3G and Beyond

Integration of voice and data traffic

Multimedia applications require both voice and data. The main feature of 3G cell phone systems is to handle both voice and data so users can access the Internet and e-mail, listen to music, watch movies, use navigation, etc. Data oriented systems, e.g., 802.11 need to handle voice, too, due to the use of Voice over IP.
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Drawbacks of voice oriented systems unused capacity

In TDMA/FDMA, a number of channels are assigned to a cell. When the number of active users falls below the available number of channels, some portion of the available capacity is not used. Speech appears in spurts, and two parties dont speak simultaneously. A typical twoway conversation only use 40% of the connection time.
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Drawbacks of data networks

Quality of Service is not guaranteed. Data are transmitted in packets. There can be delays and interruptions, which are not tolerated in voice transmission

Evolution of cellular systems (2G)

2G:
GSM: European TDMA D-AMPS (Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone System): IS-54 and IS-136 which are TDMA standards used in the US and have been replaced by GSM or TDMA2000. IS-95: IS-95/cdmaOne, CDMA in the US

Evolution of cellular systems (2.5G)

2.5G
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
To transmit and receive TCP/IP based data to and from GPRS mobile devices

HSCSD: High-speed circuit-switched data, which is a part of EDGE and UMTS

Evolution of cellular systems (2.75G)

CDMA2000, 3G standard in the US EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution) is a method to increase the data rates by introducing a new modulation technique and channel coding, and thus an add-on to GPRS. EDGE can transmit three times as many bits as GPRS during the same period of time. It uses phase modulation. With 8 phase shift, three consecutive bits are mapped onto one symbol. Thus the data rate increases 3 times.
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Comparison: GPRS and EDGE

GPRS EDGE

Symbol rate Modulation bit rate data rate/time slot data rate/8 time slots

270 ksym/s 270 ksym/s 270 kb/s 810 kb/s 20 kb/s 59,2 kb/s 160 kb/s 473,6 kb/s

Evolution of cellular systems (3G)

W-CDMA, European 3G 1xEV-DO (1xEvolution-Data Optimized)/IS-856, developed by Qualcomm in 1999 to meet IMT-2000 requirements. US 3G provided by Sprint and Verizon. Download speed 2.5-3 Mbps. TD-SCDMA (Time Division-Synchronous CDMA), Chinese 3G
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Evolution of TDMA

GSM TDMA
2G

GPRS
(General Packet Radio Service)

EDGE
(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)

WCDMA UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecom System)

2.5G

2.5G

3G

IS-54 IS-136
2G

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GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

Based on GSM GPRS does not require permanently allocated physical channels (frequencies and time slots).

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GPRS (contd.)
Phase 2+ (2.5G) It provides an "always on", high-speed connection (up to 171 kbps in theory, typical 56 kbps) to packet data networks, which is suited to the "bursty" traffic on the Internet and World Wide Web, either directly or via operators' portals. With GPRS, the core network is enhanced to embrace the packet switched domain, adding new IP-connected network elements. Crucially, this extension lays the foundations of a common core network for 2G and 3G.

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EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)

EDGE further enhances GSM/GPRS radio interface by adopting new modulation technology to achieve higher data rates (180 kbps) using existing GSM radio spectrum. EDGE is the other pre-3G radio access technology directly evolved from GSM. It includes advanced Quality of Service mechanisms, Limited data rates compared with WCDMA/TD-SCDMA. Used to provide 3G services in existing 2G spectrum resources. WCDMA and TD-SCDMA will not necessarily replace GPRS or EDGE, but will in reality co-exist with them, and can share one common core network.
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UMTS
UMTS introduces WCDMA for paired bands (5MHz each), as well as TD-SCDMA and TDCDMA for unpaired bands. to support High Speed Downlink and Uplink Packet Access (HSDPA, sometimes called 3.5G), enabling transmission at speeds of up to 14.2 Mbit/s. IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). It enables realtime, person-to-person services, such as voice or video telephony, to be provided by means of packet switched technology in common with non-real-time information and data services.
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UMTS (contd.)
The ability to work with other networks such as Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) and Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) To take advantage of the content offerings that can be delivered efficiently to phones.

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3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)

Established in December 1998 Represents 437 operators and vendors worldwide. It brings together a number of telecommunications standards bodies, currently ARIB and TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ETSI (Europe), T1 (USA) and TTA (Korea). to produce globally applicable Technical Specifications and Technical Reports based on GSM, FDD and TDD. Include GPRS and EDGE. Standardize WCDMA and CDMA/TD
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GAN/UMA (Generic Access Network/Unlicensed Mobile Access)

Allowing seamless roaming and handover between Wi-Fi network and cellular networks Advantages:
Cheap way to expand coverage Relieves congestion on the cellular spectrum by using relatively low cost Internet Particularly good for operators that also offer Internet services. Can promote both cellular and Internet services Improve receiving condition at homes
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The future

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CDMA-2000 family
EV-DV (Evolution-Data and Voice) EV-DV standard was less attractive to operators, and has not been implemented. EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized) It is standardized by 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of the CDMA2000 family of standards. Data speed can reach 2.4 Mbit/s with Rev. 0 and up to 3.1 Mbit/s with Rev. A.
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