chts[

(h`[ Ahjhy@Ah[ih[

chts[
(h`[f_aLmhhih[
ch;uhM} chts[ Ahzdghh;whMh
lrhAhk]'zt ghMh u:ohr's[ AhhMh Zh_
ihtmhfaAhy orhih; cps k]f]aAhht
Zuohuoh`h'f]alh qh`[zhih; sh;nt ch;uhM}1
dhpQhfaAhy orhih; qh`rhih; Kxhhd
zr[ wzfa lhh;Qh; (h`[uSkyh'Idch;uhM}2

Ah]GhfaAhy whjsh k]Ghhpihrh fah;b[

u;Zhy;Ahhdk jhtwy[ z_Lb[ch;uhM}3
ohpns Ah]gh]b orhihh z;z[WrAhhd
s;mh; s;oh; fah;'zy; cuHh; p!hQh]ud ch;uhM}4
Vfahohdhz"d[ z;pGhry; %aw
%aw whjsh ohhjy; cuHh; sz`}wch;uhM}5

chts[

ghmhws[ih[
k]Ghfash" z]Ghjsh" uhsh" puHdhih[ d]tu[ w]tu[
w;`Ah f_awh ohrhih[
kuh=gh[ k]'zt Cb[ lh;'z]thih[ f'aB[ OhMf;a AhhM
Ah]FsheaMh'ih[ Zh_
ohr z;u ohr z;u ohr Ah'ghyAh}s[" zlh"dAhh!h;
AhdfahAhdh w]ts[ ohr... 1
tSdGhpihs eath s]oh ghh:t[f]aAhth ih'zdhih[ Cb[
f']af]aAhf;alhth
pjt;ohpns Ah]f}ab lhh;Qhsh; qhth amhOh]mhs[ d]w]t;
ihtmh[ Hhhghptrh ohr.... 2
y'qhh;zt w[sh'qht eapmhutu'Zhdh ktM kh;'n
uf`as]'n p!hdrdh
zhk thAhhihh uhb whj; kzdh k'fab[ whuhu;
pduh"mh[ t@hhu; k]tut u'zdh 3
ohr z;u ohr z;u ohr Ah'ghyAh}s[" zlh"dAhh!h;
AhdfahAhdh w]ts[ ohr.....

w`hxh"dh
Hhhy[d yh;bh'ghmh, u'z[d ihtmh nh;MRh'd[ whpjd %aw s]Oh;
w`;Ah; chpy'gh[d chd'z; w}pohd Qhhu; ch;uhM[d Ajmh; dhAhh 1
SuAh;u Ahhsh ih pwsh SuAh;u SuAh;u qh'Zh](ih kGhh SuAh;u
SuAh;u puh z`pumh' SuAh;u SuAh;u ku= AhAh z;u z;u 2 fahr;d
uhihh Ahdk;'pz`r:uh", qh]rhSAhdh uh w`f_apsKuQhhuhs- fath;pAh
rAh kfay' wtKAh: dhthrmhhr;ps kAhw"rhpAh 3
cir]s' f;alhu' thAhdhthrmh' f_aLmhzhAhh;zt' uhk]z;u' jpt (\[Zht'
AhhZhu' ghh;pwfahuYyQh', ohhdfa[dhrf'a thAhih'z`' Qhoh; 4
jt; thAh jt; thAh, thAh thAh jt; jt;
jt; f_aLmh jt; f_aLmh, f_aLmh f_aLmh jt; jt; 5

chts[ (h`[
kSrdhthrmhhih[

ohr ohr pzdzrhMh kSrdhthrmh z;uh

w'ihhtps ch;uhM} (h`[ws[ s]oh QhFs[Qhhuh
ohr.Zh_.
pupZhr]Fs w]oh}d[ fapts[ w]thmh (h`umh
wptAhMz`Urhkpjs w]LwAhhyh cw}"d
Zh_sr]Fs lhf"athpAh(h`[s ghh;Zh}Ahih}mh"
w`khz Qh@hmh faptsh w`kDd s} dhthrmh
ohr. 1
lhshd'zpuw`; w}u[" u`s j; chihpty;
zhptz`R zun}pd c's[ Srhs; Ahh;@hwzh d;y;
Srhwhk]pd j; u`s rh fapyr]gh[ kfayh'(h`]s
Ohhy;
Qhhuhxh;" w}pohsh ku" vpiIs yhZhy;
ohr.2
khZh]u:lr; k'spskhB[ s]ohyh w`hpxh"ry;
vpiIs w]tsh Ahzh'Zh jh;|apd u`s d
chihpty;
Srh whwhd; k'fab[ wn}pd z]Ghj[ Qhh;pghy;
KAh_ps jh;|apd chihptsh' u`s Srh s]uh'pih

Cpty; ohr.3
w`khz puk%apd wpsQh;b[yh fayhus[ gh;y[
@hh;Qh s]Ohh jh;shpih srhih[ dh:fah qh]nhy[
c'ghZuohthohhk[ rhwt[ z]GhpKxhs[ chy[
Ah_suhsh" lhsw]!hh'ih[ kSut famh[" wkty[
ohr4
w]dtpw w}oh]pd w`khz Qhmh faptsh sS@hmh[
wpsih[ dh:fah sty[ z;Gh; fayhus[ drd[
c'ghZuohthohhk[ w]!h Qh;bs[ r;|apd
V;kh QhFsh k'fab[ whuk[ s} ihf`awhmh[
ohr.5
cdDrQhhu; w}oh]pd j; u`s oh; ohd chihts[
vpiIs w]tpuk[ Srhs; z;|apd k'ss[ k'w~h[
k'jhptk[ Qhu z}pts; ku"pj qh'Zhd; s]bs[
thohh t'fah kAhhd Ahhd]pd whuk[ (h`[ws[
ohr6
V;kh su u`sAhpjAhh cwht umh"} Ah[ f:akh
QhpFsw]tKkt chihts[ Srh whuk[ ohghz[lhh
QhFsh'ihh faduhM} faYwz`]Ah s} ku;"lhh
Ahh;t;(utk]s uhk]z;u s]oh pudu[ Qhudhlhh
ohr7

chts[
(\[ lh'fathih[
yuxhus[ puf`ahMh qh`JAhh'n[ AhhMh
puLh;' f'aB fahMh p!hd;!h[ ouhMh
yhumrk]'zt AhKsfa[' qhhMh
s;xh]pdrh ohM pdAh"M uhj; Oh]MOh]Mh' 1
ohr z;u ohr z;u ohr (\[ lh'fath
chts[ ch;uhM} s]oh faw]"tghh:th Zh_.
ohr.
faw]"tghh:th Qhh;Mh drd[ pulhhMh
cZhh=gh[ whu"s[ k]Ahdh'irh AhhMh
puQh}s['i;h CZhMmh plhpsf'aB d[Mh
V;kh lh'fat lhh;Qh; CAhhu;YjhMh 2
ohr.
z;u[ z:Sr[ khghtAh'xhd w: f;ay;
SrhAhhoh[ cupihs jyhjy oh; CpBy;
s; Suh' ck]twmh; w`hlhd f;ay;
d[Mf'aB dhAh w`pk Ohhy; 3 ohr.
UrhHh`h'qht eapmhutZht k]'zt Ahzdht[
w'ihhdd AhdAhh;jd Ah]pdohdk]Ghfaht[
lhsfah;b['ih; qh[oh uhih; Ciihht[
tHh]f]aMpbMfa thAhzhkh c'st[ 4
ohr.

faw}"thts[
faw}"tghh:th faamhhushth k'khtkhth Qh]ohgh;'z`jhth kzh tjhk[
zrh tpu'z[ Qhuh Qhuhd[kj s}oh u'z[' 1 faw}"t z; wtAh
Ahh;z Ahdh k]uhk;' lhh;Qhh ut[ %apiht fah'ihdwh!huhk;' C[Ws jh;Cpd
Ahdh;jt s;oh oh;'u[ s;mh;' fat[d s]oh chtps v"lh k;u['2

ohr z;u[ ohr z;u[ ohr Ahjhy@Ah[

ukk[ Urhwfa%aw;' s}' Kxh}yk}@Ah[Zh_.
fatputw]tuhpkd[, k]tutAh]pdAhhsh,
w]tjtutzhprd[, Ah]tjtpw`rfahDsh
faAhyhfat;' ohBt[' ohDAhpuyh Zhhsh
kjKh`uzd[ Qh]Zht d w]t; gh]mh ghhsh' 1
Ahhs]py'gh ghzh Gh;bfa tpupfatmh[
OhMf;a jhbfauhb[ w[r]Lhtkwhmh[
Ahhpmhfatkdh k]t'ghukdh Ah_ghdrd[
lhplhZhtuzdh thohk Ahzdhih[ ohdd[2
shth lhpFs cghArh plhuQhohfah' ghh:t[
kh'Gr Ajmhs[ w`f_aps pdgh]"mh pdZhh"t[
ghhr!h[ pdohqh[ohh pdghAhhghAh kht[
w`ghb; whus[ pdohZhAhh"ihht[
3 z]Kst sht[' uht[
Ahhrhwby w`mhAhs wptuht[
cAh_s
Qhpts;
kpts;
cHhz]pts; uht[ Ahht[ z]Hh"b
ck]th' Qhu j; %aw pihz`]w zhu[' pdZhh"t[4
ihs]thdd;' f]p(ihsfaAhh"irh ch;M[
pypjYrh cks[y Ahhs; AhhOh; pdohQhhM[
w]kh;pd ihtmhhsM[ wzk]Ahd;' hM[
Ah]Fs;(ut dhght [tkhghtqhhM['ohr.5

w`zp@hmhh
ZhDr ZhDr jh; w`zp@hmhh kz-gh]athrhih[ Ohhy[ Suth k]tuth' puAhhd
Csthrhih[ wzh;wz[ cwht OhhYrh w]mrhirh thlh[ ku"j[ s[xh;" Hhny[
chAjh chpz fa%apd fahlh[1 Ah_z'gh, bhM, Hhh;M QhFs Qhhuhxh;" ghhs[
dhAhk'fa[s"d; qh`hd'z; dhihs[ 2 fah;b[ qh`jSrh jts[ faptsh
z'nus yh;bh'ghmh Hhhpysh Ahh; yh;M; whrhs 3
gh]aQhohdhihh AhpjAhh d faM; chghAhh?pdghAhhk[ cd]Qhu s; ohhmhs[
oh; gh]awz[ih; tpjuhk[ 4 w`zp@hmhh fa%apd z;u Qhhu; uhpjyh
(h`[t'ghhSAhoh puy w]N; CQhh thpjyh 5

(\[ ghmhws[

cxhu"lh[Lh"
jpt dAhKs; ghmhwsr; SuAh;u w`Sr@h' s~uAhpk
SuAh;u f;auy' fash"pk
SuAh;u f;auy' Zhsh"pk SuAh;u f;auy' jsh"pk
SuAh;u ku= GhpYuz' q\hpk
Su' kh@hhzhSAhhpk pdSr'1
Xs' upiAh kSr' upiAh2
cu Su' Ahh' cu uFsht' cu(\h;sht'
cu zhsht' cu Zhhsht' cuhd}ihhdAhuplhLr'
cu w(ihh~hhs-
cu w]tKshs- cuh;~hth~hhs- cu zp@hmhh~hhs-
cu ihh;Zuh"~hhs-
cuh Zhth~hhs ku"sh; Ahh' whpjwhpjkAh'shs- 3
Su' uh^-AhrSKu' pihDAhr SuAhhd'zAhrSKu' q\Ahr
Su' kpiihzhd'zhps[rh;pk
Su' w`Sr@h' q\hpk Su' #hdAhrh;pu#hdAhrh;pk 4
ku= ohghpzz' Su~hh;ohhrs; ku= ohghpzz' Su~hpKsLBps
ku= ohghpzz' SupryrAh;Lrps ku= ohghpzz' Suprw`Sr;ps
Su' Qh}pAhthwh; dyh;pdyh;dQh Su' ihSuhptuhf-awzhpd 5
Su' gh]mh!hrhs[s Su' z;j!hrhs[s Su' cuKxhh!hrhs[s
Su' fahy!hrhs[s
Su' Ah}yhZhhtpKxhsh;pk pdSr' Su' lhpFs!hrhSAhfa
Suh' rh;pghdh; ZrhrpDs pdSrAh-
Su' q\hKSu' puLmh]KSu' az`KSu' vz`KSu' cpgdKSu'
uhr]KSu' k}r"KSu'?
ih'z`AhhKSu' q\Qh}Qh]"uKuth;Ah-
ghmhhpz' w}u"Ah]iihhr"umhh"pz' szd'stAh-
cd]Kuht wtst cZh;"Dz]ypks' sht;mh a'

(\[ ghmhws[Ksh;!hAh-

(h`[ghmh;lhhr dAh dhtz Cuhih

w`mhAr plhtkh z;u' ghh:t[w]!h' pudhrfaAh-
QhFsuhk' KAht;pDdSrAhhr]fahAhhxh"pkr;s
w`xhAh' uf`as]'n' ih VfazDs' ppsrfaAh-
s_s[r' f_aLmhpw^-ghh@h' ghohuF!h'' ihs]xh"faAh-
y'qhh;zt' w'ihAh' ih LhLB' pufabAh;u ih
kWsAh' puHdthoh;Dz`' Zh}Ah`umh= sxhhLbAhAh-
duAh' Qhhyih'z`' ih zlhAh' s] pudhrfaAh-
Vfahzlh' ghmhwps' hzlh' s] ghohhddAh-
hzlh:shpd dhAhhpd p!hk'Zr' r wB;Ddt
d ih puHd Qhr' sKr ku"pkpfat' w`Qhh;
puhxh[" yQhs; puh Zhdhxh[" yQhs; ZhDhAh-
w]!hhxh[" yQhs; w]!hhDAhh;@hhxh[" yQhs; ghpsAh-
ohw;z-ghmhwpsKsh;!hAh- Lhn-pQhAhh"k: eay' yQh;s-
k'uSkt;mh pkp' ih yQhs; dh!h k'lhr
cLb;Qrh; qh`hmh;Qr(ih pypGhSuh r kAhw"r;s-
sKr puh Qhu;Skuh" ghmh;lhKr w`khzs
vps (h`[dhtzw]thmh; k'fabdhlhd ghmh;lhKsh;!h'
k'w}mh"Ah-

jptshpyf;aih[ chts[
ohr z;u[jptshpyf;a
kGh[ whu"s[ c'pqhf;a chts[ ch;'uhM[s;'
#hdz[wfapMf;a Zh_.
jt cZhh=gh[ ukk[ ohhk[ r#h Ahhj;thk[
s;xh;' cwAhhd whuk[ r#f]'an[ gh]Ws jh;k[ ohr1
ptHhk[ pjAhhz`[irh wh;b[' faDrh jh;k[ s}' ghh;Ahb[
Cgh` sw(ihrh" Ahh;B[ chihtk[ CBhCB[ ohr2
sww'ihhpgh`khZhd; Zh}Ah`whd; cZhh;uzd;'
f;ay[ qhj] Cwh;Lhmh;' lh'Qh[ Qh`shthfahtmh;' ohr3
y[yh zhGhpuk[ z_Lb[ u`s faptk[ yh;fah'khB[
w]Djh uptk[ Zh]oh"b[ Ahoh t@hhu; k'fab['ohr 4
fahr umh}" su gh]mh cYwAhps dhthrmh
Ahhs;' zhGhu[' ihtmh ih]fauhu;' ohDAhAhtmh
ohr z;u[ jptshpyf;a kGh[ whu"s[ c'pqhf;a
chts[ ch;uhpMs; #hdz[wfapMf;a5

Vs~huAhd]KuawAh-
ghfahth; w}u"%awAh- cfahth;AhZrAh%awAh-
cd]Kuht(ihh'Sr%awAh- pqh'z]a~ht%awAh-
dhzk'ZhhdAh- k^-pjshk'pZh k:Lhh ghmh;lhpuh ghmhfaXpLh
pdih_z-ghhr!h[iI'z ghmhwps"z;ush gh' ghmhwsr; dAh 7
Vfaz'shr puj; uf`as]mnhr Zh[Ahpj sDdh;zpsw`ihh;zrhs-8
VfazDs ihs]j=Ks' whlhAh'f]alhZhhptmhAh--
tz' ih utz' jKs:pqh"Q\hmh' Ah}LhfaZuohAh-
tFs/-y'qhh;zt' lh}w"famh"f'a tFsuhkkAh-
tFsgh'Zhhd]pyWshgh'tFsw]Lw: k]w}pohsAh-
QhFshd]f'apwd' z;u' ohghSfahtmhAhir]sAh-
chpuQh}"s' ih k_LbRhzh: w`f_as; w]aLhhSwtAh-
Vu' Zrhrps rh; pdSr' krh;gh[ rh;pghdh'ut 9
dAhh; U\hswsr; dAhh; ghmhwsr; dAh w`Ahxhwsr; dAhKs; cKs]
y'qhh;zthr Vfaz'shr puHddhplhd;plhuk]shr
(\[utzAh}s"r; d/h; dAh 10

Ah'!hw]Lwh'ohy[
r#;d r#AhrohDs z;uhKshpd ZhAhh"pmh w`xhAhhDrhkd s; j dhf'a AhpjAhhd
kihDs r!h w}u;" khZrh kpDs z;uh thohhpZhthohhr w`k khpjd; dAhh;
ur' u:(h`umhhr f]aAh"j; k Ah; fahAhhd- fahAhfahAhhr Ah' fahAh;(uth; u:(h`umhh; zzhs]
f]aqh;thr u:(h`umhhr Ahjhthohhr dAh KupKs khAh`hor', Qhh:or', Kuhthor'
u:thor', wthAh;LBR', thor', AhjhthorAhhpZhwSrAhr' kAh'swrh"r v"Krhskhu"Qhh:Ah khuh"r]Lr ch'shzhwthZhh"s- w_pxhUr: kAh]z`wr=Dshrh VfathpMps
szWr;Lh (yh;fah;pQhgh[sh; Ah%as wptu;Lbhth; Ah%asKrhukd- gh_j;
cpup@hsKr fahAhw`;pu"(u;z;uh kQhhkz vps VfazDshr puz-Ahj; uf`as]mnhr
Zh[Ahpj sDdh;z's[ w`ihh;zrhs (h`[ Ah'ghyAh}s[" Ahh;trh (h`[ Ah'ghyAh}s[" Ahh;trh

chts[
(\[ puyhih[

r]gh; chu[k pub;ut[ CQhh

uhAhh'gh[ tGh]Ahhv" pzk; pzUr lhh;Qhh
w']npyfahih; Qh;b[ wtqh`JAh chy; ghh
ihtmh[ uhj; Qh[Ahh Ct[ ohghh 1
ohr z;u ohr z;u ohr wh'n]t'ghh
tGh]Ahhv"uYyQhh thv"irh uYyQhh whu; oh[uyghh Zh_.
s]Mlh[AhhMh ghMh' fat B;u]d[ fab[
fah'k; w[sh'qht faKs]t[ yYyhb[
z;u k]tut pdSr r;s[ Qh;b[
ghan jd]Ah's w]N; CQh; thjs[ 2 ohr.
ZhDr u;mh}dhz cd]@h;!hwhMh
k]umhh"ih[ faAhM; udAhhMh ghMh'
thv"?tGh]Ahhqhhv" thmh[rh kfaMh
ch;uhpMs[ thohh puBh;qhh kh'uMh 3 ohr.
ch;uhM} chtSrh f]au=nRh r;s[
ih'z`Qhhgh;Ahhoh[ kh;n]pdrh z;s[
pz'nRh wshfah u:Lmhu dhihs[
w'Nt[ihh AhpjAhh umhh"uh pfas[ 4 ohr.
chLhhN[ fahps"fa[ QhFsohd r;s[
ih'z`Qhhgh;Ahh'oh[ Kdhd oh; fapts[
zlh"d j;MhAhh!h; srh jh;r Ah]Fs[
f;alhuhk[ dhAhz;u Qhhu; ch;uhpMs[ 5 ohr.

chts[
(\[ z;u[ih[

z]gh;" z]Hh"b Qhht[ s]ohpumh k'kht[

cdhxhdhxh; c'qh; faamhh puKsht[
uht[ uht[ ohDAh?Ahtmhhs;' uht[
jht[ wnyh; chsh' k'fab pduht[ Zh_.
ohr z;u[ ohr z;u[ AhpjLhhk]tAhpz"d[
k]tutv"lututz; shtfa k'oh[ud[ ohr.
p!hQh]ud[ Qh]ud[ whjsh' s]oh V;k[ dhj[
ihht[ (\Ahy; wt's] d qhh;yu; fah'j[
khj[ puuhz faptsh' wpny; w`uhj[
s; s}' QhFshyhgh[ whupk yuyhj[ 2 ohr.

w`kDduzd; w`kDd jh;k[ pdohzhkh

Fy;lhhwhk}d kh;nu[ sh;n[' Qhuwhlhh
c'qh; s]ohuhih}d fah;mh w]tpuy chlhh
dtjpt spYyd Ohhyh wzw'faohy;lhh 3 ohr.

chts[ puyhih[
r;v" uh; puy; AhhOh; Ahh|ay[ r;
pdNMhut[ fat B;u]pd uhb Ah[ whj; Zh_.
r;v" uh; puy; AhhOh; Ahh|ay[ r;
chpyrh gh;pyrh jhs[ Zhhn[ pdth;w
w'Ntw]t[ chj; AhhOhh Ahhrqhhw 1 r;v"
pwuMh pwsh'qht f:akh ghghd[ OhMfayh
gh%anhut[ qh:kh;pd AhhOhh f:auht[ chyh 2r;v"
ckh; dkh; Qhhu chAjh' s]pOhrh Bhrh'
f_awhz_pLb whj; AhhOhh w'Nt[thrh 3r;v"
puBh;qhhih; thor chAjh' pdSr pzwuhM[
puLmh]zhk dhAhh oh[u; Qhhu; ch;uhM[r;v"4

chts[

(\[ Ah'gh;lhhih[

ohr z;u ohr z;u ohr oh[ Ah'gh;lhh chts[ ch;'uhM}

s]ohyh ku;"lhhZh_. AhjhKxhhd s]oh; ghh;Ahh'sfa w`h's[
Qhhu;fa%ad[ faptsh; s]ohyh chts[ AhjhQhFs s]Oh;'
pdplhpzd[ gh]mh ghhs[ Ah[ sh; zhk s]Orh ihtmhh'ih[
Ahhs[ohr.1 Zhptyhk[ cusht z]Lbh Ahhthrh
khZh]k's ohd w_xu[ shthrh QhFsh'ihh shtfa s}'
Ah'gh;lhthrh kw" cr faptsh; s]ohuts[ Ihrh
ohr.2 z]Gh zptz`pzfa jh; puHd; pduht[
k'fabhwhk}d[ Ahohyhgh[ sht[ lhpFs Hh;|apd fat[ z]Lbh
k'jht[ oh:kh Zh;d} t[ f_aLmh; dtfaht[ohr 3 su
gh]mhumh"d faptsh' w]mrh r; ih;u s]pOhrh ihtmh[ chj;
AhhOhh z_N Qhhu s]Oh; z;uhyr[ qhj]spih CSkhj
Ahh;t;(ut s]oh dpAhsh; ihtmh[' z; Bhu ohr z;u4

ut
w`khz

ghmh;lhhyh
ohhmhmh;
pfa'uh
chfaMmh;
j;
qh]pirhj[
wy[fany; chj;. CwhkfahkhB[
Ahh!h sh; qh]pw`fahlhfa chj;.
(h`[ ghmh;lh Ajmhoh; Kuhd'zk]Gh
u V;(urh"ih; cGhmn I!h. zh;Dj[
Ahh'nRh'ut
pk[?qh][. qh][
Ajmhoh; fahr" fatmrhih[ fayh.
pk[ Ajmhoh; fahrh"s[y rlh, y@
h u yhQh j; zh;Dj[ ghmh;lhhih; w]!h.
y@h Ajmhoh; d;Ahf;a fah;mhs; fathrih;
s; chpmh yhQh Ajmhoh; oh; fahr"
chwmh f;ay; chj; Srhwhk}d
pAhMhy;yh w`Sr@h yhQh jh;r.
gh faht Ajmhoh; pk[ u mh
faht Ajmhoh; qh]p. rh zh;Hhh'ihh
pAhM}d ghmh jh lhqz srht jh;sh;.
Srhihh ws[ sh; ghmhws[. ghmh;lh
Cwhkd;s}d rh zh;dj[ lhFs[
chwh;chwih w`hWs jh;shs.
ghmh rh Zhhs}ihh cxh" kAh}j
chj;. riihrhus kAh}jh'ihh wps
(h`[ ghmhwps kAh}j rh lhqzhih[
UrhWs[ w`ih'n chj;. ghmhws[d;
kht; pu(u Urhwy; chj;. ohh;
pu(uUrhw[ chj.; sh; VfaAh;u
k~hhZhht[ ghmh;lhih chj;. ku" z;u
j; ghmh;lhh'ih; fayh'lh chj;s. ku"ih
z;u ghmh;lhhih[ w}ohh fatshs fahtmh
(h`[ ghmhthoh ku" z;uh'ih;
f]ayz:us chj;. orhw`Ahhmh; k'w}mh"
Qhhtshs (h`[kSrdhthrmh w}ohh
HhthHhths}d fa;y[ ohhs;. Srhihw`Ahhmh;
(h`[kSrpudhrfa w}ohh fatmrhihhj[
w`Hhhs chj;. qh`h'n w]thmhhAhZr;
kSrhpudhrfahih[ w}ohh u u`sfaxhh
chy;y[ chj;. (h`[ kSrpudhrfa j[
Vfa Ahjhk~hh u lhFs[.

(h`[ghmh;lhhihh
qh`h, puLmh}, Ahj;lh, lhFs[ u k}r"
rh whih z;uh'dh z;uw'ihhrsd ck;
Ajmhshs. rhihh w`Ah]Gh KuhAh[ Ajmhoh;
ghmhws[ Ajmhoh;ih kSrpudhrfa.
vst z;u j; rh whih z;uh'ih;
cusht chj;s. Czh. (h`[f_aLmh,
w`Qh} thAh j; puLmh}ih;, (h`[ jd]Ahhd,
Gh'nh;qhh, fahyQh:tu j; lh'fathih;
cusht jh;r. rh kuh=ihh KuhAh[
(h`[ ghmh;lh jh;r. ku" z;u (h`[ghmh;lhhih[
w}ohh fatshs. Ajmh}d chw}oh;ihh
Ahhd ghmh;lhhyhih chj;. ghmh;lh
Kus wtqh` chj;. ku" z;uhih;
f]ayz:us
cky;Yrh
(h`[
ghmh;lhhirh cd;fa dhuh'w:fa[ Vfa
dhu oh;LBthoh jh;r. ghmh;lh ku"

AhpjAhh
z;uh'ihh thohh. thohh jh khu"Qhh:Ah
u k~hhZhht[ cksh;. %az`k]FshAhZr;
Qhghuhd lh'fathyh oh;LBthoh Ajby;
chj;. r#(h`]s[AhZr; puLmh}yh oh;LBSu
pzy; chj;. k_Lb[ pdAhh"mh fatmrhirh
fahAhhs qh`z;u oh;LBthoh chj;.
Ahh;jfa uKs}s lhFs[ Ajmhoh; z;u[
u z;ush jh;r. z;ughmhhs oh;LBsh
v'z`hfan; chj;. d!h u shTrhAhZr;
ih'z` (h`;LB Btsh;. @hp!hrhAhZr;
(h`[ thAhih'z` oh;LB chj;. cps
lh[Hh` u;ghuhd Ajmh}d Ahd (h`;LB.
AhjhqhyuhdAhZr; jd]Ahhd (h`;LB
Btsh;. Ahjhw`shw[ Ajmh}d jUruhjd
(h`[ cpgd w'ihAhjhQh}shs Urh;Ah,
ohyz;ush, uamh, Zhpdfahs f]aqh;t,

dhghrh;d[s cd'sdhgh, w@h[

rh;d[s gh%an u v'pz`rh'AhZr; pih~h
j; (h`;LB chj;. rh ku" puQh]s['dh
oh;LBSu cpw"s fatmhhth VfaAh;u
oh;LBthoh Ajmhoh;ih (h`[ghmh;lh. Ajmh}d
rh ghmh;lhhyh qh`mhKws[ Ajby;
ohhs;. ku" k]Fsh'AhZr; (h`;LB k]Fs
j; qh`mhKws[ k]Fs chj;. rh
k]FshAhZr; ku" z;uz;ush'd[ (h`[
ghmh;lhhih[ Ks]s[ fatshdh chAhirh
ku" k'fabhwhk}d tmh fathu;,
clh[ w`hxh"dh f;ay[ chj;. Kut@
hmhhkhB[, rlhhkhB[ z;uhpzfah'dhk]h
(h`[ ghmhthrhihhih Zhhuh fathuh
yhghsh;. qh`mhKws[ k]FshAhZr;
(h`[ ghmh;lhhih;ih w`xhAh w}ohDh fathu;,
ckh chz;lhih chj;. ku" z;uh'ihh
pwsh ghmh;lh chj; j; pd@h}d
kh'pghsy; chj;.
Ahjhd ghmh;lh? rh;gh[ c'f]alhZhht[
(h`[ rh;gh['z` Ahjhthoh chwYrh ghmh;lh
dAhdhs Ajmhshs.
AhjhpuLmh} sh; ohDAhyh
SuDAh]Ghhs
Ahjhlh'Qh]j[ uhpmh"yh d;!hohhs
puZh[ ohDAh Hh; whk}pd dhpQhz;lhh
dAhKfaht AhhOhh s]yh (h`[ghmh;lhh
AhjhlhFs[ Ohhy[ s]Orh uhAh
c'gh[
s]Oh; w]!h j; w'ihz;u;lh v"lhh
dAhKfaht AhhOhh s]yh (h`[ ghmh;lhh
(h`[ ghmh;lh jhih VfaAh;u
w`xhAhw}or ckYrhd; sh;ih VfaAh;u
oh;LBthoh chj;. puHdfash"j[ sh;ih u
puHdjsh"j[ sh;ih.

? kh;jd whb[y

chfaYw chr]Lr Ujhu; srh f]aMh'

AhhpOhrh kfaMh' jptirh zhkh' 1
faYwd;ih[ qhhZhh d jh; fah;mh; fahM[
j[ k'sAh'nM[ k]Gh[ ckh; 2
cj'fahthihh uhth d yhghh; thohkh'
AhhpOhrh puLmh]zhkh' Qhhpufah'k[ 3
dhAhh Ajmh; srh' ckhu;' faYrhmh
orhAh]Gh[ pdZhhd wh'n]t'ghh4

cLbpudhrfa zlh"d
Ahh;tghhuihh Ahh;t;(ut
cLbpudhrfahs[y wpjyh
ghmhws[ Ajmhoh; Ahh;tghhuihh Ahh;t(; ut.
ghhmhwSr kh'w`zhrhirh khn;s[d
w[Bhw:fa[ Ahh;tghhu j; Vfa. Ahh;tghhu
j; faTjh dz[irh fahB[ uky;
ck}d w]mrhj}d khZhhtmh z[n
shkhs Ahh;tghhuyh ohhsh r;s;.
w]mh;?Ahh;tghhu j; c'st 64 pfa. Ah[.
chj;. oh;oh]t[u%ad Ahh;tghhu ohuM
ck}d zh;Dj[ ghhuhs[y c's t cuHh;
16 pf. Ah[. chj;.
pkb;faihh pk[pudhrfa
ghmhws[ih; z;|aM C~hthpQhAh]Gh
ck}d w`Sr@h (h`['ih[ Ah}s[" CohUrh
kh';n;ih[ chj;. SrhAh]M; r;xh; fanfa
kh;uM; whMmrhs r;s;. AhhHh chpmh Qhhz`wz ihs]xh["
sk;ih c'g hhptf;ayh r;xh; w`ihn' ghz[" cks;. Ah'p zt wjhb;
s[dirh chkwhk CHhny; ohhs;. s; th!h[ ih'z h` z; rhd's t
shkhQhthd; qh'z fatmrhs r;s;. CSkuhirh u;M[
(h`['irh Ah}s["ut ohnohuhj[t u zhpghd; ihNpumrhs
r;shs. r;xh; dght w`zp@hmh;ih; Ahj~u chj;. SrhAh]M;
zlh"dhyh chy;yh Qhhpufa Ah'pzthV;uoh[ w}mh" ghhuhyh
w`zp@hmhh Hhhysh;. pkb;fa j; Qh[Ahh dz[irh pfadhTrhut uky;y; chj;. r;xh; r;mrhk fahj[ w`Ahhmhhs
cnihmh['ihh khAhdh fathuh yhghsh;. dght u w]mh;
r;xh}d pkb;fayh ohhsh r;s;.
why[ihh qhYyhM;(ut
pdkgh"t Ar fah;famhhs[y thrghn pohYjRhs why[AhZr;
qhYyhM;(uthih; Ah'pzt chj;. Ah'pzt w}uh"pQhAh]Gh ck}d
cih}fa pzlhh khZhd khZhYrhAh]M; k}rh;"zrhkAhr[
Ah}s["ut w`fahlhhpQhLh;fa jh;sh;. Ah'pzthih[ Grhs[ ku"z}t
ckYrhd; r;xh; yhGhh; yh;fa r;s ckshs. r;xh;
ghmh;lhAh}s["ih[ KujKs; w}ohh fatsh r;s;.
xh;|atihh pih'shAhmh[

xhh;tYh; AhhZhuthu w;lhu; rh'ih; wtAh(h``hKxhhd

Ajmhoh; xh;|atihh pih'shAhmh[. xh;|atih; Ah'pzt pih'ihun
k'Kxhhdirh shqrhs chj;. whdlh;sirh w]ths r;xh[y
Ah'pzthihh faMk fah;kMyh jh;sh. s;xh; duh faMk
qhkpumrhkhB[ KuhAh[faht tmhoh[s z;khv=d[ w]Nhfaht
Hh;syh jh;sh.Ah]Mh?Ah]Bh dz[irh fahBhut j; Ah'pzt
uky; chj;. w]mh;?kh;yhw}t AhjhAhhghh"ut yh;mh[
ghhuhohuM}d Vfa eahbh e]absh;. s;xh}d whih pfa. Ah[.
c'st gh;y; fa[ xh;b ghhuhs[y AhhZhuthu w;lhu; rh'irh
uhnRhkAhh;t.
Ahjhnihh (h`[ utzpudhrfa
ghhmhwSr kh'w`zhrhih; chw`u"sfa kAhohYrh
ohhmhhTrh gh]SkAhzXLh['d[ Kxhhwd f;ay;yh (h`[ghmh;lh
Ajmhoh;ih Ahjhnihh utzpudhrf. 1690 AhZr; w`xhAh
I!hws[ lhhj} Ahjhthohh'd[ rh Kxhhdhyh kdz
pzy[. rh pudhrfahyh duk qhh;yYrhk w]!hw`hWs[
jh;s; clh[ Qhhpufah'ih[ Zhhtmhh chj;. SrhAh]M; r;xh;
w`ih'n ghz[" jh;s cks;. Ah']qhv"? w]mh; AhjhAhhghh"ut
Ghh;wh;y[doh[f Vfa eahbh yhghsh;. vxh}d z[n?zh;d
Ah:yhut Ah'pzt chj;.

y;mrhz`[ihh (h`[ pghptohhSAhoh

ghmh; l hw] t hmhhs rh Qhhghhs
ghmhws[irh qhhyy[yh HhnYrhih;
Ajby; chj;. SrhAh]M; ghhmhwSr
kh'w`zhrhs rh Kxhhdhyh Ahh;B;
Ahj~u chj;. ghmh;lh Ah'pzths
ohhmrhkhB[ 283 whrTrh
ihNhUrh yhghshs. r; x h[y
kQhhAh ' n w Vfak ' Z h zghnhs
fah;tyh gh;yh chj;. whu"s[d; sw
f;ay;y[ gh]jh rh
Ah ' p zthirhqhth; q ht whB[Ahhgh;
chj;. wt's ] psxh; ohhmrhihh Ahhgh" cSrs'
pfaihfab chj;. w]mh;
pohYjRhs[y oh]Ddt
r;xh}d y;mrhz`[ wu"s whih pfa. Ah[.
c'sthut chj;.
ch;Ohtihh puHdjt
r;xh[y Ah'pzthyh fan;fah;b sbqh'z[ chj;.
Ah'pzthirh c'ghmhhs zh;d zghn[ z[wAhhMh chj;s.
CSkuhztArhd rh z[wAhhM;s pzu; yhuy; ohhshs.
rhu;M[ j; z_lr eaht qhHhmrhkhtGh; cks;. ghmh;lhhih[
w}mhh"f_as[ Ah}s[" cSr's chfaLh"fa ck}d zh;Dj[
nh;MRhs Ahhmhf;a chj;s, st fawhM chpmh qh';qh[s
pjth ohnuy;yh chj;.
th'ohmhghhuihh Ahjhghmhws[
cLbpudhrfahs Ahjhghmhws[ u;ghMh kAhohyh ohhsh;.
z;u chpmh zhduh'irh r]hs lh'fath'd[ p!hw]thk}thihh
kAh}M CiI;z f;ayh. p!hw]thk}thirh Qhrhd; lh'f at pohxh;
ywy; s[ gh]jh Ah'pzthirh ohuMih ckYrhih[ uz'sh
chj;. xhh;tYrh AhhZhuthu w;lhUrh'd[ vxh; Ah'pzthihh
ghhQhhth qhh'Zhyh. 'az fawhMhih[ ghmh;lhAh}s[" whj}d
chwy; Ahd w`kDd jh;s;. th'ohmhghhu j; w]mh;?dght
AhjhAhhghh"ut ck}d w]mh; u dght zh;Dj[fan}d ohhsh
r;s;.

z~hhih[ chts[
chts[
#hd;(uthih[
chts[ #hdthohh Ahjhf:auYrs;ohh k;pus[ khZh]k's
AhZh] u;Zhyh AhhOhh chts[Zh_.
yh;wy; #hd ohgh[ j[s d;mhs[ fah;mh[
cusht wh'n]t'gh dhu B;puy; #hd[ 1 chts[
fadfahih; shb fat[ CQrh ghh;pwfah dht[
dhtz s]'qhtj[ khAh ghhrd fat[ 2 chts[
w`ghb gh] qhh;y; pu(u qh`ih[ f;ay; thAhohdhz"d[
ihtmh[ AhKsfa B;puy; 3 chts[ #hdthohh

chts[ wtlh]thAhhih[

ohAhzgd[f]aMQh}Lhmh Ah]FsheaMzlh"dh cpskoohd

AhdAhh;jdh tohd[fatuzdh cghpmhs AhpjAhh s]Ohh dfaM;
k]tghmhh' uzsh;' f'aB[' uhmh[ ktk[%ajdrdh1 ohrthAh
(\[thAh ohr Qhhgh"uthAhh d[th'ohd fa%a' s]ohyh wptw}mh"fahkh
Zh_. kjRhpz`pghpt plhGht[ lht Hh;Cpd r;k[ kh;n]pd lht
wMu[k[ wp(ihAh ohyZh[k[ s]ohkAh tmhZh[t ohgh[' d wn;
z_pLbk[ w`shw xhh;t s]Ohh d faM; faumhhk[ ohr2
su fah;w qhj] whw[ qhhmh;'; k'jht[ zhduzjd fa%ad[ ukk[
pghptplhGht[' p!hr Ahh%apd cud[ f;ay[ pdu":t[ khpSufa
thohk shAhk p!hgh]mhh' Cht[ ohr z_N Qhhu;'su u'zd
fapts[ oh; ihtmh[ Srh's; QhuQhr dhj[' oh'uupt lhplhstmh[
lht Ahh%apd Cz-Qhpuy[ gh'ghh ohdstmh[ pih'shAhmh[ lhtmhhghs
pdp(ihs su ihtmh[' ohr thAh.4

chts[
(h`[ zlhhushthih[

p!hgh]mhhSAhfa !h:Ah}s[" z~h jh ohhmhh

p!hgh]mh[ cusht !h:yh;Frthmhh
d;ps d;ps lhqz d r; cd]Ahhdh
k]tut Ah]pdohd rh;gh[ kAhhpZh d r; Zrhdh 1
ohr z;u ohr z;u ohr (\[ gh]az~hh
chts[ ch;uhM[sh' jty[ Qhupih'sh Zh_.
kqhhjR cQr'st[ s} Vfa z~h
cQhhgrhk[ f:'aih[ faM;y j[ Ahhs
wthj[ wtsy[ s;xh; f:'aihh j;s
ohDAhtmhhihh w]tyhk; c's 2 ohr.
z~h r;|apdrh CQhh Bhfayh
kz-Qhhu; khLbh'gh; w`pmhwhs f;ayh
w`kDd jh;|ad[ chlh[uh"z pzZhyh
ohDAh/tmhhihh e;ath ih]fapuyh 3 ohr.
z~h z~h V;k; yhghy; Zrhd jtwy; Ahd Ohhy; CDAhd
Ah[ s}' wmhhih[ Ohhy[ qhh;Mumh
Vfah ohdhz"d[ (\[ z~h ohhmh 4 ohr.

chts[ kw`;Ah ohr ohr puy wtqh` QhFsk'fab[ dhdh Ku%aw[

Kxhhw]d[ KuZhAh"Zh_ c'qhXLh[fahtmh; ghQh"uhk kh;lh[k[ u;z d;y;
ihh;%ad[ qh`h chmh]pdrh' z;k[ AhSKr%aw[ dhthrmh kWspj khght
Zh']n[k[ jKs yhghsh lh'Ghk]th s]Ohh ut z;k[ chts[ 1
tkhsMhlh[ ohhsh w_xu[ whB[ut Hh;k[ wth;wfahthkhB[ z;uh
fahku Ohhyhk[ zhN; Zh%ad[ w_xu[ d;sh uthj%aw jh;k[
w`Yjhzfahtmh; dtjt[ Ks'Qh[ gh]tgh]tk[ chts[2
whihu; cusht[ qhM[irh hthyh ohhk[ pQh@h; KxhM Ahhgh]d[
qhM[yh whshM[ d;k[ ku" kAhw"mh f;ay; Ajmh]pd w`kDd Srh
jh;k[ uhAhd%aw Zh%apd qhM[irh ht[ psLBk[ chts[ 3
pd@h!h[ w_xu[ zhd pzZhy[ puw`hyh kjhuh cusht wtlh]thAh
w`ghbyh

chts[

4
Ahhsyh thumh kuh" Cwz`u f;ayh s;js[k fah;b[ z;u qh'z[ jpty;
k[s;yh pws_uihdhkhB[ thAh; uduhk f;ayh pAhMu}pd uhdtk;dh
thohhthAh w`ghbyh

chts[

5
z;ufa[?uk]z;u qh'z[ Ahh;ihd Srh' f;ay; d'zhHht[ ohhu}pd pdohk]Gh
ghh;f]aMh pzZhy; ghh;tkihh;t[ faptsh duy@h ghh;whM pAhMpuy;
ghh;pwfah'ih; w`;Ah z;Gh}d[ (\[f_aLmh Qh]yy;

chts[

6
qhh: fay'fa[ fay[r]gh[ cZhAh" jh cuHhh kh;n}d pzZhyh ZhAh"
Ajmh}d[ d pzkk[ z;uh Ay;'iIAhz"d faptk[ Ajmh}d[ fay'fa[
f;alhuh qhpjtu[ ohhDju[ hu[
pdohk]Ghhd'zhih[ k;uh

chts[