Converters PV

DC-DC Converters for PV
Applications
Part I: the Active-Passive
Bridge Converter
Giorgio Spiazzi
University of Padova - DEI
G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI
2/29
Outline
Introduction
Analysis of the Active-Passive Bridge (APB) converter
Steady-state waveforms
Soft-switching conditions
Voltage conversion ratio
Design procedure
Design example
3/29
Introduction
DC
DC
DC
AC
Inverter
C
DC
v
pv
-
+
v
DC
-
+
L
F
+
v
line
i
line
PV
Single PV
module
High-Gain DC-
DC converter
DC-AC Module Integrated Converter - MIC
Why do we need high-gain converters?
4/29
Introduction
Why do we need high-gain converters?
Each PV panel works at its
maximum power point
(dedicated MPPT algorithm)
Different PV panels can be
connected at the same DC
link voltage
Using isolated DC-DC
converters allows
independent grounding of
each PV panel
Possibility of PV panel
disconnection in case of fire
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
AC
PV
PV
PV
C
DC
High-Gain DC-DC
converters
5/29
Active-Passive Bridge Converter
V
o
V
g
i
o
n
12
:1
S
aL
S
bL
L
i
g S
aH
S
bH
i
L
R
o
D
2
C
2
D
1
C
1
V
o
V
g
i
o
S
aL
S
bL
L
i
g S
aH
S
bH
i
L
R
o
D
2
D
4
D
1
D
3
n
12
:1
Half-wave
rectification
Full-wave
rectification
Unidirectional version of the bidirectional Dual Active Bridge (DAB)
converter
6/29
Active-Passive Bridge Converter
Simple phase-shift modulation between the bridge legs
Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) operation in a limited load
range
Exploitation of transformer leakage inductance
Discontinuous input current absorption
V
o
V
g
i
o
n
12
:1
S
aL
S
bL
L
i
g S
aH
S
bH
i
L
R
o
D
2
C
2
D
1
C
1
7/29
Steady-State Analysis
L
i
L
v
A v
B
Base voltage: V
N
= V
B
Base impedance: Z
N
=
sw
L
Base current: I
N
= V
N
/Z
N
Base power: P
N
= V
N
2
/ Z
N
Base variables:
Simplified model:
1
V
V
V
V
k
N
A
B
A
> = = Adimensional parameter:
8/29
Steady-State Waveforms (CCM)
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
3
= -I
0
I
0
2
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
S
bL
S
aL
Phase-shift modulation
of bridge legs
Three-level voltage v
A
Two-level voltage v
B
in phase with inductor
current
Piecewise linear
inductor current
(CCM operation)
9/29
Steady-State Waveforms (DCM)
V
A
V
B
I
1
1

2

3
0
4
2
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
S
bL
S
aL
Phase-shift modulation
of bridge legs
A
B
current
Piecewise linear
inductor current
(DCM operation)
10/29
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
3
I
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
At steady-state the half wave
symmetry is exploited. Each
half-cycle is divided into three
subintervals (j() = i()/I
N
):
a) 0
b)
( ) ( ) + + = k 1 ) 0 ( j j
L L
c)
( ) ( )( ) + = 1 k ) ( j j
L L
( ) ( ) = ) ( j j
L L
11/29
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
3
I
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
Now, exploiting the following
constraints:
( ) ) 0 ( j j
L L
=
( ) 0 j
L
=
|
\
|

=
k
1
2
( ) k 1
k
1
2
J ) 0 ( j
0 L
+
|
\
|
= =
12/29
Still three subintervals:
a) 0
b)
c)
( ) ( ) = ) ( j j
L L
V
A
V
B
I
1
1

2
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
( ) ( ) = 1 k j
L
( ) 0 j
L
=
13/29
V
A
V
B
I
1
1

2
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
Now, exploiting the following
constraints:
( ) 0 j
L
=
= k
14/29
Boundary Condition
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
3
I
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
DCM operation is entereded
when angle reduces to zero
or, equivalently, when the
initial current condition is zero:
= =
|
\
|

=
lim
k 0
k
1
2
k > k
lim
: CCM
k < k
lim
: DCM
15/29
Normalized Transferred Power
( )
( ) ( )
)
`

+
+ +
= =
2
J J
2
J
2
J
1
d j
1
P
P
0 2
2
0
0
L
N
CCM
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
3
I
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
)
`
= 2
k
1
4
k
2 2
2
CCM
CCM operation:
16/29
DCM operation:
V
A
V
B
I
1
1

2
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
( ) ( )

2
J
d j
1
1
0
L DCM
( )
2
DCM
1 k k
2
|
\
|
=
17/29
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
k
( )
DCM
CCM
|
\
|
=
=
=
1
2
lim
k k
lim
lim
\
|

=
=
=
k
1
k
4
pk
18/29
Soft-Switching Conditions
V
g
n
12
:1
S
aL
S
bL
i
g S
aH
S
bH
i
Lp
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
3
I
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
Leg a:
( )
+
|
\
|
= k 0 k 1
k
1
2
) 0 ( j
L
Same condition for CCM
operation
19/29
Soft-Switching Conditions
V
g
n
12
:1
S
aL
S
bL
i
g S
aH
S
bH
i
Lp
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
3
I
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
Leg b:
Always verified
1 k 0
k 2
1 k
J
2

|
\
|
+
\
|

=
20/29
Voltage Conversion Ratio
F n
M
kF n
1
V
V
M
12 12 g
o

= = =
=
rectifier wave - half 5 . 0
rectifier wave - full 1
F
V
o
V
g
i
o
n
12
:1
S
aL
S
bL
L
i
g S
aH
S
bH
i
L
R
o
D
2
C
2
D
1
C
1
Definition:
k
1
M =
where:
o B
FV V =
12
g
A
n
V
V =
21/29
V
o
V
g
i
o
n
12
:1
S
aL
S
bL
L
i
g S
aH
S
bH
i
L
R
o
D
2
C
2
D
1
C
1
o
2
o
2
L
2
B
L
o
2
o
N
o
F
1
R F
X
V
X
R
V
P
P
= = = = Considering a resistive load:

L
o
o
X
R
=
Normalized load resistance:
o B
FV V =
22/29
o
2
CCM
F
1
=
|
|
\
|

|
\
|
+ +

=
4
F
2 1 1
F
2
M
2
o
4
o
2
CCM
o
2
DCM
F
1
=
|
|
\
|

o
2 2
2
o
2
DCM
F
8
1 1
4
F
M
Boundary condition:
o
2
lim
F
2
1 M

=
ZVS is ensured for any

value only if:
2
o lim
F
2
0 M

23/29
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
( )
o
, M
o
DCM
CCM
|
|
\
|

+ +

=
4
F
1 1
F
2
M
2
o
4 2
o
2
pk
=
lim
k
Boundary CCM/DCM:
lim
M
24/29
Design Parameters
Minimum input voltage: V
g_min
= 25 V
Maximum input voltage: V
g_max
= 35 V
Nominal output voltage: V
o
= 400 V
Nominal output power: P
o
= 300 W
Minimum output power for CCM: P
o_min
= 200 W
Switching frequency: f
sw
= 100 kHz
Rectifier type: F = 0.5
Maximum phase-shift angle:
max
= 0.8
Goal: determine transformer turns ratio n
12
and current shaping inductor L
25/29
Design Procedure
1. Maximum voltage conversion ratio is reached at nominal
power and maximum phase-shift angle
max
( ) 0 2 M Fn
R F
X 4
M Fn
max
2
max
max 12
min _ o
2
L
2
max 12
=
\
|
+
max _ o
2
L
min 12
R F
X 2
1 M Fn
=
2. Minimum voltage conversion ratio is reached at minimum
power (corresponding to CCM-DCM boundary condition)
26/29
Design Procedure
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
M
max
M
min
o_max
o_min
P
1
P
2
CCM
max
( )
o
, M
DCM
Voltage conversion ratio M
27/29
Theoretical Waveforms
0 0.333 0.667 1 1.333 1.667 2
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
[A]
i
L
@ V
g_min
, R
o_min
i
L
@ V
g_max
, R
o_max
Inductor current waveform in a switching period

28/29
Simulation Results @ V
g_min
, P
o
1e-2 2.8510 2.8512 2.8514 2.8516 2.8518
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
i
L
i
SaH
S
aH
ZVS turn on
S
aL
ZVS turn on
29/29
Conclusions
The Active-Passive Bridge converter operation was
analyzed in normalized form
The voltage conversion ratio was derived for both CCM
and DCM operation
A design procedure has been developed and verified by
simulation
DC-DC Converters for PV
Applications
Part II: the Interleaved Boost
with Coupled Inductors
Giorgio Spiazzi
University of Padova - DEI
2/38
Outline
Analysis of the Interleaved Boost with Coupled Inductors
(IBCI) converter
Steady-state waveforms
Soft-switching conditions
Voltage conversion ratio
Design procedure
Design example
3/38
Interleaved Boost with Coupled
Inductors (IBCI) Converter
Half-wave
rectification
Full-wave
rectification
V
2
V
1
D
1
L
S
bL
V
o
C
2
C
1
S
aL
V
g
i
L
i
a
i
o
D
2
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
bH
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
n
s
n
s
i
g
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
R
o
C
o
D
4
D
3
D
1
L
S
bL
V
o
S
aL
V
g
i
L
i
a
i
o
D
2
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
bH
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
n
s
n
s
i
g
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
R
o
C
o
4/38
IBCI Converter
Simple duty-cycle modulation of each bridge leg (T
sw
/2
phase shifting between the two legs)
Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) operation in a limited load
range
Exploitation of coupled inductor leakage inductances
Continuous input current absorption
High device current stresses
V
2
V
1
D
1
L
S
bL
V
o
C
2
C
1
S
aL
V
g
i
L
i
a
i
o
D
2
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
bH
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
n
s
n
s
i
g
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
R
o
C
o
5/38
Steady-State Analysis
L
i
L
v
A v
B
Base voltage: V
N
= V
B
Base impedance: Z
N
=
sw
L
Base current: I
N
= V
N
/Z
N
Base power: P
N
= V
N
2
/ Z
N
Base variables:
Simplified model:
1
V
V
V
V
k
N
A
B
A
> = = Adimensional parameter:
6/38
Voltage v
A
( )
Lma Lmb
p
s
sa sb A
v v
n
n
v v v = =
V
sb
V
sa
D
1
L
S
bL
V
o
C
2
C
1
S
aL
V
g
i
L
i
a
i
o
D
2
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
bH
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
n
s
n
s
i
g
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
R
o
C
o
Hp: negligible capacitor voltage ripple
7/38
Voltage v
A
V
g
i
a
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
bH
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
i
g
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
S
bL
S
aL
V
g
i
a
n
p
n
p
i
b
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
i
g
( )
Lma Lmb
p
s
sa sb A
v v
n
n
v v v = =
( )
0
V V V V
n
n
v
CL g CL g
p
s
A
=
+ = ( )
0
V V
n
n
v
g g
p
s
A
=
=
Upper switches on Lower switches on
8/38
Voltage v
A
( )
Lma Lmb
p
s
sa sb A
v v
n
n
v v v = =
( )
A CL
p
s
CL g g
p
s
A
V V
n
n
V V V
n
n
v
= =
+ = ( )
A CL
p
s
g CL g
p
s
A
V V
n
n
V V V
n
n
v
= =
=
S
bL
and S
aH
are on S
bH
and S
aL
are on
S
bL
V
g
i
a
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
i
g
C
CL
V
CL
S
aL
V
g
i
a
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
bH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
i
g
V
CL
C
CL
9/38
Steady-State Waveforms
(CCM D > 0.5)
Duty-cycle modulation
of each bridge leg
A
Two-level voltage v
B
current
Piecewise linear
inductor current
(CCM operation)

V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
3
= -I
0
I
0
2
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
S
aL
2(1-D)
S
bL
10/38
(CCM D < 0.5)
of each bridge leg
A
Two-level voltage v
B
current
Piecewise linear
inductor current
(CCM operation)

V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
3
= -I
0
I
0
2
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
S
aL
2D

11/38
(DCM D < 0.5)
A
B
current
Piecewise linear
inductor current
(DCM operation)
of each bridge leg
V
A
V
B
I
1
1

2

3
0
2
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
S
aL
2D
12/38
(DCM D > 0.5)
V
A
V
B
I
1
1

2

3
0
2
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bH
S
bL
S
aL
2(1-D)
S
bL
4
A
B
current
Piecewise linear
inductor current
(DCM operation)
of each bridge leg
13/38
Voltage V
A
( )( )
D 1
V
V D 1 V V D V
g
CL g CL g
= =
Flux balance on magnetizing inductances
(D = duty-cycle of lower switches):
D 1
V
n
n
V
n
n
V
g
p
s
CL
p
s
A
= =
14/38
Steady-State Behavior
Same waveforms of the Active-Passive Bridge
(APT) converter
( )

=
5 . 0 D or f D 1 2
5 . 0 D or f D 2
Phase-shift angle :
( ) D 1
k
D 1 V n
V
V n
V
V
V
k
B 12
g
B 12
CL
B
A
= = =
B 12
g
V n
V
k =
Adimensional parameter k:
The analysis done for the APB converter remains
valid with the following considerations:
1
V
V
k
B
A
> = D 1 k >
Constraint:
15/38
Steady-State Behavior (CCM)
Phase-shift between voltages v
A
and v
B
:
( )
( )
\
|
\
|
=
|
\
|

=
0.5 D for
k
1
2 D 1
2
0.5 D for
k
D 1
D 2
2
k
D 1
2
Initial current value (normalized):
( )
( )
( )
+
|
\
|

\
|
+
|
\
|

=
|
\
|
+
|
\
|

= =
0.5 D for k D 1 2
k
1
2
0.5 D for
D 1
k
1 D 2
k
D 1
2
D 1
k
1
k
D 1
2
J ) 0 ( j
0 L
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bL
2
16/38
Steady-State Behavior (DCM D<0.5)
Peak current value:
Dead angle:
( ) D 2 1
D 1
k
J j
1 L

|
\
|

= =
V
A
V
B
I
1
1

2
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bL
|
\
|
=
D 1
k D 2
1
17/38
Steady-State Behavior (DCM D>0.5)
Peak current value:
Dead angle:
( ) ( ) D 1 2 1
D 1
k
J j
1 L

|
\
|

= =
( ) k 2 1

=
V
A
V
B
I
1
1

2
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bL
S
aL
18/38
Boundary Condition
DCM operation is entered when angle reduces to
zero or, equivalently, when the initial current
condition is zero:
k > k
lim
: CCM
k < k
lim
: DCM
( )
( )
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
0.5 D for
2
1
M
1
k 0
k
1
2 D 1
2
0.5 D for
D 2
D 1
M
1
k 0
k
D 1
D 2
2
lim
lim
lim
lim
19/38
CCM operation:
( )
( )
)
`
=
)
`
=
2 2
2
2
2
CCM
k 4
D 1
D k 2
k
D 1
D 1 4
k
DCM operation:
Boundary:
( )
\
|

\
|

=
0.5 D for D 1 1
D 1
k
k 2
0.5 D for D 1
D 1
k
D 1
k
2
2
DCM
( )
( )
=
0.5 D for 1 D 2
2
0.5 D for D 2 1
2
lim
20/38
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
( ) D
DCM
CCM
lim
k
DUTY-CYCLE
21/38
S
bL
V
g
i
a
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
i
g
C
CL
V
CL
Soft-Switching Conditions (D > 0.5)
Leg a:
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bL
2
12
L
ma a
n
j
j j =
( ) 0
n
J
J 0 j
12
0
pk _ m a
=
ZVS S
aH
:
Being J
0
0, this condition is
always satisfied being J
m_pk
always positive
22/38
S
bL
V
g
i
a
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
i
g
C
CL
V
CL
Leg a:
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bL
2
12
L
ma a
n
j
j j =
During S
aH
conduction (interval
0 ), current i
a
= i
CL
. At
steady state, I
CL
= 0. Having i
ma
and i
L
a piecewise linear
behavior (i
ma
decreases while i
L
increases), during this interval
current i
a
must reverse polarity
23/38
S
bL
S
aL
V
g
i
a
n
p
n
p
i
b
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
i
g
Leg a:
V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bL
2
12
L
ma a
n
j
j j =
( ) 0
n
J
J j
12
2
vl _ m a
=
ZVS S
aL
:
This condition is always
satisfied
24/38
V
g
i
a
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
bH
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
i
g
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
Soft-Switching Conditions (D < 0.5)
Leg b:
12
L
mb b
n
j
j j + =
( ) 0
n
J
J j
12
2
pk _ m b
+ =
ZVS S
bH
:
Being J
2
0, this condition is
always satisfied being J
m_pk
always positive

V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bL

25/38
V
g
i
a
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
bH
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
i
g
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
Leg b:
12
L
mb b
n
j
j j + =
V
A
2

3
I
3
= -I
0
2
S
bH
S
aL
2D
During S
bH
conduction (interval
2), current i
b
= i
CL
. At steady
state, I
CL
= 0. Current i
mb
decreases
while i
L
has a non monotonic
piecewise linear behavior. Thus
current i
b
reverses polarity but a
negative value at the end of the
period is not guaranteed.
26/38
S
bL
V
g
i
a
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
i
g
C
CL
V
CL
Leg b:
12
L
mb b
n
j
j j + =
( ) 0
n
J
J 0 j
12
0
vl _ m b
+ =
ZVS S
bL
:
This condition might not be
satisfied al light load

V
A
V
B
I
1
I
2
1

2

3
0
I
0
v
A
()
v
B
()
i
L
()
S
aH
S
bL

27/38
F n
M
F k n
1
V
V
M
12 12 g
o

=
= =
=
rectifier wave - half 5 . 0
rectifier wave - full 1
F
Definition:
k
1
M
where:
V
2
V
1
D
1
L
S
bL
V
o
C
2
C
1
S
aL
V
g
i
L
i
a
i
o
D
2
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
bH
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
n
s
n
s
i
g
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
R
o
C
o
28/38
o
2
o
2
L
2
B
L
o
2
o
N
o
F
1
R F
X
V
X
R
V
P
P
= = = = Considering a resistive load:

L
o
o
X
R
=
Normalized load resistance:
V
2
V
1
D
1
L
S
bL
V
o
C
2
C
1
S
aL
V
g
i
L
i
a
i
o
D
2
n
p
n
p
i
b
S
bH
S
aH
L
m
i
mb
L
m
i
ma
n
s
n
s
i
g
V
CL
C
CL
C
CL
V
CL
R
o
C
o
29/38
o
2
CCM
F
1
=
o
2
DCM
F
1
=
Boundary
condition:
( )
( ) ( ) D 1 D F 1 1
D 1 F
2
M
2
o
2 4
o
2
CCM
+ +

=
( )
( )
|
|
\
|

+
|
|
\
|
0.5 D for
D 1 F
2
1 1 D 1 F
0.5 D for
D F
2
1 1
D 1
D F
M
2
o
2
o
2
2
o
2
2
o
2
DCM
\
|

\
|

=
0.5 D for
2
1
D F
1
0.5 D for
D
2
1
F
1
2
2
lim _ o
30/38
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
DUTY-CYCLE
o
CCM
DCM
( )
o
, D M
NO
operation
F n
M
F k n
1
V
V
M
12 12 g
o

=
= =
D 1 k >
D 1
1
M
<

31/38
Design Parameters
Minimum input voltage: V
g_min
= 25 V
Maximum input voltage: V
g_max
= 35 V
Nominal output voltage: V
o
= 400 V
Nominal output power: P
o
= 300 W
Magnetizing current ripple: r
im
= 0.2
Switching frequency: f
sw
= 100 kHz
Rectifier type: F = 0.5
Maximum switch voltage stress: V
SW_max
= 100 V
Goal: determine transformer turns ratio n
12
,
current shaping inductance L, and magnetizing
inductance L
m
32/38
Design Procedure
1. Maximum duty-cycle value is calculated based on the
desired switch voltage stress at nominal power and
minimum input voltage
5 . 0
V
V
1 D
max _ SW
min _ g
max
> =
max
o sw im
2
min _ g
m
D
P f r
V 2
L =
2. Magnetizing inductance value is calculated based on
desired current ripple
33/38
Design Procedure
3. Transformer turns ratio n
12
and current shaping
inductance L are calculated imposing a boundary CCM-
DCM operation (M=2) at the maximum voltage
conversion ratio and duty-cycle
max
12
FM
2
n =
F n
M
F k n
1
V
V
M
12 12 g
o

=
= =

2
1
D F
1
max
2
lim _ o min _ o
|
\
|

= =
|
\
|
=
2
1
D
f 2
R F
L
max
sw
min _ o
2
34/38
Design Procedure
4. Maximum load resistance for CCM operation at minimum
voltage conversion ratio and duty-cycle
min
min
lim min
D 1
D 2
M M
min 12 min
min
M Fn
2
1
1
M
2
1
1
D
+
=
+
=
|
\
|

=
min
2
L
max _ o
D
2
1
F
X
R
D
2
1
F
1
min
2
lim _ o max _ o
|
\
|

= =
(P
o_min
= 100 W)
35/38
Design Procedure
Voltage conversion ratio M
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
CCM
DCM
( )
o
, D M
D
max
D
min
M
max
M
min
o_max

o_min
Duty-cycle
36/38
Simulation Results
Inductor current waveform in a switching period
0 0.33 0.67 1 1.33 1.67 2
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
[A]
i
L
@ V
g_min
, R
o_min
i
L
@ V
g_max
, R
o_max
2(1-D
max
) 2D
min
37/38
Simulation Results @ V
g_min
, P
o
1e-2 3.4464 3.4466 3.4468 3.4470 3.4472
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
i
L
i
a
i
ma
i
SaL
S
aL
ZVS turn on
S
aH
ZVS turn on
38/38
Conclusions
The Interleaved Boost with Coupled Inductors converter
operation was analyzed in normalized form
The voltage conversion ratio was derived for both CCM
and DCM operation
A design procedure has been developed and verified by
simulation

Converters PV

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Converters PV

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DC-DC Converters for PV

= = = = Considering a resistive load:

ZVS is ensured for any

G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI

Inductor current waveform in a switching period

G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI

G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI

G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI

= = = = Considering a resistive load:

G. Spiazzi - University of Padova - DEI

You might also like