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  : 


 

1998

   


       
&' ()%$%  !"# /  -+, +#
   098 1 &23 1) 4#56+$ 00 #
# 0 A(  !# =5>) 1"2 !<# 1) 4#5
= 8, F F D<26 B# (%C%.=B
! "CMN 1  =F F 2  F8 I<) ( H"$
 ) &Q$ OO 0 &Q$ RF 1 &,
 " =  TQ T<M 1 &, ( = S
 1 ++$..T6
 5$6 U - VCMU =  &6 Q &6F +
) 1& '  &.
U&  &$ W + =+6 = 3M  ) 1
 0QM = &6  W#5 ,) = 0O  Y0QM
Y 2U . ("8 W$% \ = < &
 + ) &,  )< &F I].
 W2= +  W2=  05_, " ("86 &,-
 Q    1  V"< <F_ 1 0F

 5 0 W  0<YF2 02 $ 0O 0B W


+<5 0<9 = ]! +#F . `6 " I<) + , ,
 +$ 1 Y &,) ,$ :Y 2U )! T HF b
+ 6 _ 236 (d = 08$F 03<F(  &,_
< 0) 8+.0
 _  ,<) !F#$  I  Y T6B_ =,f
" 8, T6M3 9 I 1 R 1 +! =
 5 0%%UY# 09+# 2U  I V0Y,
 1.!$
***
  Y  M =B  iMCFOU=  1&3 = f
<Y# &3 f . 8F< =C%U  ( !$
 0)Q5 ,& = $  +)U I$% 0$5 $F%
 !', 0MY# ("8 & $ =F + '! <+ 0,6U TW
<% 02 M] 5b &$l +M  1])
Y 1 i5>F 0<# .U5M 9 1 mF,& 0U
 iY<FOU= + M <5  !2,6 =$ 9
Y 2U '  T, 1l <( OF  1,
)< I%  .!&, -+ F%+  1876 = =9$ T
O3M < = 0f Y$  0+2 A q$F)C
2 "< 1 0 Af 19$ 1) ', !&,+YF$!.
U& )+ 0 "2 9) =, 0 C ) 0 "2+Y .W&F
 +F%+  +$+ V)  0f+5F%U 0MC$ d
#! "# ]  $ +$ 0BY b
 F 0,& 0 6U +5F%! . -< 6 W  Y
# 0C 6 0 O6 = 09) T, 91 iB

6U b 6U = `2%  !"# .r -


) 1( 0Y6 #  #F b 0 F 0 ,)B,
.&, 0 $
=33  V # + "  0 #F%+ Y
 1l  T W)  0 ) 0F% 0 +MW,QF
>  ("8 (M H 0 ++F VW8) =F
#U UC + = =,+ 0 Y .1 8$
iFF    Y  F 0)C Y 2U
 1l I !<$F 5 0 $Y 2U = +.
) (1 0 #Y#  Y+ 0l2 < "F6 )+,
" =5 (5M 1 (Fb .1902 = 19$ +
Cl Y+ > = 0l 6  $ % 0,5
 +#F6 ) 1Y# 2C 0$5 = 03
6U F%+ 0 0QM WY +Y 0y/,Y 2U
># CMS ,F T, 96  Y .) )F
6 +MO l + 1$]( )<, I 0Q+5F%U
 + ) 1 Y+ 0l+  0 $  0 5$FY
 +# 1 <F_6 Y9. R
 1 Q &! M $ = <  Y ) +,!%M qF
" 1 ++" O$   =  #6" TF "=3 .
 O  0 $ | $% !&3#6$2 =<5Y ,5 <"0
$% 0 0 q W !<$6 ,6 ,F3 !%
 1+ <% }<f $,   I<) 0,+) .V = 
 )/ qF $ ( =M+O  TFY&8 "
  + ) &, C= =  $" )`1910 +
+$Y (6138" : %  (  5  & H

 WY  0+5 ,  1#    +/ %


2  WY  0<Y$   3<F_ !&23 =
F2  " ..=<Y$>   " =  0$B &FY#
= =  F > +$6 &] 0Q& -2 &/&6
> &/ = = # 5Y =  .(2) "9
 +%O | 1 1 T<> T  TF3d<1 0% / 0
 q .13<2F S !<$6 =  # )B =Y
$2 0 1956 IF   1+ 0$8 iF0
+,5< 0% =  ,) IF .1929
l 0S2 W 1 (>3 1++ 0+ Y +0
 0 $++ ) q +,$ (/ =<5/)+ 1
+&/ 6 = % 0,5 .1916 = > 6 S8
F%  YM =l = + 0 Y  $ V0%2
  0 "3 # 0.1919 = 0,l
= ,5 l  >6 =F25+ V 0 Y 0l09+
 1 &$ I #F 5<% 1 _ 0 C >( 1) 1+
+" :0 O U ,M  1]  q =F "6
 1 +5$ TY+  =F=  12U  1 T,l
 T, 1" TF I,56 &<) =FU & 0yU0)F
 052, 0%2$Q U +  1 C 1+51
F $5l 1 0 (` U&! = + & U
 .(3)"$ -) 5F 1  (> =# 1) 1++0
B , U ] &, "  9$ = (5%+
 0Y  O#F .(4)"=,+
+M+ ( <$ " TFY 2U 6 ++"
= %  ) = 1910" = + 1 +" =,) =F

  #F  =3 (1914-1907) +2 < 032 0)5


= > ,  #  0$U I ) ) 1Y 0%%
 C  12,Y#  0+ = 0%2/ 03l
,, C)U Y 2U  .1l = , 8$
C9,  Y &' ()%U 0Y 1 9I% 0C%
=  $F6 V < # 0%%U Y 2U) .(5 +M
,6 I% 05 W ,  > = WY  0%2
>FMU 0U H3 = 0)F .(6) 05Y# = C9,
+ F < 0f 1) 0 $Y 2U ` T3
 =  .(7)}8 = W<"86Y + Q5 F,
Y# 2U = ! + ,  0 $ 0Q .0/3+M
 W5YF% , 0Q 0/3,+) 0 5  11MY#
  1 )+  I#6 ) = < 1#| <"/ 1
 , Y% = 0l 0 < 12> ,5.
=  V 05Y#+$ C 0% CC S6 ! =C%U
 %N+M !b &6 0," 5 & U&F 0OF
!) = &Y $ : +5) 8  = =<C$ 8 8
#  = Tl +#2  qY }#F2 Y# (B,
 2U =  f " 5 +.
 )! Y 2U $ U " 1) 9
+#)> .(1935-1899 qF " = ,6 0$ 8
 S ! "F TY+ !MUC =   Y!b .
 = T6$ + (9 $OF 0% = 0"#
++FOF  V+,) + - =  $8 :(Y
"2 1" & =,,& N + C 2 W <5F6
 F  'F + C F  +> 5

= TM:++
6S%&!  =, !b &F/ 8$ = 'C ++
)  +>M +  6 ) &'6 I2]  -,++
= " TFY " l =  U" :0 # < 0 #
2U = _262U  A$ T$ T23, F2 <$
=  "TF+ 9  'F +3 1F#  0 #" ,, 9
  = &<FY 0# ,23 F   +YF ,$,"
Y =  q#" : " & 1 02 &5# :,+
W+ " & +/  $ ,] ,$ 
 I<) (>#<  1  ," $ U ,, 
 I<) (>#<  1 , "" . +M +# =
 1 T3M#  Y " : I<) T$Q  T5/T
  1 5 I<) &$Q 0" M  V"C = A$6 U
 ."1 M =  = ,Y< +M" :1+C%U %
 !"$3, U (&F'F # < 1+ ) ]U 0
 Cl 8", IFC%U I,3 U O, D# U #
 T2U  Y U]Y   Ff ,  = T,(
)>  # =3 !&F   !&F<b 1  < %V
>+  TQ+Y / U !$ ) +, % 0#
= Y >+ =  & ($O  =QY
+$").(8
" 8F 8  = =<C$" TFF%  $  "=Y
 T Q, H% M 0 )<+)M I CYF%U )5F
Y 2U O U 0$5l MY " &38F Y ',
 .=+ =  "F  "  1 +Y$+ 0F
 1 3 )` 0+ )< I} # } UO6

) (($}  0 #} 2 Y#  0%2}


 !<$F<" 0 +M$F+Y$ .(9) 03
 +Y  (5M (1985-1909) Tl 8 1 ) 1$ T6
 $ 0_F Y   Y+ .0l1945 = H%
O# &  U I#B Y 0U &1
< + ) 1 "3 #CYF%U 0M" 0 Y 0l
= 2 . 1% 1 1 5 !&6 I 1C%U
)+ #U 03>6 0+2`6 ! 3"6 )< 0O) I8
= Tl 1 ($( l +5 6,F D = 0$ 8
) TF ' I $ = 0  86 0, 0,+)5 0
 05Y#" 23F< i2  0# _ 0$ 8< =C%U
FU  =<$3 # I B# .(5YF2 2 1
\ =%  Y " )+   !$" + I<) 5 ,
) 1 1 _6Y$  0+2" T5>,6 0<% <`"1,
 }56 Tl A VY$ = 2).(10
) W #  0$ 09 8+< 5 0 $
 $F2 W#6 ( Y = < ],$ ) I0
0) 0 YF2  0 ) 5( I_6 ++
$/ , 8$ l I 9 .0 0+Y _<6+$
] " 0< 1F"  V 1` 1#" :0#
F +!  fFY 1# . F2 ] l%_ 
" i !YF 0 =FCfF%U W$B M  3 = T6
 0  ." 0 Y = ( O l (0<" :
F #6  0$96 )< I+6 !+Y  ) 1Y
] ,6  }# =  0 ##"-, +  U 1#
,$5F6   + ,$ }86 }" )("+ 0U =F
)+ &  & 0"6 U" )( " ,2  W,

%"  q B +N I +)2 I>M "($


 ).(11
= = ("86 1944 }8#6  1# $ 
0,l Y 0lS = ) 5$6 +< =MY )5 1
 }# +$ .0 % )  +< 0 ) 1Y 2U
+, +# (9 # ) =O H/ > = 1+
  =%"=  >M % = 120
/  -  ,5 = Tl !<% )<= 
=  $).(12
 }, H"$]/  ) C)U Y# =$ 2U
=  !$) = $ U 05",  0 %(   } -
 }< 1 !U 0) -/ 0+#F ` = &62%8
.= $
 &6S8 , , IF  W]! +#F % >
>6 1 =MY !$< =2 = T YB 23,F +V
& 5) 0y< H>FMU U =)F 0,Y 2U
 T,) 0Y95,Y 0 F%+< 06 &, I$26 I'$
 3 >6  I<) &#>  q%,F> +$ =$H"$,6
+ =  >6 < H] .1 H"$6 M <1 H
 !$+ ) 12 = = $ F&F%5 V 0%%U
C)C Y# =$ 2U  1+&$_Y# 1
 0%2 0+U 0)F>FMU 0 .0 Y9] 
, (fF%  (5M 1< 0Y 0MCfU ,5 0Q >6
= MC$< ++  1.02U
U " U  Y+ 0lY 2U !  qf6$
S6 ! 0M 0 9  1$5F)U.

 +5 >,  O)S UY TM++ =&,


M ,6 = ++#F" TF Y+ 2 0l > "
F > T3 4# :Y# T5 =%% =)F>FM
# .(13)=MC " q6 =+YF $ SFI<) +
5  ',< 02  Y+  =l/U ]  Y+0l
F#6 0%2  (" I T% Y+ 0lU&#, 0)F
C"/ 2 .9+  I<) OC=  0 #Y#
2 )5F V $F< fF $ Y . =
Y+< T3 $6" :0l2U = ,  ',  ($3
 T }#  U T<$3 9+Y  T<$3 T }#  FF
 U T FF 9  W 0$F< () 0 q>F, ,
) i5/ ,,2C }#  1$ 1 :C% }# 1#, .T<$3
= B  :=9Y 2U:
 1$ 1Y 2U <) - 1 +2< 1) VW2 MY
< +5$< - +5$< .($< W2 MYYS :(  8
< H5OF  .0 I , ." T }# U 1 OF
+% S 0,l W2 TF,l .02< -} S 1 I3$F2
S 0+, +Y )+5 2 S T,) C+ Y "1
C3< H  ($  -< U T] &, =3$F2 -
) (+5 +5  "2$   '  > = 0+,I
 .(H  1 I3$F2 0+,  H .,
++) 0<9 )< ICF Y ]  !&6y q2# !&6Y5l
2 (# U 1$ 1 . "Y#"
)< I `2  0$5l " :qUF 1" U .&,$6
"6 Y U  1 0#, F b )<% IV
 02U -<< }# IF  >F  i,  # .
 = Y  0$5l &F/ 0 0$5U0)F

$F  &, W #  T] .$F U  WYB .T


 C9 0$5# 0 0 3 3< W =" V b (6Y
S( .T$l" 0$5l 1UF I<) '#6 3 S U( U
 + W, T<) '# V S(  10$5 . V b =,
UF U  0<2#" 1$6 0Y 2U" "Y
2U" 0$5l 0$5l U 0)F .0 ',
U =)F$  >+ Y# " ).(14
=  "F  3M + ,>F #BY 2U U
)5F >+ <% =5b )5F 1U
.F< =$5
= ,5 = +Y) 1959 ` 0b = 6] TF' 00$
<<$< 0,5  0%2  Y+ = 0l !$ = $+M
,6 ` 6#  3!  Y+ 0l Y+= 0l
,5  Y+ = 0l !$ = $ Y+ 0lF
8+) 0   1 13Y9 $.
+ 1  FC  V+, 0%` =MY#
  i>, , Y ClU )< I<+ 0&6C
 -<6 0 =F)+ _/ 5$  = 0Y
2U   1 .+$ $ +< 0 =#
Of =  V+, ) 1 $ 0 0<$ TF "+B
 C"/ (1960)"03%U  ', _ T6 0%2=F
>6 1 W$ =<) =+Y6 Y< =l+ 0 $
 = 0MY#l  0$<Y# 0,5 2U  =F&2%
= .1985
=  1 $ !$ 8F  DY 2U ! ("8F6
 0 ) 0', 0+ IF 0,F2) (15&d ( =9

 1+ 1$  ) l F  1 1l


 1l Y+ 0l 0QM #F  .=,l U  (
 ("/  02Y# 0 2U = 19620$
 $Y# 0M 2U  05>$Y# 0 f 2U <0,
Y# 0Y 2U = 2 !  F2M = T
6 ( " 1Y :( 0QY I#B !% 0 # #F
 !% 0,l.1l
 W # 0+6 +M &6S8 = 0,l< $  W 00Q&,
 Y>6  Y+< =l 0 0<YF28, 0 )  W
.0 M& ',  5  r$F Y 2U 
) T5/ ) +, 1 ++$   = +,6 T6F
<Y#  # Y# 5 )U =$2 l
3! #U 5,F%U ++ . ,OF  8
 = Y9 I 8  =O# }, 0Y6 = F+0
i5$8 ) =,l +6 1 U)! , +M=
, +M _ l F T =)+5 1 ++$U,$
) 1 +#F ) 1 0 # 1,# 8$F%
5$6 .1, U ] +M W !) I+
 Y OF !$< 0F  B#)< 1 0_
+U=  (#Q] 0 Y " D<2F 0<5+5F%U .4+#
 F +$   & W<F O! > W5>F  
O#  +< - + +Y + 8$ +) .
 1 S + 0 85  <Y  0$ /V+
+ $ Y Y   .1  
 4#F2Y$ )< I 1 4#5 ++$  +$ 1! !) I
  +$  "  0 T,U 02UF U )026 1
5 T63b T6.

 +Y W 0+5F%U $ = >! +Y _0MC


 0 YY =  0)Q I<) 0<$ .Y" +
( 8, 49 Y 2 =  #0 ) 0<26 0
 W"  F< 0<YF2 !  T +$Y5 }#
<   0,( 1 /,   =B IY,
UO $ .& . | 4#5
  "F &+  iF & / I } #
#U ) !Y6  # =)B 0Y 2U 0 $
<Y  4#5& 1 + U$ <S  $F I
  "3  + ) 5) &, F% ] H=F
6 W<"/  N C ( 0Y =  1 ++$]
= &$ W$lY6_ 5 .0 F
*  +$"F +YF  (O "8 IUM+  5 b
   Of=  !&6+)2 = 0Y)+ 
"F.
-------------------------------------(1
(2

(3
(4

 TF< = 8) = 0$ 1901) = V 8 + ) = +$ 4


1996 F .151-148
' :# )+ , !98, ( (> :1990 = 0 #
2  .S +YF$ , <" 0" < I,$ -<6 )8 TY"( = (+F
< + ) 1  =, 0 T2, ,  1 -  TF"< = 0 V $8
& .T +& +# M  =  $ !<$6 0 =  $ =$
8 (9  )8 S (5Y U 2 S F< T = $/ ,F5Y
%  0M  06) < F .( Y <) =6+>M I
" Y  $" < = F #.
)>) 1 < F$ = 03  0QY<  0,5 1985 .64-63
'  W :Q bO ,5 = =+ :} B  Y6 
 0 $ 1) 02 3< 0,Y# 0 $ 2U   (1998
.H

, (5 0+Y TF 2 I% TC% iF3 Y,   3 VTMY


=  1 W32  Y+< 5> U 1l>  .1 +M) = +H
 8 1986 = &' ()%U 0Y 1 9 Y  } ($
} _FU.
(6F  " I% 05  "($ # 0 $ T)B = 0+
= >  "  ,  WU+, I = < &F](  0 $02 3
+ =F = >+ ) .1925 W+ $/ +>6 0< 02 3
">  , "0, 8$ . + m/><   1 0 = > )
 8  1 F $/  (9O  I<) C9 $&!
 1 MCY -<F 0 # 0Y<$F .1910 = &MY
(7  Y 2U  1 1 I 1  1+ .1937 }8
(8< 0&8F%U S  1+$ _  >>2" 0< TF" 02F
< +# = )+  .1985 5 
+5) (9  =<C$F%  $  05F" =Y $ 1941 )V 8 +
(5M 1 9+   1996 = ++ ' #3 217-189
(10)  0',2Y# 0 2U 5l" TF 0% 1 09C%U"
= 1996 Y =  "F F%C OF 1" :Tl_ S ,8 '1
2  0$ 8 = 0C%U Y 36 (" i<>6 2<&= }5F<
 Y  1 8$S - CF F2  F Y F2 1) 2 F
 Y  1 8$ (5Y UY 0F# U $  ."C>36 T (>3+M
) "3 W2= <" 0 ) =" = )+   =  +5$ 0Y
 U 8 - "% = "0%+$ 5 /14 1997 T 03 $6 0#3)+
 +# +5) i63 )+  OY +% Y 2U(.
(11+ ) 0"<" 0< 0F" = 9+Y .
1 (12  +3C 0$ -<6 F3 " (9 "4+#> = <q
" }" > =  "< 0++" "F" = > .
UY (13+  Y+ 2 0l >   FYY .1950
H3 (14>+ .50
(15'   B , !9 ) : 6_= Y# 2U = !$
 0+Y = $"F )= 0C% : H3, +2 = q$F !$= $
=  Y  1 8$ +>% = .1998/12/10

 

$ " !    


  ./*+,*- ) ( % $
4 .(2
2 C 0 .+ ]  3   T2
)< T6  I  |  = +   I<) !&6 =
" qF .0,+ 2  =  + $ U 
/ U ( (  > T  I  08$ 0, =
Q  0$5 T>+  T# .T+  =9
 08 2  T (5Y "% F =8 .Y
0<M = TM]  WQ T V 1 0<YOF!
)< T+6( 1 TF<Y A$ 1 &Q$ V 0 3 05
 I 0 08 =F= )5 ) 1UF  DB CU
(5Y U
 b DY  .0+5+  49CF  ) 85
" - "!&+6 _6! + .,"%U q +
] < I  85,   T T33
.## 1 5`U  13  %&8.
 = TM S8  - '  I 0$5+ ',
 = 5FF2( ),) 1 >,   W( =/ = T$B
C] _6
C < q& !2,
 .&,  52<%
C
U#  ) !) & I5 l  &<
  Y
.C  }<Y BU _<( $ '<! !
<&6
+ +6 W2< IB3 = U 0$.0 85
( ' =  +$Y M<_ 0$5C $ < 1
.TF+_ I$26 T2,( ' & _< M y)l 5

 V 0+_ 0% _F &, TF%5/ 0$ T,


B T$lCF ) TF Y TF+ }#
( /+ & _< !$ M TC< !#  12 TM
= C+ &  0y
6 ) . _<+< M 
CY$ CQ3 = )&F5F
( /+ & M 2 1 , & 2F _)+
,Ff #, $,F M+> 1<  C
C (  V]  6 U 0,8 = ] 0$5 T#5%
I$6 6 ' & B )< T+Y6 U _6 ).T,
" 6 -, =  0$ 0 85  =F 1) W', 
T,%5 &.
Y () !')S  T8) +_  3  T& 0y0 85
 B# ) &6 I', &=  , !$< B.T8
 ', +$ R =M% 1 !$  !$ <i
 - &<Q= "6 =F =M 1 T,  M +/.&6
)< I  % !$ 1 T 12 % # 99 I,$
!&M +F !$ =  =M" .8 y/
 1" V "IM =F !$ WM !<% = 0" 
" T2Y 2 " =  =F  = > 0#3]
 0O< 1  = 0 O .  &FYY T
 0"# 1789 0,% (5M 02 3 W" U 0Y< 0D
& b < -+5F% .V  2# q$8 Y5 <
f C5 V ] 0< C5  .T Y
,2 ,  0<$ .0<) f W / +)Y ]= I
]" ."# >F  ) 0  F }<$+ 1

]2 . ,  U q$8 &! <$F = +


 1" ! ( 0"# &! <$F ]&! $ .0%
 W !&F3d $ +  Q( q _O 0 I
 # < !&M%< -& . W V 0) 0# +<&
2 U+ W5/ < . 9  02 3 F
 0%2 q$8<" 0$B 8) 5%  ) Y
2  U =F  &QY, )<& F%+ 2 3 ,
C
 - .1# +M ,  8, , V "F 02 
  = > 0#3]  1  = 0 O  +3
("6 U .& U >&:
*- )6-
 +, 8$ 2F =M 1Y# .F U
 A$ 1) !&Q$ 0#<> F_  U) 0$ 3
&  +)M FU(.
*- -7
b ( F =%% 3Y#  0$52 =F
 U =F  .&2 VY# = :} < -} ]1
} Y 0'<! +5F%U.
*- 7- -
] 0= >+ ( .0<%( N 0<% & 1
, "6 U  )"6 &, +% 0<%.
*- -7,

( ,  0 #=  0( )( Q U+ .,


)< U T Y# + 2  b +Y 2 .=9
B V+# , Y %.V
*- 7 9-
Y< H } =  # y/ IF U  B T <&0y
U .0)F(  T # UY " 5  C
 !b2 .T
*- -7
Y  )5 ) 1 & ("< . 1 +&
 F8 = % T$B   - F/U  T23, 0%
 .T,) q q "  Y + < .
 2F  .T+"( !&, + = }# d q6
 q2#+$F% V+Y T6 U  (Q3( )< I( =
 >+ TF<Q3 U$ .T
*- -7,
 U Y  I<) 0&58(   U T<) A5YT,% U
= U (2 &<) , =FY  q =F
  .(  f 1  I]  ($ ( d
C T<) , UY  .0# U qM$" 1(
 ) ($
(  I)+  !% T<) A5YY  T<) q _= Q
# . 6 }#F%Y$.
*- 7 -

 U  qM$Y UY$ C  Q . U


 qM$ + U' q ,2 (5M $ T
.T<5M M
*- 7, :-
( (  y  q2# I  W59 .T5  W2# 0I
 q T<) A5Y +/ C T<) A5Y IF U) W#0
 I .-( +/ B b qM$ 0.&5
*- ; ,-
 U  $F ] 1 T+5  +] " = IF(2
 / I<) 0,+ "6  V] " 1] 0<_ b$.
*- =-<
7
 8 0] " R }  1Y ( 2("< .
2  !<"F" qF| 8, .0 # V"+&) T<) 1 
" = T5F (2 , =FY )<&.
*- -<
7
 I<) &2Y , F2 q8 M ) 0 0y
 V& .0& S8,6 0y  0$3,.

*- <
7- -
 & 0y#F#6 0 Y3 I `8 q
I<) 0) 05 B B  .1,l +Y V
 q 05 Q "  0# 5%,.&$ + 1
*- -<
7,
"(  1,l = }#  5M  % 05 Q W
 !&23S 05M  0%&! .&!  Q 1) 4#5V
 & }3,6 =F+ 1$6 .&F5
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 0FF 0Y5l D8  F TF$<l #F+B 0


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9" )<& = C2  T W#<26 0Y5I%
+ 0%5 CF%C )< I 0+ 0  F/C =
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W 26& Y "  0 C &<5M >$ ) Y
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I<) I62 b = $ F  )8


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+Y36C = &F .0<% IY56

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, +Ub = 1# ,9+  2 0Q& 4+0Y5


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= :"< 0O]  0 02 3" 5.
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- " 7L+M/-7


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F% " T, 0# 1 5  3< qM 6 ("8 .!
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W)F%5 0"< 0O  +< & -2F6 ).&F#<> 1

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< q " <`2 - 1  5 . 5lV


 0Q $ &, 8 2,++$l = C5 ) .&B
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! 1"6= 0QM< q2# 0  & +B 0M 03

$F% .0 U&   IY56 - + 6 0<% +B q$/


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I,b !&%Y6 !&B++ 0<bY<# !&$6 1
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1765)<, M " :0fF6 YFC #B 1
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=   &6+>M+5 +B 0 q&0) + 0+,
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0%R]  0Y U U 0 F26  I"< F
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1) C 9 F, 1  $F2 & 0 i2 U


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= 1773 0,% A$ +$58 & 1% 0,+ = mI
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Y6 V 0YF_ 12M = 0:12


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_<}  , 2F 1& !&Y !& q1" U MY


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) V " 9  1 +F2 ,56 +M = ' 0


9(.
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- 4- 7$ "


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= .Y ] 0> &#= F+  =MY
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+! < .0fF < 1 12 -  1]# f 0.0

 (% T" 1 F" qF_ (2)"0FO =3" -= T


b q (F%5  (625 8F, = l C5 ) .&B
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UOf ] 26 q 6.
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)(1

LAncien Rgime

)(2

Lettres de cachets

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)(1

Etats Gnraux

b  F " }#&=" ! " .y/ T,) =,f 1+


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 1<$ I<) TFY) <Y5l =<9 H ] 0 IY$U
=  1789 0,%  H< q<l +$ H
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<Y5l =<9 H ] +M 1" ! 0 1614 0,% , F
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U<   q$8  0Y5 .099! " <9 1(


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C ] ] / %  +M 1+  I<) IQ
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= q<lF%+  Y = + "  " :H
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,F5b] I= 8 F% =,lF% +# Y


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 09 ]% ,5  F8  T,5+<5 $F .

 - M I<) 0 6) + Y 0l F6 0## ]M


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= D4-V=*-
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b.
 ($3  !'$+  5) W5M$6 =FF ! = 1"6
U Y 0l! "$F< 1  & W$Q =F0
"&
2 &<% 1"6 = 06 T)&   W #
 & FF =F] 1<2 1 ( % 0 
 0+ A# 0 # 1+ +YF$  0 ($F =
0%2 (>F6 U"& %U  V  ]
b  W+ =  Y U +,) 8) %F | = W
C5  0 $ Q  f b  T6F,>0),
% &M3 0b W<<26Y) I R< & 16 T6.0 "3
 ,$2 U - U M   Y+ 0lW% b +M 0 f
 = % ! +$F2 1"6 .&<5YF
 1Cl )< I }Y#F_ 15F 0 ]"/ =F
&6+6 Y+ = 0l+ 0 09$ W+ C+6
+  0 f5<F 1 &F%%.0$%F
 - + 0 +M 09$ B  I (+6C =
& &6O 0+Y I 6 &6 0$  # Y6
 3Y 0 &6+ 0 1 &CYF%] + =F
+#6 &  1+( _ =  Y . 8) %F

 1" _<6 1 F  ,6 6 + 009$


 1#&C9 0  OF 02(  1) &, }5%
Y >) "3 T f ` T62%=:
 :U<" 0',F" C 6 - 1808) 0

(187
  :< 0+ F%+ ] = C% )- 1876
(1908
  :9< 0CYU F%+ ] )(1909 - 1908
C#B + 0(1918) 09$
!" 
: *Z:-" ):(1876 - 1808
 W V <$8< 0F 0  F  +0
 +,) 09$  Of C C%F 
&6% "  V& + U TS + 0 0M 81 0+Y
6& &6O 0 ++6 &6 0%2 ,< Ym
 0 f <#6 =" &F32 &U   &+ =
<& 1 B3FU  = 0Y )&+ 1
& C+F  F< = 0`8 .09$
 V 1 05Y# 1O+ =F = (  Y +M 8) %F
C#B 1918 = W&F + 0 I<) 09$ "2
"2 < &F3  0F, 2, #  0$].I
-1 -<6#U = C + 0 "',F"
++ )<&   > +M &3+ +&) = W<2

!<% b 49  8"U 0 =Y =F) & T3F


+M 1807+  V #+& = 0.
T3< ,FM<2 #  - =9   1+/
9) =, 1lC%QFY  86 W6  - 1O
`6 V 8 0_ 1 03, 8 I<)  1
C +$  W5$ , = !%#  0'$09$
=  =B) %  QM &<) =QM (FYF  5
 .&< + 86
) +M +, 26  /5< T C 0,
=  r,=  1 0$ F =C%).T6
b TF%%U 3,6 ! 0)F I ( W3F
' (+5F $ F   +  0$M
< 0#)3 <$   12  T I
1 -,$  0M 8 05 1 1"6 =F.&f
  =) F2 V5FU  ! T )< If 3 = <5
 =F ( OF 0 & 95 +M "  = 1 9
 1]" 0,_ I<) 03<F$F%  = $ !&F25
<&  !+M I.1O
" = 1 WM  <2  T "&,
C  I+ T<) 1/ +M 0=<) +# > = T
 /  T $ 0] 1832 = I =F$ W&F+
6 = 0 0,2 0F 1839 = 09  =F& M
  !  # /] 0F% }Q 0 fU
  ` %+ " 5,9F%  2<03
> =  .WM

2F  ( -8S 6 = +,)  6 b C 1


C%  $  I  1 0%2 F26+0
 &5%S 0<$_Y 0 -<6 0F +< 0=F
F6 W  ,5  1 =9$ l T_03<F
+ +26 +)2 - .0
 +M  1 + 0(  / +/ }#F
+  =<2 +$ I2 1   1+/
',F< 2#6 1%2 Q ),FM<) = &6
Y + 1 0O .  ,YF  (52 +
$  &,) 23F  56   = 1
 &6 0+ ,9F% +5  IF _+YF< &, 3
 0 Y - } )< 0%% I (+F
+! = `/ + 0 0<"8 }<$F  %U( 0
 =F 6 W  VC+F  1<&!  0#!&F
> = U  0Y<5 9.
" 1 V+ W3M6 0%2 >M  <2 #
 1839 0,% =9 (Y +M )5) T2 1 W
 # !&F%% = T3<_ 0(  0:TY -
" 1 +R )+ U O 1<2 = U!&$
>, = !&F2,& = ."!&2,
=  Y _< 03 1<2 0U+" 5 )< I 6
)+ +M Y  0<Y) = T<$ ($3+ 0 " +0
 0 >$F%+ 0 W = 0,  i >FF_=.
-2 = +M TF$5 0<3 T3< I<2 ) +5i >F +
) >,% TS T + = )& V+ I$2 ($ )V

" 1<2  1(  "0  1 I) T


)  I+ / +/ 0%% $F F%
',F Y OF+.
") % 1   W$+ #  1 09+ 0& =
> .=<) +#
 <2< + U =  '  1 }M++M )<() I
$ +$  0,S I, %U I>, =
Y<5 ]B % ,5  $ - IF I(
>  1<2 15M   W#6 1"! .=<) +#
1 86 3 =3 1839 0,% =9 = 1 +85 +0
)<  1<2%   0#2& +M 0
<2 >+ ])'! CF i >6 ).V+
 T ,$6 +  - i >F $ D" !%
   "T  0,2> ) >M = T,
  - T   T )} = <" 0 = +$
6_&  =%2F%+  , i >F = OTF
)C Y 2  = 1l 9  .02 3-/ U
  ,_   09 0) 8]Y# I ]
 I<) !&6CF  !&5+ !&<# = !&, O6
 1+ H,< 0f !<2 1 } 36 U.!<2 b
C W+ T 00
 }#  V +M 0) 8&+&) W l
,$ 0C% +&) iF3F =) 8 ++ = C%  )&+
+ 0 0 >$) % =F  W#6 I 0F%!"# 0
&F&  .(52

 +M (&F%<2  1 T i >F T+  I,$


)< I V6U:TY -
" V`2%  =QFY =F q  &8,%  IC
UQ  1`F% =F) ("8 W
M) += :
)< I !&6 !& /&!  3 0', 0Y l
 Q q &F5 +,F 0', 0Y l 9] ++#6
+ ".. .!&F+
#6 +M   ("8 ,  T I>+ ])'!
5$  !'$F (5F ++8F +$ q<l T =,F$
) 3,F 0Y 0, !F +M V<2 ++&F TC
) + Y" : W'3 +M< 0,$2 F 1 I<) 0 )<I
C S"  _."D
 1 !b  V% 0,QF 1"6 ! 0) 8 -<60Y$
 0,$   <6 = f  "3 F%+= 0
C%5F) & `6+M  = V+ =%F
  T)C + ) 1)'!  0 &5Y 0C%> i
5 + 0 0 >$F%+.0
-3" 1_ +M  +$ WB )<=<) +# I
<  #<2 $ q+ +, Y$ = 15
 )6( .1840
" ) + 0 09$+&) }% I<% 1
<} 1 O6)  1<2 b# 1<2q
 1]"  0) 8 = 0Y  1!"#
 U O + 0 9$5  &3_= 03<F
 1+ H,<% 0f M  &8 IB f Y "
 (   M "A 1 !b  -Y 1 09+#=F

6( / +/ I+ =  1 0&O


+ 1840 0,% 1 0 .1850
)< I  3 +M 0] W#6   I<) DfQ<
5  =$< I<) T+ 2  #C
F  +,) -)< W, % # )< I<2=
 )|( U 0F 1854 0,%+  +
" 5   &, B "< F  2 2, 2
 0y5$6 I &/  # +BY % <&F3
6  1O  .=%
= $+ >< iY$ = | 30 = H 1856
 1+  03#F 5l 0  +M 0% &
>  0 7 =F M  &5+
] < 0 ]6 = I Y += +0
 +M 09$Q) W#5 = ) 0+ _Y< 0$B
+= :T>  -
" <5  =$ }# 2! 3 +Y $ )+=(
CFU ]= ) (concert europen # +M 0C
+&$6 (  1 T5  F# CYF%  5l0
 09$ 0C% &B ,Q  F/U !&,
3,6  0M+ +&$F!  5F$  =F( )( T H
 i> }<$F6 0S2$".
Y  V +M &" 0Q B + 0 09$I
!+Y6 5 )< I 12 = C &6  #6
)  1 1#2Y  0+Y = -)C ++
)<" 0) / D I(  "0.}2

 )C   = _ D&= > )1


<2 ) +5 5 18 = + )5/( 1856 0,%
.C
++#6 1Q6Y  ++#6 0#2  >3
! " 1 _ D -Y  =+YF +,) T3
$ = V f  8U +6 +M TFF,
]B  03 0Y  T# &Y# 03l (" M
W#6 0<YF2 03l"! + 0 09$M 1 ($&,
 03+Y6 M 0  1 % M 21
+ 0 1   0<) W3M6 +M +F#F =
+ # 0+ 0 0 >$  0YF 1
 1<2 b 1<2)< I] 1  $ 1
F  I( + F8 0f.0
-4+6 +M (<M +$ BU = ,5 (5 +$ W58
U +F  1845 0,% 1 W5<Y 1F I 0W

&5%>FM 0 0)M+) &F#B q 1 5
>  = 0 (5 % = 0#2
  }8  +  0 f I ,$ (+F  2I
% < 0 "2) 0,5 I.
+M -<6 1) }95#' ,5 (5 = -1861
1864 ',   FF T<$ (d = 062
 09$ W#6) 0+  0 f<) 0,< 0<9
` 3% 1 03& = .0,,2Y
< ] = I+ 0 09$ =  0$Y1 0<5
W6 +M &B  0$B I+Y 0M ,$
F%+.

 ',  )& V+ 1 86 IF 1914 0,% =9


 0"# F +M 0 Y +,) TFf  3, 0Y
< &F3  +M 2, 1 ($,5 (5 0<l V
+ ,S  < S T(  I<) 0 #< +/CF
'  6 Y ,5  , - 1) 1#f/
0%% f   )< 1 !b  C5M T  ', +M
 < q52 1,5> ! = + 0YB"
1 U
0<yB I&  #  (, !$ + ++
 % = 1lF# <" 0 09$ = %U]M
 0 $+ =F 6  W#6 (<M +$"! <2 )+5
 +# =9 TF%2 >6_ Y 0 #
56 ] q%.0
 ::- )  %"2 ":"1908-1876
+ +M )& +<2 ) +5 +#1 0<2<2 =9
BU = C Y<5  9 )< I !"#=9$
C
" W  FF6 0 +  Y FM & ($6
 5 _6  $ =    >Y%
 I&F  3 ++&F 0] 0F%CF%U )<&YQ I
&<# YY#6F !+Y(  I#5 + .0y
$/ +M<2 _  !2 +  V Q
+ 0 0+&F_ l 9 =  f +M &W
 _12 = 0 1 86) 5F]( 1876I
32 ]+ 05, 5  =$ )<O) & W,
<2 )< I+ F% )> 1QF 8 <H

=Y & 0 0<2 = 0$ 8F+ 0 qM)


 0<2.03,F
U  V5  1 0%# M6 ! 0,<2= %
+>Y } l &C)  # )< 6 I F &/
+#  1 09$& =F+ MY W _F ."< F
+  mF 1 V # )< 6 > I W8
CF 5F%U %  +,) W)+ }Q+Y) I
` = 6$ 0 F_6U 0 +F .0QFY
=    T +Y$ ` 11 = 6) 52
]( 1876)< I +  &F +# !'$
+M)<+ 1 / W +,%<2  !"# (5M T
F%+  ++  ) = T + F.0Y2
! F + 1) / WC ` 6 1 0%
F%+ +M TF3 " 05  =$TS" T
+ IY5% /Y, V I]6 = +  5l0
 09$ `2% ++ "% &,Q6 =F 1
&S/ +&) H%`6 0 #+$ 2 >F
Q# & " +M W B )< I V)
<$ C +M %i5
F%+ ! " 1)+ '  ) ("
< - 19$ ."0
-/ U +  F%+ +M+   " CY
= 6 C% 6 TM$  F%+ ] 1
C
) T + =  0F2 0C% " T M
` 1 T62%Q# .0 f

 F%+  V 8 !6 24 = %0,% 52


+M 1876M + <2< 0 <}   T5
 M , T FF . }# T  1 0,<2"& <}
 +5F2 0"< IF% 0Y .0  0 q
<2 < H `2 TQ)S 1QF "< T
 5 H< 1 SF ) "/" <$5 H
"" +M MF%+ < 19$ I<) 0CF
&! !&%,  !&6f #  0$Y#  30
<QY CYF%U  0C2< q$8 !<$F+FU=
O=.
U F%+ +M - IY  ! " = T<+$6 T$% 10
!Q6% 0 9 1 0Y 1<2 & <2 =
 !$)&! ] +M T - IYC%  ,+< %.0
b )C F%+ !  (#   = %
 0,2 0F+ I( 5F%  6 I<) &B 3 $+
% 3%" %  U"< F - =F +,) W F%1
 I<) &CF% &6+)2 O 5M -22 0
 " q$ D% (lhonnete courtier) " 8 T,) (M
= ` 1  6" 1878 0,% = +Y$, WQM%
)< 6 I )< = W , &F F.
" = 1  +&$  (+6 +F/+ = 0 f
`8  F 0# 0 0>, I<) 0' #
> i 8  % ] 05,
2  F = 0Y<5 <YF6$lY &,) (>3,6
#FF 0$%  I ++.

" + `0%2 0%M 0 B 19$< 1  6


',F = 6  09+#   05 ]>  V0%2
|&!   45<2 ) +5 +#  O&F V 30
Y &F 0%%QY< 0$ )< I# F%+0
',  I<) ( = 5 "3]I<) 0) 0
CF )&_F " ("/ 0C%"0$%F
) (panislamisme &3] ) +,03>F
   I]"  = 0) 8 !"# 0%2 +
) 1C% = T$/ !$ 0fF 0C%
1 U$8
 2 &<$ )< I)  + 0Y
 =Y    T<2 +$ ] 5 5l0
 09$`$/ 1 03 F36 = &6M= ,F6
),  .&6f = +)5F6
) +<2 = 1 1F,% +$ 1878+ F%+ I
TY<$6 I( I2 bCb  5 ) )TQ
C I! ! Y6 V ) +, +F%+  5
+F  I&B   0%2 $ ' 1 !&6
< # 0F%+ 09 + / W   ($] 5
)< I BF%+ + V V3 +M<2  I#
 4+" 0#B q   <2 .T23,
+,) W<$F/9 +< 0  q$8
 f 0C%+ )269 O r6 MUi
 ,= ' 1 -<6 0%2 =F <2
T"< +lF &)56 q,6&U   &+ T
W FM Vf 0%2 (#F ! ++/ T6Sl]
 1 +8,  0 #CYF%U = ]M 0 $
9 ) +5  1" =5   1 Y $

> T6#+ +$ 0  S I  (, 8,


T6+>M &8 +/ =F! & 'YF2 !&65% 1
 }$+ 1<2 !& 3> F
! 6&! # =" +<F  0 ) 0 $ &
)  1]! .0 >$
" 1F  +/  1 0$ "3 F%+0
= C3,  1 +YF 0+Y  45 i5
 f<f6 3
F%+ = (  Y  1 8$ +>Y 5>6 W6
 TYY#6 I]O .0%2
: -!2 :- )  %"2 " "1809-1808
*=2 - 7- *,-."1918" 7
 -<6 1 ]O O #6U  =M F I6
M  # 0 1! +6CYU +5) +B +#-
)<  I< :1F] +,) 1809 0,%   = I
Y -% 1 r 5B F,  I O#
 V<2 )< I) F%+  , Y<$ (d
18780,%2 = 09 M +,) 1909 0,% <2
# M 0 # 0F%+$ 0 A$ 0,$
 B 0$O#  T$< I+<2 T +#
/.
 +$  A$ TC+$F +M + F%+ +
= |11 .1909 0,%
  =QY/  T =  WM < !6<2
) +5 +# W 0 0C% +M< W IF%

 =3 .4+# ) C  !$  Y =  -+M (1#


B DfQ V8 B ) (/$ &l 0 A$
] !M]  I+ 6 = 12%S6 1MH2b
)|( 30) 52 ]( !F"  &5Y) 1906 0,%
<Y F%+" 8 = 1907 0,% F 1 S6 +MV
Y 1C9 0F%+  =      I ,FM.
 = + 0 +Y 09$ F%+  +&) 0#6= ++
#  0$" A$ 1+  +M 0 f+ = 8(
+< 0 =F 0%% & W+ 0"# F 00
 8F # = 0>3U]# ] 1 0+0
1909 0,% = WQ I 5l &F =FU,%5
U  1<1878 = 1  6` , &<F#6 FY 1F
 W = l 1911 0,%< H f+ }%
 )C   Y = $ T6+Y+0
 0F, 09$ V # 1913 0,% = W<$F/ #
 0Y<5 =F Y !B &,) 3%] =B = 09$
f< I   .
=    +5<F =  &U +M +O#
#!  Q T23  I  #, ) 6 0%% 1 0+<YF
 I<) 0Y>+  0M"< F 2  QU +$
(<M I <# 4<9  +Y$,  1 2,
   T i, I56 0%% = - FFC5 0 $
=  WM  &_6 W  0Y = 0 $
 1 05_ } l 1) &#  !<Y = 0%2]0F%
 }8 Y =  0%2 $  00
 =F +Y 6 U  $  !+Y !&F$ I# V6U
>3U ) 1+ 0.09$

6 W]+ W$M #  0$] I 6 W3


 q 5l 1F 1F% (5M &,) I<_F6
& +B + 1F 2 1F f"< F +B%
)+ ] 6 U.0
" &U O = +,) 1918 0,% F B
6 5M I & = 0+ $+ = 3%H2b
)|( 1920 =F) W9) =, =B  1+ '
"  q> 1 &5 & 1 B]B
 1> 0  !2Y] 1 5U  0 f08
 W$QC5  0 $ I+F "< F  +$ 2
 &,) W<>3 O %]M .0 $
+,) WY > I3 - 66 W" -
O$ ]O$ 1 I  0,l> 0M 0505$8
>F W&F %6 0Y< W& 6 ++I<)
 + +)2 - 0 f #6U  =F 2 - yFMW
 +$ 1O$  D<26 = 09 0+YF I<) 0<$ 0$
.0+Y
+5 ) +&) +, F ++ C5  = 0 $ 0Y++F
" = ( +&) &, F% )>  V,$  = f>i#
T W<66U  Y+ 0l+  T # 0Y
C = &5 }Y#6 I2 CYF%U.
5%
 hi % :*- 7I:- 7  %2/-
,-7

S8 +Y +  0 $$  I<) < 1F1F2


+  = 0 $ 8 ) qY # ] 1 I& 0+
 = 0 $ f  +$ #  1 09& 0 .
=3 < 0] +M I YF%  + 0>  0=F
&d  I =<) +# +&) , +$ %U +l6
 $+ +, Y$ = 1 1840+ 009$
+  = 0 f 1 +  0 $] &'6 !
  I U  # ] I'( +FU
$+ .0 f
  f "6 1 &, Y 9+<" 0<05
+#F  0<YF2 W,% =FF% & = 71951 F
2  MF% = V  1956 ,, F
 q M 1= ) = Q 0$ 02 3 1 &,$F%
%  I<) 0<f W  <" 0 0 f= +
F% IFR & 0 02F =F+ F% =
O +$ 1959 0,% | .&,) 0#
 " C'>_ TF (  1 16 1 1Fy3+
 0 $  # 0F%+ = 0] +M I+6 l
CYF%U 05  # &, 9  Y+,$ 0l
 $ ,  F%+ = ] " CYF%U % TF
(  -<6 1+ 1 DfQ  = q$8+( `
' + = 0_.

- j=- 7:- % 7- ,-; % 7 =/-


:V:*-
+Y -1+F  +$ +&) 1918-1914 = ++ 8
] D%&' >6 ]' 0F%+ 0= 09+#
+  0 $ I<) W2%S6 =FY  5l0
.09$
 2< + U} F%+ 0  =F )< I+0
 09$< ',  Y+ 0l 1 W 26 =F
 IC5  1 0 $ 0y&6 = &<$ ($36] "
,F)U 5 F%+ 0 = 0 f# 0$
.0 $
 1$( % =F = W  = (5YF] W
)< I] # >F )  =F &M+b3<#1
"< O  12 "C = 1  # ]- I
 %U qM36   8 %  12
" = F)U 1916-1915 <$8 0 $
 >  Y6 }# CYF%U = C }Y#6+
 1O& - V) # >F  =F0 FY W
= 3< +) T23 WM > = 1 86 2=9
+ 1917  T5F, $ ) +,  I _= =3
 mF 1 T6l.
U 0%%3<#  3d +$!  W| =F !2Y6 IC5
 0 $6 1 &$+FU 1 =2 3 = 5
Q < 12  I>& 0 0$( -
3,6 M36C  1 0 23<# $ %U+ H"%
" -Y$  2 1  =+M 1916-1915

 05 WR 0  $ &!  q52]


Q < 12 S6 $ = !&CYF%6! #
+ +$ !68 &! _ I<) 03<F] H%&6
 =F !& &%3<# = $+ !&6.032
+M  V+ O6 ! =F &"/S 0M B#
6% ' &F 1 0 5 f+ 6
" ) 5 $8  ) +,) 0 $ _&6y m
# 0 1 03Y9 +YF 05b = Q Q#
 09+## F%+9 I<) 0 + .0 f
-2   1 , &d = %+&) =
3f  T< (> -" +,) 5 = !yF }8
_F )" 0` 62"  )< 1CYF%
%| 8 = 1920 0,% M = 6 3q>,6
] >( <" )<% I  I<) 0 $% F%
 = Y T3 ].=%%
 F%+   F% = &d0 ) 0
 +$ # ] 148 1Q6 +M I !',6 &5
B<"% = 0  ++#6C &6Y
] ) I<) %  0 #2 
Y I<) CF &! ), !+$6  V
Y# 0 # +YF$  0 0% 1+ 0
> 0 # !<$F  0UF 8 $ .
+M F%+  0<2 0$ 8F1 F 6` I
<,< H< 12  1) }95,_FU =5$8
<8< H  q_F,< H 1 2M =,)TQ
 1$< - !2Y.T, R

  0<2F 03,F &%"`2 0 0 <H


 =,.V+
 + =  F%+  T C M0O
$lY< 0$% 2 = 0 &6+<,9F% 0
`8 >F 0<>F  0"#.0$
+M  F%+ O )& +< +$ (> -
)< I  $<2 0 = 6 25 1920 0,%
 12 3 I }8+F 2 !&CF $.
+M F =  - > 1#(  1]M 0 $
 +$  WY+ +  = U "! 19$
q2  , iF3.= $
" <56  0$B+ 0 = 0 $ 8
] +lF D%+ 1F 1F+Y 6 H%S6
++  T=  $ % ] <12
> # % - =  O
 0 $_< m3.=%
(  -<6 1+,9F%  O 
_< +M m &23, W$BF% 9+F%5 WT
 W<Y" 1 T 6%+.0 f
 -3 I<) WY +MF% <"=  = 5>
= 30 1906 0,% 52 6 &23, W,% +MF%
++ = 20 ( )2( 3d +$ 1924 )<I
 = 1922 0,%)+Y $+  =  23
)6( 1923 F%+  1Q68 <H
= ! OC+$6 +$ M 033l IF.

-4  +M $  F3 _ 03<F & F%+ +$F


 (+$F TF$B+ 0 #6 1 V+FU .F%V
]  = Y ] =%% TF$B0$
= U
 21 = 02%S6 )|( +$F 1925
6) 19( 1925 = 171 86) F
]( 1943 F%+    =Y  1# 14
6 1958 0,%  T(  +,) T<#F% `WM
+ = |  1 .0,2
-5 ] 1 W3S6 +Y   +5) N  112#
+  TC 0 :05M$F 6%F%+ ] =% +M
Y ] 8 =%% ]/ 26 = ) 1928
 =9F%+ =% +M <" 0] 7 = 0 5%
) ]( +$ 1946 W#6 0"< I
F%+  49F%+ I2 <" 0] 0&0/
> = ) , .1953 (=9
-6>  +M  &6F%+ (5M 0 0,%  23
lS 1952 :=<  &>_<6 1" 03<F_ +
F%+ :U >  ="< S 19 = 42 !M (

)2(1923
F%+ :  =9>  ="< S Q22 = 70 !M
1 86) F]( 1930
f :9  F%+ $  IF%+  S }2
<"= 30 = 67 !M) 5% ]( 1934
+$6 = 159) T, 16` ="< S (160 = 16
1951 F

C) :$ F%+ > ") 1 +Y$ <Y


 TF3> 0#<2 H 0 10 = "r1952 5%
 1Q6f F%+ }2
C) :2 F%+ > ) +M" 1 "r
= 5 10 )5/( 1953
%C) :% F%  )M H<" 1 9" =
1953  18
F%+ :$%  ++> )" 1 q$8> "
 +M _89   H ) +5, ,16 =
) 9( .1956
+M  +$ -)C +  1 > 1<M%
= 5/ I<) 1958% F%+ ` WM +
.(<M +$
-7 % ,5 6 +Y+  &6&)Q +$ 0%2
 F8  I+FU  =2 3 W<d+ 31 IF
) 5% ]( 1946 !6 4C  02 3
) 1 &B &d +MF%+ = (  &,0M/ 0F,
& M (l  T5$8 # 3'< U  Y+0l
q2 = % }Y#6 (5% CYF% ( .&,
)< I F%+ +M+ = ,5% (5M  (Q3 -
9  =F 0M W 1 =  }8 (5+
3  =2  +M (, +Y
I<) C 12 ,5  #F 2 %
<2 1
 +&) 1+FU.

 +$ )= < H =<9F q_F, IY$U =


 1 /$ ] F%+< 0, 1$6 !6 1925 W%
< 0,Y ]) =%% 5$F< Y =  1 3
-+FU(  W95  =F )+F  8) W
= 0, TF$B _ 0 02 3+6 ! 08M, +$
1 9C 0 +M  )< T< H22 = =<9F
) H( 19266 = T=  3 =2
 I< H)<M 1  F%+  F%+  $
 TS+ = 23 1926 0,%  = M
& 0< +$ 0,5 ( )<C+$6 T+&) =
+FU = 1927 1929 = )& +CYF%U = 1943
1949 VC+$F ]  &QFY6 W| 0
+FU .T> 1
+- 8 % ! (>6 IF% -+FU +Y -= U
1930 0,% +$ - 1) 2 W$,6 M F%+
=CYF%U TF$B 0$ 02%SF0,% = 05_F,
1928)<} 3  - =2  - 2)
< H (5M U  +$ I< +$ T.1
"" 0<F "0,l =FY6 W 0CYF%U =
% +M  W M S '& ' 1 +FU+Y
B 2 +2 8 I 8   WTF$B
 0$ 02%SF +$ 0<#, C+$6 )< T%U
=  116= ]  T, 0,QF M " Y "
+FU "F."T6
!6 6 = + ("8 8, Y F%+=3 .
22 +M 1930 0,%+ ) 13 0F% =2
> F% M ("8 - 0  =F >+

3  = =2 TF%) T 0$ 8F- 0


 W` &$ 14 = 0 . +MF  V>,
)<:I
:UF%+ <  =,5 T+ = 23 1926

 :F%+ 2   W T6 M 0$02%SF
2  0 0 B T<) 116<2 0Y<$F
+FU (+$6 1 2 8 ] +$ +#
+0
' :9 },%+,"%U 0 (5M (YF21) TC2
% T<26 6 I = O 1939 0,%
' :$  0Y,) 1<$=  0' #C 0M(
' :2 (5+  O  0' # 1

%' :% > i F8 0 1Q6Y +
>FMU 1 0M 0 V" + 0_.H
+M 3  =2 V) 1 0 Y 0F2
"Y ]N =%% =B 0M 8+FU 08".
=  1 1" !< M V 6%+F% UF%+ <=,5
F%+ 2 < ,Q6 18 '  = = ( 1
 16+.1F
 +M )< I "', ] "=%%  )'0
$ 6_&  I # 0% = 0Y ,5 T, 9I
6 F%+.

- 9 W$B #  0$ 09 IF}95


)& +CYF%U = ( ,5 1 % ( &$M
F_  0( :0F
= )  8 O( 1941 (5M 3<# &,
M  2 # ,5 I % +M T ,  6
) } l 1 + < 15$82 < =,5)+
 }Y#F T& = CYF%U 2.
 +$ < W 3<#  (# % = =8
,5 +M +  ,  6) 5F5% 27 = <(
 1941)< T 1CYF% % = 1 86) 5  26
C) |  (=9 CYF% ,5.
 +$ & Y + _ 03<F I _F = ,5
+M  V_FU = | 29 5< 1943 0,%
 H< q_F, 8 8 _ 2
<& 0 < 3f  T >< SF i
 0,5F%.0<YF2 0
- 10 = % +M 2 W$56_ &6 = 10
6 16 -10 1943 0,% = -10 = % +M W$56
 2_ &6 = 106 16 1943 0,%
_FU   I+,  I<) 0 5 
,l 2, ( 2U   !&Q$ = <02
+Y$, = | 17  q_F< "/ H  =<6YH
" 0<F 0,l&< 2.0
U 1 86 11 ( = T +M 1943 0,% =9+ W0$
= ,5  & % ] )< > I+FU +
=  F  +2<< 2 3% +,& $  V

)YF  H& 0 H< H )+ 5


 1, &! = 0$<M" ./ B = (8
,5 UF  = 03,$C5  0 $",F%U $
=  .!$ B  = 2 0&, I )1
) W" 1<YF$ !&6  I 1 86 22 = =9
&8  1943 0,% +M i5 +$ V+) - ,l
CYF%C H ( q2< Q+ < 0,5.0YY#
+M YF%F%+ < +$ =,5> = - T+$ 0#
C+$F  =F< 21 = T<) W 1947 0,% =9
= 31 ] !6 +,) 1946 0,%C )1
] =B<,9F% - 0,5  (+$F_  8 H
_   )< T 5 <0f 1947 = =,5
++6+ TF% ,% 0F%  .
I<) - 11 = % +M  W3<F# ) = T<) W
,5 .+ < HF =, 1 86 270,% =9
M 1943 F%+ 2 `  +$ 115 1
  T, 116= +$ +FC I<) (8
 F%+  ] =B2+ 0 ++#6
>_6 - 1 WfF%+  | +FU
) $lY 2 0 =F  F +FU  I+0
2.0
S  ,5 WM +Y 3,6 ! 1F,% (5M
 = 02 3 C 1 W#5  $ 27 = 0Y
28 29 Y 1945 0,%  }8)< I]
 & W" . >( = ,5 1 0M ($q$8
2  1 !$ .= $+, 6` 0&, = 

!6 1946 36U   I<) 2C ) 1( 1


,5 % =   $ .+
- 12% (  1 1 +$ 1 Y -+F  1
F = 1) (YF2 V6 . R) %   | W$Y
< 0F% +&) = &, 0 &CYF% +$ W
 0B3 1 IF6 02 3+ +FU 08
Y = #6 +M )<% W,| 14 = 1950 0,%
>3U >FMU ),5 1.
 +M% WF   #6 1 (<M +$ 1 0
CYU  0 "2$ =F  If = ++6 6%.
CYU ]   1 ,   !)O =,2!)O
= | 14 1949 CYU ] )< + I +Y$q
 = =<"88 ] 1952 0,%  +&$ &
= 5/ 1954 0,%) )< I V# F%+ 0I
% 0f 8 & 0 0 $+#F.
= C  VCYU % W+ F% C 
 !6 Tf F%  I<) }2 CY =,2
 !)O = )& + !)O,# +M% W$B F%
++ + = 15< .1950 U  +Y$+M =<"88
 If F%+ F%+ T+5F% 1Q68 ' =%
+6 = V 1953Y2   +&$ F%V
) +M T$  I F% 1950  =YF%
%  1#)C . >  &6+
 ,5 +Y 3F IF F%+ V , =
)& +  V &F 3F" 12 3 )| 1 T Y
+FU  F# ) 1( (+$6S " < +M =,5

 & 56 F%+  1 !b  - 16+M 1F5


)>,5 I<) F3  W] &, I1952 0,% = 0F
 09.1958 0
-Y ++ =  Y+ 0l:0 $
- 1 1 = 1$F # 0F%+ 0 = 0 $ 05Y#]I
6 1 &'6 C O = :&$M
] I&  I<) 0, W Y 0lF%0<96 0
  b I<) 0  0 5 0 5,9F% 02 3
F%  =<"88  8 ',  % = =%=
 1 T T>Y,6 W) TF" 5 U=  0"# <$=F
IF6C 0 0MF%+ = 0',   =%] "=.
 09  VF%+ 0  1  I6& H %
Y) + Y+ = 0lY5 &<)3 !$F 0 $
U 0)F>FMU 0 "F 1 0<% (%0$3
= >M ] 1) =5, 1 0Y  }Y#6"TYY#6 1
 1=  V$F = CYF%U 2.
 099   M 1 Y  V #+ 0  M
  1Y5  - <$` 1 03# ]l Q
 0$%  9  1y3  5 0>0),
F 0+5 =F &d 56 +M #  0$- 09
&!  )< I]  1`U <+ 1 2= !&F
 # 0 +&) , 0 $ 5l 0 09$<"0
> $ = 0 +] 0F%Y .
b U F  +$ " $F% & (2% TF
 )( ]& T  VF(  = +,$1 9

] -6 =  V 05%, ! , +$%


  !/] =%6&! 1"6 = (Q 1 -+
 0 $ &F'] H%S6F%+ 0  1  W FM
 V+ =  &6 0$) &6MC_ 1 0+
 0 f< = W !$+=+M I<) 2  V
+.
"F< 1 6 Y U ] 6 & $8 U
#!  N + UB ++  1   5
 1!  F$  .06# CYU % = 05M$F
(5M >  &6+ 9 > &22#6 (5M 0
 $% &F )C & 0Yl #F  }$ ,6
U)F  , 0 $  #F 11 DY H
$F%U ] I<) 05,CF > )& 
 1 Q3<_F U 0)F>FMU = 0 1#  .0
 1 = W9F ] q%F%+ &, 0= 5
+$6 I<) !Y ]O = i<>6 U &,  02 ,
])  0 &B 36 =F'  I<) 0%Y]!
O3#F < 2 I] .+5  Y+,$ 0l =<$
U =,$6 U =)F  0 # 3 0 0Y<, =F 9 
"6 = >#, &FYY = 1 0,3]M >FM
= q<F6] # = 5<>6 Y  = 'F($
= 38Y6C&F%U . 5 , 2F ) W
 Y+ 0lF%+ 0 =F &6++  0 f%U
   qY) I'$ 6 < &FW6  I
)< T  1'F + = + ,6 =F )<&
 Y+ 0l 0Y#= +  =$ }Y#6 (3"6 =FV
 Y+ B = 0l >FMU .F

  W Y+ 0l = 0,< 05$ 0 5Y)+


F%+ 0  V Y+ +M 0l = W#5 WM B#
Y3 = & 0 0 $+#F & 0 $ .0M
 ,5 = 0M W  &Y = (Q3 $ I
 03#6 =F 6 Y5 &  #2U =Y
 HF.=23,
  < Y+ / 0l+6 = 0Y52 l qq$8
V 6 )< T = F2 12#6 ) T8TMC
 & V Y+U 0l + 0$% = iF3F6+
 0 $= U }< 1 &,"6 +M Y0 ) 0M 0l
 &B 0<>F I<) &6%  1$F 1 1QF
Y5l ] 0+.

k4-
, !9 !+Y6  Y 2U  U + &%2   Y 2U  1 1  I 1> )=
 # 13D#, $%  !"#Y  "3 +, +#  $ 0C2   )C Y 2U /  0) / -Y 2U &' ()%Y,) +YF 0 -   Y+ = 0lC5 0 $

 
 1 +, % 1951 0  = q }8 2
 )< I+F = V 9U = H< Q) .H
,  OY +% Y 2U < H8F%U
< m 58, = $ Y 2U ., !9  }l,
 !% =%< 0,Y# 0 $ 2U.
 :T63` 1 0B3F 0$C3) 0 (1975 }8 =
C%U ) (1980 F = $+# 1 =C%U
) =<) I (1986HF 2U =M / D%F05>$
 0<5Y+ ) 0 !) (1986, )C(1990 0M
+  ) ,F (1990 0#QC )Y (1995
Y 2U =  0 Y9 0 $) 0C%UY (1996
 = 0,lF  = $) =C%UY (1997C%
Yl : U 1) 02 3) +F6 H
0C% (1997 H3,  :+2 = q$F !$= = $
 Y ) 1 8$)=  0 $ (1998 02 3U
0C%UY 2U.

(1989)

!

:( 8, 1) T +
(1991) ,F +#6( 1990)#

2U Y  1) 0) 3` +) = /


B# Y 150 1 9 T = $! $ = ,F
.0O<U 02 3 0 $
HAYTHAM MANNA
DE L'ENFANCE
LES PREMIERS ECRITS SUR LES DROITS DE
LHOMME DANS LE MONDE ARABE
AL-KAMEL VERLAG - KOLN 1998

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