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PRACTICE PROBLEMS
CHEM 162-2007 EXAM I

CHAPTER 12 - PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
 SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS CONCEPTS (Molarity, mole fraction, etc.)
 SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATIONS (Molarity, mole fraction, etc.)
 ENERGETICS OF SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY CONCEPTS
 ENERGETICS OF SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY CALCULATIONS
 VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS CONCEPTS (Henry’s Law, Raoult’s Law)
 VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS CALCULATIONS
 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (BOILING POINT, FREEZING POINT, OSMOTIC PRESSURE

CHANGES) CONCEPTS
 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (BOILING POINT, FREEZING POINT, OSMOTIC PRESSURE

CHANGES) CALCULATIONS
 MISCELLANEOUS
E. Tavss, PhD
1
FORMULAS
Mass percent = grams of solute/100 g solution
Molarity = moles of solute/L of solution
Molality = moles of solute/kilogram of solvent
PPM = grams of solute/1,000,000 grams solution
Volume percent = volume of solute/100 mL of solution
Proof = 2 x Vol. %; e.g., 2 x 40 mL/100 mL solution = 80 proof
Mole fraction: XA = nA/(nA + nB) XA + XB = 1
Particle fraction: iXA = inA/(inA + inB) iXA + iXB = 1
Raoult’s law: Psoln = iXsolventPosolvent

iXsolvent = insolvent/(insolvent + insolute )
iXA + iXB = 1
PTotal = P A + P B = iXAPo A + iXBPo B
van’t Hoff factor, “i”; i = moles of particles in solution/moles of solute dissolved
Boiling-point elevation: ΔT = Tf - Ti = Kbimsolute
Freezing-point depression: ΔT = Tf - Ti = -Kfimsolute

(+Kf gives absolute change in temp; -Kf gives actual T f or Ti)
Osmotic pressure: πV = inRT

π = (n/V)iRT = iMsoluteRT
ΔHsoln = ΔHsolute-solutebondbreaking + ΔHsolvent-solventbondbreaking + ΔHsolute-solventbondforming

ΔHhydr = ΔHsolvent-solventbondbreaking + ΔHsolute-solventbondforming
ΔHsoln = ΔHsolute-solutebondbreaking + ΔHhydr
Henry’s Law: XA=kP A; XA = mole fraction of dissolved gas in solution
2
SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS CONCEPTS
CHEM 162SG-2001 HOURLY EXAM I

SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS CONCEPTS
14. To 1000 g of water containing 0.010 mole of NaCl, 10.0 g of ethyl alcohol, C 2 H5 OH(l)
are added. Which quantity remains the same?
A. the molarity of NaCl
B. the mass percentage of NaCl
C. the mole fraction of NaCl
D. the molality of NaCl
E. the vapor pressure of water
CHEM 162-2003 HOURLY EXAM 1 + ANSWERS

SOLUTION CONCENTRATION CONCEPTS
1. For which of the following conversions must you know the density of the solution?
A. mass percent to molality

(g solute/100 g solution) x (mol/g) x 1000 g/kg = molality
B. mass percent to molarity

(g solute/100 g solution) x (mol/g) x (g/mL) x (1000 mL/L) = molarity
C. mole fraction to mass percent
((molA x (g/mol))/(molA x (g/mol) + molB x (g/mol))) x 100 = mass percent
D. mole fraction to molality
(molA)/(molA x (g/mol) + molB x (g/mol)) x 1000 g/kg = molality
E. volume percent to proof
mLsolute/100 mLsolution x 2 = proof
1. Chem 162-2004 Exam 1

1 Chapter 11
SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS (MOLARITY, MOLALITY, MOLE FRACTIONS)
Molality
In a 0.1 M solution of H2 O2 in water prepared at 25 ºC, which one of the following will
be close to 0.1?
A. the mole fraction of H2 O2
3
B. the molality of H2 O2
C. all of these are close to 0.1
D. the mass fraction of H2 O2
E. none of these are close to 0.1
Mole fraction of H2 O2 :
(0.1 mol H2 O2 /1000 mL sol’n) x 34 g/mol = 3.4 g H2 O2 /1000 mL sol’n
1000 ml x 1g/ml = 1000 g solution
1000 g solution - 3.4 g H2 O2 = 996.6 g H2 O
mole fraction = mol H2 O2 /(mol H2 O2 + mol H2 O)
= (0.1 mol/(0.1 mol + (996.6/18.02)) = 0.0018 H2 O2 mole fraction
molality = mol H2 O2 /1000 g solvent

(0.1 mol H2 O2 /996.6 g H2 O) x 1000 g/kg = 0.100 m
mass fraction = mass H2 O2 /(mass H2 O2 + mass H2 O)

= 3.4 g H2 O2 /(3.4 g H2 O2 + 996.6 g H2 O) = 0.0034
4
SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATIONS
23 Chem 162-2006 Hourly exam I + answers

Chapter 11 – Properties of solutions
Solution concentrations calculations (mole fractions)
What is the mole fraction of SO 4 2- in a 1.246M Na2 SO4 aqueous solution. The density of
the solution is 1.157g/cm3 ?
A. 0.0429
B. 0.0214
C. 0.0224
D. 0.980
E. 0.0376
1.246M Na2 SO4 = 1 mol Na2 SO4 per liter of solution

Mole fraction = moles SO 4 2-/(moles Na+ + moles SO 4 2- + mol H2 O)
Na2 SO4  2Na+ + SO42-
1.246 mol Na2 SO4  (2x1.246) mol Na+ + 1.246 mol SO 4 2-
1 L solution x (1157 g/L) = 1157 g solution
1.246 mol Na2 SO4 x 142.04 g/mol = 176.98 g solute
gsolvent = gsolution – gsolute
gsolvent = 1157gsolution – 176.98 gsolute = 980gsolvent
980g x (1 mol/18.02g) = 54.38 mol solvent
Mole fraction: 1.246 mol SO 4 2-/(2.492 mol Na+ + 1.246 mol SO 4 2- + 54.38 mol H2 O) =
0.0214 = mole fraction of SO 4 2-.
5
Solution concentration calculations
Molality
What is the molality of a 1.562M CaCl2 solution with a density of 1.203g/cm3 ?

A. 1.517m
B. 1.298m
C. 1.879m
D. 1.562m
E. 1.475m
molarity = moles of solute per L of solution

1.562M CaCl2 = 1.562 mol CaCl2 per liter of solution
molality = moles of solute per kg of solvent
MW CaCl2 = 40.08 + 35.45 + 35.45 = 110.98 g/mol
1.562 mol CaCl2 x 110.98 g/mol = 173.4 g CaCl2
1Lsoln x 1203 g/L = 1203 g solution
1203 g solution – 173.4 g solute = 1029.6 g solvent = 1.029 kg solvent
1.562 mol CaCl2 /1.029 kg solvent = 1.518 mol CaCl2 /kg solvent = 1.518m
CHEM 162-2003 1.5 WEEK RECITATION

27. A solution is prepared by dissolving 50.0 g cesium chloride (CsCl) in 50.0 g water.
The volume of the solution is 63.3 mL. Calculate the mass percent, molarity, molality, and
mole fraction of the cesium chloride.
mass percent = g solute/g solution = 50.0 g cesium chloride/(50.0 g cesium chloride + 50.0
g water) = 50 mass percent.
molarity = moles CsCl/L = (50.0 g CsCl/168.3 g/mol)/0.0633 L = 4.69 M CsCl
molality = mole/kg solvent = ((50.0 g CsCl/168.3 g/mol)/50 g water) x (1000 g/kg) = 5.94
m CsCl
mol fraction = molA/(molA + molB)

mol fraction = mol CsCl/(mol CsCl + mol H2O) = (50.0 g CsCl/168.3 g/mol)/((50.0 g
CsCl/168.3 g/mol) + (50.0 g H2O/18.02 g/mol)) = 0.0967
6
29 Common commercial acids and bases are aqueous solutions with the
following properties:
Density Mass percent

(g/cm3) of solute
Hydrochloric acid 1.19 38
Calculate the molarity, molality, and mole fraction of the preceding reagent.
molarity of HCl = mol/liter = (38 g HCl/100 g solution) x (1 mol HCl/36.45 g

HCl) x (1.19 g/mL) x (1000 mL/L) = 12.41 mol/L = 12.41 M
molality = mol/1kg solvent = (38 g HCl/62 g solvent) x (1 mol HCl/36.45 g

HCl) x (1000 g/1 kg) = 16.82 mol/kg = 16.82 m
mol fraction of HCl = (mol HCl)/(mol HCl + mol H2O) = (38 g HCl/36.45 g
HCl/mol)/((38 g HCl/36.45 g HCl/mol) + (62 g H2O/18.02 g H2O/mol)) =
0.233 mol fraction HCl

SOLUTION CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS
7. A solution of ethanol (C 2 H5 OH) in water is 10.0% ethanol by mass. The mole fraction of water in
the solution is
A. 0.90
B. 0.96
C. choose this choice if none of the others is correct
D. 0.096
E. 0.10
10% C2 H5 OH
Therefore, 90% H2 O
= 10 g C2 H5 OH + 90 g H2 O
7
mol fraction = mol H2 O/(mol H2 O + mol C2 H5 OH)
(90/18)/((90/18) + (10/46)) = 0.958

25. A solution is prepared from 10.0 g NaCl, 5.0 g NaI, and 50.0 g H2 O. The mass percent of NaCl in
the solution is
A. 20.0%
B. 18.2%
C. Choose this choice if none of the others is correct.
D. 15.4%
E. 30.4%
(10 g NaCl/65 g solutuon) x 100 = 15.4%
7. CHEM 162-2000 FINAL EXAM A

What is the molarity of aluminum sulfate, Al2 (SO 4 )3 in a 0.72% by mass aqueous
Al2 (SO 4 )3 solution with a density of 1.05 g/cm3 ? Molar mass of Al2 (SO 4 )3 =
342.12 g/mol.
A. 0.022 M
B. 0.013 M
C. 0.078 M
D. 1.3 M
E. 0.10 M
Molarity = moles/liter
moles = g/MW
Let AS = Al2 (SO 4 )3
0.72 g AS/100 g solution x (1 mol AS/342.12 g AS) x (1.05 g/cm3 ) x (1 cm3 /1mL) x
(1000 mL/1 L) = 0.022 mol/L = 0.022
2.
CHEM 162-2000 HOURLY EXAM I
8
Concentrated hydrofluoric acid is a 29.2 M solution of HF in water and has a density of 1.17 g/cm3 . What
is the mole fraction of HF in concentrated hydrofluoric acid?
A. 0.029
B. 0.473
C. 0.578
D. 0.310
E. 0.802
mole fraction = (moles of solute)/(moles of solute + moles of solvent)
Plan: mol HF/L soln → g HF/L soln → g HF/mL soln → g HF/cm3 soln → g HF/g soln → (g HF + g
H2 O)/g soln; g HF → mol HF; g H2 O → mol H2 O; mol HF/(mol HF + mol H2 O) = mol fraction
(29.2 mol/L soln) x (20.01 g HF/mol) x (1 L/1000 mL) x (1 mL/1 cm3 ) x (1 cm3 /1.17 g soln)
= 0.499 g HF/g soln = 0.499 g HF + 0.501 g H2 O in 1.000 g solution
mole fraction HF = (0.499 g HF/20.01gHFmol-1 )/((0.499 g HF/20.01gHFmol-1 ) + (0.501 gH2 O/18.02
gH2 Omol-1 )) = 0.473 = mole fraction
3.
A sample of ethylene glycol, C 2 H6 O2 , is dissolved in water to make a solution in which the mole fraction
of ethylene glycol is 0.236. What is the molality of ethylene glycol in this solution?
A. 0.66 m
B. 1.89 m
C. 13.8 m
D. 17.2 m
E. 24.7 m

molality = moles/1000 g solvent
0.236 mole fraction of EG means that 0.764 is the mole fraction of H2 O.
H2 O is the solvent.
0.764 mol H2 O x (18.02 g/mol) = 13.767 g H2 O
(0.236 mol EG/13.767 g H2O) x 1000 g = 17.14 mol EG/1000 g H2 O = molality of EG
D
15. CHEM 162-2001 HOURLY EXAM I + ANSWERS
9
A concentration of 2.0 mg solute per 10.0 kg of solution is equivalent to
A. 0.020 percent by mass

B. 2.0 ppm
C. 20 ppm
D. 2.0 ppb
E. 200 ppb
0.002 g/10,000 g = 0.2 g/1,000,000 = 0.2 ppm = 200 ppb

Concentrated hydrochloric acid is 37.0% HCl by mass and has a density of 1.19 g/mL.
Calculate the molarity of HCl in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
A. 2.56 M
B. 12.1 M
C. 5.34 M
D. 8.75 M
E. 4.38 M
HCl solution
(37.0 g HCl/100 g sol’n) x 1.19 g/mL x 1000 mL/L x (1/36.5 g/mol) = 12.06 M
3. CHEM-2002 FINAL EXAM + ANSWERS

A solution is prepared by dissolving 17.75 g of sulfuric acid, H2 SO4 ,
(MW = 98.078) in enough water to make 100.0 mL of solution. If the density of the
solution is 1.1094 g/mL, what is the mole fraction of water in the solution?
A. 0.9953
B. 0.9762
C. 0.9908
D. 0.9135
10
E. 0.9662
(17.75 g/100 ml) x (1 ml/1.1094 g) = 0.1600 g H2 SO4 /g solution

(0.1600 g/98.078 gmol-1 ) = 0.001631 mol H2 SO4 /g solution
1.0000 g solution - 0.1600 g H2 SO 4 = 0.8400 g H2 O/g solution
(0.8400 g/18.02 gmol-1 ) = 0.04661 mol H2 O/g solution
0.04661/(0.04661 + 0.001631) = 0.9662 = mole fraction of water
This problem can also be solved in a slightly different manner by handling the mass of sulfuric
acid and the volume of solution separat ely from the beginning:
17.75 g H2SO4/100.0 mL of solution = 17.75 g H2SO4 and 100 mL of solution
17.75 g solute/98.078 gmol^-1 = 0.1810 mol H2SO4
100.0 mL solution x 1.1094 g/mL = 110.94 g solution
110.94 g solution - 17.75 g solute = 93.19 g solvent
93.19 g solvent/18.02gsolventmol^-1 = 5.171 mol solvent = 5.171 mol H2O
mol fraction of H2O = mol H2 O/(mol H2O + mol H2SO4)=5.171/(5.171+0.1810)=0.9662
CHEM 162-2002 HOURLY EXAM I + ANSWERS

7. An alloy is prepared from 1.00 mol Ag (AW= 107.9), 1.0 mol Au (AW= 197.0), and 1.0 mol Hg
(AW=200.6). The mass fraction of gold in the alloy is
Mass fraction gold = mass of gold/mass of everything
Mass fraction gold = 197.0/(107.9 + 197.0 + 200.6) = 0.390
A. 0.60
B. 0.51
C. 0.44
D. 0.21
E. 0.39

11. An aqueous solution of ethylene glycol (HOCH2 CH2 OH, MW=62.07) is 50.0% water by mass and
has a density of 1.06 g/mL. Find the molarity of ethylene glycol in the solution.
M = moles/L
(50 g EG/100 g soln) x (1.06 g/mL) x (1000 mL/L) = 530 g/L
moles = 530 g/62.07 = 8.539; hence, 8.539 moles/L
A. 29.4 M
B. 8.05 M
C. 8.54 M
11
D. 6.77 M
E. 10.7 M

20. A solution is prepared from equal masses of water, acetone (C 3 HO, MW=58.1), and ethanol
(C2 H6 O, MW=46.1). The mole fraction of water in this solution is
Pick any convenient mass. I picked 58.1 g because that is exactly 1.00 mol acetone.
58.1 g H2O + 58.1 g acetone + 58.1 g EtOH
3.23 mol + 1.00 mol + 1.26 mol
3.23/(3.23 + 1.00 + 1.26) = 0.588 mol
A. 0.18
B. 0.59
C. 0.50
D. 0.67
E. 0.33

1 How many grams of CuSO 4 ·5H2 O (Molar mass 249.69 g/mol) should be dissolved in a
250 mL volumetric flask to make a solution of Cu2+(aq) whose concentration is
8.00 x 10-3 M?
A. 0.235 g
B. 0.499 g
C. 0.105 g
D. 0.322 g
E. 0.785 g
moles = M x volume
moles Cu2+ = 8.00 x 10-3 M x 0.250 L = 0.0020 moles of Cu2+
CuSO 4 ·5H2 O → Cu2+ + SO42- + 5H2 O
0.0020 mol Cu2+ x (1 mol CuSO 4 ·5H2 O/1 mol Cu2+) = 0.0020 mol CuSO 4 ·5H2 O
0.0020 mol CuSO 4 ·5H2 O x 249.69 g/mol = 0.499 g CuSO 4 ·5H2 O

3. What is the volume percent of 10.00 g methanol (d = 0.791 g/mL) in 75.00 g ethanol
(d = 0.789 g/mL)? Assume the volumes are additive.
A. 13.5% methanol
B. 7.62% methanol
C. 18.9% methanol
12
D. 11.7% methanol
E. 22.5% methanol

5. What is the molarity of the NO 3 - ion if its concentration is 37 ppm?
A. 5.0 x l0-4 M
B. 6.0 x 10-4 M
C. 3.9 x l0-4 M
D. 7.0 x l0-4 M
E. 2.0 x l0-4 M
37g/1000000 g
Assume that this is an aqueous solution, and that the density of this dilute aqueous solution is 1.00 g/mL =
1000 g/L
(37g/1000000 g) x (1000 g/L) x (1 mol/62.01 g) = 5.97 x 10 -4 M

6. A 4.03 M aqueous solution of the antifreeze ethylene glycol (C 2 H6 O2 ) has a density of
1.045 g/cm3 . What is the mass percent of ethylene glycol in this solution? (Molar mass
ofC2 H6 O2 is 62.7g/mol.)
A. 23.9%
B. 16.7%
C. 76.0%
D. 33.6%
E. 5.9%

11. The concentration of a solution containing 0.131 g of an unknown solid in 25.4 g of
water is 0.056 molal. What is the molar mass of the unknown substance?
A. 56 g/mol
B. 72 g/mol
C. 87 g/mol
D. 98 g/mol
E. 92 g/mol
13
25. Chem 162-2004 Exam 1
Chapter 11
SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS (PROOF)
The term “proof” is defined as twice the percent by volume of ethanol in aqueous
solution. (So 86 proof is 43% ethanol by volume). What is the molarity of ethanol
(C2 H6 O) in a 92 proof solution?
Density of ethanol = 0.800 g/mL
A. 0.92 M
B. 17 M
C. 0.46 M
D. 0.80 M
E. 8.0 M
MW C2 H6 O = 46
92 proof is 46% ethanol by volume. Hence, it is 46 mL ethanol/100 mL solution.
Plan: mL ethanol/mL solution → g ethanol/mL solution → mol ethanol/mL solution
→ mol ethanol/1000 mL solution
(46 mL ethanol/100 mL solution) x (0.800 g/mL) x (1 mol/46 g) x 1000 = 8.0 mol
ethanol/1000 mL soln = 8.0 Methanol
7. Chem 162-2004 Exam 1

Chapter 11
SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS (MASS PERCENT)
What is the mass percent of CuSO 4 in a solution whose density is 1.30 g/mL and whose
molarity is 1.22 M in CuSO 4 ?
A. 12.4%
B. 22.1%
C. choose this choice if none of the others is correct.
D. 31.6%
E. 15.0%
Plan: We’re starting with mole/L sol’n and want to go to g/100 g.

mole/Lsol’n → mole/mLsol’n → mol/gsol’n → g/gsol’n → g/100 g sol’n
MW CuSO 4 = 63.55 + 32.06 + 64.00 = 159.6 gmol-1
(1.22 mol/Lsol’n) x (1L/1000 mL) x (1mL/1.30g) x (159.6g/mol) x 100 = 14.98 mass
14
percent
21. Chem 162-2004 Final Exam + Answers

Chapter 11 - Properties of Solutions
Solution Concentrations
Concentrated hydrochloric acid is 37.5% HCl by mass, and has a density of 1.19 g/cm3.
Calculate the molarity of the concentrated HCl.
A. 18.4 M
B. 10.5 M
C. 9.20 M
D. 12.2 M
E. 4.60 M
Molarity = moles per liter of solution

Plan: g/100 g soln → g/g soln → g/mL soln → g/L soln → mol/L soln
(37.5 g HCl/100 g soln) x (1.19 g/mL) x (1000 mL/L) x (1 mol/36.46 g) = 12.24 M

SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATIONS(MOLARITY.)
A solution of MgCl2 is prepared by adding 0.154 mol of the salt to enough water to
make 500. mL of solution. A 50.0 mL sample of this solution is then diluted to
250.0 mL. The concentration of Cl- in this new solution is
A. 0.0154 M
B. 0.123 M
C. 0.308 M
D. 0.0616 M
E. 0.616 M
15
0.154 mol/0.500 L = 0.308 mol/l = 0.308 M MgCl2 solution
Dilution of 50.0 mL to 250.0 mL is a five fold dilution.
Hence final concentration of MgCl2 is 0.308/5 = 0.0616 M
MgCl2 → Mg2+ + 2Cl-
Therefore, 0.0616 M MgCl2 dissociates into 0.1232 M Cl- solution

SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATIONS (MASS PERCENT)
Concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3 ) is 16.0 M in nitric acid . The mass percent of nitric acid
in this solution is 70.0%. The density of the solution is
A. 1.61 g/cm3
B. 1.84 g/cm3
C. 1.07 g/cm3
D. 1.19 g/cm3
E. 1.44 g/cm3
Begin: 16 mol HNO 3 /1000 mL solution

End: 70 g HNO 3 /100 g solution
16 mol HNO 3 /1000 mL solution x (63.02 g/mol) = 1.0083 g HNO 3 /mL solution
Set up a proportion:
1.0083 g HNO 3 /mL solution = 70 g HNO 3 /X mL solution
X mL = 69.42 mL
70 g HNO3/69.42 mL solution = 70 g HNO3/100 g solution
69.42 mL solution = 100 g solution
D = 100 g/69.42 mL = 1.44 g/mL
Note to ET: There is probably a more direct way to do this.
16
Solution Concentrations calculations
g
What is the molality of 3.75 M H2 SO4 solution that has a density of 1.230 ?
mL
A. 1.50 m
B. 3.15 m
C. 2.55 m
D. 3.75 m
E. 4.35 m
molality = moles/kg solvent

molarity = mol/L solution
3.75 mol/L x (1L/1000 mL) x (1 mL/1.230 g) x (1000 g/kg) = 3.0488 mol H2 SO4 /kg soln
But we want mol H2 SO4 /kg solvent.

3.0488 mol H2 SO 4 x (98g/mol) = 298.78 g H2 SO4 = 0.29878 kg H2 SO4
1 kg soln - 0.29878 kg H2 SO4 = 0.7012 kg solvent
3.0488 mol H2 SO 4 /0.7012 kg solvent = 4.35 mol H2 SO 4 /kg solvent = 4.35 m
17
ENERGETICS OF SOLUTIONS CONCEPTS
Energetics of solutions and solubility concepts
Ionic salts tend not to dissolve in non-polar solvents because

A. The enthalpy of solvation is very large.
B. The large difference between the enthalpy to expand the solvent and the enthalpy
to expand the solute.
C. The enthalpy of solvation is not large enough to overcome the enthalpy to expand
the solute.
D. The solvent repels the solute.
E. The enthalpy to expand the solute is too small.
A. The enthalpy of solvation is always a negative number (i.e., small), so by definition a

negative number cannot be large. Perhaps that’s the wrong way to look at the word
“large”. Let’s try it from an absolute sense. The enthalpy of solvation is a combination
of the enthalpy of solvent-solvent bond breaking and solute-solvent bond formation.
Since solvent-solvent bond breaking is the breaking of London forces for a non-polar
solvent- nonpolar solvent bond, which is very small and endothermic, and the forming of
London forces for bond formation between ions and a non-polar solvent, which is very
small and exothermic, then the enthalpy of solvation is very small.
B. Although there is a large difference between the enthalpy to expand the solvent and
the enthalpy to expand the solute, this difference is not relevant. What is relevant is how
much energy you get back when the solute forms a bond with the water.
C. Since the reaction is the sum of the enthalpy to expand the solute (endothermic solute-
solute bond breaking) and the enthalpy of solvation (the sum of the enthalpy to expand the
solvent and the enthalpy of solvent-solute bond formation) then the enthalpy of solvation
has to be large enough to overcome the enthalpy of solute expansion so that the sum of
the two is negative or approximately zero.
D. The solvent doesn’t repel the solute. The solvent actually attracts the solute. It just
doesn’t attract it strongly enough to make up for the endothermic enthalpies of the solute-
solute bond breaking and the solvent-solvent bond breaking.
E. Not true. The enthalpy to expand an ionic salt is large.
18
Energetics of solutions concepts
Which statement about solubilities in water is best?

A. Substances are more soluble at higher temperature.
B. Polar substances are more soluble at higher temperatures; non-polar substances are
less soluble.
C. Ionic compounds are more soluble at higher temperatures; other compounds have little
or no temperature dependence of their solubilities.
D. Non-polar compounds will not dissolve at any temperature.
E. Most salts are more soluble at higher temperatures, while most gases are less soluble at
higher temperatures.
A. This is not a bad statement, because most substances are more soluble at higher
temperatures. However, gases are less soluble at higher temperatures.
B. This is nonsense. Most substances are more soluble at higher temperatures whether
they are polar or not.
C. Whether the substances are ionic or not, as long as the substances are not gases they
are generally more soluble at higher temperatures.
D. Even non-polar substances will dissolve in water, but very slightly. Their solubility
will increase at a higher temperature. The statement “Non-polar compounds will not
dissolve at any temperature” may be considered as being acceptable if there are no better
statements.
E. This is a very good general rule. Most salts are more soluble at higher temperatures,
while most gases are less soluble at higher temperatures.

39 Which solvent, water or carbon tetrachloride, would you choose to dissolve
the following?
Water is a polar solvent and CCl4 is a non-polar solvent. Polar solutes will
dissolve in water; non-polar solutes will dissolve in CCl 4.
c. CH3CCH3 ; CH3COCH3 is polar, so water is the solvent of choice.

║
19
O

10. Based on enthalpy alone and ignoring the effects of disorganization, the best explanation for the
observation that a nonpolar solute is more soluble in a nonpolar solvent than in a polar solvent is
based on
A. a combination of solute-solute interactions in the pure solute and solvent-solvent interactions in

the pure solvent
B. a combination of solvent-solvent interactions in the pure solvent and solute-solvent interactions
C. solute-solute interactions in the pure solute
D. solvent-solvent interactions in the pure solvent

E. solute-solvent interactions
Let U = solute
V = solvent
NP = non-polar
P = polar
BB = bond-breaking
BM = bond- making
Three steps: solute bond breaking; solvent bond-breaking; solute-solvent bond making.
Non-polar solute dissolving in a non-polar solvent

Steps ΔH
UNP → UNPBB small +
VNP → VNPBB small +
UNP + VNP → UNP VNPBM small -
Non-polar solute dissolving in a polar solvent

Steps ΔH
UNP → UNPBB small +
VP → VPBB large +
UNP + VP → UNP VPBM small -
The major difference is the solvent bond-breaking.

20
11. Consider the following phenomena
I. Contraction of scurvy by sailors
II. The cleaning action of detergents
III. The “bends”
IV. The solubility of AgCl in water
The ones that can be explained by the “like dissolves like” rule are
A. I and III
B. II and IV
C. I, II, and IV
D. all of them
E. I, II, and III
Scurvy is caused by an insufficient quantity of vitamin C in the diet. Vitamin C is polar as is the H2 O in
the blood, making vitamin C highly water soluble and therefore excreted rapidly, and therefore must be
replaced regularly.
In detergents, the non-polar dirt likes the non-polar long-chain of the detergent, while the polar end of the
detergent likes the polar H2 O.
Nitrogen is nonpolar whereas the aqueous blood system is polar. Hence, there is no like dissolves like
issue. The issue with bends is related to a change in pressure.
AgCl is considered to be insoluble in water. However, a small amount of AgCl is soluble in water. To
the extent that it is soluble, it is soluble because silver and chloride ions have a positive and negative
charge, while H2 O has a partial positive and negative charge. This part of the question is very poor and
misleading. The student would do well to ignore part IV.
4. CHEM 162-2000 HOURLY EXAM I B

Which of the following would you expect to be more soluble
in water than in nonpolar solvents?
I. C2H2 II. NH4Cl III. NH3 IV. CCl4
A. I and II
B. II and III
C. II and IV
D. I and III
E. III and IV
21
Polar molecules dissolve polar molecules; non-polar
molecules dissolve non-polar molecules; i.e., like dissolves
like. C 2H2 and CCl4 are non-polar molecules and therefore
are soluble in non-polar solvents. NH 4Cl and NH3 are polar
molecules and therefore would be expected to be soluble in
the polar molecule, water.
12.
Arrange NaF, H2 O, and C2 H4 in order of increasing normal boiling point (i.e., substance with the lowest
boiling point listed first).
A. C2 H4 < NaF < H2 O

B. H2 O < NaF < C2 H4
C. C2H4 < H2O < NaF
D. H2 O < C2 H4 < NaF
E. NaF < C2 H4 < H2 O
C
13.
Which of the following would increase the molar solubility of a gas in a liquid?
A. Decrease the temperature.

B. Decrease the pressure of the gas above the liquid.
C. Increase the surface area of the liquid.
D. Decrease the volume of the liquid.
E. Increase the volume of the liquid.
A
25. CHEM 162-2000 HOURLY EXAM I C
Which of the following statements concerning solubility is false?
22
A. The relative strengths of solute-solute, solvent-solvent, and solute-solvent attractions
play an important role in determining the solubility of a solute in a solvent.
B. The solubility of many salts in water increases with increasing temperature.
C. A solute can be highly soluble in a solvent only if the solution process is exothermic.
D. Ionic and highly polar solutes are hydrophilic.
E. Compounds that can form hydrogen bonds are more likely to be soluble in water than
similar compounds that cannot form hydrogen bonds.

Which of the following statements is false regarding solubility?
A. A saturated solution can be in dynamic equilibrium with undissolved solute.

All chemical equilibria is in dynamic equilibrium. The molecules don’t sit still. They
move out of solution and back into it.
B. The solubility of a solute is independent of the nature of the solvent.
The solubility of a solute is highly dependent on the nature of the solvent. Like dissolves
like.
C. Solubilities of substances vary with temperature.
Generally increasing temperature results in increased solubility.
D. Ionic compounds are not normally very soluble in nonpolar solvents.
Like dissolves like.
E. Nonpolar compounds are generally more soluble in nonpolar solvents than in water.
Like dissolves like.

Which of the following liquids would you expect to be largely insoluble in water?
W. C2 H5 OH X. CCl4 Y. CS2 Z. H3 C - C - CH3 (acetone)

||
O
A. W and X only
B. X and Y only
C. Y and Z only
23
D. W and Z only
E. X and Z only
X and Y are non-polar

Many ionic solids such as NaCl are highly soluble in water because of
A. weak dispersion forces between water molecules.

B. strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
C. a strong ionic lattice in the solid.
D. ion-dipole forces between water and the ions.
E. strong O-H covalent bonds within the water molecule.

CHAPTER 11 - OF SOLUTIONS
25. The solubility of CaI2 (FW=294) in water is 209 g of CaI2 in 100 mL of aqueous solution. A
solution is prepared whose concentration is 8.1 mmol in 1.0 mL of solution. This solution is called
A. saturated
B. dilute
C nonconducting
D unsaturated
E. supersaturated
209/294 = 0.711 mol CaI2 soluble in 100 mL

8.1 mmol in 1.0 mL = 0.8 mol in 100 mL, a supersaturated solution.

2. Many ionic solids are quite soluble in water because of
Water dipoles are attracted to the cations and anions of ionic solids.
A. strong O-H covalent bonds within the water molecule

B. strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
C. a strong ionic lattice in the solid.
24
D. weak dispersion forces between water molecules.
E. ion-dipole forces between water and the ions

16. Which statement is correct?
A. A saturated solution contains a high concentration of solute.
B. A saturated solution involves a dynamic equilibrium between dissolving and
crystallization.
C. The solubility of solids always increases with temperature.
D. The solubility of a gas usually increases with temperature.
E. A supersaturated solution involves a dynamic equilibrium between so lute and
solution.

17. When an ionic salt dissolves in water, the solute-solvent interaction is
A. hydrogen bonding
B. London forces
C. ion- ion forces
D. ion-dipole
E. dipole-dipole

22. Which one of the following solutes would you expect to be
most soluble in water?
A. CH3OH
B. C2H6
C. CHCl3
D. CCl4
E. CH4
25
C2H6, CCl4 and CH4 are all non-polar molecules, and therefore would
not be expected to be soluble in water. CHCl3 and CH3OH are both
polar molecules and are likely to form dipole-dipole bonds with water,
and therefore be soluble. However, CH3OH is also capable of strong
hydrogen bonding with water, which should result in greater solubility
of CH3OH in water.
Chem 162-2003 Final exam + answers

Energetics of solutions and solubility concepts (enthalpy of hydration, enthalpy of solution, etc.)
21. Which of the following gases are very soluble in water?
W. CH4 X. O 2 Y. HCl Z. NH3
A. W and Z
B. W and X
C. Y and Z
D. X and Y
E. X and Z
Both CH4 and O 2 are non-polar, i.e., they have no dipole moment. Since H2 O is polar, and like
dissolves like, then CH4 and O 2 will be only very slightly soluble in H2 O. However, both HCl and
NH3 are both polar molecules. Hence, they will form relatively strong dipole-dipole bonds with
the polar water. In addition, the HCl dissociates into ions, forming strong ion dipole bonds with
H2 O, while NH3 forms strong hydrogen bonds with water.
Chem 162-2004 Exam 1

Chapter 11
20. ENERGETICS OF SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITIES
When a solid dissolves in water, heat energy is released if
A. choose this choice if none of the others is correct.

B. the absolute value of the hydration energy is greater than the absolute value of
the lattice energy
C. the hydration energy is negative
D. the solution is ideal
E. the lattice energy is positive
The sum of the enthalpy of solute-solute bond breaking (which is the same as the lattice
energy but opposite in sign, and since the lattice energy is always negative this is always
26
positive) and the enthalpy of hydration (which is always negative) must be negative to
release heat energy. Therefore, the absolute value of the hydration energy must be
greater than the absolute value of the lattice energy, making “B” the correct answer.
“C” is ruled out because the positive enthalpy of solute-solute bond breaking might be
larger than the hydration energy, which will result in an endothermic reaction. “D” is
ruled out, because the solution being ideal is irrelevant. I’m not certain about “E”
because if the lattice energy is positive then the enthalpy of solute-solute bond breaking
will be negative. Since the enthalpy of hydration is always negative then this
combination will result in a negative total enthalpy, or heat release. I guess that this is
not a good choice because the lattice energy is never positive.
11. Chem 162-2004 Exam 1

CHAPTER 11
ENERGETICS OF SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITIES
Rank the following compounds in order of increasing solubility in water
I. CH3 CH2 CH2CH3

II. CH3 CH2-O-CH2 CH3
III. CH3 CH2 CH2CH2 OH
IV. CH3 OH
A. III<II<IV<I
B. II<III<I<IV
C. I<II<III<IV
D. choose this choice if none of the others is correct.
E. II<I<IV<III
CH3 CH2 CH2CH3 is a hydrocarbon. Since there is virtually no difference in

electronegativity between carbons and hydrogen in hydrocarbons, then all hydrocarbons
are non-polar. However, even if there was a difference in electronegativity, the VSEPR
shows vectorial symmetry. The symmetry would have killed the polarity. Non-polar
molecules are not soluble in water (like dissolves like rule).
CH3 CH2-O-CH2 CH3 contains oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. Since there is a large
difference in electronegativity between oxygen and carbon or hydrogen, and since the
VSEPR geometry shows that this molecule is not symmetrical, then this molecule is
polar. Furthermore, it is capable of hydrogen bonding with water. Hence, this molecule
should be soluble in water.
CH3 CH2 CH2CH2 OH contains oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. Since there is a large
difference in electronegativity between oxygen and carbon or hydrogen, and since the
VSEPR geometry shows that this molecule is not symmetrical, then this molecule is
polar. Furthermore, it is capable of strong hydrogen bonding with water because not
27
only can the hydrogen from water hydrogen bond with the oxygen on this molecule, but
the hydrogen on this molecule can hydrogen bond with the oxygen in water. This is
different than the situation with CH3 CH2 -O-CH2CH3 in which the hydrogen in the
water can hydrogen bond with it, but it does not have the type of hydrogen required to
bond with the oxygen in water. Hence, CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH should be more soluble in
water than CH3 CH2 -O-CH2 CH3 .
CH3 OH has similar behavior to CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH. It is capable of strong hydrogen
bonding with water because not only can the hydrogen from water hydrogen bond with
the oxygen on this molecule, but the hydrogen on this molecule can hydrogen bond
with the oxygen in water. However, whereas CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2OH contains a backbone
of four carbon atoms, making that part of the molecule non-polar, CH3 OH contains
only a small non-polar segment. This makes CH3 OH a more polar molecule than
CH3 CH2 CH2CH2 OH, and therefore more soluble in water.
This ranking is from most insoluble to most soluble.

I < II < III < IV
28
Chem 162-2004 Final Exam + Answers
Energetics of Solutions
Many ionic solids such as NaCl are highly soluble in water because of:
A. a strong ionic lattice in the solid

B. strong O-H covalent bonds within the water molecule
C. weak dispersion forces between water molecules
D. strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules
E. ion-dipole forces between water and the ions
(A) A strong ionic lattice, in itself, decreases the solubility in water because the ion-ion bonds are difficult to break.
(B) The bonding within the water molecule is irrelevant.
(C) Although the dispersion forces between water molecules are weak, that isn’t relevant.
(D) Strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules, by themselves, decrease solubility of NaCl because the hydrogen bonds are
difficult to break.
(E) The energy released due to the strong ion-dipole forces between water and the ions is the main driving force for the high solubility of
NaCl in water.

ENERGETICS OF SOLUTIONS CONCEPTS (ENTHALPY OF HYDRATION,
ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION, ETC.) AND SOLUBILITIES
The reason that heptane and octane (both nonpolar liquids) are miscible is
A. Absence of significantly favorable solute-solute interactions

B. Favorable solute-solvent interactions
C. Disorganization increases in the solution
D. Choose this choice if none of the other choices are correct
E. Choose this choice if two of the other choices are correct
A. Absence of significantly favorable solute-solute interactions is saying the same thing

as the presence of significantly unfavorable solute-solute interactions. The presence of
significantly unfavorable solute-solute interactions never helps miscibility (i.e.,
dissolution); if anything, if the solute-solute interaction is so unfavorable, i.e., if the ΔH
is so highly positive, it will tend to inhibit miscibility.
B. Favorable solute-solvent interactions is a factor. The word favorable means that the
29
negative enthalpy of the solute-solvent interaction should be large enough to either (a)
compensate for the sum of the positive enthalpies of the solute-solute bond breaking and
the solvent-solvent bond breaking, or (b) come close to compensating for the sum of the
positive enthalpies of the solute-solute bond breaking and the solvent-solvent bond
breaking.
C. Disorganization increasing upon dissolution is a factor. (Another term for this is an
increase in entropy; I describe this effect as a decrease in confinement.)

ENERGETICS OF SOLUTIONS CONCEPTS (ENTHALPY OF HYDRATION,
ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION, ETC.) AND SOLUBILITIES
The lattice energy of NaBr is –728 kJ/mol and its enthalpy of solution in water is
–18 kJ/mol. Its enthalpy of hydration is
A. + 746 kJ/mol
B. –746 kJ/mol
C. –36 kJ/mol
D. + 710 kJ/mol
E. –710 kJ/mol
ΔHsoln = ΔHsolute-solutebondbreaking + ΔHsolvent-solventbondbreaking + ΔHsolute-solventbondforming

ΔHhydr = ΔHsolvent-solventbondbreaking + ΔHsolute-solventbondforming
If lattice energy = -728 kJ/mol, then ΔHsolute-solutebondbreaking = +728 kJ/mol.

-18 kJ/mol = +728 kJ/mol + ΔHhydr
ΔHhydr = -746 kJ/mol
30
Energetics of Solutions Concepts
When NaCl dissolves in water, H of solution is approximately zero. This observation

implies which of the following:
A. the entropy of the dissolved ions equals than the entropy of the ionic solid.
B. the lattice energy of NaCl is relatively weak.
C. the vapor pressure of the solution is equal to outside pressure.
D. the reaction is nonspontaneous.
E. the hydration energy of the ions is numerically equal to the lattice energy of NaCl
A. H of the reaction is not related to the entropy of the reaction.

B. H consists of the energy necessary to break the Na +Cl- bonds (lattice energy) the
energy to break the H2 O-H2O bonds and the energy to form the H2 O-ion bonds. So, in the
absence of the other contributing values, we can’t isolate the lattice energy and say that
that is relatively weak. Hence, “B” is false. Another way to answer this question is to
realize that lattice energy is always/generally a huge value, so the lattice energy is not
likely to be relatively weak.
C. Dissolution of a salt in water has nothing to do with its vapor pressure. The relationship
of vapor pressure and outside pressure is for the boiling point.
D. Since H is approximately zero, and S will have some positive value (going from one
mole of a salt to two moles of a solution is always positive, and going from solid to
aqueous is always positive), then the reaction is spontaneous.
E. Since H is the sum of the hydration energy (the sum of the energy needed to break the
solvent bonds and the energy released due to bonding of the solvent and the salt ions) and
the lattice energy, and H is approximately zero, then the hydration energy must be
approximately equal to the lattice energy.
31
ENERGETICS OF SOLUTIONS CALCULATIONS
32
Energetics of solutions and solubility calculations
Which compound is most likely to dissolve in cyclohexane (C6H12)?
A. NaCl
B. POCl2
C. SO2
D. SF6
E. CH3OH
Like dissolves like. Cyclohexane is a hydrocarbon and is therefore non-polar. Hence,
only non-polar compounds will dissolve in cyclohexane.
A. NaCl is a salt. Due to the large difference in electronegativity between Na and Cl the
Na is positively charged and the Cl is negatively charged. Hence it is polar and should
not dissolve in cyclohexane.
B. POCl2 has atoms varying in electronegativity and is not symmetrical. Therefore it is
polar and should not dissolve in cyclohexane.
..
:O:
│•
P
: Cl: :Cl:
.. ..
C. SO2 SO2 has atoms varying in electronegativity, and is not symmetrical.
Therefore, it is polar, and should not be soluble in cyclohexane.
..
:O = S ― O : Bent; 120o; polar
. . . . . .
D. SF6 Although SF6 has polar bonds, it is symmetrical, and is therefore not polar, and
should dissolve in cyclohexane.
.. ..
:F : :F :
.. ..
:F ― S ― F :
. . . .
:F : :F :
.. ..
E. The C-O-H bonds in CH3OH are polar, and the C-O-H moiety is not symmetrical.
Therefore, it is a polar molecule and should not be soluble in cyclohexane.
H
| ..
H ― C ― O ― H
| ..
H
33
ENERGETICS OF SOLUTIONS CALCULATIONS
35 The lattice energy of KCl is -715 kJ/mol, and the enthalpy of hydration is -684 kJ/mol.
Calculate the enthalpy of solution per mole of solid KCl. Describe the process to which
this enthalpy change applies.
ΔHsoln = ΔHsolutebondbreaking + ΔHsolventbondbreaking + ΔHsolute-solventbondformation

ΔHhydration = ΔHsolventbondbreaking + ΔHsolute-solventbondformation
Therefore, ΔHsoln = ΔHsolutebondbreaking + ΔHhydration
ΔHsolutebondbreaking = the negative of the lattice energy = +715 kJ/mol

ΔHsoln = ΔHsolutebondbreaking + ΔHhydration
ΔHsoln = +715 -684 = 31 kJ/mol
The enthalpy of solution change applies to a process in which the KCl solid salt is
separated into K+ + Cl-, the H2O solvent is dissociated into individual H2O molecules, and
then the individual K+ & Cl- ions bond with the individual H2O molecules.
ΔHsolution
+ -
K-Cl → K + Cl ΔHsolutebondbreaking = +715 kJ/mol
H2O --- H2O → H2O + H2O ΔHsolventbondbreaking

ΔHhydration = -684 kJ/mol
+ - + -
K + Cl + H2O + H2O → H2O---K + Cl ---H2O ΔHsolute-solventbondformation
K-Cl + H2O --- H2O → H2O---K+ + Cl----H2O ΔHsoln=ΔHubb+ΔHvbb+ΔHuvbf=ΔHubb+ΔHhydr
34
VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS CONCEPTS

Vapor pressure of solutions concepts (Henry’s law)
The concentration of helium in water is found to be 1.83×10 -6 g/L. If the partial pressure
of He is 1.2×10-3 atm, what is the henry’s law constant k H for helium?
A. 3.8×10-4 M/atm
B. 1.5×10-3 M/atm
C. 1.8×109 M/atm
D. 4.6×10-3 M/atm
E. 2.5×10-6 M/atm
Henry’s Law: MA = kPA

1.83 x 10-6 g/L x (1 mol/4.00g) = k x 1.2 x 10-3 atm
kH = 3.81 x 10-4 M/atm
49. CHEM 162-2000 FINAL EXAM D

CHAPTER 11- PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
Which one of the following statements is false?
A. The vapor pressure of a liquid depends on the temperature.

B. One can boil a liquid above, below or at its normal boiling point.
C. At the same temperature, a volatile substance has a higher vapor pressure than a
nonvolatile substance.
D. The vapor pressure of a pure liquid depends on the volume of liquid present.
E. The vapor pressure of a liquid remains the same if the surface area of evaporation
becomes larger.
A. True. As the temperature is raised more energy is provided to break

intermolecular forces in the liquid, thereby allowing molecules to escape the liquid
phase and go into the vapor phase.
B. True. The “normal” boiling point is defined as the boiling point at 1 atm. pressure.
Above 1 atm pressure the liquid will boil at a higher temperature. Below 1 atm
pressure the liquid will boil at a lower temperature.
C. True. The difference between a volatile substance and a nonvolatile substance is
the strength of the intermolecular forces. A volatile substance has weaker
35
intermolecular forces, so more molecules can escape into the vapor phase,
resulting in a higher vapor pressure.
D. False. The vapor pressure of a pure substance is independent of the volume.
Hence, it makes no difference whether 100 mL or 100 L of H2 O is brought to a
boil. At 100o C both boil, and have vapor pressures of 760 mm. Increasing the
volume would tend to increase the surface area, but increasing the surface area
doesn’t result in an increase in vapor pressure (See “E” below.)
E. True. One may argue that a substance having greater surface area would have a
greater number of molecules in the vapor phase. Whereas this is true, pressure is
force per unit area, so increasing the surface area doesn’t affect the force, and
therefore doesn’t affect the pressure.
10. CHEM 162-2000 HOURLY EXAM I A

The normal boiling point of acetone is 56.2C and that of benzene is 80.1C. At 33C,
which of the following would you predict concerning the vapor pressures of liquid acetone
and liquid benzene?
A. Acetone would have the greater vapor pressure.

B. Benzene would have the greater vapor pressure.
C. The vapor pressures would be equal.
D. The vapor pressure of benzene would be 760 Torr.
E. The relative vapor pressures are not predictable from the data given.
22. CHEM 162-2000 HOURLY EXAM I D

The vapor pressure of a pure liquid depends on which of the following?
W. the strength of intermolecular attractions in the liquid

X. the volume of liquid present
Y. the surface area of the liquid
Z. temperature
A. W, X, Y, and Z
B. X, Y, and Z only
C. W, Y, and Z only
D. W and Z only
36
E. Z only
Chem 162-2004 Exam 1

Chapter 11
16. VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS - RAOULT’S LAW
A solution of a salt in water sits in an open beaker. Assuming constant temperature,
what will happen to the vapor pressure of the solution with time?
A. decreases over time

B. need to know the temperature and pressure to answer this question
C. need to know which salt is in solution to answer this question
D. increases over time
E. stays the same over time
Over time some water will evaporate, decreasing the concentration of the water in the
solution, consequently reducing the vapor pressure. It is important to note that as a
result of the beaker being open, the evaporated water does not build up in the gas phase.
It leaves the system, so the solution continues to become less and less concentrated with
respect to water and the vapor pressure goes down according to Raoult’s law.
37
Vapor Pressure of Solutions Concepts
When tap water is heated in an uncovered pot, bubbles may be seen long before the water
boils. This observation can be explained by:
A. the temperature dependence of the mole fraction in Raoult’s Law

B. the dependence of the boiling point on external pressure.
C. changes in atmospheric pressure.
D. the decomposition of a small amount of water
E. the decreased solubility of gases at higher temperatures.
A. There is no temperature dependence of mole fraction.

B. Although the boiling point is dependent on external pressure, this is irrelevant in this
case because the water is heated in an uncovered pot, so the external pressure doesn’t
change.
C. In an uncovered pot the atmospheric pressure doesn’t change.
D. The implication is that water decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen. Although
hydrogen and oxygen spontaneously form water, water doesn’t spontaneously form
hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore, the bubbles aren’t hydrogen and oxygen.
E. The solubility of gases in water is inversely related to the temperature. Hence, as the
temperature rises, the bubbles formed is air, which is not soluble in water at elevated
temperatures.
VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS CALCULATIONS
38
Vapor pressure of solutions calculations (Raoult’s Law)
What is the vapor pressure of a solution formed by mixing 192.0 g of C 6 H12O6 in 250.00
mL of water at 25 °C? The density of water is 1.00g/cm3 and its vapor pressure at 25 °C
is 23.8 Torr.
A. 13.5 Torr
B. 24.2 Torr
C. 21.4 Torr
D. 23.1 Torr
E. 22.1 Torr
Raoult’s law:
Psoln = iXsolventPo solvent
192.0 g C6 H12 O6 x (1 mol/180.18g) = 1.0656 mol C6 H12 O6
250 mL H2 O x 1g/mL x (1 mol/18.02 g) = 13.87 mol H2 O
Psoln = ((1 x 13.87)/((1 x 13.87) + (1 x 1.0656))) x 23.8 = 22.1 torr

45 The solubility of nitrogen in water is 8.21 x 10 -4 mol/L at 0oC when the N2
pressure above water is 0.790 atm. Calculate the Henry’s law constant for N 2
in units of Latm/mol for Henry’s law in the form P = kC, where C is the gas
concentration in mol/L. Calculate the solubility of N2 in water when the partial
pressure of nitrogen above water is 1.10 atm at 0 oC.
Henry’s law: P A = kC A
0.790 atm = k x 8.21 x 10 -4 mol/L
k = 962 atmL/mol
1.10 atm = 962 atmL/mol x X

X = 0.00114 mol/L
39
47 A solution is prepared by mixing 50.0 g glucose (C 6H12O6) with 600.0 g
water. What is the vapor pressure of this solution at 25 oC? (At 25oC the vapor
pressure of pure water is 23.8 torr. Glucose is a nonelectrolyte.)
Psoln = XsolventPosolvent
X = moles H2O/(moles H2O + molesglucose)
X = (600 g x (1 mol/18 g))/ ((600 g x (1 mol/18 g)) + (50.0 g x (1 mol/180 g)))
= 0.9917
Psoln = 0.9917 x 23.8 torr
Psoln = 23.6 torr

51 Pentane (C5 H12) and hexane (C6 H14) form an ideal solution. At 25 oC the
vapor pressures of pentane and hexane are 511 and 150 torr, respectively. A
solution is prepared by mixing 25 mL pentane (density, 0.63 g/mL) with 45 mL
hexane (density, 0.66 g/mL).
a. What is the vapor pressure of the resulting solution?
PTotal = P A + P B = XAPo A + XBPo B
moles of pentane = 25 mL x (0.63 g/mL) x (1 mol/72 g) = 0.2188 mol

moles of hexane = 45 mL x (0.66 g/mL) x (1 mol/86 g) = 0.3453 mol
Xpentane = 0.2188/(0.2188 + 0.3453) = 0.3879

Xhexane = 0.3453/(0.2188 + 0.3453) = 0.6121
PP = XPPoP
PP = 0.3879 x 511 torr = 198 torr
40
PH = XHPo H
PH = 0.6121 x 150 torr = 92 torr
PTotal = PP + PH = 198 + 92 torr = 290 torr

49 At a certain temperature, the vapor pressure of pure benzene (C 6H6) is
0.930 atm. A solution was prepared by dissolving 10.0 g of a nondissociating,
nonvolatile solute in 78.11 g of benzene at that temperature. The vapor
pressure of the solution was found to be 0.900 atm. Assuming the solution
behaves ideally, determine the molar mass of the solute.
Psoln = XsolventPosolvent
0.900 atm = Xbenzene x 0.930 atm
Xbenzene = 0.9677
0.9677 = molbenzene/(molbenzene + molsolute)

0.9677 = (78.11 g x (1 mol/78.11 g))/((78.11 g x (1 mol/78.11 g)) + (10.0 g x
(1 mol/X g)))
X = molecular weight of solute = 300 g

20. A solution containing 0.40 mol of benzene (C 6 H6 ) and 0.80 mol of toluene (C 7 H8 ) has a total
vapor pressure of 200 mm Hg. If the vapor pressure of pure toluene is 120 mm Hg at this
temperature, then the vapor pressure of pure benzene at this temperature is
A. choose this choice if none of the others are correct

B. 80 mm Hg
C. 160 mm Hg
D. 260 mm Hg
E. 360 mm Hg
41
Ptotal = XBzPo Bz + XTo PoTo
200 = ((0.4/1.2) x Po ) + ((0.8/1.2) x 120)
Po Bz = 360

24. The partial pressure of O 2 in the atmosphere at sea level is 0.12 atm. A saturated solution of O 2 at
273 K under these conditions has a mole fraction of O 2 of 5.4 x 10-6 . The Henry’s Law constant at
273 K for O 2 is
A. 9.0 x 10-5 atm-1
B. 4.5 x 10-5 atm-1

C. 2.2 x 104 atm-1
D. 1.1 x 104 atm-1
E. choose this choice if none of the others is correct
Henry’s Law:
Henry’s Law can be written several ways. One way is:
XA = kPA
(5.4 x 10-6 ) = k x 0.12
k = 4.5 x 10-5

5. Alcohol A and alcohol B both have the same molar mass. A solution of the two that is 25%
alcohol A by mass has a total vapor pressure of 0.0900 atm. A solution of the two that is 75%
alcohol A by mass has a total vapor pressure of 0.123 atm. The vapor pressures of the two pure
alcohols at this temperature are
A. 0.140 atm for alcohol A and 0.0735 atm for alcohol B

B. cannot be calculated without knowing the density
C. 0.0735 atm for alcohol A and 0.140 atm for alcohol B
D. cannot be calculated without knowing the actual molecular formula
E. cannot be calculated without knowing the temperature
Simultaneous equations:
PT otal = PA + PB
PT otal = XAPo A + XBPo B
0.0900 = 0.25X + 0.75Y
0.123 = 0.75X + 0.25Y
42
Multiply first equation by 3:
0.2700 = 0.75X + 2.25Y
0.123 = 0.75X + 0.25Y
Subtract:
0.147 = 2.00Y
Y = 0.073
Now multiply the bottom equation by 3:

0.0900 = 0.25X + 0.75Y
0.369 = 2.25X + 0.75Y
Subtract:
0.279 = 2X
0.140 = X

A solution is prepared by dissolving the nonvolatile nonelectrolyte solute glucose
(C6 H12O6 , molar mass 180 g/mol) in water. If the mass percent of glucose in this solution
is 9.70%, calculate the vapor pressure of the solution at 22C. The vapor pressure of pure
water at 22C is 19.83 Torr.
A. 19.83 Torr
B. 19.81 Torr
C. 19.73 Torr
D. 19.62 Torr
E. 19.53 Torr
Psoln = iXsolvent Po solvent

Psoln = (9.70/180)/((9.70 g/180) + (90.30/18.02))/19.83
Psoln = ((90.30/18.02)/((90.30/18.02) + (9.70 g/180))) x 19.83
P = 19.62 torr

Suppose that at 298 K, a maximum of 46 mg of O2 can dissolve in 100 g of water under a
pressure of 10.0 atm of O 2 . What is the maximum mass of O 2 in air that can dissolve in
100 g of water at 298 K? Assume that the pressure of air is 1.00 atm and the mole fraction
43
of O 2 in air is 0.21.
A. 1.8 mg
B. 4.4 mg
C. 0.97 mg
D. 3.7 mg
E. 2.2 mg
Even though it is the convention to have concentration as mo le fraction, concentration is

not required to be in mole fraction, as long as what the concentration is is defined. In this
case the concentration is mg of solute/100 g solvent.
Csolute = kP
We are given the concentration of solute (oxygen) and its headspace pressure, so we can
find the constant, k. Then we’ll use k and the new oxygen pressure to find the new
concentration of the solute, oxygen.
(46 mg/100 g solvent) = k x 10.0
k = 0.046
C = 0.046 x P
Pressure of gases is directly related to moles of gases.
Combination gas law: P1 V1 /n1 T1 = P2 V2 /n2 T2
At constant V and T, P1 /n1 = P2 /n2
P1 /P2 = n1 /n2
Although I don’t know how to demonstrate this algebraically, P1 is to the total pressure as
moles1 is to the total moles.
P1 /PTotal = n1 /nT otal.
P1 /1.00 atm = 0.21/1
P1 = 0.21 atm
C = 0.046 x 0.21 = 0.00966 mg O 2 /g solvent
0.00966 x 100 = 0.966 mg O 2 /100 g solvent

How many grams of naphthalene (C 10 H8 , molar mass 128.2 g/mol) must be dissolved in
2.00 moles of benzene, C 6 H6 , in order to lower the vapor pressure of benzene by 10.0%?
A. 19.2 g
B. 28.5 g
C. 32.4 g
44
D. 38.2 g
E. 48.6 g
Raoult’s Law: Psolv = Xsolv x Po solv

0.9 = Xsolv x 1.0
Xsolv = 0.9
0.9 = 2.00/2.00 + X
X = 0.22 moles napthalene
0.22 mol napthalene = g/128.2
g = 28.2 g napthalene

Benzene and toluene form an ideal solution. At 25C, the vapor pressure of pure benzene
is 95.1 Torr and the vapor pressure of pure toluene is 28.4 Torr. If a solution contains
1.0 mol of benzene and 2.0 mol of toluene, what is the mole fraction of benzene in the
vapor of this solution at 25C?
A. 0.25
B. 0.31
C. 0.51
D. 0.63
E. 0.82
Psolv = Xsolv x Po solv

Benzene Toluene
Pure 95.1 torr Pure 28.4 torr
1.0 mol 2.0 mol
Psolv = (1.0/3.0) x 95.1 2/3 x 28.4
= 31.70 vapor pressure = 18.93 vapor pressure
31.70/(31.70 + 18.93) = 0.626
6.
CHEM-2002 FINAL EXAM + ANSWERS
The vapor pressure of pure benzene (C6H6) and of pure toluene (C7H8)
at 25C are 85.1 mmHg and 28.4 mmHg, respectively. A solution is
prepared with a mole fraction of toluene of 0.750. Assuming that the
45
solution is an ideal solution, calculate the total vapor pressure above
the solution?
A. 19.3 mmHg
B. 94.6 mmHg
C. 75.1 mmHg
D. 83.2 mmHg
E. 42.6 mmHg
Raoult’s Law: P solv = Xsolv x Posolv

Pbenzene = (1-0.750) x (85.1) = 21.275
Ptoluene = (0.750 x 28.4) = 21.300
Ptotal = Pbenzene + Ptoluene = 42.575
PTotal = XBzPoBz + XToPoTo

PTotal = ((1-0.750) x 85.1) + (0.750 x 28.4)
PTotal = 42.575
7.
CHEM-2002 FINAL EXAM + ANSWERS
How many moles of a solid nonelectrolyte must be added to 44.5
moles of water at 70C to produce a solution with a vapor pressure of
215.0 mmHg? The vapor pressure of pure water at 70C is 233.7
mmHg.
A. 3.87 moles
B. 2.53 moles
C. 5.10 moles
D. 4.93 moles
46
E. 1.27 moles
Raoult’s Law: P soln = Xsolv x Posolv

215.0 = X x 233.7
X = 0.920 = mole fraction of water
1-0.920 = 0.080 = mole fraction of solid nonelectrolyte
Call solid nonelectrolyte “SNE”
0.080 = (YSNE)/(YSNE + 44.5H2O)

YSNE = 3.87

6. What is the mole fraction of benzene in the vapor above a solution prepared from benzene and
toluene, in which the mole fraction of benzene in the solution is 0.333? The temperature is 298 K.; and at
this temperature the vapor pressure of pure benzene is 0.125 atm and of pure toluene is 0.0374 atm.
Psolv = Xsolv x Po solv
PB = 0.333 x 0.125 = 0.04163
PT = 0.667 x 0.0374 = 0.02495
XB = 0.04163/(0.04163 + 0.02495) = 0.625
A. 0.333
B. 0.667
C. 0.0416
D. 0.375
E. 0.625

47
16. At a pressure of O 2 of 1.00 atm, the mole fraction of dissolved O 2 in water is 1.6 x 10-5 at 333 K.
What mass of O 2 (MW=32.0) can dissolve in 250 g of water under 1.00 atm of air pressure at 333 K.? The
mole percent of O 2 in air is 21%.
Henry’s law: C gas = kP
There are several ways to solve this problem.

Some important factors: (1) “C” of the gas in water can be expressed in numerous ways, including mole
fraction. (2) Note that the initial condition is O 2 at 1.00 atm of pressure above the water. However, the
requested information does not pertain to O 2 being at 1.00 atm of pressure above the water, but air being
at 1.00 atm of pressure above the water. Since air is 21% O 2 , then the question is asking about the
solubility of O 2 in water when the O 2 is at 0.21 atm pressure above the water.
Plan: C and P are given; find k. Then multiply k by the new P to find the new C. From the new C find
the mass of O 2 dissolved in 250 g water.
O2
1 atm
mole fraction O 2 = 1.6 x 10-5
?g O 2 in 250 g H2 O under 0.21 atm pressure
1.6 x 10-5 = k x 1 atm

k = 1.6 x 10-5
At 0.21 atm: C = 1.6 x 10-5 x 0.21
C = 3.36 x 10-6 = mole fraction of O 2 in H2 O
If mole fraction of O 2 is 3.36 x 10-6 , then mole fraction of H2 O is 1 - (2.36 x 10-6 ) = 0.999997 = 1
Therefore there is 3.36 x 10-6 mol O 2 dissolved in 1 mol H2 O.
3.36 x 10-6 mol O 2 x 32 g/mol = 1.0752 x 10-4 g O 2
1 mol H2 O x 18.02 g/mol = 18.02 g H2 O
1.0752 x 10-4 g O 2 /18.02 g H2 O x 250 g H2 O = 1.492 x 10-3 g O2
0.00149 g O 2 dissolved in 250 g H2 O at 0.21 atm
Another way of solving this problem is as follows:

Henry’s law states that the concentration of a gas in a solution is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above
solution.
P = kC
P = 1 atm O 2
C, expressed as a mole fraction, = 1.6 x 10 -5
1 = k x 1.6 x 10-5
k = 6.25 x 104
New conditions:
1 atm of air = 0.21 atm O 2 .
0.21 = (6.25 x 104 ) x mole fraction of O 2
0.21 = (6.25 x 104) x ((g/32)/((g/32) + (250/18)))
g = 0.00149
48
A. 1.5x10-3 g
B. 9.8x10-5 g
C. 55.5 g
D. 4.0x10-6 g
E. 5.1x10-4 g

8. The vapor pressure of pure benzene at 25°C is 95.1 mm Hg and that of toluene 28.4
mm Hg. If 0.40 mole of benzene and 0.60 mol of toluene are mixed in a container, what
is the mole fraction of benzene in the vapor phase?
A. 0.21
B. 0.60
C. 0.78
D. 0.69
E. 0.82

9. If 27.0 g of acetylene, C 2 H2 , dissolve in 1.00 L of acetone at 1.0 atmosphere pressure,
what is the mass of acetylene dissolved in 5.00 L of water if the pressure of acetylene is
increased to 10.0 atm?
A. 1.35 x 103 g
B. 2.70 x 103 g
C. 2.70 x 102 g
D. 4.63 x 103 g

Vapor pressure of solutions calculations (Henry’s L=law; Raoult’s law)
6. What mass of benzene, (C 6 H6 , molar mass 78.1), must be added to 2.00 moles of carbon
tetrachloride, CCl4 , in order to reduce the vapor pressure of carbon tetrachloride by 20%.
A. 52.0 g
B. 45.2 g
49
C. 39.0 g
D. 27.5 g
E. 17.3 g
Raoult’s law:
Psoln = Xsolvent Po solvent
If CCl4 was pure, that is, if the mole fraction was 1, then the vapor pressure of the solution would
be equal to the vapor pressure of the pure CCl4 solvent. If the vapor pressure is reduced by 20%, then:
Psoln = 0.80 x Po solvent
XB + XC = 1
XB + 0.80 = 1
XB = 0.20
If 2 moles corresponds to a mole fraction of 0.80, then 0.5 moles corresponds to a mole fraction of 0.20.
mass = 0.5 mol benzene x 78.1 g/mol = 39.05 g benzene.
2. Chem 162-2004 Exam 1

Chapter 11
VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS - HENRY’S LAW
What is the amount of CO 2 released when a bottle containing 0.50 L of club soda bottled
at a pressure of 1.1 atm of CO 2 is opened at 298 K. The Henry’s Law constant for CO 2
at 298 K = 6.1 x 10-4 atm-1 , the partial pressure of CO 2 in the atmosphere is 3.0 x 10-4
atm, and the density of the solution is 1.0 g/mL.
A. 0.088 mol CO 2
B. 0.0041 mol CO 2
C. 0.0069 mol CO 2
D. 0.0095 mol CO 2
E. 0.019 mol CO 2
Club soda
0.50 L
1.1 atm CO 2 = P1
T = 298 K
k = 6.1 x 10-4 atm-1
3.0 x 10-4 atm = P2
X = kPa
The concentration must be in mole fraction, because only mole fraction would account
for the units:
No units = atm-1 x atm
(molCO 2 )/(molCO 2 + mol H2 O) = kPa
After bottling:
50
Y/(Y + (500g/18.02gmol-1)) = 6.1 x 10-4 x 1.1 atm
Y = 0.0186 mol CO 2 dissolved after bottling
After opening:
Y/(Y + (500/18.02)) = 6.1 x 10-4 x 3.0 x 10-4
Y = 5.08 x 10-6 mol CO 2 dissolved
Mol lost = 0.0186 - (5.08 x 10-6 ) = 0.0186 mol
6. Chem 162-2004 Exam 1

Chapter 11
VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS - HENRY’S LAW
A solution of benzene and toluene at 20ºC has a mole fraction of benzene = 0.53. What
is the mole fraction of benzene in the vapor above the solution. Vapor pressures at 20ºC
benzene = 76 torr; toluene = 21 torr
A. 0.28
B. 0.47
C. 0.50
D. 0.53
E. 0.80
PBzsoln = XBzPo Bz
PBzsoln = 0.53 x 76
PBzsoln = 40.28 torr
PT osoln = XTo PoTo

PT osoln = XTo PoTo = (1 - 0.53) x 21
PT osoln = 9.87 torr
Moles of benzene and toluene in the vapor is directly proportional to the pressure of
benzene and toluene in the vapor.
XBz = 40.28/(40.28 + 9.87) = 0.80
51
Vapor Pressure of Solutions
The vapor pressure of pure water at 80 o C is 355 Torr. What is the vapor pressure of a
solution prepared by adding 0.300 mol of sucrose to 200 g of water at 80 o C?
A. 335 Torr
B. 316 Torr
C. 325 Torr
D. 346 Torr
E. 353 Torr
Raoult’s Law: Psoln = Xsolvent Po solvent

mol H2 O = 200g/18.02gmol-1 = 11.099 mol
Psoln = ((11.099 mol H2 O)/((11.099 mol H2 O + 0.300 molsucros))) x 355 Torr = 345.7 Torr

VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS CALC’N- RAOULT’S LAW
At 313 K the vapor pressure of pure methanol is 303 mmHg and the vapor pressure of
pure propanol is 44.6 mmHg. A solution of these two substances is prepared and it has a
vapor pressure of 174 mmHg at 313 K. The mole fraction of methanol in the solution is
A. 0.151
B. 0.574
C. 0.501
D. 0.871
E. 0.750
Psoln = iXsolventMPo solventM + iXsolventP Po solventP

XM + XP = 1
Let X = mole fraction of methanol, and 1-X = mole fraction of propanol.
174 = (X x 303) + ((1 - X) x 44.6)
X = Xmethanol = 0.501

VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS CALC’N- RAOULT’S LAW
The mass of naphthalene (C 10 H8 ) that must be dissolved in 175 g of heptane (C 7 H16 ) to
52
lower its vapor pressure by 25.0% is
A. 701 g
B. 525 g
C. 175 g
D. 74.6 g
E. 101 g
Naphthalene is non-volatile.
XA = nA/(nA + nB)
nheptane = 175g x (1mol/100.23g) = 1.746 mol heptane
According to Raoult’s law, when the mole fraction of heptane equals 1, and the pure
solvent has a certain vapor pressure, then the pressure above the solution will be equal to
the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. Therefore, if the vapor pressure above the
solution is only 75% of what it was originally (i.e., it was lowered by 25%), then the
mole fraction of heptane must equal 0.75.
0.75 = (1.746 mol heptane)/(1.746 mol heptane + mol napthalene)
0.75 = (1.746 mol heptane)/(1.746 mol heptane + (gnapthalene/MWnapthalene))
0.75 = (1.746 mol heptane)/(1.746 mol heptane + (gnapthalene/128.18))
X = 74.60 g napthalene

VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS CALC’N - HENRY’S LAW
What is the amount of dissolved CO 2 in a sealed bottle containing 0.50 L of club soda
bottled at a pressure of 1.1 atm of CO 2 at 298 K. The Henry’s Law constant for CO 2 at
298 K = 6.1 x 10-4 atm-1 , and the density of the solution is 1.0 g/mL.
A. 0.0069 mol CO 2
B. 0.088 mol CO 2
C. 0.00067 mol CO 2
D. 0.0095 mol CO 2
E. 0.019 mol CO 2
Henry’s Law: XA=kPA

mol CO 2 /(mol CO 2 + mol H2 O) = 6.1 x 10-4 x 1.1
Y/(Y + (0.50L x 1000 g/L x (1 mol/18.02 g))) = (6.1 x 10-4 x 1.1)
Y = 0.0186 mol CO 2
53
Based on the very small constant, the above calculation assumed that the moles of CO2
dissolved in the club soda was insignificant, i.e., that all of the 0.50 L of club soda is
water. Proof that this assumption is valid is that 0.0186 mol CO 2 is only 0.07% of the
0.50 L of H2 O. However, it wasn’t necessary to make this assumption. In the
calculation the moles of CO 2 could have been subtracted from the moles of H2 O :
((Y)/(Y + (0.50 x 1000 x (1/18.02) – Y))) = (6.1 x 10-4 x 1.1)
Y = 0.0186 mol CO 2

Vapor Pressure of Solutions Calculations
What amount of urea must be dissolved in 5.00 moles of water in order to reduce the vapor pressur e of water by 10.0%?
A. 0.748 moles
B. 0.280 moles
C. 0.315 moles
D. 0.556 moles
E. 0.772 moles
Raoult’s law: Psoln = iXsolventPosolvent

Since urea is an organic molecule with a van’t Hoff factor of 1, then we can use a mole fraction formula instead of a particle fraction
formula.
Raoult’s law: Psoln = XsolventPosolvent
Since we are reducing the vapor pressure (i.e., Psoln) by 10%, and Posolvent doesn’t change, then the mole fraction of the so lvent must
be reduced by 10%.
Initial X = molH2O/(molH2O + molurea) = 5/(5+0) = 1

Mole fraction reduced by 10%: (0.9 x 1) = 5/(5 + X)
X = 0.556 mol of urea
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (BOILING POINT, FREEZING

POINT, OSMOTIC PRESSURE CHANGES) CONCEPTS
54
49 CHEM 162-2006 FINAL EXAM + ANSWERS
CHAPTER 11 – PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS CONCEPTS (RAOULT’S LAW)
Which one of the following statements is true?
X. A negative deviation from Raoult’s law means that the observed pressure will be
lower than that predicted by Raoult’s law.
Y. Negative deviations from Raoult’s law are expected when ΔHsol’n is positive
(endothermic).
Z. Strong interactions between solute and solvent result in negative deviations from
Raoult’s law.
A. X only
B. X and Y only
C. Y and Z only
D. Z only
E. X and Z only
A good example of a negative deviation from Raoult’s law is a solution of acetone and
chloroform. Acetone molecules have a dipole-dipole bond formation with each other.
This is a moderate interaction. Chloroform molecules have a dipole-dipole bond
formation with each other. This is a moderate interaction. But due to the strong inductive
effect of three chlorine atoms in chloroform, combined with the presence of an oxygen
atom in acetone, the chloroform-acetone bond formation is that of hydrogen bonding,
which is a particularly strong dipole-dipole bond formation. (This is a deviation from the
rule that only H-F, H-O, or H-N molecules are capable of hydrogen bonding, but three
chlorines have a strong inductive effect.) This results in a lower vapor pressure than
expected by the relatively weak acetone-acetone or chloroform-chloroform bond
formation. The increased strength of the bond results in so much heat being given off
(exothermic reaction), that mixing acetone and chloroform can self- ignite.
X. True. A negative deviation from Raoult’s law means that the observed pressure will
be lower than predicted by Raoult’s law.
Y. False. Negative deviations from Raoult’s law are expected when the bond between
the solute and the solvent are stronger than the solute-solute or solvent-solvent bond,
resulting in an exothermic reaction, not an endothermic reaction.
Z. True. Strong interactions between solute and solvent result in lower vapor pressure
than expected, which is a negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
55
Colligative properties (Osmotic pressure)
Reverse osmosis is
A. Allowing solute through a membrane instead of solvent.
B. The diffusion of a non-aqueous solvent across a semipermiable membrane.
C. The calculation of molar mass from osmotic pressure.
D. Using external pressure to force solvent out of a solution across a membrane,
increasing the concentration of the solution.
E. Allowing both solvent and solute across a semipermiable membrane.
A. Reverse osmosis is allowing a solvent through a membrane instead of a solute, not the
other way around.
B. Reverse osmosis is not the diffusion of a non-aqueous solvent across a semipermeable
membrane, but the diffusion of any solvent across a semipermeable membrane.
C. Reverse osmosis is a procedure, not a calculation. Also, it has nothing to do with the
determination of molar mass.
D. Reverse osmosis is using external pressure to force solvent out of a solution
across a membrane, increasing the concentration of the solution within the membrane.
It is the opposite procedure of osmosis. Osmosis is a procedure whereby the natural
osmotic pressure of the solution forces solvent out of a solution across a membrane,
into the salt solution, decreasing the concentration of the salt solution within the
membrane.
E. Reverse osmosis is only allowing the solvent to cross a semipermeable membrane.
56
Colligative Properties Concepts
Boiling Point
Colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, etc.) depend on
A. The properties of the solvent and the solute.
B. Only the properties of the solute.
C. Only the properties of the solvent.
D. The properties of the solvent and the number of solute particles.
E. The properties of the solvent and the number of solvent particles.
Use boiling point elevation as an example.

∆T = Tf – Ti = -Kfimsolute
Kf is a property of the solvent. That is, it is different for each solvent. “i” is a measure of
the number of particles of solute. “i x m” is the number of particles of solute and is
independent of the properties of the solute. For example, if i x m has the same value for
NaCl and urea (e.g., 0.05m NaCl and 0.10m urea), the effect on boiling point constant is
the same, regardless of the fact that the properties of NaCl and urea are vastly different.
Answer: The properties of the solvent and the number of solute particles.
57
Colligative properties concepts (Osmotic pressure)
Why is osmotic pressure more commonly used to measure molar mass than freezing point
depression?
A. The molar mass has no effect on freezing point.
B. The van’t Hoff factor i doesn’t affect osmotic pressure, but does affect freezing
point.
C. A small amount of solute will produce a measurable osmotic pressure, but only a
negligible change in freezing point.
D. The osmotic pressure experiment is less expensive.
E. It takes too long to freeze solutions.
A. The molar mass has an effect on freezing point since freezing point includes a
molality term, and molality includes a mole term, and moles = g/molar mass, i.e.,
moles includes a molar mass term.
B. Both osmotic pressure and freezing point are colligative properties. Therefore,
they both use the van’t Hoff factor i.
C. A small amount of solute will produce a measurable osmotic pressure but only a
negligible change in freezing point.
Let’s use 0.01m, a small value of m, so that M and m are approximately the same.
Freezing point depression: ∆T = Tf – Ti = -Kfimsolute
∆T = Tf – 273 = -1.86 x 1 x 0.01 = 272.98K (i.e., 0.02o lower than the normal boiling
point)
Osmotic pressure: п = iMsoluteRT
п = 1 x 0.01 x 0.08205 x 273 = 0.224 atm = 170 mm (i.e., easily measurable)
D. Neither osmotic pressure nor freezing point experiments are costly, so cost is not
a relevant factor.
E. Freezing solutions does not take long.
58
Colligative properties concepts
Which of the following is a non electrolyte in aqueous solution?

A. HCl
B. CH3 OCH3
C. NH3
D. NaCl
E. NaOH
A. HCl is a strong acid. Strong acids are strong electrolytes.

B. CH3 OCH3 is an organic molecule. Organic molecules, other than organic acids, don’t
dissociate in aqueous solution. Therefore, CH3 OCH3 is a non-electrolyte.
C. NH3 + H2 O  NH4 + + OH-
NH3 is a weak base and is therefore a weak electrolyte because only approximately 1% of
NH3 gets converted into its salt.
D. NaCl is a salt, and totally dissociates into its ions. It is therefore a strong electrolyte.
E. NaOH is a strong base, totally dissociating into its ions, and is therefore a strong
electrolyte.

Colligative properties concepts
Freezing points
Which aqueous solution will have the lowest freezing point?

A. 0.0100m LiF
B. 0.0100m Li2 CO 3
C. 0.0080m Fe(NO 3 )3
D. 0.0200m C6 H12 O6
E. 0.0080m KOH
Tf – Ti = -K fimsolute
The substance with the lowest freezing point is the one with the largest im.
LiF  Li+ + F- 2 x 0.0100m = 0.0200
Li2 CO3  2Li+ + CO 3 2- 3 x 0.0100m = 0.0300
3+ -
Fe(NO 3 )3  Fe + 3NO3 4 x 0.0080m = 0.0320
C6 H12 O6  C6 H12 O6 1 x 0.0200m = 0.0200
+ -
KOH  K + OH 2 x 0.0080m = 0.0160
An aqueous solution of Fe(NO 3 )3 has the lowest freezing point.
59
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (BOILING POINT, FREEZING POINT, OSMOTIC PRESSURE
CHANGES) CONCEPTS
16. The units of K f for water are
A. K mol (solute)/L (water)

B. mol (solute)/K kg (water)
C. K mol (solute)/kg (water)
D. mol (solute)/L (water) K
E. K kg (water)/mol (solute)
ΔT = Tf - Ti = -K fm
K f = -(Tf - Ti)/m
K f = K/(mol solute/kg solvent)
K f = K kg/mol solute
20. CHEM 162-2000 FINAL EXAM A

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (BOILING POINT, FREEZING POINT, OSMOTIC
PRESSURE CHANGES) CONCEPTS
A 0.150 M aqueous solution of KBr is diluted by adding water. Which of the
following properties of the solution will increase when the water is added?
X. the boiling point of the solution

Y. the freezing point of the solution
Z. the value of the van't Hoff factor i
A. Y and Z only*
B. X and Y only
C. X and Z only.
D. Y only
E. X, Y, and Z
Addition of water will dilute the solution.

X. The boiling point of the solution will increase if the solution becomes more
concentrated, but will decrease (i.e., become closer to pure water) if the solution
becomes more diluted.
Y. The freezing point of the solution will decrease if the solution becomes more
concentrated, but will increase (i.e., become closer to pure water), if the solution
becomes more diluted.
Z. In concentrated solutions KBr doesn’t completely dissociate. Hence, its van’t Hoff
factor is not 2.0. Perhaps it is 1.9. However, as the solution becomes more dilute the
KBr will dissociate further, approaching 2.0. That is, the van’t Hoff factor will
increase with dilution.
60
*Correctness of answer needs to be verified.

Arrange LiF, C 2 H6 , and CH3 OH in order of increasing normal boiling point (i.e.,
substance with the lowest boiling point listed first).
A. C2 H6 < LiF < CH3 OH

B. CH3 OH < LiF < C2 H6
C. CH3 OH < C2 H4 < LiF
D. C2 H6 < CH3OH < LiF
E. LiF < C2 H6 < CH3 OH
61
Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest normal boiling point?
A. 1.0 m sodium chloride

B. 1.0 m sucrose
C. 1.0 m hydrochloric acid
D. 1.0 m aluminum nitrate
E. 1.0 m calcium chloride
The boiling point is related to vapor pressure; the lower the vapor pressure the higher the
normal boiling point. The vapor pressure is governed by Raoult’s law. P soln = vapor
pressure of the solution.
iXsolvent = insolvent /(insolvent + insolute)
iXsolvent is the particle fraction of the solvent.
“i” is the van’t Hoff factor
Since the solvent is water in all cases, then the P o solvent will be the same in all cases, and
therefore will not be a factor in solving this problem. Therefore, the relative vapor
pressures of the solutions are equal to the relative mole fractions of the solvents.
Psoln = insolvent /(insolvent + insolute)
“i” for H2 O = 1
Since the moles of solvent are the same in all cases, let’s arbitrarily assign it a value of “1”.
A. NaCl → Na+ + Cl- i= 2
Psoln = (1 x 1)/((1x1) + (2x1)) = 0.33
B. Sucrose → Sucrose i=1
Psoln = (1 x 1)/((1x1) + (1x1)) = 0.50
C. HCl → H+ + Cl- i= 2
Psoln = (1 x 1)/((1x1) + (2x1)) = 0.33
D. Al(NO 3 )3 → Al3+ + 3NO 3- i= 4
Psoln = (1 x 1)/((1x1) + (4x1)) = 0.20
E. CaCl2 → Ca2+ + 2Cl- i= 3
Psoln = (1 x 1)/((1x1) + (3x1)) = 0.25
Al(NO 3 )3 has the lowest vapor pressure and therefore has the highest boiling point.
62
16. CHEM 162-2000 HOURLY EXAM I E
If water is added to an aqueous NaCl solution, making the solution more dilute, then
A. the boiling point of the solution will increase.

B. the freezing point of the solution will decrease.
C. the vapor pressure of the solution will decrease.
D. the osmotic pressure of the solution will increase.
E. the value of the van't Hoff factor i will increase.

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (BOILING POINT, FREEZING POINT, OSMO TIC
Which of the following solutions will have the largest value
of the van't Hoff factor i?
FeCl3 ----> Fe3+ + 3 Cl-; i.e., 4 particles

BaCl2 ----> Ba2+ + 2 Cl-; i.e., 3 particles
C6H12O6 ----> NR; i.e., 1 particle
KCl ----> K+ + Cl-; i.e., 2 particles
HCl ----> H+ + Cl-; i.e., 2 particles
A. 0.01 m FeCl3
B. 0.01 m BaCl2
C. 0.01 m sucrose.
D. 0.01 m KCl
E. 0.01 m HCl
The van’t Hoff factor is the number of particles that a

molecule will dissociate into in solution.
63
Fractional distillation is a method used to separate two liquids based on differences in their
A. boiling point.
B. freezing point.
C. osmotic pressure.
D. solubility in water.
E. electrical conductivity.

Which one of the following aqueous ionic solutions would have a maximum (ideal) i value
of 4, where “i” refers to the van’t Hoff factor?
A. CaCl2
B. C6 H12 O6
C. Fe2 (SO4 )3
D. CH3 COOH
E. Na3PO4

Which colligative property would be most useful for determining the molar mass of a
protein (large molar mass)?
64
A. osmotic pressure
B. freezing point depression
C. boiling point elevation
D. vapor pressure lowering
E. All colligative properties would be equally useful.

Given that each of the following aqueous solutions is at the same temperature, which
has the largest osmotic pressure? (Assume ideal behavior)
A. 0.0030 M lithium phosphate, Li3 PO 4 . 4 particles x 0.0030 = 0.0120

B. 0.0060 M magnesium chloride, MgCl2 . 3 particles x 0.0060 = 0.0180
C. 0.0020 M aluminum sulfate, Al2 (SO 4 )3 . 5 particles x 0.0020 = 0.0100
D. 0.0070 M ammonium nitrate, NH4 NO 3 . 2 particles x 0.0070 = 0.0140
E. 0.014 M CH3 OH, (methanol). 1 particle x 0.014 = 0.0140
πV = inRT
π = (inRT/V)
R = 0.08205 for all solutions, so R is the same for all solutions.
T is the same for all solutions.
Since the concentrations are given in molarity, which is moles/L, consider the volume as
being the same for all solutions.
Hence, we can use π = in to determine relative values of osmotic pressure. “i” is the
van’t Hoff factor, which is used in all colligative property formulas.
A. i x n = 4 particles x 0.0030 moles = 0.0120
B. i x n = 3 particles x 0.0060 moles = 0.0180
C. i x n = 5 particles x 0.0020 moles = 0.0100
D. i x n = 2 particles x 0.0070 moles = 0.0140
E. i x n = 1 particle x 0.014 moles = 0.0140
B has the largest value of ixn. Therefore, B has the largest osmotic pressure.
65
CHANGES) CONCEPTS
21. The units of K b are
(T2 - T1 ) = K b x m
(T2 - T1 ) = K b x (mol/kg)
K = K b x (mol/kg)
K b = (K x kg)/mol
A. K kg/mol
B. m/K
C. mol/K
D. K/M
E. it has no units

CHANGES) CONCEPTS
19. Which statement is not true regarding colligative properties?
A. The magnitude depends on the concentration.
B. The magnitude depends on whether the solute is an ele ctrolyte or not.
C. The magnitude depends on the identity of the solute.
D. Raoult's Law describes the vapor pressure above a solution.
E. Since the vapor pressure of the solvent is lowered by a nonvolatile solute, the
boiling point of the solution is higher.

CHANGES) CONCEPTS
21. Which solution has the highest boiling point?
A. 0.1 m urea
B. 0.06 m HCl
C. 0.05 m CaCl2
D. 0.04 m (NH4 )3 PO4
E. 0.07 m NaCl
66
VAN’T HOFF FACTOR CONCEPT
The value of i decreases with increasing concentration of a salt because of
A. ion pair formation in solution

B. the increase in the density of the solution
C. repulsions between ions of like charge
D. increasing dissociation of the salt
E. precipitation occuring
i is the number of particles that a salt separates into. If a salt, such as NaCl, totally
separates, than i will be 2.00. If the NaCl doesn’t separate into ions at all, then i will be
1.00. If NaCl is only partially separated into its ions, that is, if there are many ion pairs,
then i will be somewhere between 1.00 and 2.00.
When the solution is very dilute, the H2 O bonding with the ions competes with the
binding of the ions to each other, so that the ions are highly solvent separated, and the
value of i is high (2.00 in the case of NaCl). However, when the salt concentration
increases, i.e., when there is less water to compete with the binding of the ions to each
other, the binding of the ions to each other is high, resulting in the formation of many
ion pairs and a corresponding low value of i (e.g., 1.50 in the case of NaCl).
67
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (BOILING POINT, FREEZING
POINT, OSMOTIC PRESSURE CHANGES) CALCULATIONS
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (FREEZING POINT) CALCULATIONS
What is the expected freezing point of 0.0022m MgCl2 (aq)?
Kf for water = 1.86 °C kg/mol
A. -0.0040 °C
B. -0.0080 °C
C. -0.010 °C
D. -0.012 °C
E. -0.020 °C
MgCl2 → Mg2+ + 2Cl-

i= 3
∆T = Tf – Ti = -Kfimsolute
(X – 0) = -1.86 x 3 x 0.0022 = -0.0123o C
68
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (OSMOTIC PRESSURE) CALCULATIONS
What is the osmotic pressure of 0.500M HOCN at 25.0 °C? K a= 3.5×10-4
Hint: i is not 1
A. 1272 atm
B. 32.78 atm
C. 12.55 atm
D. 0.323 atm
E. 12.23 atm
 H3 O + + OCN -
HOCN + H2 O 
HOCN + 
H2 O  H3 O+ + OCN-
Initial 0.500 0 0
Change -X +X +X
Equilibrium 0.500-X +X +X
X2 /(0.500-X) = (3.5 x 10-4 )

X2 /(0.500) = (3.5 x 10-4 )
X = 0.0132
Use simpler numbers:
1.00 M HOCN dissociated into 0.0264 M H3 O+ and 0.0264 M OCN -
If the HOCN didn’t dissociate at all, i = 1.
If it dissociated completely into 1M H3 O+ and 1M OCN -, then i = 2.
If it dissociated 50% into 0.500M H3O+ and 0.500M OCN-, then i = 1.5
Formula: Add: 1 + dissociation = 1 + 0.0264 = i
i = 1.0264
πV = inRT
π = (inRT)/V
π = (iMRT)
π = (1.0264 x 0.500 x 0.08205 x 298) = 12.55 atm
69
Colligative properties calculations
Boiling point
What is the boiling point of a solution made by adding 10.51g of P 4 to 150.0g of CHCl3 ?
Kb of CHCl3 = 3.63 °C kg/mol. Tb of CHCl3 = 61.2 °C.
A. 2.1 °C
B. 63.3 °C
C. 45.3 °C
D. 50.7 °C
E. 59.2 °C
Boiling point elevation: Tf – Ti = Kb imsolute

10.51gP4 x (1 mol/123.88 g) = 0.08484 mol P 4
0.08484 mol P4 /0.1500 kg CHCl3 = 0.5656m P4
Tf – 61.2 = 3.63 x 1 x 0.5656
Tf = 63.25o C

Osmotic pressure
What is the osmotic pressure of a solution made by dissolving 18.00g of Na 3 PO 4 in

enough water to make 250.00mL of solution at 20.0 °C?
A. 42.2 atm
B. 10.6 atm
C. 96.2 atm
D. 73.0 atm
E. 0.44 atm
MW Na3 PO4 = (22.99x3) + 30.97 + (16.00 x 4) = 163.94 g/mol

Na3 PO4  3Na+ + PO43- i= 4
пV = inRT
пV = i(g/MW)RT
п = (i(g/MW)RT)/V
п = (4 x (18.00/163.94) x 0.08205 x 293)/0.250
п = 42.23 atm
70
Osmotic pressure
A new compound produces an osmotic pressure of 0.0964 atm when 3.15 g of the
compound is dissolved in enough water to make 150.0 mL at 25 °C. What is the
molecular weight of the compound?
A. 447g/mol
B. 45,300 g/mol
C. 49.5 g/mol
D. 1690 g/mol
E. 5330 g/mol
Osmotic pressure: пV = inRT

пV = i(g/MW)RT
п = (i(g/MW)RT)/V
Assume i = 1.
0.0964 = (1 x (3.15/MW) x 0.08205 x 298)/0.1500
MW = 5326 g/mol

59 A solution is prepared by dissolving 4.9 g sucrose (C 12H22 O11) in 175 g
water. Calculate the boiling point of this solution. Sucrose is a nonelectrolyte.
Boiling-point elevation: ΔT = Tf - Ti = Kbmsolute
m = moles solute/1000 g solvent

m = ((4.9 g x (1 mole/342 g))/175 g) x (1000 g/kg) = 0.0819
Tf - 100.00 = 0.51 x 0.0819
Tf = 100.04 oC
71
73 modified
Calculate the boiling point of an aqueous 1 molal sucrose solution.
ΔT = Tf - Ti = Kb msolute
Sucrose → Sucrose
Tf - 100.00 = 0.51 x 1
Tf = 100.51 oC
Calculate the boiling point of an aqueous 1 molal sodium chloride solution.

NaCl → Na+ + Cl-
Tf - 100.00 = 0.51 x (2 x 1)
Tf = 101.02 oC
Calculate the boiling point of an aqueous 1 molal Na3PO4 solution.

Na3PO4 → 3Na+ + PO43-
Tf - 100.00 = 0.51 x (4 x 1)
Tf = 102.04 oC

63 (modif.) Calculate the freezing point of an antifreeze solution that is 50.0%
by mass of ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2 OH) in water. Ethylene glycol is a
nonelectrolyte.
Freezing-point depression: ΔT = Tf - Ti = -Kfmsolute

m = moles solute/1000 g solvent
m = ((50 g x (1 mole/62 g))/50 g) x (1000 g/kg) = 16.13
Tf - 0.00 = -(1.86 x 16.13)
72
Tf = -30.00oC

69 If the human eye has an osmotic pressure of 8.00 atm at 25 oC, what
concentration of solute particles in water will provide an isotonic eyedrop
solution (a solution with equal osmotic pressure)?
Osmotic pressure: πV = nRT

π = (n/V)RT = MRT
8 atm = M x 0.08205 latmdeg-1 mol-1 x 298.15 K
M = 0.327

2. A solution is prepared from a complex inorganic salt of molar mass 317 by dissolving 4.76 g of
the salt in 100 g of water. The boiling point of the solution is found to be 100.31 o C and the
boiling point elevation constant of water is 0.51 (in the usual units). This complex salt in solution
A. dissociates into 2 ions
B. dissociates into 4 ions

C. dissociates into 3 ions
D. remains an undissociated molecule
E. forms dimers
(Tf - Ti) = Kbim

(100.31 - 100.00) = 0.51 x i x ((4.76 g/317 g mol-1 )/100 g) x 1000 g/kg
i = 4.05

73
6. A 53.5 mL-volume of a solution of a nonelectrolyte of molecular weight 425 in benzene has an
osmotic pressure of 50.6 atm at 300 K. The mass of the nonelectrolyte in the solution is
A. 46.7 g
B. 4.25 g
C. 5.89 g
D. 0.0158 g
E. 3.84 g
πV = inRT
50.6 x 0.0535 = 1 x (g/(425 g mol-1 )) x 0.08205 x 300
g = 46.7

15. The difference between the boiling point and the freezing point of water is 100 o C. Antifreeze,
actually ethylene glycol (MW 62.07 g), is added to water to raise its boiling point and lower its
freezing point. (The K b and K f of water are 0.51 and 1.86 respectively) The difference between
the boiling point and freezing point of a solution that is 50% ethylene glycol and 50% water by
mass is
A. 151.1o C
B. 138.2o C
C. 129.9o C
D. choose this choice if none of the others is correct
E. 108.2o C
BP: Tf - Ti = Kbim
Tf - 100 = 0.51 x ((50/62.07)/50) x 1000
Tf = 108.2o C
FP: Tf - Ti = -Kbim
Tf - 0o C = -1.86 x ((50/62.07)/50) x 1000
Tf = -29.95o C
108.2o C - (-29.95o C) = 138.2oC
74
3. CHEM 162-2000 FINAL EXAM B
PRESSURE CHANGES) CALCULATIONS
Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the lowest normal freezing
point?
A. 1.0 m potassium fluoride

B. 1.0 m sodium phosphate
C. 1.0 m ammonia
D. 1.0 m sucrose
E. 1.0 m barium chloride
KF → K + + F- i= 2 i x m = 2.0
Na3 PO4 → 3Na+ + PO4 3- i= 4 i x m = 4.0
NH3 → NH3 i= 1 i x m = 1.0
sucrose → sucrose i=1 i x m = 1.0
BaCl2 → Ba2+ + 2Cl- i= 3 i x m = 3.0
Since the freezing point depression is directly related to the size of the particle
molality, then Na3 PO 4 would be expected to have the lowest freezing point.

When 0.64 g of the heart stimulant epinephrine was dissolved in 36.00 g of benzene,
the normal freezing point of the solution was found to be 5.03C. What is the
approximate molar mass of epinephrine? For benzene, the normal freezing point is
5.53C and the molal freezing point constant is 5.12C kg mol-1 .
A. 390 g/mol
B. 970 g/mol
C. 510 g/mol
D. 180 g/mol
E. 96 g/mol
75
18. CHEM 162-2000 HOURLY EXAM I C
The osmotic pressure of a solution of 2.33 g of a protein in 250 cm3 of solution at a
temperature of 298 K is 0.0147 atm. What is the molar mass of this protein?
A. 6.57 x 104 g/mol
3
B. 8.73 x 10 g/mol
C. 1.55 x 104 g/mol
4
D. 3.92 x 10 g/mol
3
E. 3.88 x 10 g/mol
20. CHEM 162-2000 HOURLY EXAM I E

Assuming complete dissociation and ideal behavior, what mass of KNO 3 would have to be
added to 100.00 g H2 O in order to lower the freezing point by 0.500C? (The freezing point
constant kf is 1.86C kg/mol for water and the molar mass of KNO 3 is 101.1 g/mol.)
A. 3.19 g
B. 2.72 g
C. 1.98 g
D. 1.60 g
E. 1.36 g

A 0.10 g sample of the protein myoglobin was dissolved in enough water to make 100.0
mL of solution. The osmotic pressure of the solution was found to be 1.08 Torr at 20C.
Calculate the approximate molar mass of myoglobin.
πV = nRT
πV = gRT/MW
((1.08/760) x 0.1) = (0.10 x 0.08205 x 298.15)/MW
MW = 17214
A. 35,000 g/mol
76
B. 9,000 g/mol
C. 23,000 g/mol
D. 64,000 g/mol
E. 17,000 g/mol

A 1.09 g sample of substance X is dissolved in 26.8 g of benzene. The freezing point of
the solution is 3.76C. The freezing point of pure benzene is 5.53C. K f = 5.12 C kg/mol
for benzene. What is the molar mass of X?
g
A. 118 mol
g
B. 67.2
mol
g
C. 153
mol
g
D. 88.5
mol
g
E. 87
mol
ΔTf = -Kf x m
-(5.53 - 3.76) = -5.12 x m
0.3457 = m
0.3457 mol/1000 g benzene = X mol/26.8 g benzene
X = 0.00926 mol of substance
0.00926 = 1.09/MW
MW = 117.7

The normal freezing point of benzene is 5.53C and the normal boiling point of benzene
is 80.10C. What is the boiling point of a solution in which benzene is the solvent,
given that the freezing point of the solution is 1.00C? For benzene, K f = 5.12C m-1
and K b = 2.53C m-1 .
77
Typical problem in which there is a common unknown in two equations; you solve for
the unknown in one equation, substitute it into the second equation, and then solve the
second equation.
Tsol’n - Tsolvent = -K fm
(1.00 - 5.53) = -5.12 x m
m = 0.8848
Tsol’n - Tsolvent = -K bm
T - 80.10 = 2.53 x 0.8848
T = 82.34o C
A. 80.93C
B. 86.78C
C. 78.25C
D. 82.34C
E. 83.45C

The freezing point of ethanol, C 2 H6 O is –114.6C. The molal freezing point depression
constant for ethanol is 2.00Cm-1 . What is the freezing point of a solution prepared with
50.0 g of glycerol, C 3 H8 O3 , dissolved in 200.0 g of ethanol?
C3 H8O3 (MW = 92.093)
∆Tf = Tfsolution - Tfsolvent = -Kf x molality
molality of glycerol
Molality = moles of solute in 1000 g solvent
50.0 g glycerol in 200.0 g ethanol = 250.0 g glycerol in 1000 g ethanol
250.0 g/92.093 gmol-1 = 2.715 m
(X - -114.6) = -(2.00 x 2.715)
X = -120.03o C
A. -5.440C
B. -105.2C
C. -109.2C
D. -120.0C
78
E. -128.2C

5. Given that the boiling point of pure water is 373.15 K, that K b for water is 0.512 in the usual units,
and assuming complete dissociation of KI (FW= 166.0); the mass of KI that must be dissolved in 100 g of
water to raise its boiling point to 374.20 K is
∆t = i x K B x m
(374.20 - 373.15) = 2 x 0.512 x m
m = 1.025 moles/1000 g = 0.1025 moles/100 g
g = 0.1025 x 166.0 = 17.0 g KI in 100 g
A. 17.0 g
B. 0.205 g
C. 36.9 g
D. 34.1 g
E. 68.1 g

10. What is the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared from 9.389 g of MgS0 4 (FW=120.4) and enough
water to make 780 mL of solution at 1.0°C? For this magnesium sulfate solution, i is l.21.
πV = inRT
n = 9.389/120.4 = 0.07798
π x 0.787 = 1.21 x 0.07798 x 0.08205 x 274.15
π = 2.69 atm
A. 2.42 atm
B. 2.72 atm
C. 0.00821 atm
D. 22.4 atm
E. 2.25 atm

79
15. A 2.26-g sample of an unknown compound is dissolved in 25.00 mL benzene (d = 0.874 g/mL). The
solution freezes at 277.40 K. Pure benzene freezes at 278.68 K. and its Kf is 5.12 (in the usual units).
What is the molar mass of the unknown?
∆t = -kf x m
(277.40 - 278.68) = -5.12 x m
m = 0.250
m = moles/1000 g solvent
m = (g/MW)/1000 g solvent
25.00 mL solvent x (0.874 g/mL) = 21.85 g solvent
0.250 = ((2.26/MW)/21.85) x 1000 = moles/1000 g solvent
MW = 413.7
A. 36.2 g/mol
B. 265 g/mol
C. 252 g/mol
D. 414 g/mol
E. 473 g/mol

23. An aqueous solution is prepared by dissolving 2.05 g of hemoglobin in 100.0 mL of
solution. The solution has an osmotic pressure of 5.69 mm Hg at 298 K. What is the
molar mass of hemoglobin?
PV = inRT
((5.69/760) x 0.100) = (1 x (2.05 g/MW) x 0.08205 x 298)
MW = 6695 g
A. 6.7 x 104 g/mol

B. 3.3 x l03 g/mol
C. 3.3 x 104 g/mol
D. 3.8 x 103 g/mol
E. 5.6 x 102 g/mol

80
24. A 1.0 m aqueous solution of glucose boils at 100.51°C. What is the theoretical boiling
point elevation of 1.0 m aqueous solution of aluminum nitrate Al(NO 3 )3 (aq)?
A. 0.51°C
B. 1.02°C
C. 1.53°C
D. 2.55°C
E. 2.04°C
25. Find the mass of the nonvolatile solute naphthalene, C 10 H8 , which must be added to
200.0 g benzene to produce a boiling point elevation of 1.0 K. (k b for benzene is 2.53 K.
kg mol-1 ; molar mass of naphthalene is 128 g/mol).
A. 10.1 g
B. 22.4 g
C. 50.6 g
D. 18.3 g
E. 30.8 g

Colligative properties calculations (Boiling point elev., freezing point elev., osmotic pressure changes,
van’t Hoff factor)
11. When 0.200 mole of substance X is dissolved in 500 grams of water, the freezing point of
the resultant solution is 270.92 K. Pure water freezes at 273.15 K and has K f = 1.86 (in
the usual units). Substance X could be which one of the following choices?
A. CaCl2
B. Mg3 (PO 4 )2
C. C6 H12 O6
D. NaCl
E. Na3 PO4
ΔT = Tf - Ti = -K fimsolute
(270.92 - 273.15) = -1.86 x i x (0.200 mol/0.500 kg)
i = 2.997
A. CaCl2  Ca2+ + 2Cl-

CaCl2  Van’t Hoff factor = 3
B. Mg3 (PO 4 )2  3Mg2+ + 2(PO4)3-2

Mg3 (PO4 )2  Van’t Hoff factor = 5
C. C6 H12 O6  NR
C6 H12 O6  Van’t Hoff factor = 1
81
D. NaCl  Na+ + Cl-
NaCl  Van’t Hoff factor = 2
E. Na3 PO4  3Na+ + (PO 4 )3-

Na3 PO4  Van’t Hoff factor = 4

Colligative properties calculations (Boiling point elev., freezing point elev., osmotic pressure changes,
van’t Hoff factor)
16. A 12.5 gram mass of a molecular compound is dissolved in 250 mL of total solution at
274 K. The osmotic pressure of this solution is 0.100 atm. What is the molar mass of this
solute?
A. 224 g/mol
B. 11,200 g/mol
C. 85,000 g/mol
D. 850 g/mol
E. 15700 g/mol
πV = inRT
πV = i(g/MW)RT
0.100 x 0.250 = 1 x (12.5/MW) x 0.08205 x 274
MW = 1.12 x 104 g/mol
15. Chem 162-2004 Exam 1

Chapter 11
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
What is the molarity of solute in an aqueous solution whose osmotic pressure at 21ºC is
0.132 atm? (Assume the solute neither dissociates nor associates)
A. 0.010 M
B. 0.0081 M
C. 0.0033 M
D. 0.0055 M
E. choose this choice if none of the others is correct.
πV = inRT
π = i(n/V)RT
82
π = iMsoluteRT
0.132 atm = 1 x M x 0.08205 x 294 deg
M = 5.47 x 10-3
21. Chem 162-2004 Exam 1

Chapter 11
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
When a 20.0- g sample of an unknown nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 500. g of benzene,
the freezing point of the resulting solution is 3.77ºC. The freezing point of pure benzene
is 5.48ºC and K f for benzene is 5.12ºC/m. What is the molar mass of the unknown?
A. 120. g/mol
B. 140. g/mol
C. 80.0 g/mol
D. 100. g/mol
E. 160. g/mol
ΔT = Tf - Ti = -K fimsolute
Solute = 20 g
Benzene = 500 g
Tf = 3.77
Ti = 5.48
Kf = 5.12
(3.77 - 5.48) = -5.12 x 1 x ((20g/MW)/500 g) x 1000 g/kg
MW = 119.8 g
10. Chem 162-2004 Exam 1

Chapter 11
BOILING POINT ELEVATION
A solution of an electrolyte is prepared from 0.168 mol of the electrolyte and 500. g of
water. The boiling point of this solution is 100.291ºC. Given that K b for water is
0.512 ºC/m, what is the value of i for the electrolyte in this solution?
83
A. choose this choice if none of the others is correct.
B. 3.38
C. 3.00
D. 2.00
E. 1.69
ΔT = Tf - Ti = Kb imsolute
(100.291 - 100.000) = 0.512 x i x ((0.168 mol/500 g) x (1000 g/kg))
i = 1.692

Colligative Properties (van’t Hoff factor)
Which one of the following solutions has the lowest freezing point? Assume all salts are 100% ionized.
A. 0.10 mol Al(NO3)3 in 200 g water

B. 2.0 mol C12H22O11 in 1000 g water
C. 0.10 mol Fe2(SO4)3 in 250 g water
D. 0.40 mol BaCl2 in 500 g water
E. 0.50 mol NaCl in 500 g water
Determine the moles of particles per liter of water

(A). Al(NO3)3 → Al3+ + 3NO3-
i=4
0.10 mol in 200 g H2O = 0.50 mol in 1.00 L water
0.50 x 4 = 2.00 moles of particles
(B) C12H22O11 → No reaction
i =1
(C) Fe2(SO4)3 → 2Fe3+ + 3SO42-
i =5
(D) BaCl2 → Ba2+ + 2Cl-
i =3
(E) NaCl → Na+ + Cl-
i =2
BaCl2 has the greatest number of moles of particles and therefore the lowest freezing point.
84
Colligative Properties (van’t Hoff factor)
A solution of 1.570 g of a certain compound dissolved in 16.08 g of camphor freezes at a
temperature 15.2 o C below the normal freezing point of pure camphor. Determine the
molar mass a of the compound. K f = 40.0 K kg/mol for camphor.
g
A. 128
mol
g
B. 64.0
mol
g
C. 257
mol
g
D. 96.0
mol
g
E. 192
mol
Freezing point depression: ΔT = Tf -Ti = -Kfimsolute

-15.2 = -40.0 x (mol compound/0.01608 kg)
-15.2 = -40.0 x ((1.570g/MW)/0.01608 kg)
X = 256.9 g/mol = molecular weight = molar mass

BOILING POINT ELEVATION CALCULATION
A 2.00-g sample of an unknown nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 15.0 g of CCl4 . The
boiling point of the solution is 77.85 C. The boiling point constant for CCl4 is
5.03 K/m and the boiling point of pure CCl4 is 76.50 C. The molar mass of the
unknown is
A. 37,300 g/mol
B. 154 g/mol
C. 24,900 g/mol
D. 249 g/mol
E. 497 g/mol
Boiling-point elevation: ΔT = Tf - Ti = Kb imsolute

m = molsolute/kgsolvent = (gsolute/MWsolute)/kgsolvent
(77.85 - 76.50) = 5.03 x 1 x ((2.00 g/MW)/0.015)
MW = 496.79 g/mol
85
OSMOTIC PRESSURE CALCULATION
The mass of glucose (MW = 180.2) required to prepare 2.00 L of solution with an
osmotic pressure of 1.50 atm at 25 C is
A. 263 g
B. 1.46 g
C. 44.6 g
D. 132 g
E. 22.1 g
Osmotic pressure: πV = inRT

1.50 atm x 2.00 L = 1 x (g/180.2gmol-1 ) x 0.08205 latmdeg-1 mol-1 x 298K
X = 22.10 g
86
Colligative Properties Calculation (freezing point depression)
What is the freezing point of a solution prepared by dissolving 1.50 g of naphthalene,
C10 H8 , in 20.0 g of benzene? The freezing point of pure benzene is 5.50 o C, and
Kf = 5.12 for benzene.
o
A. 3.00 C
o
B. 2.50 C
o
C. 2.00 C
o
D. 1.50 C
o
E. 1.00 C
I disagree with the textbook’s formula of ΔT = +K f msolute. The result of using this formula
provides an absolute change in temperature, and therefore doesn’t tell whether the final
temperature is lower or higher than the original. By inserting a “-“ in front of K permits
use of the formula ΔT = Tf - Ti, and gives the correct answer every time.
ΔT = Tf - Ti = -K fmsolute
Tf - Ti = -Kfmsolute
Tf - 5.50 = (-5.12) x ((1.50/128)/0.020)
X = 2.50o C = Tf
MISCELLANEOUS
87
MISCELLANEOUS
Which one of the following is an example of a colloidal suspension?
A. mayonnaise
B. steel
C. filtered sea water
D. sand
E. diamond
A colloid is a suspension (not a solution) of particles in a medium. These particles can

be precipitated under certain conditions.
A. Mayonnaise is a type of colloid called an emulsion, in which two insoluble liquids
(in this case oil in water) are mixed and one of the liquids remains suspended in the
other.
B. Steel is a solid solution of various metals in iron.
C. Filtered sea water is a solution of salts in water.
D. Sand is a solid solution of various sodium silicates.
E. Diamond is a form of an element (carbon). It consists of only one component,
carbon.

MISCELLANEOUS CONCEPT
A colloid is stabilized by
A. Electrostatic repulsions
B. Lattice energy
C. Energy of solution
D. Electrostatic attractions
E. Kinetic Energy
Page 543 of Zumdahl and Zumdahl:

“What stabilizes a colloid? Why do the particles remain suspended rather than forming
larger aggregates and precipitating out? The answer is complicated but the main factor
seems to be electrostatic repulsion. The center of a colloidal particle (a tiny ionic
crystal, a group of molecules, or a single large molecule) attracts from the medium a
layer of ions, all of the same charge. This group of ions, in turn, attracts another layer of
oppositely charged ions . . .Because the colloidal particles all have an outer layer of ions
with the same charge, they repel each other and do not easily aggregate to form particles
88
that are large enough to precipitate.”
89

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CHEM 162-2007 EXAM I

 SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATIONS (Molarity, mole fraction, etc.)

 ENERGETICS OF SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY CONCEPTS

 ENERGETICS OF SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY CALCULATIONS

 VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS CONCEPTS (Henry’s Law, Raoult’s Law)

 VAPOR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS CALCULATIONS

 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (BOILING POINT, FREEZING POINT, OSMOTIC PRESSURE

 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (BOILING POINT, FREEZING POINT, OSMOTIC PRESSURE

Molality = moles of solute/kilogram of solvent

PPM = grams of solute/1,000,000 grams solution

Volume percent = volume of solute/100 mL of solution

Proof = 2 x Vol. %; e.g., 2 x 40 mL/100 mL solution = 80 proof

Mole fraction: XA = nA/(nA + nB) XA + XB = 1

Particle fraction: iXA = inA/(inA + inB) iXA + iXB = 1

Raoult’s law: Psoln = iXsolventPosolvent

PTotal = P A + P B = iXAPo A + iXBPo B

van’t Hoff factor, “i”; i = moles of particles in solution/moles of solute dissolved

Boiling-point elevation: ΔT = Tf - Ti = Kbimsolute

Freezing-point depression: ΔT = Tf - Ti = -Kfimsolute

Osmotic pressure: πV = inRT

ΔHsoln = ΔHsolute-solutebondbreaking + ΔHsolvent-solventbondbreaking + ΔHsolute-solventbondforming

Henry’s Law: XA=kP A; XA = mole fraction of dissolved gas in solution

CHEM 162SG-2001 HOURLY EXAM I

CHEM 162-2003 HOURLY EXAM 1 + ANSWERS

A. mass percent to molality

B. mass percent to molarity

1. Chem 162-2004 Exam 1

A. the mole fraction of H2 O2

molality = mol H2 O2 /1000 g solvent

mass fraction = mass H2 O2 /(mass H2 O2 + mass H2 O)

23 Chem 162-2006 Hourly exam I + answers

1.246M Na2 SO4 = 1 mol Na2 SO4 per liter of solution

What is the molality of a 1.562M CaCl2 solution with a density of 1.203g/cm3 ?

molarity = moles of solute per L of solution

CHEM 162-2003 1.5 WEEK RECITATION

molarity = moles CsCl/L = (50.0 g CsCl/168.3 g/mol)/0.0633 L = 4.69 M CsCl

mol fraction = molA/(molA + molB)

Density Mass percent

molarity of HCl = mol/liter = (38 g HCl/100 g solution) x (1 mol HCl/36.45 g

molality = mol/1kg solvent = (38 g HCl/62 g solvent) x (1 mol HCl/36.45 g

CHEM 162-2003 HOURLY EXAM 1 + ANSWERS

CHEM 162-2003 HOURLY EXAM 1 + ANSWERS

(10 g NaCl/65 g solutuon) x 100 = 15.4%

7. CHEM 162-2000 FINAL EXAM A

mole fraction = (moles of solute)/(moles of solute + moles of solvent)

mole fraction = (moles of solute)/(moles of solute + moles of solvent)

A. 0.020 percent by mass

18. CHEM 162-2001 HOURLY EXAM I + ANSWERS

3. CHEM-2002 FINAL EXAM + ANSWERS

(17.75 g/100 ml) x (1 ml/1.1094 g) = 0.1600 g H2 SO4 /g solution

CHEM 162-2002 HOURLY EXAM I + ANSWERS

CHEM 162-2002 HOURLY EXAM I + ANSWERS

CHEM 162-2002 HOURLY EXAM I + ANSWERS

CHEM 162SG-2001 HOURLY EXAM I

CHEM 162SG-2001 HOURLY EXAM I

CHEM 162SG-2001 HOURLY EXAM I

CHEM 162SG-2001 HOURLY EXAM I

CHEM 162SG-2001 HOURLY EXAM I

Density of ethanol = 0.800 g/mL

7. Chem 162-2004 Exam 1

Plan: We’re starting with mole/L sol’n and want to go to g/100 g.