CHAPTER 2

NEWTONIAN MECHANICS:
RECTILINEAR MOTION OF A PARTICLE

2.1 (a) ( )
1
x F ct
m
= +

( )
2
0
1
2
t
F c
x F ct dt t t
m m
= + = +

m


2 2
0
2 6
t
F F c c
3
x t t dt t
m m m m
| |
= + = +
|
\ .

t

(b) sin
F
x ct
m

=
( )
0
0
sin cos 1 cos
t
t F F F
x ct dt ct ct
m cm cm
= = =

( )
0
1
1 cos 1 sin
t
F F
x ct dt ct
cm cm c
| |
= =
|
\ .

(c)
ct
F
x e =
m

( )
0
1
t
ct ct
F F
x e e
cm cm
= =



( )
2
1 1
1
ct ct
F F
x e t e
cm c c c m
| |
= =
|
\ .

ct


2.2 (a)
dx dx dx dx
x x
dt dx dt dx
=

= =

( )
1 dx
x F cx
dx m
= +

( )
1
xdx F cx dx
m
= +

2
2
1 1
2 2
cx
x F x
m
| |
= +
|
\ .

( )
1
2
2
x
x F cx
m
(
= +
(

(b)
1
cx
dx
x x F
dx m

e = =
1

1
cx
xdx Fe dx
m

=



( ) ( )
2
1
1 1
2
cx cx
F F
x e
cm cm

= =

e

( )
1
2
2
1
cx
F
x e
cm

(
=
(

(c) ( )
1
cos
dx
x x F
dx m

cx = =
cos
F
xdx cx dx
m
=



2
1
sin
2
F
x cx
cm
=



1
2
2
sin
F
x cx
cm
| |
=
|
\ .

2.3 (a) ( ) ( )
2
2
x
x
cx
F cx dx F x C = + = +

V x
(b) ( )
x
cx cx
x
F
Fe dx e C
c

= = +

V x
(c) ( ) cos sin
x
x
F
F cx dx cx C
c
= = +

V x


2.4 (a) ( )
( ) dV x
kx
dx
= = F x
( )
2
0
1
2
x
kx dx kx = =

V x
(b) T T ( ) ( ) x V x = +

( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
2
T V x k A x = =

T x
(c)
2
1
2
E T kA = =

(d) turning points @ T x ( )
1
0
1
x A =


2.5 (a) ( )
3
2
kx
F x kx
A
+ so ( )
3 4
2
2 2
0
1 1
2 4
x
kx kx
kx dx kx
A A
| |
= =
|
\ .

V x
(b) ( ) ( )
4
2
2
1 1
2 4
kx
T V x T kx
A
= = +

T x
(c) E T =

2
(d) V has maximum at ( ) x ( ) 0
m
F x

3
2
0
m
m
kx
A
= kx
m
x A =
( )
4
2 2
2
1 1 1
2 4 4
m
kA
x kA kA
A
= = V
If turning points exist. (
m
E V x < )
Turning points @ T x let u ( )
1
0
2
1
x =

2
2
1 1
0
2 4
ku
E ku
A
+ =
solving for u , we obtain

1
2
2
2
4
1 1
E
kA
(
| |
(
=
|
(
\ .

u A
or

1
2
1
2
4
1 1
E
x A
kA
(
| |
=
(
|
\ .
(



2.6 ( ) x v x
x

= =
2
2 3
x x
x x

= =
( )
2
3
m
F x mx
x

= =

2.7
sin F Mg






2.8
dx
F mx mx
dx
= =



3
x bx

=

4
3
dx
bx
dx

=

( )(
3 4
3 F m bx bx

=
)

2 7
3 F mb x

=
2.9 (a) ( ) ( )
2
.145 9.8 1250 .3048 541
m m
gx kg ft J
s ft
| |
| |
= = =
| |
\ .
\ .
V m
3
(b)
2
2 2
2
2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 .22
t
mg m g
v mv m
c D
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
T m

( )
( )( ) ( )( )
2
2
2
.145 9.8
87
2 .22 2 .0366
m
kg
s
kg
m
| |
|
\ .
= =
(

T J
3
2 3
tanh
t
t
Fdx cv dx c v dt c v dt

| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .



3 2
1
tanh tanh
2
t
t t
cv d
t

( | | | | | |
+
| | | (
\ . \ . \ .

=

3 2
1
tanh ln cosh
2
t
t t
cv

( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .
=
Now
2
tanh 1
t

| |

|
\ .
for t
Meanwhile tanh ln cosh
t t
t t
x vdt v dt v

| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .


ln cosh
t
t x
v
| |
=
|
\ .

( ) 1250 .3048 381
m
x ft m
ft
| |
= =
|
\ .

( )
( )( )
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
.145 9.8
34.72
.22 .0732
t
m
kg
mg m s
v
kg
c s
m
( | |
|
(
| |
\ .
( = = =
|
(
\ .
(


( )
( )( )
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
.145
3.543
.22 .0732 9.8
kg
m
s
kg m c g
m s

(
(
| |
( = = =
|
| |
(
\ .
|
(
\ .

( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
2 3 3.81
.22 .0732 34.72 3.543 .5 454
34.72 3.54
Fdx J
(
= +
(

=
541 87 454 V T J J J = =

2.10 For 0 :
1
t t
F
v t
m
=

,
2
1
2
F
x t
m
=


For
1 1
2 : t t t
1
F
v t
m
=

,
2
1
2
F
x t
m
=

,
1
t t =

4
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1
1 2
2 2
F F F
1
x t t t t t t
m m m
= + +


At t
1
2 : t =
2 2 2
1 1 1
5
2 2
F F F F
2
1
x t t t
m m m m
= + + =

t
2.11
3
2
dv dv dx dv c
a v
dt dx dt dx m
= = = = v

1
2
c
v dx
m

= v d

max
1
2
0
v x
v
c
v dv dx
m

1
2
max
2
c
v x
m
=

1
2
max
2mv
x
c
=



2.12 Going up: sin30 cos30
x
F mg mg =


( )
2
sin30 0.1cos30 5.749
m
x g
s
= + =


v v at = +

at the highest point so 0 v = 0.174

up
v
a
= =

t v s

2 2 2
1
0.174 .087 0.087
2
up up up
2
x v t at v v v m = + = =


Going down:
2
0.087 x v

=

, v 0

, ( ) 9.8 0.5 0.0866 = a

2 2
1
0 0.087 4.0513
2
down down
x v t

= =
0.207
down
t v =

s
s 0.381
total up down
t t t v = + =


2.13 At the top so 0 v =
max
2
2
kx
g
k
e
g
v
k

=
+


Coming down
max
x x =

and at the bottom 0 x =

( )
2
2
2
2 2
1
1
g
v
g g k
v
g g k k
v v
k k
| |
|
| |
\ .
= =
|
| |
\ .
+ +
|
\ .

5

( )
1
2 2
2
t
t
v v
v
v v
=
+

,
2
t
g m
v
k c
= =
g



2.14 Going up:
2
2 x
F mg c v =

2
dv
a v g kv
dx
= = ,
2
c
m
= k

2
0
v x
v
vdv
dx
g kv
=

( )
2
1
ln
2
v
v
g kv x
k

=

2
2
2
kx
g kv
e
g kv

+
=
+



2 2 2kx
g g
v v e
k k

| |
= +
|
\ .

Going down:
2
2 x
F mg c = + v

2
dv
v g
dx
= + kv

2
0 0
v x
vdv
dx
g kv
=
+



( )
2
0
1
ln
2
v
g kv x x
k
+ =



2 2 2 kx kx
k
v e e
g

=

1

2 2 2 kx kx
g g
v e
k k

| |
=
|
\ .

e

2.15
2
1 2
dv
m mg c v c
dt
= v

2
0 0
1 2
t v
dt dv
m mg c v c v
=



Using
2
2
2 2
1 2 4
ln
4 2 4
dx cx b b ac
a bx cx
b ac cx b b a
+
=
+ +
+ +

c
,
6
2
2 1 1 2
2 2
1 2 2 1 1
0
2 4 1
ln
4 2 4
v
c v c c mgc t
m
c mgc c v c c mgc
+
=
+ + +
2

( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
1
2 1 1 2 1 1 2
2
2
1 2
2 2
2 1 1 2 1 1 2
2 4 4
4 ln
2 4 4
c v c c mgc c c mgc
t
c mgc
m
c v c c mgc c c mgc
+ + + +
+ =
+ + + +

as t ,
2
2 1 1 2 t
c v c c mgc + + = 2 4 0

1
2
2
1 1
2 2 2
2 2
t
c c mg
v
c c c
(
| |
( = + +
|
( \ .


Alternatively, when v ,
t
v =

2
1 2
0
t t
dv
m mg c v
dt
= = c v

1
2
2
1 1
2 2 2
2 2
t
c c mg
v
c c c
(
| |
( = + +
|
( \ .




2.16
2
dv k
a v x
dx m

= =

2
0
v x
b
kdx
vdv
mx
=



2
1 1
2
k
v
m x b
| |
=
|
\ .
1


1 1
2 2
2 1 1 2 dx k k b x
v
dt m x b mb x
( | | | |
= = =
| | (
\ . \ .
(
(

1
2
1 1
3
2 2
0 0
0 1
2 2
1
t
b
x
mb x mb x
b
dt dx d
x
k b x k b
b
| |
|
| | ( | | |
= =
| | | (

\ . \ \ .
|

|
\ .

|
|
.

Since x b , say
2
sin
x
b
=

( )
1 1
3 3
2 2
0 0
2
2 2
sin 2sin cos
2
sin
2 cos
d
mb mb
t d
k k

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .



1
3
2
8
mb
t
k

| |
=
|
\ .


7
2.17 ( ) ( )
dv dv
m mv f x g
dt dx
= = i v

( )
( )
mvdv
f x dx
g v
=
By integration, get ( )
dx
v v x
dt
= =
If F x : ( ) ( ) ( , t f x g t = i )
( ) ( )
2
2
d x d dx
m m f x g
dt dt dt
| |
= =
|
\ .
i t
This cannot, in general, be solved by integration.
If ( ) ( ) ( ) , t f v g t = i F v :
( ) ( )
dv
m f v g
dt
= i t

( )
( )
mdv
g t dt
f v
=
Integration gives v v ( ) t =
( )
dx
v t
dt
=
( ) dx v t dt =
A second integration gives ( ) x x t =

2.18

( )( )
4 2 6
1
1.55 10 10 1.55 10
kg
c
s

= =
( )( )
2
2 5
2
0.22 10 2.2 10
kg
c
s

= =

( )( )
1
2 7
2
6 6
5 5
10 9.8
1.55 10 1.55 10
2 2.2 10 2 2.2 10 2.2 10
t
v



(
| |
( = + +
|

( \ .

5

0.179
t
m
v
s
=
Using equation 2.29,
( )( )
7
5
10 9.8
0.211
2.2 10
t
m
v
s

= =

2.19
or ( )
x
F x Ae mx

= =

( )
v
F v Ae mv

= =
v
dv A
dt
e m

=
Let u
v
e

=
v
du e dv

=
v
du du
dv
e u

= =
2
du A
dt
u m

=
8

Integrating

1 1 A
t
u u m
=

and substituting
v
e u

=
(a)
1
ln 1
v
A
e t
m

v v

(
= +
(

(b) t T @ 0 v = =
ln 1
v
A
v e
m

T
(
= +
(

1
v v
A
e e
m

T = +

1
v
m
T e
A

( =

(c)
v
dv A
e
dx m
v v

= =
v
vdv A
dx
e m

=
again, let u
v
e

= du udv = or
du
dv
u
=
1
ln v u

=

1
ln
du
u
A u
dx
u m

(
(

= Integrating and solving
( )
2
1 1
v
m
x v
A

( = +

e

2.20

( ) d mv
F mv vm
dt
= = + = mg
but
3
4
3
m r =


2
1
m r = v
so (1)
3 2 2 2
1
4 4
3 3
r v r v r g + = =

3
4
3

Now
3 1
10

so, second term is negligible-small

hence v and g v gt speed t but
or
2 2
1
4 m r r = =

r v
1
1
4
r v

Hence
1
1
4
r

gt and rate of
growth t
The exact differential equation from (1) above is:

2
1
1 1
4 4 4 4
3 3
r
r r r

g

+ =

9
which reduces to:
2
1
3
4
r
r g
r

+ =

Using Mathcad, solve the above non-linear d.e. letting
3 1
10

and 0.01 R mm

(small raindrop). Graphs

show that

and v r t
2
r t






10