun gc
Cy ng (Zea mays) l cy lng thc quan trng
cc nc nhit i v nhit i v l ngun thc n quan
trng cho gia sc. Do thiu ti liu chnh xc v lch s nn
cha lm sng t ni pht sinh ca ng. Anderson (1945)
cho l ng xut hin ng Nam , nhng khng th ph
nhn c s c mt ca ng thi nguyn thy c xa ti
chu M. Rt c th ng bt ngun t Mexico v Guatemala.
Hin nay ng phn b rt rng cc nc nhit i v n
28

i trn th gii. Ng l cy thc n quan trng Vit Nam,

dng lm lng thc cho ngi v thc n cho gia sc.
5.2. c im chung
Ng l cy hng nm, thn thng v n c, khng
nhnh, tr mt s ging a phng. Cy cao ti 2-3m.
Cc t gc mang r. L hnh mi mc rng. Hai mt l
hi rp, mp l c lng, l di 45-50cm. B l nhn c lng
mm, li b ngn v c lng. Cm hoa c ngn cy, c
lng. Cm hoa ci nch l ln hnh tr v khng cung, c
b l hp bao bc. u cc nhy c lng di 10-20cm, qu
bng, cng, c nhiu mu xp 8-10 dy. Ht c t l ny
mm rt cao. Cy ng sinh trng rt nhanh, c th thu
hoch trong thi gian ngn.
Ng thch hp vi iu kin nhit i nng m. Rt
nhy cm vi kh hn, khng chi c sng mui. Ng
c trng nhiu t 500 v Bc n 400 v Nam v ln cao
3300m chu M. Ng c th sng mt s loi t, nhng
tt nht l t xp, d thot nc khng thch t mn v
ly.
5.3. Nng sut
Nng sut cht cht xanh thay i theo giai on sinh
trng v mt gieo trng. Nu thu lm thc n xanh sau
40-50 ngy cho nng sut 12,6 tn/ha, 4-5 thng cho 25-40
tn/ha hoc cao hn. vng nhit i nng sut nm trong
khong 8-70 tn cht xanh/ha hay 2-20 tn cht kh/ha.
29

Nng sut cht xanh thng t ti a khi cy chn sinh

l, tc l 2 thng sau khi phun ru. Giai on lm ht hm
lng cht kh c cy gn 30%. Nng sut khng thay i
lm trc v sau khi ng chn vi ngy, nhng sau 7 ngy
th gim hn. Nng sut thay i ln theo mt v hng.
Bng 1.6. Thnh phn ho hc (%) ca cy ng cc giai
on sinh trng khc nhau
Thnh phn
Giai on
Ngm sa
Chn sp
Chn
hon
ton

Cht
kh

Protein
th

M
th

X
th

DXK

32,2
33,4
42,2

2,4
2,4
3,1

0,4
0,8
1,1

5,1
6,1
7,8

14,4
22,5
28,4

5.4. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng

Ng ht. Ng vng cha nhiu sc t v
cryptoxanthin l tin vitamin A, c tc dng lm tng m
mu ca da g v lng trng gia cm. Ht ng cha 2
loi protein l zein v glutelin. Zein c rt nhiu trong ni
nh, thiu tryptophan v lysine. Glutelin c t hn trong ni
nh nhng c nhiu trytophan v lysine hn. Du ng cha
nhiu axit bo khng no v rt nhiu axit linoleic, chnh v
th s dng nhiu ng trong khu phn ca ln lm cho m
mm. Ht ng ngho can xi, nhng hm lng pht pho
tng i kh v c s hot ng ca enzym phytase trong
30

ht. T l Ca/P thp v vy khi s dng nhiu ng trong

khu phn cn b sung canxi nh bt , bt v s...
c t nm (zearalenone, aflatoxin v ochratoxin...)
xut hin do bo qun ng trong iu kin m t. Nm
Aspergirus flavus v Aspergirus parasiticus sn sinh c t
aflatoxin gy suy gim h min dch c th v gy ung th
cho ngi v ng vt, nm Fusarium sn sinh c t
zearalenone gy ri lon sinh sn cho ln ni...
Cy ng. Hm lng protein th cao hn cc loi c
khc khi cy cn non. Tuy nhin, gi tr dinh dng ca
ng bin ng ln, ph thuc vo thi k sinh trng v thu
hoch, ch bin.
Ng v bt li ng nghin. Gm ton b bp ng
khng k v bp. Loi thc n ny c gi tr tt i vi gia
sc nhai li. Nui b bng loi thc n ny cho tng trng
khng sai khc vi b n ng ht c v. Do hm lng x
cao nn hn ch lng n vo ca gia cm. C th s dng
ti a 50% loi thc n ny cho ln tht. Trong iu kin
nng m, phi bo qun bt tht kh, nu khng th s b
nm mc.
Bng 1.7. Thnh phn ho hc cy ng (%)
c im Cht
kh
Mu
Ti,
8 15,7

Pro

Tnh theo vt cht kh

X
Tro
M
DXK

8,9

31,2

10,2

1,9

47,8

31

tun tui
Ti, 10
tun tui
Ti, gia
ra hoa
Ti, chn
sa
Thn kh
chua,
chn sa

21,9

10,9

31,5

8,7

1,4

48,4

23,8

9,5

30,9

6,0

4,3

49,3

16,0

11,3

29,4

8,1

1,9

49,3

6,3
6,5

35,0
31,9

7,4
5,0

1,3
3,3

50,3
53,3

Li ng. Li ng chim khong 20% khi lng ton

bp ng. y l phn c gi tr dinh dng thp so vi c
kh v khng ngon ming. Nu cn m cao th nhanh
chng b nm mc sau vi ngy. Tuy vy, bt li ng c th
lm ngun thc n kt hp vi cc loi thc n khc v
bo b tht cho kt qu tt.
Bng 1.8. Thnh phn ho hc ca ht ng
v cc ph phm khc (%)
c im Cht
kh
Mu
Ht ng
84,8
trng
Bp ng
88,4
v l
Bp ng
86,2
nghin
Ht ng
87,8
nghin

Pro

Tnh theo vt cht kh

X Tro M DX Ca
K

9,14 2,50 0,51

3,8

0,01 0,24

8,29 6,89 1,18 3,12

0,04 0,23

8,25 6,25 1,14 3,05

0,03 0,22

12,1

1,4

1,4

5,5

79,6 0,02 0,33

32

Li
nghin

2,1

36,5

2,8

0,8

57,8 0,05 0,06

5.5. K thut gieo trng v chm sc

- Thi v trng:
Ng lm thc n c th trng t thng 2 n thng 11.
- Chun b t:
Ng thch hp trn t nh, tng canh tc su, mu
m, kh v d thot nc. Phi lm t k, cy ba t ti
nh.
- Phn bn (cn u t cho 1ha):
+ 20-25 tn phn chung, bn lt ton b lc gieo
trng.
+ 150-200kg super ln, bn lt ton b lc gieo
trng.
+ 40-50kg sulfat kali, bn lt ton b lc gieo trng.
+ 100-120kg ur, bn lm ba ln. Ln th nht bn
35kg/ha khi cy mc cao 15-20cm (giai on 3 n 5 l).
Ln th hai: 35kg/ha, vo lc ng t 6 tun tui (khi cy
t cao 50cm). Ln bn phn ur th ba tng ng vi
thi k cy c nhu cu m rt cao: khong t 15 ngy trc
khi xut hin hoa c cho n khong mt thng sau khi tr
hoa.

33

- Cch trng v chm sc

Trng theo mt hng cch hng 50-60cm, cc
khm cy cch nhau 15-20cm, mi khm gieo 3 ht. Cng
c th gieo ht theo hng lin tc.
Cn xi xo gc cho t ti xp v lm sch c di.
Nn lm c hai ln: ln lm c u tin tin hnh khong 3
tun sau khi gieo ht. Trong trng hp gieo ng theo khm
th ng thi vo dp lm c ny tin hnh ta bt: trong mt
khm c ba cy th nh i mt. Ln lm c th hai, tng
ng vi ln bn m th hai v nn tin hnh vun gc. Sau
khi lm c th bn m.
5.6. S dng cy ng
Cy ng c th thu hoch 80-90 ngy sau khi trng
cho b n xanh hay lm thc n xanh. min Bc,
ngi ta thng gieo ng lm cy thc n v ng cho tru
b. Gieo 1 hay 2 v ng dy hay 1 v ng ng sa, cho n
ti hay chua. C th dng c thn ng khi thu bp .
C th vi 1 s cy h u khc nh u tng, u a...
6. C G/C CH (Cynodon dactylon)
6.1. Ngun gc
C g c ngun gc Chu Phi v phn b rng ri
nhiu nc nhit i, cn nhit i v n i nng. Vit
Nam, c g mc nhiu ni t Bc ch Nam, nhng khng
34

phi l ging c g tt. C g nhp ni c trng nhiu

ni nh Ba v, Mc Chu, Tn Sn Nht...
6.2. c im chung
C g l ging c lu nm, to thnh thm, thn v
cnh nh, hnh tr v rng gia. Thn c 3 loi: ng, b
v ngm hay c. L c g ngn, c hnh di nhn u, mt l
nhn, mp l hi nhm, b l ngn v li b l c lng tha.
L dnh vo thn c gc khc nhau ty theo ging. Cm
hoa gi c t 2-5 bng, bng hoa hnh ngn n v mnh,
di 2,5 -5cm, bng hoa c mu lc hay mu tm. Hoa lng
tnh. Sc sng ca ht km. Tc sinh trng ca c g
nhanh. Ty tnh cht t, c ni c g pht trin chm hn
c Pangola. Mun thit lp mt thm c cn 120-140 ngy.
Khi theo di s sinh trng b r ca chng thy su t
c ti a l 75cm.
C g sinh
trng trong ma h,
thch nghi vi iu
kin nhit i v bao
gi cng i hi nhit
cao. C thch hp
vi lng ma hng
nm t 625 - 1750
mm. C ging pht
trin mnh nhit
Hnh 8: C G (Cynodon Dactylon)

35

390C hay hn na. nhit 10-150C c ny sinh trng

chm hoc ngng hn. Nhit thch hp nht cho c sinh
trng l trn 240C, v trong khong 17 - 350C. Vit
Nam, c g mc ph bin ven ng, c kh nng chu
hn hn, nc ngp tm thi, a sng nhng c th mc
di bng. Nng sut c gim xung nhanh chng khi tng
bng rp. Tuy l c chu hn nhng a nc. Ngng sinh
trng trong ma ng v c th cht v sng mui khi
nhit xung thp. Tuy nhin, n ti sinh nhanh trong ma
xun hoc u h.
6.3. Nng sut
C g c nng sut thay i nhiu, ph thuc rt ln
vo k thut canh tc, ma v v lng phn bn, c bit l
lng ni t. C ni t 120 tn/ha trong 5 ln ct. Nng sut
gim dn theo tui s dng. Nhn chung, nng sut cht kh
hng nm vo khong 5 - 15 tn/ha
Bng 1.9. nh hng thi gian sinh trng n nng sut c
g (tn cht kh/ha)
Tun tui

Nng sut

11,5

14,4

17,1 - 20,7

6.4. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng

Bng 1.10. Thnh phn ho hc ca c g (%)
c im

Cht

Tnh theo vt cht kh

36

Mu
Ti,
6
tun tui
Ti, 10
tun tui
Ti, 14
tun tui
Kh,
35
ngy
Kh,
45
ngy
Kh,
55
ngy
Ti, gia
ra hoa

kh

Pro.

Tro

DXK

29,5

14,2

26,6

12,4

1,9

44,9

39,8

13,2

29,4

12,0

1,5

43,9

36,3

11,9

28,5

11,3

1,8

46,5

10,9

30,5

8,7

1,8

48,1

12,0

27,3

10,7

2,9

47,1

10.4

27,9

9,9

3,0

48,8

29,0

9,4

30,8

9,9

2,0

50,9

Ga tr dinh dng chung ca c ph thuc vo tui

ct, lng phn bn. Hm lng protein th t khong 3-9%
c gi v khong 20% c non, phn bn tt. T l tiu
ho cht kh ca c din bin t 40-69%. C c tnh ngon
ming cao cho gia sc khi cn non v ch phn bn tt.
6.5. S dng
C g c coi l loi c di t hoang, khng
thch hp cho cc ng c tm thi v rt kh dit. Tuy vy
c g rt c ch v c gi tr cho ng c lu nm, v n chu
c s dm p cao. C th lm c kh v trng gi m
cho t, chng xi mn tt cho vng t dc.
37

7. C RUZI (Brachiaria ruziziensis)

7.1. Ngun gc v phn b
Ngun gc Chu Phi nhng c Ruzi mc tt cc
nc Chu M La-tinh, c bit l vng Carib. Hin nay c
hu khp tt c cc nc nhit i v ang lan dn n
mt s nc nhit i. C Ruzi c nhp vo nc ta
nm 1968 t Cuba, nm 1980 t Australia v gn y l t
Thi Lan (1996).
7.2. c im chung
C Ruzi l ging c lu nm thuc h ha tho, n
c thn b r chm bm chc vo t, thn l di mm c
lng mn. Cy c th mc cao ti 1,2 -1,5m, b l mc
quanh gc. C Ruzi cng c kh nng chu kh hn trong
ma kh 4 thng nh c Ghin nhng pht trin thch hp
vn l vo ma
ma, n c th
mc tt nhng
ni cao ti
2000m so vi
mc nc bin.
C Ruzi ra hoa
v kt ht tt
trong nhiu iu
kin nn d
dng thu ht
Hnh 9: Thm c Ruzi
38

hn nhiu so vi c Ghin.
C Ruzi c th trng vng ng bng, ven b ,
b vng hay vng trung du min ni vi dc khng qu
cao (ng c ct <80, ng c chn th <150), pH thch hp
5,0-6,8, khng chu ng vi t c a xt cao. Nhit
thch hp cho s sinh trng ca c l 330 C vo ban ngy
v 280C vo ban m. Nhit ti thiu vo ban m l
190C, nhng khng c sng mui. C Ruzi cng c kh
nng chu c bng rp v v vy c th trng xen vi mt
s cy trng khc. C Ruzi sinh trng mnh trong ma
ma, c kh nng chu s dm p cao nn c th c
trng lm bi chn th gia sc.
7.3. Gieo trng v chm sc
Trng vo ma ma nhng tt nht u ma ma
m bo t l sng cao.
Chun b t: Cy v t vi su 20cm, ba v
cy o (cy 2 ln), ba ti t, v sch c di v san phng
mt t trng. Nu dng ht gieo th chun b t k hn,
cy ba nhiu ln m bo t ti nh v thi gian chun b
t phi di nhm gim bt ht c di mc. Rch hng vi
khong cch 40-50cm, su 15cm (trng bng thn khm) v
7-10 cm (gieo bng ht)
Phn bn (cn u t cho 1ha trng c):
+ Phn hu c hoi mc: 10-15 tn
+ Supe ln:
200-250 kg
39

+ Sulfat kali:
+ Ur:

100-200 kg
300-350 kg

Cc loi phn hu c, ln, kali dng bn lt theo

hng, phn m bn chia u cho mi ln thu hoch trong
nm v bn thc.
Ging: Gieo trng bng ht cn 4-6 kg ht tiu
chun/ha. Phi x l ht trc khi gieo. Phng php x l
ht l ngm ht vo nc nng nhit 800C trong vng
12-15 pht, sau ra sch ht bng nc l ngm thm 1-2
gi ri vt ra em gieo.
Nu trng bng thn khm s dng 4-4,5 tn/ha v
c chun b nh sau: Khm c Ruzi lm ging c xn
b phn l ngn gc cao khong 25-30cm. Dng cuc
nh khm c ln, p r t khi gc r, ct bt r di
li cn 4-5cm. Sau tch khm thnh cc cm nh lin
khi, m bo mi cm c 4-5 thn nhnh ti.
Cch trng: t sau khi rch hng, bn phn theo
quy nh, t tng cm ging vo hng rch vi khong
cch 35-40cm, dng cuc lp kn 1/2 di ca thn ging
(phn gc) v dng chn gim cht t lp phn gc r c
tip xc cht vi t to m, chng ny mm v t t l
sng cao.
Nu dng ht, gieo ri u theo hng rch v dng
t nh lp kn ht mt lp mng hoc dng tay kha u
ht vi t theo hng trng.
40

Chm sc: Sau khi trng 15-20 ngy kim tra t l

sng, nhng ch khng c mm mc th trng b sung. Nu
l cy con mc t ht th phi ch n khi phn bit r (rt
d nhm vi c di mc) mi chm sc c trong hng v
trng ta b sung. Chm sc lm c di hai ln trc khi c
pht trin tt che ph t. Dng phn m bn thc khi thm
c ny mm xanh v sau khi lm c di.
7.4. Nng sut
La u thu hoch khi thm c trng c 60 ngy
tui, cc la ti sinh thu hoch khi thm c c cao 45-60
cm (ty theo ma v trng thi pht dc ca c). Phn gc
li l 10-15cm.
Trng c Ruzi chn th th hai la u tin phi
thu ct, n la th 3 mi a gia sc vo chn th. Thm
c chn th c cao 35-40cm l hp l. Thi gian ngh
c ti sinh mc li (chu k chn th) khong 25-30 ngy v
thi gian chn gia sc lin tc trn mt khonh c khng
qu 4 ngy.
Nng sut c Ruzi t c t 60-90 tn cht
xanh/ha/nm. Ty thuc vo chm sc v qun l cng nh
iu kin t ai, c th thu ct c Ruzi 5- 9 la ct/nm. C
Ruzi mm v gin hn so vi c Ghin nn kh nng li
dng ca gia sc kh cao, c th ln ti 90%. c bit khi
phi, c kh u c l v cung nhanh hn c Ghin. C
41

Ruzi l cy ch lc cho vic trng ct v phi kh lm thc

n d tr v ng cho gia sc, ng th 2 sau c Pangola.
7.5. Gi tr dinh dng
C Ruzi c gi tr dinh dng cao, tt hn hu ht
cc ging thuc h Brachiaria spp. Hm lng protein
thng thng bin ng trong khong 7-13% v c th ln
n 20%. Hm lng vt cht kh 32-35%; x th 27-29%;
khong tng s 10-11%. T l tiu ho din bin t 55-75%.
C Ruzi kh ct sau 45 ngy trng ng Bc Thi Lan
vi t l tiu ho cht kh, protein th (CP), x trung tnh
(NDF) v nng lng trao i (ME) theo th t l 61%,
80,5%, 72,8% v 7,9 MJ/kg.
Vi hm lng cc cht dinh dng nh trn th c
Ruzi cng l mt loi thc n th xanh c gi tr cho gia sc.
7.6. S dng
C th dng chn th, thu ct lm c xanh, c kh
(hay kh c cy), chu k s dng di ti 6 nm. y l
cy thc n rt tt cho b v nhiu gia sc khc.
C th trng xen vi cy n qu, ven b ao, ven v
ng hoc theo ng ng mc chng xi mn bo v t,
trng xen vi cy h u nh keo du, Flemingia rt tt.

42

8. CY MA (Saccharum officinarum)
8.1. Ngn ma
c im. Ngn ma l sn phm ph ch yu ca
cng nghip ma ng, phn ny thng li trn rung
sau khi thu hoch. Ngi ta thng s dng lm ging,
mt phn s dng lm thc n cho gia sc.
Ngi nng dn ct ngn ma t sinh trng cui
ca cy nhng rt khng ng nht, nn kh bin ng v
thnh phn, c bit l hm lng x. Ngn ma gm 3 phn
chnh: l xanh, ngn chi, thn non, chim khong 18%
phn trn mt t ca cy ma. Hin nay, nng sut ma l
70 tn/ha th ngn ma khong 10-14 tn ti.
S dng. Nu s dng cho b n th c hai cch: n
ti bng cch ct ngn; chua cng rt d. Ma thu hoch
theo ma v nn vic chua ngn l rt cn v d tr c
lng ln. T l tiu ho l ma thp.
Cch chua n gin nht l vo ti plastic nh,
hoc h trn mt t 1-4 tn, h b tng nh 2-6 tn hoc
h ln 100-4000 tn. Mt mt vt cht trong qu trnh rt
thp (di 5%) v cht lng khi rt tt. chua ngn
ma vi 1-5% (khi lng) r mt v 1% sulfat ammon c
cht lng cao khng thua km c n i.
Ngn ma n rt ngon ming v lng n vo ln, tuy
nhin, hm lng protein thp cn phi c b sung. Nu
43

ch nui bng ngn ma th gia sc gim khi lng hoc ch

duy tr, hay c th tng trng rt thp. Nguyn nhn, gia
sc ch chn phn ngon n, cha li phn l hoc n rt t.
Ngi ta th kim ho hay x l vi ur nhng
khng nh hng n gi tr dinh dng ca ngn ma nh
rm. Cht nh ngn ma lm gim lng n vo. chua vi
ur lm tng nit v ci thin cn bng nit d c b. Nn
chua vi lng nh th c li v kinh t hn, khong 5 tn
c th nui 3-4 con b trong 1 thng.
Nn b sung vo khu phn c ngn ma mt lng
N d tiu v khong, v cung cp cc ngun protein,
hydratcarbon ho tan v axit bo mch di c th thot qua
(by-pass) s ln men d c cn i vi nhu cu sn
xut.
Bng 1.11. Gi tr dinh dng ca ngn ma (% theo VCK)
Cht
kh
29,0

Protein th

X th

Khong

DXK

5,9

33,5

8,5

1,7

50,3

Mt s th nghim nui b bng ngn ma v 1 kg

bt kh du bng cho tng trng 0,52 kg/ngy, nu khng
b sung kh du bng th b khng tng trng. Nui b c
thin bng khu phn c 1 kg go vi ngn ma cho tng
trng 0,84kg/ngy (Ferreiro v Preston, 1982). Tuy nhin,
cc kt qu trn vn di mc tim nng di truyn ca gia
44

sc. Nhiu th nghim kt hp ngn ma, b bia, u r v kh

du bng cho tng trng tt (1,4 kg/ngy).
Bng 1.12. Thnh phn axit amin thit yu ca ngn ma (%
theo protein th)
Arg

Cys

His

Ils

Leu

Lys

Met

Phe

Thr

Try

4,0

0,2

4,3

2,4

5,2

4,6

0,3

4,9

2,9

1,3

8.2. R mt
c im. R mt ma l sn phm ph ca qu trnh
tch chit v lm tinh khit ng knh trong sn xut cng
nghip ma ng. R mt gm 3 loi: A, B v C, chng
khc nhau c bn hm lng ng. Loi A c hm lng
ng cao nht v thp nht l r mt C. R mt C l loi
ph bin trong th trng.
R mt ch yu cung cp ngun nng lng cho gia
sc, trong khi hm lng N, x v m rt thp. Hm
lng cc axit amin khng ng k (di 0,5% vt cht
kh).
S dng
R mt thng c s dng vi t l thp 5-15%
(vt cht kh) ci thin s ngon ming ca thc n kh.
Khi sn xut thc n vin th phi hp khong 5-8% nh
cht kt dnh. Phun dung dch r mt (3 phn nc v 1 phn
r mt) ln c ti hay c kh lm tng tnh ngon ming.
45

Do r mt ln men nhanh chng nn thng trn 5%

vo thc n chua kch thch qu trnh ln men cng nh
tng tnh ngon ming.
R mt c s dng trong khu phn v bo b tht
nh l cht mang cho cc hp cht N phi protein (NPN)
v cc ph gia khc. Cng thc ny l: r mt: 80-85%, ur:
10-15%, mui n: 2.5% v dicalcium phosphate: 5,5%.
R mt cng c th c s dng lm bnh a dinh
dng c thnh phn nh sau: r mt: 50%, ur: 10%, mui
n: 5%, dicalcium phosphate: 5%, calcium hydroxide: 10%
v x (rm, c kh bm nh hay b ma vn: 20%). C th
thay xi-mng cho calcium hydroxite nhng cn trn vi
nc trc khi phi trn cc thnh phn khc; c th dng
8% ur v 2% ammonium sulphate c thm ngun S cho
vi sinh vt d c.
Ch : s dng lng ln r mt c th gy c cho
gia sc. Nguyn nhn gy c thng l do tc ln men
trong d c qu nhanh v dn n hi chng toan huyt.
Bng 1.13. Thnh phn ho hc ca r mt (%)
Loi r
mt
A
B
C

VCK Protein X
77
78
83

1.9
2.5
2.9

0.0
0.0
0.0

Tro M DXK
4.6
7.2
9.8

0.0
0.0
0.0

93.6
90.4
87.4

Ca

0.62 0.03
0.80 0.04
1.21 0.06

46

8.3. B ma
Trong qu trnh ch bin ng, sn phm ph ln
nht v khi lng l b v vn b ma. Qu trnh ch
bin th cng lng ng cn li trong b ma kh ln v
c gi tr i vi gia sc nhai li.
B ma cng nghip. B ma cng nghip cha
khong 50% m v 1,5-4% ng, hm lng N thp,
lignin cao (>20%) v t l tiu ha rt thp. tng gi tr
ca b ma, ngi ta s dng cc phng php sau:
X l bng cc phng php ho hc v vt l
Trn vi cc hydrat cacbon d tiu nh r mt, hay
trn vi N hoc protein
X l ho hc vi kim (sodium hydroxide) v kh
ammonia hoc ur. chuyn ho ur thnh kh amonia c
th phi s dng enzym urease. Mt phng php x l
tng t l tiu ho l dng hi nc p sut cao trong ch
bin cng nghip. X l vi p sut hi 14 kg/cm trong 5
pht lm t l tiu ho vt cht kh tng t 28% ln 60%.
Th nghim Colombia cho thy, vi khu phn b ma x
l nhit, b sung u Anh o (Gliricidia sepium) 2-3
kg/100 kg khi lng v 1-2 kg c kh cho n t do hn hp
r mt v ur (10% ur), b tng trng 0,55-0,75 kg/ngy.
Cc nh my ng Cuba c quy trnh x l b
ma lm thc n cho gia sc. Cng thc phi trn: 60% b
ma vn, 34,6% r mt C, 2% ur, 0,2% mui n v 3,2%
47

nc. Khi thc n ny phi c s dng ngay trong vng

36 gi. Hin nay nhiu nh my s dng NaOH x l b
ma vn nhm gim r mt. S dng dung dch NaOH 12%
trong 5 pht sau thm hn hp r mt/ur (10%). X l
bng phng php ny lm tng t l tiu ho t 20 ln
50%.
B ma p th cng. Loi ny khc vi b ma cng
nghip l cha nhiu ng v vy, c gi tr cao i vi gia
sc nhai li. Thng cho b n trc tip, c bit b cy
ko, b sa thp sn hay b v bo. i vi d, cu th y
l ngun thc n tt. Nn b sung N v hydrat cacbon bng
hn hp r mt/ur, tm, kh du bng, thc n xanh.
Bng 1.14. Thnh phn ho hc ca b ma (%)
Thnh phn VCK Pro X Tro M DSK Ca
B ma
99,2 1,0 50,1 2,5 0,3
B ma vn 87,8 1,7 45,1 2,5 1,5

46,1
49,2

0,39 0,04

9. C t nhin
C t nhin ch yu l cc ging ha tho bn a,
c kh nng thch nghi cao vi iu kin t nhin ti ch.
Cc loi c h u tuy vn c mt nhng tha tht v
thng khng cnh tranh ni vi cc cy c ha tho. Tuy
nng sut c khng cao, nhiu lc, nhiu ni rt thp v
bin ng ln theo ma, song c bi chn vn l mt
ngun thc n quan trng cho chn nui gia sc nhai li
48

nhiu khu vc trong nc ta v cn c quan tm tn

thu tt. C t nhin ch yu l c g, c l tre, c mt...
mc g, bi, b , b rung, trong vn cy, v trong
cng vin. C t nhin c th c s dng cho tru b n
ngay trn ng bi hoc thu ct v nh. Thnh phn dinh
dng ty thuc rt ln vo giai on sinh trng, c cu
cc loi c, cht t v ma thu hoch. Khi s dng ngun
thc n ny cn lu trnh c nhng ni c phun thuc
su, thuc c hoc l nhim cc cht c khc.
C t nhin c tnh ngon ming cao i vi gia sc
n c. Gi tr dinh dng c s bin ng ln, hm lng
protein th trung bnh 12% (din bin t 6,8-21,6%), nng
lng trao i trung bnh 9,1 MJ/kgVCK (din bin t
8,7-9,8 MJ/kgVCK), hm lng x trung tnh (NDF)
trung bnh 63,2% (din bin t 49,4- 73,5%).

49

CHNG 2
MT S LOI H U V CY GIU M
1. C STYLO (Stylosanthes sp.)

Phn b t nhin Trung v Nam M, t Brasil nhp

vo Australia nhng nm 1930, nhng sau chin tranh th
gii ln th II mi c
ch n. y l loi
cy thc n gia sc c
pht trin ng k nhit
i v cn nhit i,
nhp vo nhiu nc
nh: Malaysia, Cng-g,
Nam Trung Quc. Vit
Nam, cy stylo nhp vo
ln u vo nm 1967 t
Singapore, Australia. Cc
ging stylo ang gieo
Hnh 10: C Stylo
trng:
Stylosanthes guianensis (common stylo): cy lu nm
C Styl (Stylos
Stylosanthes hamata (Caribbcan stylo): cy hng nm
Stylosanthes scabra (Shrubby stylo): cy lu nm
Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo): cy hng nm

50

1.1. c im sinh
vt hc
Stylo l c
lu nm, c loi
hng nm, thn
ng hoc b, cao
ti 1m, kh hu
m c th ti 1,5m.
C kh nng ra r
thn, khi gi thng
chuyn mu xanh
sm hoc tm. L Hnh 11: Cnh l v hoa c Stylo
ch ba, u ty, c
nhiu hoc t lng mm. L di 2-3cm rng 5-10mm, t l
l/thn = 5/7.
Loi nhp ni khng c vi cun. Nhng chi thng
c t ngn, l nhiu hn cnh ngang, hoa hnh bng cun
khng st nhau, thng c 70-1200 chm, trn mi chm c
5-9 hoa. Qa u khng c cung, gm 7-8 ht c v cng,
mu xm en trng lng 1000 ht khong 5-6 gam. R
pht trin su. Cy non mi mc t ht pht trin chm, d
rng l v b su hi trong 3-4 thng u sau khi gieo. Nu
gieo vo cui ma kh th sau khi gieo cy non pht trin
nhanh, 5-6 thng cy cao 1m hay hn.

51

C Stylo l loi cy b u thch nghi tt vi kh hu

nhit i. Cng nh cc loi cy b u khc, c Stylo l
ngun thc n ti xanh giu m b sung v nng cao
cht lng khu phn thc n cho gia sc nhai li. C Stylo
c kh nng thch ng rng v d nhn ging, c th va
trng bng ht, va trng bng cnh gim. C Stylo pht
trin tt khi nhit khng kh trong khong 20-350C. Khi
nhit di 50C v trn 400C cy pht trin km. C Stylo
ph hp vi chn rung cao v l loi cy chu c kh
hn, khng chu c t b ng ngp. m khng kh
thch hp l 70-80%.
C Stylo rt t b su bnh v c th pht trin trn
nhiu loi t, ngay c vng t i cao. Chnh v vy,
ngoi tc dng lm ngun thc n cht lng cao cho gia
sc n cn c trng ci to t v che ph t, chng
xi mn.
Nng sut xanh t 40-50 tn/ha/nm.
1.2. K thut gieo trng v chm sc
- Thi v
Thi gian gieo trng t thng 2 n thng 4 (nu gieo
bng ht) v vo thng 8-9 (nu gim cnh).
- Chun b t
Lm t k nh trng c voi (cy, ba hai ln), cy su
15-20cm, bo m t ti nh, ht t c ng knh di
52

1cm chim 70-80%, ht t c ng knh 2-5cm ch chim

20-30%. Lm sch c di.
- Phn bn
Mi ha cn bn:
+ 10-15 tn phn chung hoai mc, bn lt ton b
theo hng rch.
+ 300-350kg super ln, bn lt ton b theo hng rch.
+ 100-150kg clorua kali, bn lt ton b theo hng
rch.
+ 50kg ur, bn thc khi cy t cao 5-10cm.
Nu t chua th bn thm vi (0,5-1 tn/ha) bng cch
ri u khi cy ba.
- Cch trng v chm sc
C th trng c theo hai cch:
+ Trng bng cnh gim: ct cnh di 30-40cm, c 4-5
mt, chn xung t 20cm. Trng hng cch hng 50-60cm,
cy cch cy 3-5cm.
+ Gieo bng ht: s dng 4-5kg ht ging cho mt ha.
Gieo ht theo hng rch sau khi bn phn. cho cy
chng mc, c th ht trong nc nng 60-700C, khi ht
nt nanh th em gieo.

53

Cng c th gieo ht trong vn m v khi cy mc

cao 20-25cm th nh ra trng theo rch vi khong cch cy
cch cy 15-20cm.
Trong trng hp gieo ht hoc gim cnh, khi cy
mc cao khong 5-10cm th tin hnh xi xo cho t ti
xp v lm sch c di, ng thi bn thc bng ur.
1.3. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng
Ga tr dinh dng ca Stylo theo thng tui, k thut
canh tc.
Bng 2.1. Thnh phn ho hc ca c styl (%)
Thnh Cht
phn kh

Mu
Ti
Kh,2
thng

Pro

Tnh theo vt cht kh

X Tro DXK M Ca

18,1 26,8 8,3

24,0 16,7 31,7 10,0

44,7
39,9

2,2
1,7

1,6

P
0,6

1.4. S dng
Thu hoch c Stylo la u khong 3 thng sau khi
trng, tc l lc c cao khong 60cm v thm c che ph kn
t. Thu hoch thng t thng 6 n thng 12. Khi thu
hoch ct cch mt t 15-20cm. Thu hoch cc la tip
theo c sau 2-2,5 thng, lc cy cao 35-40cm. Chu k kinh
t 4-5 nm.

54

C Stylo c th s dng cho gia sc n ti trn vi

c h ho tho hoc ph phm nng nghip v c th d tr
dng kh, bt (cho gia cm, ln) hoc chua lm ngun
thc n b sung m cho gia sc nhai li c ngha.
2. CY KEO DU (Leucaeana leucocephala)
2.1. Ngun gc
Cy keo du cn c

cc tn khc Bnh Linh, To

Nhn, Me.., c ngun gc
Trung, Nam M v qun
o Thi Bnh Dng.
nc ta, keo du mc t
nhin nhng vng ven
bin dc duyn hi min
Trung. Mt s ging keo
du c nhp vo nc ta
t nm 1980 bng nhiu con
ng khc nhau v nhp
chnh thc t Australia nm Hnh 12: Cy keo du
1990. y l mt trong
nhng cy u, thn g a dng, trong dng lm thc n
cho gia sc nhai li rt c gi tr. Mt s ging keo du
thng thy:
- Leucaeana leucocephala CV . Peru
- Leucaeana leucocephala CV . Peru. Cunningham
- Leucaeana leucocephala CV . Peru Hawaii
55

- Leucaeana leucocephala CV . Peru Hawaiian Giant

2.2. c im chung
Keo du l cy h u lu nm, thn bi hoc thn g
nh, c th cao ti 10m, l rng kp lng chim di t 1520cm. L cht ca l kp lng chim di 10cm. L cht nh,
hi thun xp thnh 11- 17 cp dc theo l cht ca l cht
lng chim. Hoa mu trng vng v pht trin thnh nhng
qu phng di 20cm cha nhng ht mu nu en, hnh ovan,
di 6mm, 1 kg c khong 24.000 ht. R c th m su t
2,5-4m.
Keo du l cy chu hn rt tt, c th duy tr b l
xanh trong sut ma kh. N c th lm cy bng cho
nhng cy khc. C th sinh trng trn nhiu loi t
nhng phi l t thot nc v t khng chua (pH>5,3),
a t nhiu mn, pH trung tnh hoc hi kim. Thch hp
vi nhng vng c lng ma trn 800mm/nm, kh hu
vng nhit i, chu lnh v sng mui km.
2.3. K thut gieo trng v chm sc
Chn t: t thot nc, t chua (pH=5,5-7,0).
Lm t: Cy ba v lm t bnh thng nh cc
loi u khc. Ln lung rng 3m, trn lung rch hng
cch nhau 70-80cm.
Bn phn: Nu c phn chung, bn theo hng 10
tn/ha, phn ln nung chy 300kg/ha, kali clorua 150kg/ha.
56

Phn ln v kali bn trc khi ba ln cui hoc hng nm

bn 1 ln vo v xun.
Ht ging: Ht ging chun cho 1ha l 20kg. Ht cn
c x l trc khi gieo theo mt trong cc phng php
sau:
+ Phng php ngm vi nc m: Lm t ht
bng nc l; nc si 90-1000C vi lng nc gp 2
ln ht. Gi cho nhit n nh 70-750 (nng rt tay)
trong 4-5 pht; gn ht nc v thm nc l ngp ht,
ngm tip 6-10 gi. Sau khi gn nc, ht tht ro, em
gieo, nu ht cn t qu trn thm t bt hoc tro gieo
cho d.
+ Phng php x l axit: Ngm ht ging trong axit
sulphuric m c 3-4 pht. Di sch bng nc l n
trung tnh (ht axit).
Gieo: Nu t kh, thi tit khng thun li, sau khi
x l ht ra phi kh ngay v v bo qun ni kh ro.
Khi thi tit thun li em gieo khng cn x l na. Ht
c x l khng qu 1 thng. Trng hp trng hng
ro c th dm ht (2 ht) vo bu. Cy non cao 45cm em
i trng nh cc loi cy g. Mt cy ty yu cu, thng
thng cch nhau 50cm.
Ht x l gieo theo hng rch su 7-10cm. Nu
trng bng cy non th cy cch cy l 10cm.
57

Thi v gieo trng: Thi v tt nht min Bc l

thng 4, min Trung: thng 12 hoc 1 hng nm.
Chm sc: Sau khi gieo ht 7-10 ngy cy mc u.
Nu cy b cht cn gieo dm. Sau khi cy mc 15 ngy cn
lm c t u: Xi t gia hng nh c trong hng. 20-30
ngy sau khi lm c t u cn lm c ln th 2 (ch yu
xi c gia hai hng) khng cn tht ht c ch cn c ch
c di, xi t to iu kin cho keo du sinh trng. Nu
rung b ng cn tho kit nc. Cy non khng sng c
t bo ha nc.
Sau 2 thng cy con mc khe. Nu cn c di nhiu,
cn xi c tip to iu kin cho keo du ln t c di.
Ch : Keo du mc chm thi k u nn cn lm
c v tho kit nc cy sinh trng nhanh ln t c
c di.
2.4. Nng sut
Keo du c th trng tp trung thu ct cht xanh
hoc trng theo hng ro, ng l, b mng mng. Ty
theo iu kin t ai, nng sut keo du ging
Cumningham c th t 13 tn cht kh/ha/nm. Nu tnh
theo cht xanh 50 tn/ha/nm th c th sn xut 5 tn bt.
Mt nm keo du ct c 4-5 la t thng 5 n
thng 12 (min Bc), thng 3-10 (min Trung). Keo du
thng b rp gy hi nng ko di t thng 3 n thng 5,
58

thng th khng cn phun thuc v rp ph lin tc, phun

thuc khng t hiu qu kinh t. Tuy nhin khi ma ro rp
cht, cy tip tc sinh trng rt mnh. Keo du s dng
c nhiu nm. Thng chu k thu hoch l 5-6 nm.
Hng nm, t nm th 2 tr i ch cn lm c v phn bn
vo v xun.
T l l/thn thp v l yu t hn ch khi s dng
lm thc n cho tru b. Nng sut cht xanh dng lm thc
n gia sc kh bin ng ty theo ging, t ai, s chm
sc... Ngoi cnh l non lm thc n gia sc, n cn c kh
nng cung cp mt lng g ci ln lm cht t v lm
giu m cho t thng qua b r c nt sn.
2.5. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng
Keo du ti thng c 18-20% protein th, giu
caroten, Ca, P v khong vi lng. Bt keo du c m
12%, x 10%, protein 25%.
2.6. c t mimosine
Cnh non, l v ht keo u cha mimosine.
Mimosine vo d c bin thnh DHP (dihydroxypyridine),
mt cht c th gy bu c (goitrogen). Loi nhai li n
nhiu thn l keo du s b ng c mimosine: chm ln,
rng lng, chc nng tuyn gip ri lon, hm lng
hocmn tuyn gip (thyroxin) gim, t l cng gim.
Mimosine trong l keo du bin ng t 2-6% tu theo ma
v v giai on sinh trng.
59

Mimosine khng c chc nng c bit no cho cy

v thng tp trung vo phn non. Trong iu kin kh hu
nng, keo du mc nhanh hn th nhng cnh chi non xut
hin hm lng mimosine cao hn.
Cch hn ch s c hi ca mimosine
- Hn ch t l s dng trong khu phn: di 30%
tnh theo lng cht kh khu phn.
- Lm gim hm lng mimosine bng cch phi
kh, phun dung dch sulfat st II vo keo du hoc ngm
keo du trong nc qua m hoc x l bng mt s cht
ha hc khc.
Bng 2.2. Thnh phn ho hc ca cy keo du (%)
Thnh Cht
phn kh

Mu
L
ti
Cnh
ti
Chi
ti
Qu
Ht
kh

Tnh theo vt cht kh

Tro DXK M Ca

Pro.
th

31,1

18,1 8,4

6,6

46,0

31,6

27,8

10,4 3,5

3,2

55,1

0,5

0,3

30,7

30,7

24,2 8,9

2,7

40,0

91,0

21,7
35,8

25,6 5,8
11,4 4,4

1,4
7,5

45,5
40,9

60

2.7. Cch s dng

Thu hoch: Khi cy cao 1,5 1,6m c th thu hoch
la u. Thng thng t cao ny mt 4-5 thng ty
t trng. Khi thu hoch cha gc 70cm. Cc la tip sau
40 45 ngy (nhnh ti sinh 60-70cm). La sau ct cha li
cnh mi ti sinh 5cm.
Cho b n ti bng cch ct v hay chn th trn
nhng bi chn trng cy keo du. Do c cha c t
mimosine nn lng keo du trong khu phn n ca gia sc
nhai li phi hn ch. Tru b khng vt qu 30%, d
khng qu 50% tnh theo cht kh khu phn.
3. CY U FLEMINGIA (Flemingia macrophilla)
3.1. Ngun gc
Cy u Flemingia cn gi l cy u cng, u Sn
Ty. Cy Flemingia c nhng tn khoa hc ng ngha l
Flemingia macrophilla hay Flemingia congesta, l cy t
nhin c ngun gc chu , nhng n cng c tm thy
bn sa mc Sahara chu Phi.
3.2. c im sinh vt hc

61

Flemingia l
cy lu nm, c kh
nng ti sinh chi rt
tt. N c th sinh
trng vng c
cao n 2.000m so
vi mc nc bin.
Cy cn lng ma
ti thiu khong
1000 - 2000mm,
nhng cng c th
sng qua c nhng
t kh hn ko di.
N chu c nhng
Hnh 13: Cy Fleminia
iu kin ti tiu
km, nhng khng pht trin tt nhng ni ngp ng lu
di. Cy Flemingia thch ng vi iu kin t chua (pH =
3,4- 4,6), c bit l c trn loi t st v t c ong,
chu c bng rm nh di tn cy rng, di cc loi
cy cng nghip, cy n qu v chu c la t.
3.3. Gieo trng v chm sc
Chun b t: t cn c cy ba k. Rch hng
cch hng 50cm. H cch h 15-20cm.
X l ht: Nng sut ht bnh qun 120-130 kg/ha.
T l ny mm 60-70%. Ht u Flemingia nh c bc
62

lp v cng, c sc khng rt tt vi cc yu t ngoi

cnh, kh ny mm. Trong iu kin kh hn ht c th tn
ti trong t 2-3 thng, khi gp m n mi ny mm.
xc tin s ny mm, cy pht trin kp thi v,
ht nn c x l trc khi gieo theo mt trong 2 phng
php sau:
+ X l bng axit sunphuric: Ngm ht vi axit
sulphuric m c trong vng 15 pht vi t l 1/25 (cho
mt kg ht vo chu hay bnh bng thy tinh, snh s,
vo bnh ht 40ml axit sunphuric m c, quy trn
u).
Sau 15 pht ra r, di nc ra sch axit mi em
gieo (cch s ni phn x l nc nng). Ch eo
gng tay, knh mt khi x l axit.
+ X l bng nc nng: Ngm ht trong nc nng
80-85 C trong 15 pht ( nc si t phch vo ht). Sau
ra r ra sch bng nc l, ch/xt ht bng l tre
trong vi pht, sau ht vo ti vi hoc r r. Trong
thi gian hng ngy cn ra ht li 1-2 ln. Sau 5-7 ngy
khi ht ny mm 30% th mi em gieo. Sau khi gieo ht,
nu t kh th ti nc trong 3 ngy u.
0

m ht: Nu t gieo trng trong iu kin kh hn

ko di th nn gieo ht x l trong vn m ti

63

hng ngy. Khi cy mc cao 15-20cm, gp thi tit thun li

(tri ma, t m, mt) th mi nh i trng.
Nhng ni c iu kin nn m trong bu m
bo t l cy sng cao hn. C th m ht t cui v ng
khi n thi v trng c cy ging kp thi.
Gieo ht: Ht c x l xong em gieo trc tip
vo h bn phn v lm t nh, dng tay hoc cuc ph
mt lp t nh v mng, ging nh gieo u. Mt ht
gieo i vi trng xen canh ci to t l 5-6 kg/ha (4-5
ht/h); trng lm hng cy chng xi mn th mi h gieo
6-8 ht.
Trng cy con: cy con t lung m c nh i
trng vi khong cch gia cc h l 15-20 cm, mi h
trng hai cy. Sau khi gieo trng xong nu t kh qu, c
iu kin nn ti cho m bo.
Trng cnh gim: Hng nm cy cn c n vo
cui ma ng, u ma xun (khi c ma xun l tt nht).
Khi n cy, chn nhng cnh cy mp bnh t cha nhiu
mm ng, cht thnh nhng on hom di 20-25cm, mang
trng thng vo cc hc t hoc cc rch t chun b
sn. Nu thi tit khng thch hp th nn ngm cnh vo
cc lung t gn ngun nc ti cho cnh dm ra r, chi
v ch khi c ma th nh ra trng xung vng t m, mt.
Mt trng ging nh trng cy m.
64

Bn phn: gip cy c sc sinh trng tt nn

bn lt phn chung vi mc 6-10 tn/ha, phn ln 200
kg/ha v phn kali 100 kg/ha.
Chm sc: Giai on u khi cy con cn nh b,
yu, c di d ln t lm cy khng ln c, cho nn cn
phi phn bit, nh c di quanh gc kp thi. Khi cy cao
10-15cm th nn vun gc v xi xo xung quanh gc cy.
Thu hoch: C th thu ct cht xanh khi thn cao
0,8-1m th ct ngn l lm thc n cho b, ct cha li gc
cy cch mt t 30-35cm cy to tn. Khi tn cnh mc
cao ln 50cm (sau ln ct trc 12-14 tun), nu c nhu cu
s dng th li ct tip nhng im ct cao hn im ct
trc 3-5cm. Thn l ct c s dng lm thc n cho d,
lm phn xanh hoc ph gc cy lu nm to mn.
Nu mun ly ht nhn ging th ch ct la u,
ri cy ra hoa kt qu. Qa thng chn vo thng 10-12.
Khi chm qu chn v chuyn thnh mu nu nht th hi v
phi k, ri p v v cho ht tung ra khi v qu. Ht
ging cn sy sch v phi cho tht kh, bo qun trong ti
nilng, thng c np y k.
3.4. Nng sut v s dng
T l vt cht kh ca phn n c (ngn l non) t
25- 28% v protein th t 16-17,9% trong vt cht kh, cho
nn cy ny c tc dng dng lm thc n cho d rt gi tr.
c bit l cung cp thc n xanh trong v ng-xun.
65

Cy ti sinh nhanh, cho nng sut cht xanh cao (4-5

ln ct, cho 45-60 tn ti/ha/nm), ma kh chim 30-40%
tng sn lng c nm. Nng sut cht kh tng ng 11-12
tn vi 2-2,5 tn protein th/nm. Ngoi ra, lng l rng
c tnh 2-2,5 tn ti l ngun phn hu c rt tt cho t
trng. Trong ma ma lng cht xanh ln nn ct ngn l
phn xanh hay ngay ln gc cy n qu gi m v
tng cht mn.
Ngoi ra thn cy cn l ngun cht t cho nng
dn. Thn mc cao ti 2,5m, c nng sut t 16- 28 tn thn
cy kh/ha/nm.
Thnh phn ha hc ca thn l: 25-28% vt cht
kh; 15-18% protein th; 35-38% x th; 5-6% khong tng
s; tanin 2% (l cao hn cnh). T l tiu ha cht kh v
cht hu c trn d 50% v 62%.
Cy Flemingia c kh nng s dng cho b tht, b
sa, tru, d... Gia sc thch n dng phi kh hn. B c
th n 1 kg kh (4 kg ti)/ngy; d: 300-500 g cht kh;
tru 1,5-2,0 kg cht kh.. Tuy nhin, nn phi hp cy ny
vi c hoc cc loi thc n khc tng lng n vo. Nn
coi cy Flemingia nh l ngun b sung protein.
4. CY TRICHANTHERA
Tn khc: cy ch khng l
Tn khoa hc: Trichanthera gigantea
Ngun gc: Colmbia
66

Nhp vo Vit Nam nm

1991
4.1. c im
Cy Trichanthera
gigantea
thuc
h
Acanthaceae v ph h
Acanthoideae, c ngun
gc t chn i Andean,
Colombia v cng c th
tm thy nhiu ni trn th
gii dc sui hoc vng Hnh 14: Cy ch khng l
m ly t Costa Rica n (Trichanthera gigantea)
Nam M. L cy thc n
c nhiu trin vng v n thch hp vi nhiu iu kin sinh
thi khc nhau t cao 0 n 2000 m so vi mt nc
bin. N c th thch nghi tt vi iu kin kh hu nhit i
m vi lng ma hng nm t 1000 n 2800 mm. Cy c
kh nng pht trin tt vng t axt (pH 4,5) v lng
phn bn thp nhng phi c kh nng thot nc cao.
Khng phi l cy h u nhng cy Trichanthera gigantea
c kh nng sinh trng cao v chu ct ton b nhiu ln.
Cy c kh nng pht trin trong iu kin trng khng
c bn phn, c kh nng c nh ni t b r (Preston,
1991).
Cy g, thn cao 4-5m, sng lu nm. Thn mc
thng, c nhiu mu li nh, phn b thng hng dc theo
67

thn to nn 2-4 ng bn 2 pha ca thn. Khi cn non

thn mm mng nc. Sau 6 thng sinh trng thn ha g
cng pha ngoi, mu nu, pha trong mm, nhng khng
ha bc. L Trichanthera mu xanh sm mc i cho ch
thp, l n nguyn, gin v hi rp. Khi kh l ng mu
en.
Trichanthera gigantea c kh nng ra r t gc n
ngn, ngay c mt mu l nh. Tuy nhin khng c kh
nng to thnh cy mi. Kh nng nhn ging v tnh ca
Trichanthera gigantea rt nhanh. Trong 6 thng, t mt cy
non t nht c th cho ta 100 cy mi (khng tnh theo cp
s nhn). Trichanthera gigantea ch ra hoa min Trung v
Nam, nhng khng to thnh qu v ht, min Bc cha
thy Trichanthera gigantea ra hoa. Cy thng ra hoa vo
thng 12 hng nm.
4.2. Thnh phn ho hc v gi tr dinh dng
Gi tr dinh dng ca l cy Trichanthera gigantea
cho gia sc kh cao. Hm lng protein th trong khong 15
- 22 % v hu ht l protein thc, hm lng can xi cao hn
so vi cc loi cy thc n khc. Hm lng v thnh phn
cht khng dinh dng alkaloids v tannin kt t khng tm
thy cy Trichanthera gigantea v hm lng saponin,
steroid thp. Hm lng phenol tng s v steroid l 450 v
6,2 ppm.
68

Bng phng php tiu ha d c xc nh t l

tiu ho i vi cy Trichanthera gigantea thy rng t l
phn gii cht kh l 77%.
4.3. K thut canh tc
Khng cn thit phi chun b k t trng. Tuy
nhin, nn chn nhng ni c m v d thot nc v ni
c bng rm. Cy Trichanthera gigantea rt nhy cm vi
phn m. Khi thiu m l ng mu vng, nhng ch mt
lng nh phn m cng c th lm l xanh tr li.
Trng vo nhng thng cui ma ma (thng 12 n
thng 3 min Trung).
Nhn ging bng hom. Nn chn hom bnh t
(khng qu non hay qu gi) vi khong 2-3 mt (di
khong 30-40 cm). Nn qua m trc khi trng.
Mt : trng dy lm thc n thu ct 50 x 40 cm
(20-22.000 cy/ha).
Cch trng: t hom nghing 450 so mt t, lp t
n mt trn. Ti nc sau khi t hom t c m v
cht hn.
4.4. Thu hoch v ch bin
Cy Trichanthera gigantea chu c ct lin tc
nhiu ln trong nm v hnh thnh nhnh non rt tt. Tuy
nhin, tc ti sinh chm nn mt nm ch c th ct 3-4
ln vi nng sut cht xanh 70-80 tn/nm. Thu hoch la
69

u: 5-6 thng sau khi trng; la tip theo sau 2-3 thng.
Trong nm u c th thu 4 la ct, cc nm sau 5-6 la. Ct
ngang phn thn l m gia sc c th n c.
Sau khi thu ct nn ho ri mi cho gia sc n
hoc c th chua vi cm hoc bt sn/b sn... theo t l
3-5% cm (tnh theo khi lng l ti). C th phi kh l
lm bt c cho gia cm.
4.5. S dng trong chn nui
Nhiu i tng vt nui c th s dng thn l cy
thc n ny, nh b, d, ln, g, c... Ngoi cho n ti cn
lm bt l, nht l vi gia cm. Mc d nng sut
Trichanthera gigantea khng cao nhng phn b sinh khi
u trong nm, c bit c t l l cao vo lc gip v nn
Trichanthera gigantea l cy thc n xanh tt trong v
ng-xun. C th s dng l Trichanthera gigantea nh l
thuc cha bnh to bn cho gia sc m khng gy c hi.
5. CY DU (Morus alba)
5.1. c im chung

70

Cy
du
tm
(Morus sp.) l ngun thc
n truyn thng cho tm,
c con ngi chn
lc v lai to nhm tng
nng sut l v phn b
khp ni trn th gii.
Hm lng protein l v
thn cn non bin ng t
15 n 28% ph thuc
ging. Hm lng cht
khong cao v khng c
yu t khng dinh dng
hoc c t.

Hnh 16: Cnh du lai

Hnh 15: Du c

Cy du c th
trng bng thn hoc ht
v thu hoch l bng cch
ngt l hoc ct ton
cnh. Nng sut ph
thuc vo ging, ni
trng (nhit , ma v
bc x mt tri), mt ,
Cy
phn bn v k thut thu
hoch, nhng xt trn
danh ngha cht dinh
dng tiu ha th du
71

cho nng sut cao hn cc cy c truyn thng.

L du c tnh ngon ming rt cao i vi d, cu,
tru, b. Lng n vo v sn lng sa ca b tng ln khi
c b sung l du trong khu phn. Nhng c tnh chung
ca cy du l: Cy lu nm, sm rng l, cy bi hoc cy
to, l mc cch, mp l c rng ca, l hnh ngn mc, n
hoa cm ui sc, hoa n tnh, t c hoa lng tnh trn
cng mt cy hoc khc cy. Tht qu dy mng nc.
Vit Nam, du gm nhiu ging:
Nhm du bu
Nhm du a
Nhm du c
Nhm du tam bi (a bi)
Ngoi ra cn c mt s ging mi nhp ni c
thun ha.
5.2. K thut trng
C nhiu cch nhn ging du: nhn ging du
bng ht, nhn ging bng hom ... Vit Nam ni chung v
min Trung ni ring, nhn ging bng hom l ph bin.
Vic nhn ging bng hom c nhiu u vit, n gin, d
lm, ngi nng dn rt d dng kim c hom trng.
t trng du sau khi c lm ti nh, lm sch
c di. su ca ng cy t 25-40cm, nu c iu kin
th cy su hn, khi ba th ch iu chnh mt bng, v
cy du cc v tr trng thng ci cc.
72

Ty theo cht t, mt trng m ta c th rch

hng hoc o h. Ni chung vng t i, t cao nguyn
th nn o h cn t bi bi ven sng th rch hng.
Thi v trng: Vng duyn hi min Trung nn trng
vo thng 11-12, cc vng khc c th sai lch thi v 1-2
thng.
Tin hnh chun b hom, du c chn ly hom
phi l nhng cy du thnh thc, du khng mc su
bnh. Sau khi n 3-4 ngy tin hnh cht hom, hom cht
xong c bo qun ni rm mt, kch thc hom c
cht di 30-35 cm, ng knh hom t 0,8 - 1,2 cm, khng
ly cc hom phn gc v phn ngn, hom khng c dp,
sau khi cht th xp th t gc ngn khi trng khi b ln.
Lng hom trng c tnh khong 5 - 6 vn hom/ha.
Cch trng: mt s a phng min Trung c
truyn thng trng du nui tm l trng theo h, sau khi
lm t xong tin hnh o h v bn phn lt (phn bn lt
ch yu l phn chung), kch thc h c o chng 40
x 40 cm, khong cch gia cc h v khong cch gia cc
hng l 0,5 x 2-2,2 m. Bn phn xong thng ngi ta lp
mt lp t mng xung h, sau tin hnh trng, hom
c trng nghing 450. Trng nghing hom v hai pha dc
theo hng, mi h trng t 4-6 hom, t hom xong lp t
kn cha li trn mt t khong 3 - 4 cm cy du ny
mm.
73

Phn bn: Phn hu c: 20 tn; phn ln: 400-500kg

cho mi ha t trng du, nu t chua th bn thm vi.
H thng trng du cng ty thuc vo mc tiu
trng du v h thng nng nghip. i vi trng du vo
mc tiu lm thc n gia sc th c th trng xen vi cc cy
h u (cy c nh m) tng dinh dng cho t. Cy
du cng c b con nng dn cc vng trng xen vi cc
cy hoa mu khc (t, lc, ng...), mt s vng trng xen
vi cy bng.
Bng 2.3. Nng sut du mt s a phng
a phng

Ging

a phng
Tanzania
Indonesia
Costa Rica

Tigreada
Indonesia

Cuba

Guatemala
Trung
Quc

Tigreada
Acorazonada
Indonesia
a phng
a phng
a phng
Shin Ichinose

Loi thc
n
Thn
L
Thn
V
L & Cnh
non
L & Cnh
non
L & Cnh
non
T on b
T on b
T on b
T on b
T on b
L
L
Cnh
Thn

Nng sut
Tn/ha/nm
Ti
VCK
52
8,5
14,1
2,7
8,7

Ngun

Shayo,1997

13,4
12,5
30
33
26
30
37
16
32
28
8

Gonzlez et
al., 1998

Rodrguez
et al.,1994
Gong et
al.,1995

74

Vit Nam

a phng
BC259
TR 10
C 763
Du c
Du

Cnh non/
L
Cnh non/
L

22
20
19
19
44/
24,4
40,5/
7,53

Tikader et
al., 1993

Nguyn
Xun B,
2005

5.3. Thu hoch

i vi nui tm th ngi ta thu hoch theo phng
php hi l, ct cnh, ty thuc vo giai on sinh trng
ca tm v chi ph lao ng thu hoch. Thu hoch lm
thc n cho gia sc nhai li th phng php ct ton cy l
thch hp nht, ct cch mt t khong 30-40cm.
5.4. Nng sut
Sn lng l du v cnh l ty thuc vo ging, a
im trng, mt , ch phn bn v k thut thu hoch.
5.5. Thnh phn ha hc cc phn khc nhau ca cy
du
Hm lng protein th t 19,1 - 24,3 % l v 20,0 23,2% cnh non. Hm lng protein tng ng vi cc
cy h u (c Stylo), hm lng x trung tnh (NDF) v x
axt (ADF) thp so vi cc cy thc n giu m khc.
Thnh phn amino axit thit yu chim hn 46% tng amino
axit. Lng canxi, pht pho trong l ln lt l 1,6-2,8%
v 0,32 - 0,6%, trong l v cnh non ln lt l 1,6 - 2,8 v
0,33- 0,6%. Thnh phn cc loi khong trong l du v
75

cnh non cng chu nh hng bi cc ging v ch phn

bn khc nhau.
Trong l du hm lng tannin thp, khng lm
nh hng ln n qu trnh phn gii cht kh trong d c.

76

Bng 2.4. Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s ging du Vit Nam (%)

Ging
L
Du c
Du
Bu trng
Trung Quc
Tam bi
Du a
Chn Vt
L v cnh non
Du c
Du
Bu trng
Trung Quc
Tam bi
Du a
Chn Vt

Cht
kh

Pro.

X th

NDF

ADF

31,0
37,0
36,3
35,4
28,9
32,4
35,6

24,3
22,2
20,1
20,3
20,4
19,2
19,1

9,5
8,8
8,8
9,2
9,2
9,1
9,5

32,9
31,0
16,5
18,2

15,6
15,0
9,7
12,4

19,5
19,8

9,9
10,4

28,0
35,5
33,0
32,5
27,0
31,5
30,5

22,6
23,1
20,7
23,2
20,0
22,5
22,7

9,6
10,9
8,3
10,2
10,2
10,4
10,4

34,5
32,4
17,9
20,1

14,8
15,4
10,7
13,6

20,6
19,1

13,3
12,8

Khong

Ca

13,2
15,5
26,2
9,5
10,0
11,2
12,1

1,9
2,8
2,52
1,60

0,6
0,4
0,34
0,32

2.03
2,12

0.56
0,49

11,8
13,7
11,9
9,6
10,9
10,6
12,5

1,8
2,8
2,45
1,60

0,6
0,5
0,30
0,34

1,62
2,23

0,42
0,33

Ngun

B, 2003
B, 2005

B, 2003
B, 2005

77

5.6. S dng l du lm thc n cho gia sc nhai li

L du l ngun thc n b sung protein c gi
tr cho gia sc (tru, b, d, cu, ln). Du c th s
dng dng ti, kh hoc chua. Mt trong nhng
vn kh khn trong chn nui gia sc cc nc
nhit i l cht lng thc n xanh gim i nhanh
chng trong ma kh. Gii php la chn khc phc
tnh trng trn l chua trong ma ma v s dng
lm thc n trong ma kh. L du c hm lng
hydratcarbon cao v hm lung x thp nn c th
chua m khng cn cht ph gia, tuy nhin, c th
vi r mt 5% hoc cm go 5%. D, b rt thch n l
du chua.
Cc kt qu nh gi c trin khai trn b, d
v cu cho thy, b sung l du lm tng lng n
vo v tng sc sn xut (tng trng, sn lng sa).
T l tiu ha ca l du kh cao v nn b
sung vo khu phn thc n gi tr thp. V vy, l du
c thay th cho thc n tinh b sa cho kt qu
tt. Nng sut sa khng b nh hng khi thay 75%
thc n tinh bng l du.
B c n khu phn c s l c voi b sung l
du theo t l 1,71 v 2,11% theo khi lng c th,
mc tng trng tng ng l 940 v 950 g/con/ngy.
79

Nui d sa bng l du v c voi th sn lng

sa tng t 2,0 n 2,5 kg/con/ngy khi mc b sung
tng t 1,0 n 2,6% so vi khi lng c th. Hm
lng cht kh, protein v m sa tng cht it khi tng
l du.
Lng l du trong khu phn n ca tru b,
d, cu nn mc 20-40% tnh theo cht kh khu
phn.
Bng 2.5. T l tiu ha l v cnh non du
Phng php

Thnh
phn

In vivo (d)
In vitro

L
L
Thn
Tt c
V

T l tiu
ha cht
kh (%)
78,4-80,8
80-95
37-44
58-79
60,3

In vivo (cu)

L con

60-80

Ngun

Jegou et al., 1994;

Arya, 1990;
Schenk, 1974;
Rodriguez, 1994
Shayo, 1997.
Nguyn Xun B,
2005

6. CY DM BT (Hisbicus rosasinensis L.)

6.1. c im chung
Cy dm bt (Hibiscus rosasinensis L.) thuc
h Malvacae l cy trng c s dng lm hng ro
sng v l ngun thc n cho th, d. Mc d c
80

s dng lm thc n cho gia sc v rt quen thuc i

vi ngi dn Vit Nam. Dm bt c kh nng sinh
trng, pht trin tt nhiu loi t khc nhau. c
bit, c kh nng chu nng, chu hn khu vc min
Trung Vit Nam. Cy dm bt rt d trng v nhn ra
din rng bi n c th trng bng cnh.

Hnh 17: Cy Dm bt (Hibiscus rosasinensis L.)

L v cnh non dm bt c hm lng protein

kh cao (17-18%) v c tnh ngon ming cao i vi
gia sc nhai li. Hm lng protein th, x th, m
th, khong trong l v cnh non dm bt theo th t l
13,8; 14,6; 7,32 v 11,6%. T l tiu ho in vivo cht
kh, cht hu c v protein trn d theo th t l 68,0;
73,5 v 50,5%. Kt qu th nghim trn d thy rng t
81

l tiu ho in vitro cht kh l v cnh non dm bt l

71,2% (Benavides, 1991) .
6.2. Trng v chm sc
Tu theo mc ch s dng m dm bt c th
trng thnh tha ly thc n cho gia sc hoc trng
hng ro nh l cy a mc tiu. Dm bt c trng
bng hom. Chn cnh gi, khng qu non v ct thnh
tng on ngn 30-40 cm. Nn hom ni mt trong
khong 1 ngy v sau em trng.
t trng khng cn phi chun b k nh trng
cc loi c khc, ch cn lm sch c v cuc h nh,
hoc o rnh. Khong cch trng 30 x 50 cm. Khi
trng hom nn nghing 450 - 600 so mt t. Khng
cn bn phn, k c bn lt nhng phi lm c. Sau
mi ln thu hoch phi lm c v bn phn (nu trng
thm canh ly thc n cho gia sc). Thi v trng tt
nht min Trung t thng 10 n thng 2.
6.3. Thu hoch
Phng thc thu hoch dm bt l ct ton b
cnh. Tu thuc vo mc tiu trng dm bt m cao
ct cnh so vi mt t c khc nhau. Trng lm thc
n cho gia sc th nn ct cao so vi mt t 30 - 50 cm.
82

Trng lm hng ro sng v thu thc n th cao cy

khi ct c th 1m hoc hn. Sau khi trng khong 6-8
thng th tin hnh ct ln u, khi cy c cao
khong 1,2 m. V c sau 2 thng ti sinh th thu hoch
li.
6.4. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng
Cnh v l dm bt c hm lng protein th
tng ng vi cc cy b u, trong khi lng
khong tng s cao hn nhiu. L dm bt hu nh
khng cha tanin.
Bng 2.6. Thnh phn ha hc ca l v cnh non dm
bt, v t l tiu ha (%)
Th.phn
L
Cnh
non
TL TH

Cht
kh
20,9
22,3

Pro.
18,7
18,5

68,0

73,5

X
th
15,4
16,8

NDF

ADF

Tro

Ca

32,3
32,8

12,2
12,6

16,1
18,4

1,6
1,8

0,4
0,8

Nguyn Th Hng Nhn (2000)

Ngun: Nguyn Xun B, 2005

6.5. S dng
Dm bt c tnh ngon ming cao i vi gia sc
nhai li (tru b, d v cu). Gia sc n ngay v n
nhiu khi ln tip xc u tin, c bit l d v cu.
D, cu n l v cnh non trc, nu thc n khng
83

cht ngn th chng n c c v. B n c c l v

cnh nu cht ngn. Lng cht kh n vo ca d so
vi khi lng c th i vi cnh l dm bt 3,7% v
cu l 3,3%.
Bng 2.7. T l tiu ha in vivo l v cnh non dm
bt cu (%)
Loi thc n
T l tiu ha in vivo
Cht Cht hu Protein
kh
c
th
L v cnh non
62,3
65,8
79,9
L chua
69,8
73,1
84,4
Ngun: Nguyn Xun B, 2005
L v cnh non dm bt c th s dng dng
ti cho gia sc hoc chua. Phng php chua rt
n gin do trong l dm bt c hm lng
hydratcarbon ho tan cao nn khng cn cht ph gia,
cng c th cho thm 3-5% r mt tng tnh ngon
ming cho gia sc. Ch cn cht ngn, phi ho v
ym kh. trong ti ni long hoc trong h.
Lng l dm bt ti hoc trong khu phn
gia sc nhai li nn khong 20-40%. L dm bt c
xem l ngun thc n b sung protein v hydratcarbon
ho tan cho gia sc nhai li v c bit l tng qu
trnh phn gii, sinh tng hp protein vi sinh vt d c

84

khi nui gia sc bng khu phn giu x, ngho dinh

dng.

85

CHNG 3

PHNG PHP D TR, CH BIN CY C V

PH PHM NNG NGHIP
1. LM C KH
C kh l mt loi thc n tt cho gia sc nhai
li ni chung v tru, b ni ring trong thi v thiu
c ti. Gi tr dinh dng ca c kh ph thuc vo
cc loi c khc nhau, vo v thu hoch v k thut
ch bin.
Lm c kh ch yu l phi di nh nng mt
tri. Mc ch chnh l lm gim m trong c xanh
n mc thp km hm s hot ng ca cc
enzyme c sn trong cy c hay ca vi sinh vt. C
ti cha nhiu nc: 650-850g/1 kg thc n, trong
khi c kh cha ch 150-200 g/kg m thi. V vy,
thc cht lm kh c l lm mt nc v km theo l
mt cc cht dinh dng. c cht lng c kh tt,
c xanh khi thu hoch cn nhanh chng em phi.
Hm lng nc trong c mt cng nhanh, thi gian
phi cng ngn th tn tht vt cht kh cng t. Phi
kh trong iu kin thi tit tt, tn tht cht kh trong
c ch khong 30-40%, ngc li tn tht ln ti 5070%.

86

Hnh 18: D tr c kh cho gia sc nhai li

Cht dinh dng b mt ch yu l do s bin

i ca cacbohydrat v cc hp cht cha nit. Khi
phi kh, fructan b thy phn thnh ng fructose,
ng thi ng hectose b mt mt. Mt s cc ng
n nh glucose cng b oxy ha to thnh CO2, H2O
v ta nhit. Chnh v s mt mt cc hp cht
cacbohydrat d tan nn lm tng tng i hm lng
x. S mt mt protein l do enzyme protease ca thc
vt phn hy protein thnh cc peptit v cc axit amin.
Khi phi kh, caroten v cc hp cht tng t mt i
ng k. Hm lng caroten gim i hng chc ln sau
khi phi kh (ch cn 2-20 mg/kg cht kh). Nu gp
thi tit khng thun li, caroten b mt hu ht ng
thi km theo c s mt khong, ng ha tan v cc
87

hp cht c nit. m trong c kh cao l iu kin

thun li cho cc hot ng ca vi sinh vt lm tng
cng s phn hy cc cht dinh dng c sn trong
c kh v ng thi cng to c hi cho nm mc pht
trin. V vy, c sau khi thu hoch nn lm kh cng
nhanh cng tt, m cng thp th cht lng dinh
dng ca c cng c bo tn.
Gi tr dinh dng ca c kh trong iu kin
phi tt trung bnh cha 96g protein, 563g cht hu c
tiu ha, nng lng trao i 8,5MJ, hm lng x
335g/ kg cht kh.
C kh c s dng phi hp vi thc n
chua, thc n tinh, thc n c qu, r mt v cc sn
phm ph ca cng nghip ch bin rau qu (b da,
v chui..) em li hiu qu tt.
C kh gm ha tho ln h u th cht lng
cao v hm lng protein v caroten cao. Khi phi kh
gp ma th hm lng vitamin D v vitamin A u b
gim. Nu mc tru b n s khng c li cho qu
trnh tiu ha.
Phng php truyn thng lm c kh ht
sc n gin. Sau khi thu hoch th em phi trc tip
di nh nng mt tri. Nn phi nhng ni c nhiu
88

nng - mt tri khng b che khut - ri thnh tng lp

mng v tr (o) hng ngy.
min Trung, phi kh c tt nht t thng 5
n thng 8 dng lch. Khi phi c, nu b ma th
nhanh chng gom thnh ng hoc che ph. C kh c
phm cht tt l c vn gi c mu xanh, thn,
cung, l u mm v c mi thm.
Bo qun c kh ni kh ro, trnh m t
hn ch c b mc v thi. Bo qun bng cch nh
thnh ng hoc b thnh tng b nh thun li cho
vic ct gi. Nu c iu kin th dng my ng thnh
bnh d dng bo qun v s dng cho b n.
2. PHI KH V BO QUN RM
Rm l sn phm ph ca cy ng cc. Thnh
phn ha hc c bn ca rm r ph thuc nhiu n
c tnh sinh l, thi im thu hoch, thnh thc ca
cy trng v ch dinh dng ca t... Nhng nhn
chung cc thnh phn chnh bao gm:
- Carbohydrates thnh vch t bo nh cellulose,
hemicellulose v lignin chim 60-80% tng vt cht
hu c ca cy trng.
- Nit: rm r c t l protein rt thp, chim vo
khong 2-5%. T l cht dinh dng ny gim
mnh
Cht
ng rm
89

theo tui. Mt khc enzyme ca vinh vt d c li kh

tip cn vi N ca thc n th v s cn tr ca lignin.
- Khong v vitamin: trong thc t loi thc n ny
thiu hu ht cc nguyn t khong a lng nh Ca,
P , Na v cc nguyn t khong vi lng. ng thi
chng cng thiu
ht cc vitamin
nh vitamin A,
v D3.
y
l
ngun thc n
di do nht cho
b. Phi kh v
bo qun rm l
phng
php
truyn thng m
bt k ni no
cng c th thc
hin c.

Hnh 19: D tr rm kh

min Trung, rm thu hoch vo thng 5 - 6;

thng 9 - 10; c ni rm la xun vo thng 3 - 4 v
rm la v thu vo thng 7 - 8. Rm ma l ph bin
nht, v thi v ny d dng phi kh. Nng sut rm

90

xp x nng sut la. C nc ta c khong 40 triu tn

rm.
Rm phi c nng c mu vng ti, mi
thm b rt thch n. Ch trnh rm b ln bn t
v phn. Loi rm ny phi lu kh cht ng d b
mc, b khng thch n .
Cch bo qun rm cng ging nh bo qun
c kh. nh ng hoc d tr trong kho. nh ng
l phng php truyn thng v r tin nht.
3. CHUA
chua (cn gi sil hay xanh) l em thc
n xanh xp cht vo h , trong qu trnh nh hot
ng ca vi sinh vt, axit hu c, c c bit l axit
lactic s hnh thnh, lm gim pH ca khi , nh
vy thc n c bo qun trong mt thi gian di m
khng b h hng.
Hin nay c hai phng php chua: chua
axit v chua vi sinh vt. chua axit l qu trnh lm
gim pH nh thm vo trong thc n mt s axit v c,
v d axit phtphoric, sulphuric, clohydric.. hay hu c
nh axit formic, propionic.. hoc l kt hp gia axit
v c v axit hu c. Trong khi , chua vi sinh vt
l qu trnh lm gim pH khi nh vi sinh vt c
sn trong thc n.
91

 chua c tin hnh kh lu chu u,

ni c iu kin thi tit lnh v m ko di khng ph
hp cho phi kh thc n. Hin nay, nhiu nc trn
th gii ang p dng rng ri phng php chua
lm thc n cho gia sc qua v ng.
K thut chua c th p dng cho tt c cc
loi cy thc n xanh. Cht lng thc n chua
khng ch ph thuc vo nguyn liu (loi cy c,
giai on thu ct, m, hm lng ng...) m cn
ph thuc vo k thut .
3.1. Nguyn l xanh
Thc n xanh khi c xp cht trong h s
xy ra 2 qu trnh, qu trnh hot ng sinh l thc vt
v qu trnh hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
+ Hot ng sinh l thc vt
Nh enzyme (trong t bo thc vt cn sng),
ng b oxy ho cho ra kh carbonic, nc v nng
lng:
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + Nng lng
Mt vi ngy u sau khi , nhit h tng
ln, y l du hiu ca qu trnh hot ng sinh l
thc vt. Qu trnh ny s kt thc khi oxy khng cn
trong h . Nh vy, gim ti a s tiu hao cht
92

hu c ca thc n , phi loi b oxy trong h cng

sm cng tt.
+ Hot ng ca vi sinh vt
Nhng vi sinh vt c sn trong nguyn liu thc
n l nm v vi khun. Cc vi khun gm vi khun
lactic, vi khun clostridia v enterobacteria. Sau y l
hot ng ca nhng vi khun ny:
- Vi khun lactic
Vi khun lactic l vi khun ln men tu tin (c
th sinh trng vi s c mt hay khng c mt oxy),
thng c trong cy c ang sinh trng vi s lng
nh, nhng chng tng nhanh sau khi thu hoch, c
bit khi cy c b cht nh hay lm nt. Khi cy c
xanh, vi khun lactic tip tc tng v ln men cc
ng tan, sn sinh axit hu c, ch yu axit lactic v
lm gim gi tr pH.
C hai nhm vi khun lactic, nhm ln men
ng cht (homofermentative) nh Lactobacilus
plantarium, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Enterococcus
faecalis v nhm ln men d cht (heterofermentative)
nh Lactobacilus brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
Vi khun lactic ln men ng cht bin i:
Glucose

2 axit lactic
93

Fructose 2 axit lactic

Pentose axit lactic + axit acetic
Vi khun lactic ln men d cht bin i:
Glucose axit lactic + etanol + CO2
3 Fructose axit lactic + 2 manitol + axit acetic +
CO2
Pentose axit lactic + axit acetic
- Vi khun clostridia
Costridia c mt trong cy c di dng bo t
v ch pht trin trong iu kin ym kh cht ch.
Clostridia phn gii axit lactic to thnh axit butyric
lm tng gi tr pH. Clostridia cn c kh nng phn
gii protein thnh axit lactic v axit butyric, amin v
amoniac.
Cc loi phn gii ng (saccharolytic) nh
Clostridium butyricum, C. tyrobutyricum bin i:
2 Axit lactic axit butyric + 2CO2 + 2H2
Cc loi phn gii protein (proteolytic) nh C.
bifermentans, C. sporogenes c th kh amin hoc kh
carboxyl.
Kh amin:
94

Axit glutamic axit acetic + axit pyruvic + NH3

Lysine axit acetic + axit butyric + NH3
Kh carboxyl:
Arginine

Putrescin + CO2

Lysine Cadaverin + CO2

Axit glutamic Aminobutyric + CO2
Histidine

Histamine + CO2

Oxy ho/kh:
Alanine + 2 Glycine 3 axit acetic + 3NH3 + CO2
Clostrida rt nhy cm vi nc v yu cu
thc n phi rt m mi hot ng tt. Khi thc n qu
m (cht kh < 15%) th ngay khi pH h xung di 4
vn khng c ch c hot ng ca chng.
- Enterobacteria
L nhng vi khun ym kh tu tin v thng
c s lng rt t trong cy c. Chng c kh nng
phn gii ng d tan thnh axit acetic, ethanol v
hydro:
Glucose axit acetic + etanol + 2H2
Ngoi ra cng ging nh Clostridia, chng c
kh nng kh carboxyl v kh amin ca cc axit amin,
95

sn sinh ra mt lng ln amoniac. pH thch hp cho

s sinh trng ca enterobacteria l 7 v thng ch
hot ng giai on ln men u tin khi pH thc n
cn cha b gim thp.
3.2- K thut xanh thc n
+ H
- a im: H cn gn chung tin vic
vn chuyn thc n. Cn chn ni cao ro nc
ngoi khng th ngm vo trong h, ngay c khi ma
to.
- Cc loi h: tt nht nn lm h xy, c th
lm h trn, vung hay ch nht hoc lm ho ni.
Dung tch ca h tnh ton sao cho c lng thc n
trong 10-15 ngy/h. H lm qu ln, thc n qu
nhiu, gia sc phi n mt thi gian di mi ht, d b
h hng do tip xc nhiu vi khng kh. Nu h qu
nh th tn cng, tn din tch v t l din tch thnh
h tip xc vi thc n s ln, lm t l thc n hng
quanh thnh h s cao. Vi quy m chn nui nh (2 4 b/h) nn lm b dung tch 1 x 1 x 1,5m.
+ Nguyn liu v chun b nguyn liu
Cc loi thc n xanh sau y c th em
chua: cy ng cn bp non hoc sau khi thu bp (thu
96

bp khi chn sp, thu bp khi ht kh), cc loi c

xanh (c voi, c Ghin...), ph phm da, ngn l ma,
ngn l sn...
Lng nc thch hp trong thc n em l
65-75%. Trng hp hm lng nc trn 75% th
phi phi ho hay cho thm ng vo (thng dng
r mt). Nu hm lng nc qu thp th cn phun
thm nc vo. Ch gi thc n cho sch khng dy
ln bn t. Thc n cn c cht ngn (5-10cm)
c th nn c tt.
+ Cho thc n vo h v lp h
Trc khi cho thc n vo h cn kim tra h
xem c sch s khng, c t yu cu k thut khng
v khc phc ngay. Sau chuyn thc n vo h
thnh tng lp 20-30cm, nn cht, nht l nn cht cc
gc h. Ln lt lm t lp thc n ny n lp thc
n khc cho n khi y h, lp trn cng cht thc n
cao hn mt h 30-50 cm, ri mt lp rm kh hoc l
chui kh ri t ln, nn cht nhm khng cho
khng kh lt vo, trn cng ph mt tm nylon
nc khng thm vo c. Cng vic ch nn lm
trong mt ngy.
+ Kim tra cht lng ca thc n
97

Sau 2 tun hoc khi ly thc n cho n phi

ly mu kim tra xem thc n trong h c m
bo cht lng khng.
Dng ng thng xuyn vo gia h ly mu
thc n ra. Ly mu nhiu im khc nhau: cnh
thnh h, gn thnh h v gia h. Mi lp ly 3-4
mu ri trn u, ly trung bnh.
Thc n tt c mi chua du, mu xanh m
l tt; nu c mi chua nng ca dm, mi thi v c
mu xanh en hoc mu en l hng, khng dng
c.
Trong phng th nghim thng ngi ta kim
tra cc ch tiu pH, hm lng N amiac/N tng s, axit
lactic, axit acetic v axit butyric. Nu thc xanh tt
th c pH = 3,7- 4,2 (i vi thc n c phi ho
trc th pH cao hn), nhiu axit lactic (c xanh: 80120g/kgCK, cy ng xanh: 50-55 g/kgCK), ch c t
axit acetic v rt t axit butyric (0 - 1,4g/kgCK) hm
lng NNH3 <100g/1kg N tng s.
3.3- Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng thc n
- Hm lng VCK: chua t kt qu tt,
cc nguyn liu em phi c m 65-75%, nu
thc n em c nhiu nc th cn phi ho trc
98

a m v mc ny hoc b sung thc n kh nh

rm, b bia kh.
- Hm lng ng: nu hm lng ng
trong nguyn liu qu thp, qu trnh ln men lactic
yu khng h thp pH xung mc cn thit
bo qun thc n.
- Kh nng m: Nu nguyn liu c tnh m
cao th vic gim pH s kh khn. Ngc li, kh nng
m qu thp, thc n d b chua qu lm gim kh
nng thu nhn ca gia sc.
Khi cht lng thc n khng p ng c cc
yu cu trn cho qu trnh ln men lactic c tt, mt
s bin php h tr sau y c th p dng:
B sung ng d ln men nh r mt (khi
cy ng sau khi thu bp gi ngi ta b sung thm
10kg r mt cho mi h dung tch 1,5m3).
Phi ho a v m khong 70%.
B sung rm, b bia kh khi VCK qu thp.
B sung thm mui hoc CaCO3 m phng
thc n qu chua.
B sung ch phm vi khun ln men lactic.

99

B sung axit hu c (nh axit formic) h

nhanh pH.
- Cc yu t k thut:
Cc yu t k thut nh hng n kt qu l
thi gian , nhit v kn. Nu thi gian (tnh t
lc a thc n vo h n khi lp kn) qu lu,
nguyn liu tip xc nhiu vi khng kh, cht dinh
dng s tiu hao nhiu v sinh nhit, nhit cao trong
h s lm thc n b hng.
Nhit thch hp trong h l 20-60oC, nu
c vi ngy m nhit trong h ln cao l do
thc n khng c nn cht, hoc do np h khng
kn khng kh lt vo hoc do nh nng mt tri
trc tip chiu vo thnh h qu mnh. Nhit trong
khi thc n cao s lm hng thc n.
3.4- S dng thc n xanh
Thc n sau 3 tun c th ly ra s dng, tuy
nhin cng c th d tr trong thi gian di (3-6
thng). Khi ly ra s dng th ly lin tc cho n
ht, khng ly d ri lp i. Hng ngy n bao nhiu
th ly by nhiu, khng tha li ba sau. Lc u gia
sc cha quen th luyn cho quen dn, n t t n
nhiu trong vng 5-7 ngy. Nu thc n c cht
lng tt c th cho n 5-7kg/100kg th trng/ngy.
100

Khng nn cho n thc n chua ring m cn trn ln

cc thc n khc. Khi n xong phi v sinh mng n
sch s.
Lng thc n cho n c th tnh theo kh
nng dung np ca con vt i vi hm lng axit hu
c cha trong thc n . Mc dung np ca b tnh
cho 1kg th trng i vi axit acetic, butyric v lactic
ln lt l 0,25g; 0,42g v 0,7-1,06g. Mc n ch nn
bng 1/3 lng dung np ca axit c t nht trong thc
n . Trng hp tnh chung th c th cho n thc n
sao cho khng vt qu 1g axit hu c/kg th
trng.
Gia sc c thai cui k, gia sc nui con, gia
sc non khng nn cho n nhiu thc n xanh.
4. BIN PHP KIM HO NHM X L, CH
BIN PH PHM GIU X
Thc n th cht lng thp (nh rm r) c hai
nhc im c bn l dinh dng khng cn i (do
thiu N, khong, vitamin v nng lng d ln men) v
vch t bo b lignin ho. Nh vy, v nguyn tc c
hai gii php nng cao hiu qu s dng thc n th
cht lng thp:
B sung cc cht dinh dng b thiu lm
tng sinh v tng hot lc phn gii x ca VSV d c,
101

ng thi tng cn bng dinh dng chung cho vt

ch.
X l nhm ph v cc lin kt phc tp trong
vch t bo lm cho VSV v enzym ca chng d tip
xc hn vi c cht (xenluloza v hemixenluloza), do
m lm tng t l tiu ho v lng thu nhn.
Hiu qu s dng thc n giu x cht lng
thp c th c ci thin bng vic b sung dinh
dng hp l. Tuy nhin, khi hiu qu ca vic b
sung t n ti a th vic nng cao hn na kh
nng li dng cc ngun ph phm giu x ch c th
thc hin c bng vic tng t l tiu ho ca khu
phn c s v tng tc gii phng thc n khi d
c. Cc bin php x l thch hp c th lm thay i
mt s tnh cht l ho ca vch t bo thc vt, t
lm tng kh nng phn gii ca VSV vi thnh phn
x, lm tng tnh ngon ming v nng cao t l tiu
ho.
C th chia cc phng php x l chnh thnh
cc nhm: x l vt l, x l sinh hc v x l ha
hc, trong x l ha hc l ph bin nht. X l ha
hc ci thin gi tr dinh dng ca rm c bt
u t cui th k th 19 v hin nay ang c p
dng rng ri nhiu nc trn th gii. Mc ch ca
102

x l ho hc l ph v cc mi lin kt gia lignin v

hemixenluloza lm cho hemixenluloza, cng nh
xenluloza (vn b bao bc bi phc hp ligninhemixenluloza) d dng c phn gii bi VSV d
c.
Trong tt c cc phng php ho hc th x l
kim c nghin cu su nht v c nhiu ng dng
trong thc tin. Cc mi lin kt ha hc gia lignin v
hydratcacbon bn trong mi trng ca d c nhng
li km bn trong mi trng kim (pH>8). Li dng
c tnh ny cc nh khoa hc s dng cc cht
kim nh NaOH, NH 3, ur, Ca(OH)2 x l cc ph
phm nng nghip nhiu x lm thc n cho gia sc
nhai li. Kim ho c th ph v lin kt este gia
lignin vi hemixenluloza/xenluloza, ng thi lm cho
cu trc x phng ln v mt vt l. Nhng nh hng
to iu kin cho VSV d c tn cng vo cu trc
hydratcacbon ca vch t bo c d dng, lm tng
t l tiu ho, tng tnh ngon ming.
Sau y l mt s phng php kim ho chnh
c nghin cu v p dng nc ta.
4.1. X l bng ur

103

Thc cht x l bng ur l x l bng NH3 v

khi c nc v uraza ca vi sinh vt th ur s phn
gii thnh amniac:
CO(NH2)2 + H2O

ureaza

2NH3 + CO2

Phng php x l rm bng ur cng gn

ging phng php chua, tc l trn rm vi ur, nn
cht v kn trong cc h (ho, ti). X l rm bng
ur cn m cc iu kin sau:
- Liu lng ur s dng bng 4-5% VCK ca
rm (rm kh cha khong 88% VCK, rm ti cha
khong 30% VCK).
- Lng nc s dng cn m bo cho m
ca rm sau khi trn nm trong khong 40-70%. Nu
qu t nc th s kh trn u v nn cht. Nu thm
qu nhiu nc s lm mt ur do nc khng ngm
ht vo rm m b tri mt. Trong thc t c th dng
8-10 lt nc/10kg rm kh, cn rm ti th khng
cn thm nc.
- Cc ti (cht do) hay h phi c nn cht
v m bo kn khng cho amniac sinh ra b lt ra
ngoi hay nc t ngoi thm vo trong lm mt hiu
lc x l v rm s b mc.

104

- Thi gian tu thuc vo nhit mi

trng. Nu nhit khng kh cao th qu trnh
amoniac ho s nhanh, lnh th chm li. Nu nhit
trn 300C th thi gian t nht l 7-10 ngy, 15-300C
phi 10-25 ngy, 5-150C th phi 25-30 ngy.
4.2. X l bng vi
Trong s cc ho cht khc c th dng kim
ha rm th vi (Ca(OH)2 hay CaO) ang c quan
tm nhiu. C hai hnh thc x l bng vi:
- Ngm rm trong nc vi.
- rm vi vi: rm c trn u vi 4-6%
vi (Ca(OH)2 hoc CaO), nc (40-80 kg/100 kg rm)
v trong 2-3 tun.
Vic dng vi x l rm c cc u im l vi
r tin v sn c, b sung thm Ca cho rm, an ton v
khng gy nhim mi trng. Tuy nhin, v vi l
kim yu nn tc dng x l s khng cao nu ngm
nhanh. Hn na, vi kh ho tan v khng bc hi nn
kh kh trn u trong nguyn liu x l v khi x l
vi rm d b mc, do vy lng thu nhn khng n
nh.
4.3. X l kt hp ur v vi

105

Vic kt hp dng ur v vi kt hp s em li
hiu qu tt hn dng ring vi hoc ur. Khi dng
CaO kt hp vi ur th ur c th c phn gii
nhanh hn v tng s phn ng gia NH3 vi rm.
Vic kt hp ny s cn cho php b sung c NPN v
Ca cng mt lc, ng thi chng c mc, trong khi
gim c lng N v Ca d so vi x l bng ur hay
bng vi ring r v liu lng mi loi c gim i
khong mt na.
Kim ha v u ra ha rm nhm kh nng tng
tiu th v v t l tiu ha khi b n vo.
4.4. Quy trnh x l rm bng ur
Bc 1: Chun b h .
C nhiu loi h : h ni, h chm, h
na ni, na chm, ti nylon ...Sau y l cch o h
chm d lm khng tn nhiu cng v vt liu.
Chn a im: Ni o h phi cao ro, mch
nc ngm su, d thot nc khi tri ma ( nc
khng ngm vo h ), d che y.
Kch thc h : Kch thc h ty thuc vo
lng rm cn . Thng c 1 m3 c 1 t rm. H
nn hp chiu ngang d nn khi rm. V d
106

mun 1 t rm, h cn o l: di 2m; rng 0,5 m;

su 1m.
H phi chc chn, kn khi thot nc v
ngn chn kh t trong ra ngoi hay t ngoi vo trong.
Theo nguyn tc , c th tn dng nhng ni c sn
nh chung ln trng, bao, ti nylon dy vn vn...
Bc 2: Chun b nguyn vt liu, dng c.
Nguyn vt liu.
- Rm kh 100kg,
- Nc sch 100lt,
- U r 4 kg.
Dng c vt t khc.
- X,
- Thng ti c gng sen,
- Cn,
- Tm che, ( nylon, bao ti c, chiu rch, ...).
Bc 3: Rm
- Cn lng rm (v d 10 kg ) ri ri tht u vo
h , nn cht,
-

Cn lng ur bng 4 % lng rm (v d 400g),

- Ha ur vo nc, lng nc bng lng rm (v

d 10 lt)
107

Bc 1: Cn 10 kg rm kh

Bc 3: ong 10 lt nc

Bc 2: cn 400 g ur

Bc 4: Ha tan u ur vo nc

Bc 5: Ti u dung dch u r
vo rm

Bc 6: Gim tht cht

108

Bc 7: Tip tc lm cho y h

Bc 8: Ph tm bt v y
kn h

Bc 9: D h rm cho b n

Bc 10: Ly rm cho b n v chun b h tip theo

Hnh 20: Cc bc rm vi u r cho b

109

- Cho dung dch ur vo thng gng sen v ti

u ln lp rm trong h ,
- Va ti va phi dm nn tht cht, ti t t
dung dch u r ngm vo rm m khng ngm
xung t hoc ng trong y h.
-

Lm tng t nh vy cho n khi y h .

- Ph ton b khi rm bng tm che cho tht kn.

Trn cng c th trt bn, p t hoc bng cc vt
liu sn c.
Bc 4: Theo di h
- Sau vi ngy, khi rm xp xung cn phi p t
li hoc sa tm che khi rm lun lun c y
kn.
- Chng nc ngm vo khi tri ma (nh lm rnh
thot nc xung quanh h, lm mi che nu c th ,
vv..)
B quyt rm vi U r thnh cng rt n gin:
Nn tht cht, ti tht u, che tht kn
Bc 5: D h rm v ly rm cho tru b n
- Rm c sau 2-3 tun th c th ly cho tru b
n,

110

- Ly rm ra n u th cho gia sc n ht n y,
ly theo tng gc ca h , ly ra khi h trc khi
cho n khong 30 pht, c th ti mng ra ch mt
bay bt mi nng gia sc d n.
-

Phn cn li tip tc y kn nh c.

Rm tt l rm c mu nu sng, khng kh, khng

t, rm mn, c mi NH3 m c. H tt phi l
h c cht lng rm tt ng u, rm khng b kh
mc, hoc t mn, khng c nc ng trong h .
Cc cu hi lin quan n vic dng rm vi U r
nui b
Hi: n nhiu rm vi U r b c b ng c khng?
p: Khng. B c th n ton rm vi U r m vn
khng b ng c.
Hi: B n rm c li ch g?
p: C nhiu ci li:
- Lng n vo tng gp hn 2 ln so vi n rm
kh,
- Tng t l tiu ha ln khong 10 % so vi rm
kh, do vy gia sc s thu nhn c nhiu cht dinh
dng hn,
111

- Rm c hm lng protein th tng ln khong

2,5 ln so vi rm kh nn lm tng lng nit thu
nhn v gip con vt tng trng nhanh hn.
- B n rm tng trng nhanh hn v mang li hiu
qu kinh t cho ngi chn nui.
Hi: C nn cho b n rm vi cc loi thc n khc
khng?
p: Nn v rt tt v cho n vi cc loi thc n khc
nh r mt, c, l ... s lm tng tnh ngon ming cho
con vt v lm cho khu phn cn i cc thnh phn
dinh dng hn.
Hi: nn cho b n rm trong trng hp no?
p: Nu c iu kin th cho b n rm quanh nm
cng vi cc loi thc n khc, tuy vy, chi ph thc n
c phn tng ln.
c hiu qu kinh t nn rm cho b n
trong cc trng hp sau:
- B tht giai on v bo, b gi loi thi v bo trc
khi git tht,
- Nui tru b cy ko khi phi lm vic nhiu, m
c ngoi ng li khan him,

112

- Nui tt c cc loi tru b vo nhng lc khng c

c do hn hn hoc ngp lt.
Nui b lai theo hng bn tht th phi ngh
n rm vi U r kt hp vi cc loi thc n khc
nh thc n tinh pht huy c tng trng nhanh
ca con lai, nng cao hiu qu kinh t trong chn nui
b.
5. PHNG PHP LM BNH DINH DNG
Bnh a dinh dng cng l mt cch ch bin
thc n cho tru b t nguyn liu sn c. Thnh phn
bnh dinh dng c nhiu loi khc nhau nhng ni
chung gm: cht cung cp nng lng (r mt ng);
cht cung cp m (ur); cht cung cp khong (vi,
bt c); cht kt dnh (xi mng, vi ti); ngoi ra cn
c bt b ma, bt v lc bt rm... Bnh dinh dng l
loi thc n b sung, do khi sn xut phi t yu
cu: tru b thch n, khng qu cng, khng d v khi
vn chuyn.
Nguyn liu: Cc nguyn liu s dng trong
bnh a dinh dng rt linh hot, tu thuc vo ngun
nguyn liu sn c ca a phng, gi thnh h. C
th s dng cc cng thc bng 3.1.

113

Bng 3.1. Mt s cng thc lm bnh a dinh dng cho b

Cng thc 1
(%)
R mt ma
50
Ur
10
Mui m
5
Cht m
25
(cm go
loi hai, cm
m)
Cht kt
10
dnh (vi,
sng, xi
mng )

Cng thc 2
(%)
52
R mt ma
20
Bt b ma
20
Bt dy lc
Ur
3
Hn hp
1
khong
Mui n
2
Vi bt
2

Cng thc 3
(%)
R mt
25
Bt b ma
30
Cm go
15
Ur
10
Nm men
14
Vi sng
6

Cng thc 4
(%)
R mt
40
Bt dy l
30
lc
Cm go
10
Ur
4
Khong
1
Mui n
5
Bt sn
10

114

Cch lm bnh dinh dng:

1. Chun b dng c, nguyn liu:
Khun p: Khun c th lm bng st hay bng g cho
tng loi khc nhau:
+ Loi 5 kg: Di 200mm
Rng 200mm
Cao 70m
+ Loi 10kg: Di 250mm
Rng 200mm
Cao 200mm
C th dng khun b tng, kch thc mi
khun l 2 x3 x 0,2 m (tng ng vi 1200kg). Sau
ct nh:250 x 200 x 200mm ( tng ng vi
10kg).
nh lng cc thnh phn nguyn liu:
Ty theo khi lng thc n cn sn xut c th
nh lng cc thnh phn nguyn liu theo cng thc
ghi bng 8.2 theo cc m trn 100kg, 200kg, 500kg
v 1000kg.
Dng c trn:
Thng trn th cng c th lm bng st hoc
xy bng gch c chiu cao 0,5m v dung tch ph hp
116

vi m trn cn thit. Ngoi ra cn c xng, co o,

gy khuy, nu c m di chy in cng tt.
Cc dng c xc cha v.v..
2. Trnh t phi hp
Bc 1: Trn hn hp 1
- R mt + ur + mui n
- Khuy k cho ur + mui ho tan ht trong r
mt. Ma ng tri lnh nhit thp cn hm nng r
mt d khuy tan ur.
Bc 2: Trn hn hp 2
- Cht m + kt dnh
- Trn tht k cht m vi cht kt dnh.
Bc 3: Trn u tt c cc nguyn liu
- hn hp bc 2 vo hn hp bc1.
- Khuy o nhanh tay, lin tc (khng c
dng) cho ti khi c mt hn hp do mn c nhit
30-350C.
- Thi gian trn khong 15 20 pht.
- Ch n m bng cch dng tay nm li,
nu thy to c hnh trong lng bn tay, khi bung
ra khng b r ri l c. Nu qu nho cho thm 1
cht cht n nhiu x. Nu qu kh cho thm mt vi
ki l gam r mt.
Bc 4: p khun

117

- Ty theo khun chn dng xng xc hn

hp vo khun.
- p mnh pha trn (nh p gch x) v kt hp
xa u (nht l xa xung quanh) loi tr cc khe h,
l hng to s lin kt u, lin tc khng xp. Vi
khi lng ln c th dng m di xa.
Ch p khun:
+ Phi lm nhanh lin tc li dng nhit ca
hn hp 30-350C to khi lin kt tt nht.
+ nguyn cho hn hp t kh trong khong
t 10-15 gi (cch mt m) sau tho khun. Nu l
khun ln th dng dao dy (ging nh loi giao ct
t lm gch) ct thnh tng tng nh 10kg hoc 5 kg.
Buc 5. Bao gi v bo qun
Nu a i s dng ngay ch cn lt mi tng
mt ming giy trnh dnh vo nhau.
bo qun lu cn dng giy xi mng hoc
giy bao thc n hn hp gi. Gi bng loi giy
ny c th bo qun c 6 thng. Dng nilng gi
c th bo qun c 12 thng.
Bc 6: S dng cho tru b n
- t bnh dinh dng vo ni cao ro sch s
trong chung tru b (trnh nc ma hay phn,
nc tiu gia sc ln vo).
118

- C th t vo mt ci r v treo vo chung
pha u tru b, ngang vi tm mm, chng d
lim hoc n.
- Ch cho 1 bnh dinh dng vo r, khi no n
ht mi cho n bnh mi.
- Mt tru hay b hng ngy c th n c t
0,4-0,6 kg bnh dinh dng ny.
- Cn cho n bnh dinh dng lin tc.
- Tuyt t khng ha tan bnh dinh dng vo
nc cho ung trnh lm gia sc ng c ur, c th
gy cht t ngt.
- C th s dng bnh dinh dng trong vng 2-3
thng k t sau khi sn xut.

119

PH LC 1:
MT S GII THCH V THNH PHN DINH
DNG THC N THC VT

THC N THC VT

NC

CHT KH

TRO (CHT KHONG)

CHT HU C

PROTEIN TH (N x 6,25)
carbohydrates

CHIT CHT ETHER (M TH)

CARBOHYDRA TES

DN XUT KHNG
NIT (TINH BT
NG)

X TH (CELLULOSE,
HEMICELLULOSE,
LIGNIN)
120

1- Cht kh l phn thc n loi b nc.

Cht kh (CK) = 100 - nc
2- Cht hu c l phn cht kh thc n loi b cht khong
(cn gi l tro).
Cht hu c (CHC) = Cht kh - Tro
3- Cht khong cn gi l tro, bao gm cc nguyn t a
lng (Ca, P , S, Mg, K, Na, K, Cl) v cc nguyn t vi lng
(Fe, Cu, Zn, Co ,Mn, I, Se, Mo...). Cht khong cn c chia
thnh 2 loi l khong ho tan trong axit HCl v khong
khng tan trong axit HCl (thng gi l ct sn).
4- Protein th gm c protein thun v cc hp cht N phi
protein.
3- Chit cht ether cn gi m th hay lipid, l cc du
m ng thc vt, cc lipit phc tp nh glycolipit,
phmospholipit...
5- Carbohydrat bao gm hai nhm cht, l dn xut v
m (tinh bt, ng, pectin, inulin, mt s axit hu c...) v
x th (cellulose, hemicellulose v lignin).
6- Phn bit x th v thnh phn vch t bo thc vt:
+X th theo phng php W eende l phn cht hu c ca
thc n cn li sau khi x l bng dung dch axit H2SO4 long
v KOH long.
+Thnh phn vch t bo theo phng php xc nh ca
Goering v V an Soest (1970) gm:
NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber): l cht x ca thc n cn
li sau khi x l bng dung dch trung tnh, l tng gluxit
thnh t bo.

121

ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber): l cht x ca thc n cn li

sau khi x l bng dung dch axit, gm ton b cellululose v
lignin.
Hemicellulose = NDF ADF
Cellulose = ADF Lignin
Tm tt:
Cellulose
ADF
Lignin
NDF
Hemicellulose

122

PH LC 2:
THANH PHN HOA HC V A GIA TR DINH DNG CA MT S LOI
THC N CHO GIA SUC NHAI LI MIN TRUNG
Loi thc n

C t nhin
Rm la
Cy ng
L sn
Ngn ma
Thn l lc
Dy lang
Thn chui
C V oi
C S
Keo du
Dm bt
L Du
L mt
Cm go
Bt sn
C sn ti
B sn kh
B sn ti
R mt

Vt cht kh (%)
n
69
22
17
5
11
8
6
2
87
27
1
3
3
1
22
8
13
2
3
3

TB
24,2
87,2
34,4
19,5
27,2
25,1
12,5
14,1
16,0
20,6
25,7
20.,6
31,7
43,0
89,1
88,5
29,6
87,6
15,3
75,4

B
13,8-41,4
52,8-94,4
23,2-61,6
15,8-24,8
18,0-31,6
18,4-34,2
9,9-20,0
5,7-22,5
6,7-29,3
11,1-29,7
25,9-25,9
18,5-22,3
30,2-33,8
43,0-43,0
80,4-92,1
86,3-90,1
24,0-36,3
86,2-89,0
10,0-18,0
63,1-85,1

Nng lng trao i

(MJ/kg VCK)
n
TB
B
13
9,1
8,7-9,8
16
8,5
7,8-9,2
4
9,1
8,1-11,8
5
11,0
9,7-12,5
6
9,2
8,7-9,8
8
9,8
8,1-10,5
2
9,7
9,0-10,5
2
9,2
8,5-9,9
22
8,9
8,2-9,5
20
9,1
8,4-11,7
1
11,8
11,8-11,8
2
10,3
10,1-10,5
2
12,0
11,3-12,6
1
10,0
10,0-10,0
6
11,6
9,6-12,7
3
12,2
12,1-12,3
12
12,1
11,6-12,0
2
12,2
11,4-11,4
2
11,8
11,6-12,0
1
11,4
11,4-11,4

Protein th (%)
n
69
22
17
5
11
8
6
2
87
27
1
2
3
1
22
8
13
2
3
3

TB
12,0
5,7
7,9
26,5
5,3
16,1
16,5
11,7
13,2
12,1
28,5
18,7
22,6
17,2
11,8
2,6
3,1
2,2
2,1
10,2

B
6,8-21,6
4,5-7,6
1,6-13,0
20,5-30,4
2,5-9,3
8,5-19,3
11,0-21,7
10,5-12,9
4,5-29,8
4,9-22,5
28,5-28,5
18,5-18,9
20,8-24,8
17,2-17,2
7,9-15,4
1,7-3,3
1,3-4,1
2,0-2,3
1,8-2,6
2,5-14,1

X trung tnh (NDF) %

n
54
6
12

TB
62,3
70,1
66,2

B
49,4-73,5
62,9-73,2
58,8-71,9

65,3

47,4-76,5

60
4

63,0
71,5

39,7-84,4
62,7-76,0

2
2

32,6
23,0

32,3-32,8
22,5-23,5

123

PH LC 3: THNH PHN HA HC V GI TR DINH DNG CA MT

S LOI PH PHM CHNH VIT NAM (POZY V CS, 1998)
Loi thc n
Kh du lc
Cm m loi 1
Cm m loi 2
B dong ring
Ngn ma
R mt
B bia
Cy ng gi
B ng rau
B sn ti
B sn
Dy khoai lang
Dy + c nh
Bt c
Bng ru
Cm go
Rm la
Kh du u tng

% VCK
90,80
87,58
90,45
15,05
18,04
63,06
25,20
31,06
17,70
10,00
15,43
14,80
20,69
89,18
15,76
89,38
92,24
88,84

% CP
45,54
15,00
13,00
0,68
0,86
1,58
7,54
2,31
1,42
0,18
0,32
2,93
3,71
29,35
4,32
12,06
5,54
41,17

% M % X % Tro % Ca
6,96
5,25
5,74
4,50
10,50
4,00
014
3,50
12,50
6,00
0,19
1,85
0,80
0,05
0,23
5,40
1,07
0,06
0,75
2,55
0,46
1,86
3,10
1,05
0,07
8,99
3,61
0,31
0,41
4,01
0,66
0,02
0,04
1,29
0,16
0,05
0,05
2,87
0,29
0,10
0,34
2,16
2,46
0,30
0,51
5,26
2,22
0,33
1,74
1,89
44,57 13,05
1,27
0,78
0,65
0,03
10,06
7,10
7,13
0,18
2,06
28,67 15,03
0,41
1,28
5,99
6,79
0,47

%P
0,67
0,93
0,03
0,04
0,09
0,16
0,05
0,07
0,02
0,03
0,07
0,08
1,26
0,13
1,08
0,03
0,52

UFL
0,95
0,88
0,90
0,15
0,12
0,94
0,16
0,22
0,15
0,06
0,10
0,16
0,17
0,80
0,10
0,73
0,62
0,95

PDIE
167
98
94
10
11
57
58
20
14
7
11
16
20
183
34
87
53
155

PDIN
295
107
96
4
5
10
58
14
9
1
2
18
23
218
33
81
34
265

124

TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH

Nguyn Xun B (2006). nh gi kh nng s dng
cy du tm (Morus alba), cy dm bt
(Hibiscus rosasinensis L.) Lm thc n cho gia
sc nhai li min Trung, Vit Nam. Lun n
tin s Nng nghip.
Cook B., Pengelly B., Brown S., Donnelly J., Eagles
D., Franco A., Hanson J., Mullen B.,
Partridge I., Peters M., Kraft R. S. (2005)
Tropical Forages. CD Rom
FAO, 1998. Tropical feeds, 8th Edition. FAO, Rome
(http://www.fao.org/W AICENT/FAOINFO/AG
RICULT/AGA/AGAP/FRG/conf96.htm/guo.ht
m)
Pozy P., D. Dehareng v V Ch Cng (2002) Nui
dng b min Bc Vit Nam: Nhu cu dinh
dng ca b v gi tr dinh dng ca thc n.
NXB Nng nghip. H Ni.
Phng Quc Qung, Nguyn Xun Trch (2004).
Thc n v nui dng b sa. Nh xut bn
Nng Nghip. H Ni, 2004.
Nguyn Thin (2004). Trng c nui b sa. Nh xut
bn Nng Nghip. H Ni, 2004.
126

Nguyn Xun Trch (2004). S dng ph phm nui

gia sc nhai li. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip. H
Ni, 2004.
Vin chn nui quc gia (1995). Thnh phn v gi
tr dinh dung thc n gia sc-gia cm Vit
Nam. Nh xut bn nng nghip, H Ni, 1995.

127

Chu trch nhim xut bn

......
Ph trch bn tho
......
Trnh by ba
..........

Nh Xut Bn Nng nghip

D14 - Phng Mai - ng a - H Ni
T: 8.523887 - 8.521940 - Fax: 04.5.760748
Chi nhnh Nh Xut Bn Nng nghip
58 Nguyn Bnh Khim - Qun I - Tp. H Ch Minh
T: 8.297157 - 8.299521 - Fax: 08.9.101036

In 1.000 bn kh 13 19cm. Ch bn v in ti Xng in

NXBNN. Giy chp nhn ng k KHXB s....
do
Cc Xut bn cp ngy ......
. In xong v np lu chiu
qu IV/2006.

128