eb"b~ysmasn_ neratm-sIhnu

eday Debra Weiner

eVHBumpayfTI1 sPa 1987

EbsmYleday lI-eDob

eyIgCaExr eCOkarcab'kMeNItCafI .

ebIbsinNaxMekItmkCamnus xMsUm
bn'sn'Etm"agKt' KWxMmincg'eFICa
esc CanaykrdmnIeT!
tmkBIelxmun

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citevotNam, BIeJHBImYyCMhaneTAmYyCMhan, BIbniceTAbnic, eyIgkMBugVt'bg'GtsJaNCatieyIg, Vt'bg'

BlwgeyIg . bCarasPaKecInLvenHrgTuk eJHevotNam . G~kPUmikIkxSgNas' . BYkeKevTnakElg

. BYkeKGt'mbGaharTTYlTan . erogral'q~S sukxHGgrbEhl400,000etan . shKmn_GnrCatipl'GMeNa

ydl'CnePosxnenAbeTsf . BIeJHedaysarshKmn_GnrCatisb'evotNam eTIbbCarasExrenAxag
k~gsukTTYlCMnYyGnrCatiVntictYcNas' . ehIyevotNamxngk*kNas'Edr . manEtBYkbeTsbk

sUevoteTEdlCYyBYkeK . sUmICMnYyEdlqgkat'tamP~MeBj k*tUvevotNamnigBYkGay"grbs'eKykGs'Edr .

CMnYyTSgenaHBMuVnFak'dl'dbCarasrbs'xMeT .

(kkn Etdl'eBlyYnnigBYkGay"geVHraCblg[eLIgesayraCmgeTot escsIhnusab'EtEbkLa

s'fa yYnnigBYkGay"glkElgeTAvij . sMusYrfa etIcMkYthgm~ak'enHEdlecHxl'GMBICati nigGMBIsuxTuk
evTnarbs'bCaBlrdExrEdreT ?) .

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k~gsukExr tUveKeKogeTAkan'BMEdnfedImIdak'mIn, edImIkab'qaB ?

neratm-sIhnu cas, evotNamkMBugsaklgkat'pac'Expl'esgdl'kumtsU .

kalBIedImq~Ssamsib

VrSgVnsg'nUvGIEdleKehAfa Exbnat'm"ahINUt (ligne Maginot) eFIGMBIfnigebtugsMrab'bqSgGalWm"g' .

evotNamkMBugeFIdUcK~a EtExm"ahINUtrbs'BYkeKeFI GMBIdInigedImsI . xMKitfaenHCakMhusd*FMCageKTSg

Gs'EdlevotNamVneFI tSgBIeBlBYkeKcUlk~gsukExrenAq~S1979mk .

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BitCaQ~Heq~atminxan . k*b"uEnevotNamdwgfa

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(kkn etIbCaBlrdExrCaG~keCIserIsExrkhm mYyk*escsIhnuCaG~keCIserIsxng ? .

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KanCMerIsGacgakeTAxagesrIVneLIy) .

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neratm-sIhnu minEmnKb'K~aCaCnrgeKaHrbs'ExrkhmenaHNa KYsarxMcas . k*b"uEnkarsab' KWsab'

Vt'eTAehIy . BYkeKBMuVnsitenAk~gsukExr edImIeVHeq~atbqSgExrkhmeToteLIy .

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manG~kKSTBYkeK . BYkeKEfTSBYkG~kEscMkarkIk ehIynigbCarasekg@EdlEbkecjBIBukmay . rYcBYk

CMnan'fIminsUvdwgGIecInGMBIkarP&yrnt'nBYkExrkhmeT . em"aHehIyeBlLvenH BYkeKkMBugekNKrmnus

. xnxMBMuEmnCaG~keharasaseT ehIyxMk*mincUlcitTsn_TayGnaKtEdr . k*b"uEnxMKitfa k~geBlyUreTAmux

bCarasExrkan'EtecIneLIg@enAk~gTIkugnigenAtamTICnbT nwgeVHbg'ecalevotNam ehIygakmkCYyxa

gkumtsUvij .

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sukExrnwgpas'brrbbeTACarbbExrkhm ? . Etdl'eBlLvenHKat'fa Kat'minEmnCaKUTayeT . enH

CaerOgBit BIeJHkalBIq~S1955 Kat'CaescsIueCarcaj'bUCU-eGnLaynigpS-yuSgdug ehIyerobcMsuk

Exr[eTACay"agdUec~H . dl'eBlsukExrFak'eTAk~gkNab'dExrkhm Kat'fasukExrebobVneTAnwgzan

nrkelIelakiy . k~gsmasn_Kat'fa sukExrenAekamb"ul-BtminCaGakk'GakINas'NaeT . sMusYrfa

etIcMkYthgenHmandwgfaxnkMBugniyayGMBIGIEdreT ? . KWmkBIKat'Lb'Gacm_exEbbh~wgehIy eTIbsuk
ExrtUvGnrayEbbenH !) .

eb"by G~kxHKitfa viFId*ledImIedaHsaybJaExr KW[BHGgyageTAP~MeBjvij rYcshkarK~aCamYyyYn .

neratm-sIhnu cas, xagmagkMBugmankarcab'GarmN_kan'EtxSgedImIcg' VnsIhnu . kugIkarbreTsGUsalI,
Bill Hayden, VnniyayVb'xMfa ebIxMsMerccitviltLb'eTAP~MeBjvij, ehg-sMrin, EdlCaG~keFItambJahaNUyVnbJak'fa suxcitEtgtSgxM[eFICabmuxrd . ekaymk xMVnCYbkugIkarbreTsVrSg, Roland Dumas,
VnniyayVb'xMfa ehg-sMrincg'cUlsMuKal'xM . dUec~HBYkeKTSgBIrnak'kMBugVb'xM[dwgfa xMGacpas'brTis
. b"uEneT xMCamnusesaHtg' .

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escsIhnunighun-EsnelIkTI1enA Fre-en-Tardenois fTI2-4 ExF~ q~S1987 em"H . tamemIleTA BIdMbUgyYn

bEhlcg'eVHtMENgbmuxrd[escsIhnu EteyIgmindwgcas'fa etIyYnk*escsIhnuEdlpas'br
tfBItMENg bmuxrd eTACatMENg escesayraC eT . EteTaHbIy"agNak*eday escsIhnuEdlCa
CnesaHtg'nwgclnatsUy"agExgErgGsarenaHk*VnsMerccitbrTisedArbs'xnrYceTAehIy . Kat'Gt'xl'
nwgBYkTahan kgT&BCatiniymsIhnu EdlVnnSK~atsUxSdI nigeTAsab'eBjBCYsKat'eLIy .

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bMePcecalTSgGs'enaHKity"agNaEdr ekayeBlBYkeKVnsUrescsIhnuGWugkgKST fC&yCMnH7mkra
1979nBYkyYnnigBYkGay"gy"agdUecH ? . etIescsIhnuminEmnCaesckt'nwgkumtsUrbs'Kat'eT ?) .

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pas'brTisrbs'BHGgereTArkxagNaEdlmanGMNac .

neratm-sIhnu xMminEdlpas'brTiseT Gt'EdlTal'esaH ! fmYy kJaVneXIjxMbqSgGaemrikSg ehIy

bUevotNamxageCIg nigfmYyeTot bqSgevotNam rYcCamitCamYyGaemrikSg .

k*b"uEnxMminpas'brTiseT .

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eCOfaBYkeKkarJrmUlehtutwmtUv KWdwknSkartsUedImIrMedaHevotNam . ehIyxMbyuTCamYyGaemrikSg BIeJH

xMBMuGacTTYlykGMeBIGnraKmn_xuscab'rbs'BYkeKenAk~gkickarpk~gnsukxM . eyIgkraC ehIyeyIgmin

kayCarNbrbs'GaemrikSgeT .

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evotNamVnkayeTACaGaNaniKmk~gsukExr . dUec~HxMbyuTGaemrikSg eBlGaemrikSgCackBtiniymenA

Ncin . ehIyLvxMbyuTCamYyevotNam .

(kkn ekayBIyYneVHraCblg[ escsIhnuk*hk'EPteTAenAxagyYn rYcehIyEfmTSgEskekv@beJar

elIkeCIgBYkGay"gfa rbbGay"gsBfenH KWCabnbegItnrbbsgmrasniym ! . Kat'bkasfa Kat'nwg
KSTneyaVyrbs'Gay"gyYnhun-EsnrhUtdl'fKat'cUlreNA ! . faemIl etIleT ?) .

eb"by BHGgdUcK~anwgm"akaEvlI (Machiavelli) GIucwg enATIbJb' EtgEtedaHsarykrYcxnCanic .

neratm-sIhnu etIehtuGIGaccat'TuksIhnufaCam"akaEvlI, KansIlFm, errBImageTAmagy"agdUec~H ? xMminEdl
pas'brGakbkiriyarbs'xMeT . xMeFIedImIkraCkmCa .

(kkn munenHbnicKat'niyayfa EdleKeXIjKat'errrMeBndUcstGng'enaH eJlKWgakBIcUldcUleCIgCa

mYyGaemrikSg rYchk'eTAXb'XitCamYyyYn CamYyExrkhm KWedImIkraCPaBnsukExreTetI . cMNucenH

vaminxusK~aBIm"akaEvlI EdlmanButttniglickickld*kMBUlenaHeT . GIEdlxusK~adUcemXnwgdIrvagesc

sIhnunigm"akaEvlI KWneyaVyeqqarbs'escsIhnu VnrujcannKrrbs'xn [remolFak'cUleTAk~geCaH

mhnray cMENknIkUL-m"akaEvlI (Niccol Machiavelli) Kan'EtsresrsMbut[eyabl'eTAesc pab'cit
esc edImI[esceVHmuxtMENgmk[Kat'vij nigedImI[escQ~HelIbcamitb"ueNaH .

neyaVypas'br

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elIksukeTA[yYntYttarhUtTl'sBfenH . sYrfa etIKat'karJrkraCPaBsukExry"agdUcemceTA

ebIKat'eTAcUldcUleCIgCamYyBYkbnXakrExrkhm CYyyYneFIkarsmab'rgalCatisasn_xng ? . sYrfa

etIKat'karJrkraCPaBsukExry"agdUcemceTA ebIKat'gakeTAGWugkgKSTfC&yCMnH7 mkra 1979 Edl
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VneFI[sukExrkan'EtEbkayeTACasukrbs'yYneTAvijeT !) .

eb"by BYkG~kriHKn'BHGgniyayfa BHGgKWCaCn{kasniym EdledkCamYybisac edImIsMercplbeyaCn_

xng .

neratm-sIhnu ebIniyayGMBIbisac, GaemrikSgk*KSTBYkExrkhmEdr . sUmIenAmuneBlerobcMbegItrdaPiV

lcMruHq~S1982, erogral'q~SGaemrikSgVneVHeq~atKSTrbbExrkhm . k*b"uEnxMBMuVnecaTbkan'GaemrikSgfa Ca

G~k{kasniym nigedkCamYybisaceT . GaemrikSgcg'[sukExrkraC, minEmnCakJHevotNam . KWehtu
enHehIy VnCaGaemrikSgeVHeq~at[mankarcUlrYmcMENknkmCabCaFibety eTaHbIBYkExrkhmenATIenaH

dEdlk*eday . GaemrikSgniyayfa bqSgBYkExrkhm KWCakarbUsIhnu, bUsWn-san . k*b"uEn bisac (esIc)

KWkMBugsitenACamYysIhnu ehIynigsWn-san .

(kkn sukExrVnkayCasmaCikGgkarshbCaCatitSgBIfTI14 ExkJa q~S1955 em"H . eTaHbIsukExr

Vnpas'rbbBIGIeTACaGIk*eday BIraCaniymeTAsaFarNrd (q~S1955), BIsaFarNrdeTAkumynis (q~S19

75) ehIyBIkumynismkraCaniymvij ( q~S1993) . GgkarshbCaCatiBMuEdlVncanecalsmaCikPaB
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lrYbrYmCatikmCa (GRUNK) EdlCaraCrdaPiVlrbs'sIhnuCamYyExrkhm EdlkMBugrsat'GENtenAtam

sukcinVneT. Etdl'eBlraCrdaPiVlmYyenHcUlkan'kab'sukExr (fTI17 emsa 1975) Edlmanesc

sIhnuCa bmuxrd, GgkarshbCaCatitUvEtmanParkicTTYlsal'sukExr faCasmaCikrbs'xndEdl
BIeJHmanrdaPiVlsbcab'tMNagGFibetyPaBCati . karecaTbkan'rbs'escsIhnufa GaemrikSgk*edk

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EdlxMsb'exIm rYcehIykarJrKMnitrbs'xMedImIkraCnkmCa . ebIxnxMCaCn{kasniym, xMeTAP~MeBjVt'eTA
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rbs'Kat' .

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dIExr escsIhnuk*hk'eTAeFICaesceyokkug . Kat'VneTAeKogKrkgT&ByYneyokkug-eyokNamxageCIg

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. sMdIrbs'escsIhnuenAxagelI KWCasMdIEdlbgaj[eXIjfaKat'CaescT&lck nigKankareCIserIsGI

ekAGMBIrt'eTAsahaysn'CamYybisac .

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EdlgakeTAtUvK~aCamYyBYksaFarNrdniymmgNaeLIyekAGMBITTYlykBYkkt'saFarNrdBYkrt'ecal

CYrBYkELbLbeLmLWm nigBYk{kasniymdUcKat'Edrb"ueNaH . sUmsegtemIlcuH cab'tSgBIKat'sahay

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rhUtmkdl'sBfenH . KMnitCatiniymrbs'neratm-sIhnu KWmuCmineCAeTAminqayhYsBI GbGrKSTf
C&yCMnH7mkra1979 EdlCafyYncUlmkyksukExreFICaGaNaniKmrbs'vaenaHeLIy .

Kat'fa Kat'

minEdleXIjyYnkab'smab'rasExr nigkUnecArbs'Kat'eT Kat'niyayenH tUv BIeJHmkBIKat'yl'fa

kgT&ByYnEdlKat'VneKogKr[cUlsukExrkalBIq~S1970 CYycSgExrkhmrhUtVnC&yCMnHfTI17 Ex
emsa qS1975 nigeBlyYndwkBYkehgsMrin-hunEsnmkCamYykalBIq~S1979

edImIpas'brtMENgK~aCa

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hmKWCaG~krgeKaHCMnYs . evotNammanKMnitkraC EtCabCaCatimYyd*kIk nigtUvkarCMnYysUevot edImIeFI

GaNaniKmsuklavnigsukExr . ebIniyaytamBiteTA KWmanbeTsbYneNaHEdlmantYnaTIedaHsaybJa

Exr shrdGaemrik, cin, shPaBsUevot nigevotNam .

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y"agxab'xnnUvneyaVyGBakwt edayminepgeTteTateTAxagbkkumynis . KWedaysarmkBIescsI
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nigneyaVyTSgmUlEtmg .

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say BIeJHebIGt'Exrkhm evotNammuxCaminBmTTYlyknUvdMeNaHsayneyaVyeLIy .

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yYnsal'srs

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EdlvaVnKit

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eb"by etIExrkhmnwgrlayVt'rUbeT ? .
neratm-sIhnu BYkeKnwgminrlaydac'xat .

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Bt KWCaExrkhmEtmYyEdlyYnVnbegIteLIg CaBiessescsIhnuKat'sLaj'yYnEdlCaBukmayExr
khmCagsLaj'ExrrYceTAehIy) .

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neratm-sIhnu xMnwgsitenAdEdl . xMVnsnanigkumtsUnigCnrYmCati faxMnwgsitenACamYykumtsU . xM
KanCMerIseT . xMmYytUveTAP~MeBjedImIbMerIevotNam mYybneFICabFannrdaPiVlcMruH .

(kkn dUcsMdIrbs'Kat'niyayy"agdUec~aH kumExrkhmBMuGacrlayVt'rUbdac'xat ebImYyeTA

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. dUec~HetIBYkeKnwgxak'BHGgecalmgeTotEdreT ?

neratm-sIhnu cas, dUcPasitVrSgniyayfa L'Histoire est un ternel re- commencement bvtisasvil

Can'danxngCanic . em"aHehIy LvenHxMenAk~gsanPaBfa xMdwgBitVkdNas'sanPaBsgamevotNa
m-GaemrikSgCMnan'q~Scitsib . xMnwgenACabmuxrd EdlmankgT&BExrkhmsitenABIekayx~g .

(kkn BYkExrkhmBMuEdlxak'escsIhnuecaleT vamanEtescsIhnuLSV"cg'kab'GMNaceBjFwgb"ueNaH

ehIyKat'k*eFICagrg"k' laElg-Elgla edImI[BYkExrkhmtamGgr . BYkExrkhmeBlVnC&yCMnHdM

bUgmankarrvl'erobcMsukxSgNas' . BYkeKk*Tuk[escsIhnuedksMrakenAk~gvSgmYysnHsin edayman

G~km~agm"UnicenAKk'cVc' mankUnsMNb'enACitxn nigmanBYkemnMuemnagdSsEfrka .

dl'eBlBYkeKGnuvt

neyaVypab'EpndIdSesAeLIgvijrYcral'ehIy BYkeKmuxEteVHGMNac[Kat'vijdEdl . em"aHehIy esc

sIhnuBMuEdlcgKMnMuGICamYyBYkExrkhmeT Kat'manEtemaTnPaBd*ExgErgGsarb"ueNaH) .

(enAmant)