From triangle: cos = sin and sin = cos

z
z
cos
sin
sin
sin
h =
=
z =
z , hence R =
and R =
.
z and Rh = zz
sin cos
sin
cos
cos
cos
Use small angle approximation: As 0, cos 1 and sin ,
and also 2 0, N 0, N 0, N 0, Rh 0.
Normal Equilibrium:
pn ( R + R)h = N h cos
pn Rh + pn Rh = N h cos
sin
1
cos

= N z
cos
cos
cos
sin
N = pn z
cos 2
N = pn z sec tan ...(1)
pn zz

Circumferential Equilibrium:
N R + N h = ( N + N )( R + R) + ( N + N )h + p ( R + R)h + N h sin
N h + N R + N R + N R + p Rh + N h sin = 0
N z N z sin N z sin N z sin p zz N z sin
+
+
=0
+
+
+
cos
cos
cos
cos
cos
cos

zN
N 1
1
.
+ N +
+ p z
+ N = 0
cos
sin
z
N
zpn sin
sin
But from equation 1, N = pn z
hence
=
.
2
cos

cos 2
zN
p
1
1
= z
z n)
2 N +
( p +
z
cos
cos
zN
p
2 N +
= z sec ( p + sec z n ) ...(2)
z

Meridional Equilibrium:
N R + N h + N h sin = p ( R + R)h + ( N + N )( R + R) + ( N + N )h
N h sin = p Rh + N R + N R + N R + N h
N z sin p zz sin N z sin N z sin N z sin N z
=
+
+
+
+
cos
cos 2
cos
cos
cos
cos
N
zN
1
1
+ N +
+ N +
N = p z
z
sin
cos
N
zN
1
1
=
+ N p z
N
N +
z
sin
cos
sin
But from equation 1, N = pn z
cos 2
zN
1 N
1
sin
( pn
N +
=
+z
p )
sin
cos
cos
z
zN
N
N +
= cosec + zsec ( pn tan p ) ...(3)
z