i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 29 #33

29

, 26-27 /October 2011

.

373 00
/: dimitrios dot ap dot filippou at gmail dot com

2011,
. ,
,
19 .
, .
, 1980,
.
In the age of the typewriter, by Dimitrios Filippou In 2011, a news item made
headlines around the world: Last typewriter factory le in the world closes its
doors. On the occasion of this rather false piece of news, this article presents a
brief history of the typewriter, from the rst mechanical typewriters to the most
modern electronic typewriters, which also tend to disappear. Special reference is
made to typewriters with Greek keyboard, which reached their peak of glory in
the early 1980s, when university notes and textbooks were massively produced
in Greece.

,
: ,
. []
.

, , 20 . , , ,
, , , , ,
. ,
,
[1]. [2].

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 30 #34

30

. .

. 2011, e Daily Mail
,
[3]. .
Godrej & Boyce
,
Brother , . ,
, .
,
19 ., . ,
19751985, ,
.

18 . 19 ., :
(Henry Mill, 1714), (Pellegrino Turri, 1808), (William Austin Burt, 1829),
(Giuseppe Ravizza, 1855), (Francisco
Joo de Azevedo, 1861), (Peter Mierhofer, 1864)
.. [4]. (
) (.. ) .
( : skrivekugle, : Hansens writing ball), , (Rasmus MallingHansen, 18351890) [5]. 1870. :

( 1). , .
,
. , , ,
. (
).
, .

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 31 #35

31

1: ( 1878)
1882.

( 1).
1868, , (Christopher
Latham Sholes), (Carlos Glidden) (Samuel
W. Soul), (:
type-writing machine), . 1873,
E. Remington and Sons, Type-Writer 1. ( typewriter .) Remington
1880 Sholes & Glidden, .
, Sholes & Glidden , .
, .

. ,
( ) . ,
, , ( 2). Sholes &
Glidden , , .
Sholes & Glidden

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 32 #36

32

. .

2: Sholes & Glidden (Remington Type-Writer 1), Scientic

American, vol. 6, issue 27, Aug. 10, 1872.
.

,
[6].
Type-Writer 2, 1878,
Remington QWERTY,

. QWERTY ,
.

, .. th, sh, .. , QUERTY
de facto [7] (
). Type-Writer 2, (SHIFT)
. , Remington
. , 1886, Remington
, 1927,
Remington Rand.
, 1880 1890,
Caligraph, Hammond, Smith Premier (-

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 33 #37

33

3: Hammond No 2, 1880. Ideal

.
, , ,
, .. (: Sbastien Barr, 2010)

Smith Corona), Densmore, Yost .. . ,

.
, :
(
), ( 3),
..
. , (: blind).
,

. (: visible) ,
,
19 ., Daugherty (1893).
Daugherty Underwood No. 5
(1901), .

3
20 . , , ,

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 34 #38

34

. .

1: 18901914.

Blickensderfer
Oliver
Adler
Ideal
Olympia
Continental
Royal
Mercedes
Imperial
Triumph
Japy
Erika
Olivei
Halda

, 1893
/, 1896
, 1898
, 1900
, 1903
, 1904
, 1906
, 1907
, 1908
, 1909
, 1910
, 1910
, 1911
, 1914

. ,
.
19 . , Adler, Olivei, Royal ..
( 1). , ,
( 4). (: noiseless) . , , , ,
..
.

Braille. , ,
,
,
.
1902 Blickensderfer , Blick Electric. , Blick Electric :

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 35 #39

35

4: Continental Standard .
1930. (: Georg Sommeregger, 2009)

( ),
(
), .
Blick Electric .
.
,
,
. ,
.
1921, Mercedes Elektra,
, .
, Woodstock Electrite, . 1925, Remington
Electric No. 12, ,
, .., .
,
. ,
, Remington
Rand, [8].
Remington Electric No. 12, North East Electric Co.,
. 1933,
IBM.
1935
IBM Electric Typewriter Model 01 [8]. -

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 36 #40

36

. .

5: Coxhead DSJ VariTyper ,

1950. .

IBM,
.
1927 , Hammond VariTyper Electric. ,
Hammond, [9] ,
, .. ,
VariTyper oset ( 5). ( ,
1970, VariTyper ,
.)
Herms (1923). ,
1935 Baby
. Baby ,
(, , , ) 9 1966, .
1929, (Kyta Sugimoto, : )
. ( 6)
, 2.400 ()
. ,
. ,

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 37 #41

37

6: ( , 1938, Spaarnestad
Photo & Nationaal Archief, , ).
( US Patent 2 613 795, Oct. 14, 1952).

(Lin Yutang, : ) 1946.
( 6),
(ming kwai, : ),
. 90.000 ,
.

, . 1944, IBM
Electric Executive Typewriter, , . .., m i,
. 1948 1959, IBM
(Model A, B, C) ,
. Executive
.
, , Royal, Remington Rand,
Smith Corona, Triumph, .., .
1957, Smith Corona ,
5TE, 11 kg!
IBM Selectric,
1961 ( 7). IBM Selectric,
, ,

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 38 #42

38

. .

7: IBM Selectric II ( 1976), QWERTY.

().
. IBM Selectic 1961. 1971 IBM Selectric II 1980 IBM Selectric III.
96 , 88 . Selectric, IBM Selectric Composer (1966),
VariTyper oset. IBM
1991. (: .. , 2011)

,
, .
, ,
.
: ,
, , ..
Selectric ( ) 1986. , IBM
, IBM Wheelwriter.
, , IBM (IBM Electronic Typewriter 50 IBM Electronic Typewriter 60),
Olivei Casio,
1978. , Smith Corona
Typetronic (1980), Brother EM-10 (1980), Royal Alpha 2002 (1983), Xerox
Memorywriter (1985), Canon Typestar (1985), ..
: , , , ..

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 39 #43

39

8: Olivetti Lettera 25 ( 1974), , QWERTY.

(Mario Bellini). ,
Olivetti Lettera 22 (1949) Olivetti Valentine (1969), . (: .. , 2011)

. IBM PC (1981) Apple

Macintosh (1984).
.
Olivei ( 8). ,

. Erika Optima, ZetaConsul, (, Moskva) (,
Yatran), (, Maritsa), UNIS, Predom ucznik, . , .

5
, , .
.
[10],

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 40 #44

40

. .

15 1886,
16 1893.
,
20 . ( 9)
( 10).
. AZERTY , ,
.
1950,
, ,
. 1114.
de facto 1960. QUERTY.
, . 1520
1940 1960,
21 Olympia.
IBM Selectric ,
, . 19751985, ,
oset ( 22). 23 24
,
.
,
().
, . ,
[11].

,
. ,
. , .
.
, .

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 41 #45

41

, , . ,
, !

( )
. , .
.
,
: ( , ,
www.hcgm.org), Andrew Chakalis (e Hellenic Preservation Society of Northeastern
Ohio, , , , URL: www.hpsneo.org), Julie Karatzis (Belmont
Shore, , , URL: http://www.cartoulespress.com/), Jacques Perrier
(Perrier Machines de Bureau SA, , , URL: www.perrier-sa.ch),
Richard Polt ( ETCetera: Journal of the Early Typewriter
Collectors Association, , , , URL: http://site.xavier.edu/
polt/typewriters/), Georg Sommeregger (, , URL: http://
typewriters.ch/). ,
.

(Paco Ignacio Taibo II) (. , , 2010).

[1] , , : , , 1976.
, e
Typewriter, 1950 (Leroy
Anderson, 19081975) e Boston Pops Orchestra. , ; !
[2]
(Citizen Kane, 1941, ), (All e Presidents Men, 1976, ), ..
(e Shining, 1980, ),
:

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 42 #46

42

. .
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

[3] e end of the line: Last typewriter factory le in the world closes its doors.
e Daily Mail (London, UK), 25th April 2011. URL: http://www.dailymail.
co.uk/sciencetech/article-1380383/Worlds-typewriter-factory-endsproduction-Godrej-Boyce-closes-doors.html#ixzz1jj03n5ov.

[4] W. A. Beeching, Century of the Typewriter. Heinemann, London 1974.

[5] D. Eberwein and S. Avnskog, e most famous of Rasmus Malling-Hansens
inventions: e Writing Ball. e International Rasmus Malling-Hansen Society, Oct. 27, 2006. URL: http://www.malling-hansen.org/the-writing-ball.
html. ( 12 2011.)
[6] M. Twain, e rst writing-machines. e $30,000 Bequest and Other Stories,
pp. 224228. Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York, c. 1917.
, :

.
.
1872 1874.
1874, .
[7] 1932, (August Dvorak, 18941975) , . , , (
, ).
. , . , . R. Parkinson, e Dvorak Simplied Keyboard: Forty years of frustration. Computers and Automation, November 1972,
pp. 1825. URL: http://infohost.nmt.edu/~shipman/ergo/parkinson.html.
( 20 2011.)
[8] D. Rehr, Remington and the Electromatic. http://www.etypewriters.com/
remingtom.htm. ( 20 2011.)
[9]
Courier.
(: pitch) 10-pitch 10 cpi (10 ), Pica, 12-pitch
12 cpi (12 ), Elite.

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 43 #47

43

. ,
[4].
[10] . . ,
, , . 255 260. . .
, 1900.
[11] - .
Ough. URL: http://www.ough.gr/index.php?mod=articles&op=
view&id=286. ( 20 2011.)

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 44 #48

44

. .

9: .
1910, , . .

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 45 #49

45

10: Orga,
1938 1941.

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 46 #50

46

. .

11: Adler Model No 11 ( 1911), , . . . (: .. , 2011)

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 47 #51

47

12: Molle No 3 ( 19131918), , . Chris Kennes.

. Charlotte LaJoe Hellenic Preservation Society of Northeastern Ohio (, )
. (: Andrew Chakalis, 2011)

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 48 #52

48

. .

13: Oliver No 9 (SN 617577, 19151919), ,

. Oliver
. Oliver No 15 . 15
(, ) 2008. (: Mark Rosenzweig, 2004)

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 49 #53

49

14: Royal Junior #3 (SN J52398, 1935), ,

. Richard Polt (, ). (: Richard Polt,
2011)

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 50 #54

50

. .

15: Herms Baby ( 1940), ,

AZERTY . ,
.
Jacques Perrier (, ). (: Jacques Perrier, 2011)

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 51 #55

51

16: Remington Rand (SN J763837, 1946), ,

. ,
1945 1990. (). (: .. , 2011)

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 52 #56

52

. .

17: Triumph Standard-12, , QWERTY . 1936 1948 ,

. QWERTY .

. ( www.xe.gr, 2011).

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 53 #57

53

18: Oliver Portable Type 4 (SN 5117593, 1951), ,

. Richard Polt (, ). (: Richard
Polt, 2011)

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 54 #58

54

. .

19: Imperial 58, , . 1948 1960 .

TAB. (: Julie Karatzis, 2011)

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 55 #59

55

20: SmithCorona Sterling ( 1957), ,

. Jacques Perrier (, ). (:
Jacques Perrier, 2011)

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 56 #60

56

. .

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
21:
Olympia International. (1) Greek 1, (2) Greek 2, (3) GreekLatin 5, (4) GreekLatin 6.
1974 [4].

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 57 #61

57

22: 1981. oset.

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 58 #62

58

. .

23: Olympia ibt de Luxe ( 1990), ,

QWEPTY . . (: Ough [11])

i
i

i
i

i
i

eutypon26-27 2012/3/7 12:49 page 59 #63

59

24: Erika ( 1990), , QWEPTY . (

www.xa.gr, 2011)

i
i