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Energy Conversion One: Chapter Two
Energy Conversion One: Chapter Two
(Course 25741)
VP , pu VS , FL, pu VS , FL, pu
VF . L.
100%
VP VS Req I S jX eq I S a
From this equation the phasor diagram can be shown: At lagging power factor:
P.F. leading
Losses in Transformer: 1- Copper IR losses 2- Core Hysteresis losses 3- Core Eddy current losses Transformer efficiency may be determined as follows:
POC= 50 W
PSC= 160 W
0.0000095 j 0.0000908
Req=4.45 , Xeq=6.45
V.R.=(234.85-230)/230 x 100 %=2.1 % for 0.8 lagging At PF=0.8 leading IS=65.2/_36.9 A 230 0 ( 0 . 0445 )( 65 . 2 36 . 9 ) j 0 . 0645 65 . 2 36 . 9 VP / a =
2300 2.936.9 4.21126.9 230 2.32 j1.74 2.52 j 3.36 229.8 j 5.10 229.851.27 V
AUTO TRANSFORMER
some occasions it is desirable to change voltage level only by a small amount i.e. may need to increase voltage from 110 to 120 V or from 13.2 to 13.8 kV This may be due to small increase in voltage drop that occur in a power system with long lines In such cases it is very expensive to hire a two full winding transformer, however a special transformer called: auto-transformer can be used
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Diagram of a step-up auto-transformer shown in figure below: C: common, SE: series
AUTO TRANSFORMER
A step-down auto-transformer : IH=ISE IL=ISE+IC
AUTO TRANSFORMER
In step-up autotransformer: VC / VSE = NC / NSE (1) NC IC = NSE ISE (2) voltages in coils are related to terminal voltages as follows: VL=VC (3) VH=VC+VSE (4) current in coils are related to terminal currents: IL=IC+ISE (5) IH=ISE (6)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Voltage & Current Relations in Autotransformer VH=VC+VSE since VC/VSE=NC/NSE VH=VC+ NSE/NC . VC Noting that: VL=VC VH=VL+ NSE/NC . VL= (NSE+NC)/NC . VL VL / VH = NC / (NSE+NC) (7) Current relations: IL=IC+ISE employing Eq.(2) IC=(NSE / NC)ISE IL= (NSE / NC)ISE + ISE, since ISE=IH IL= (NSE / NC)IH +IH = (NSE + NC)/NC . IH IL / IH = (NSE + NC)/NC (8)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Apparent Power Rating Advantage of Autotransformer
Note : not all power transferring from primary to secondary in autotransformer pass through windings Therefore if a conventional transformer be reconnected as an autotransformer, it can handle much more power than its original rating The input apparent power to the step-up autotransformer is : Sin=VLIL And the output apparent power is: Sout=VH IH
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And :
Sin=Sout=SIO Apparent power of transformer windings: SW= VCIC=VSE ISE This apparent power can be reformulated: SW= VCIC=VL(IL-IH) =VLIL-VLIH employing Eq.(8) SW= VLIL-VLIL NC/(NSE+NC) =VLIL [(NSE+NC)-NC] /(NSE+NC)=SIO NSE /(NSE+NC) SIO / SW = (NSE+NC) / NSE (9)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Eq.(9); describes apparent power rating advantage of autotransformer over a conventional transformer
smaller the series winding the greater the advantage
Example one: A 5000 kVA autotransformer connecting a 110 kV system to a 138 kV system has an NC/NSE of 110/28 for this autotransformer actual winding rating is: SW=SIO NSE/(NSE+NC)=5000 x 28/ (28+110)=1015 kVA Example Two: A 100 VA 120/12 V transformer is connected as a step-up autotransformer, and primary voltage of 120 applied to transformer.
AUTO TRANSFORMER
(a) what is the secondary voltage of transformer (b) what is its maximum voltampere rating in this mode of operation (c) determine the rating advantage of this autotransformer connection over transformers rating of conventional 120/12 V operation Solution: NC/NSE= 120/12 (or 10:1) (a) using Eq.(7),VH= (12+120)/120 x 120 = 132 V (b) maximum VA rating 100 VA ISE,max=100/12=8.33 A
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Sout=VSIS=VHIH= 132 x 8.33 = 1100 VA = Sin
(c) rating advantage: SIO/SW=(NSE+NC)/NSE=(12+120)/12=11 or: SIO/SW= 1100/100 = 11 It is not normally possible to reconnect an ordinary transformer as an autotransformer due to the fact that insulation of L.V. side may not withstand full output voltage of autotransformer connection Common practice: to use autotransformer when two voltages fairly close Also used as variable transformers, where L.V. tap moves up & down the winding Disadvantage: direct physical connection between primary & secondary circuits, and electrical isolation of two sides is lost
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Internal Impedance of an Autotransformer Another disadvantage: effective per unit impedance of an autotransformer w.r.t. the related conventional transformer is the reciprocal of power advantage This is a disadvantage where the series impedance is required to limit current flows during power system faults (S.C.)
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Example three: A transformer rated 1000 kVA, 12/1.2 kV, 60 Hz when used as a two winding conventional transformer and its series resistance & reactance are 1 and 8 percent per unit It is used as a 13.2/12 kV autotransformer (a) what is now the transformers rating ? (b) what is the transformers series impedance in per unit?
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Solution: (a) NC/NSE= 12/1.2 (or 10:1) the voltage ratio of autotransformer is 13.2/12 kV & VA rating : SIO=(1+10)/1 x 1000 kVA=11000 kVA (b) transformers impedance in per-unit when connected as conventional transformer: Zeq=0.01 + j 0.08 pu Power advantage of autotransformer is 11, so its per unit impedance would be: Zeq=(0.01+j0.08)/11=0.00091+j0.00727 pu