1

Chng 3

B BIN I
IN P MT CHIU
2
B bin i in p mt chiu
B bin i in p mt
chiu hay cn gi l b
bin i xung p mt
chiu vi u vo l
ngun in mt chiu
c in p c nh v
u ra cng l ngun
in mt chiu nhng
c in p thay i
c.
3
Gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti:

- Thi gian kho K ng - H s iu chnh T Chu k ng ct ca kho K
thay i in p c hai cch:
1- Thay i thi gian ng K khi gi chu k T khng i ( PWM)
2- Thay i tn s ng ct: ] = 1 T v gi thi gian ng kho K khng i :
=const

.
1
0
E
T
E Edt
T
U
R
= = =
}
4

u im:
+ Hiu sut cao v tn hao cng sut trong BB khng ng k so vi b B
lin tc,
+ chnh xc cao, t chu nh hng ca nhit mi trng,
+ Cht lng in p tt hn,
+ Kch thc gn nh.
Nhc im:
+ Cn c b lc u ra, tng qun tnh ca b B,
+ Tn s ng ct ln to nn nhiu ngun, nhiu cc thit b /k khc

5
B bin i in p mt chiu s dng van iu khin l hp
l nht. Nhiu trng hp vn s dng Thyristor (T) cho loi
ny v cng sut ca T ln.
T l van bn dn bn iu khin, mun kho T cn gim dng
qua T nh hn mt gi tr nht nh no bng cch t in
p ngc ln T
Vi mch mt chiu khi s dng T, ngi ta thng s dng
cc T ph v ngun nng lng tch tr trong t in kho
T chnh.
6

T
C
l Thyristor chnh
T
f
l ph.
Khi T
c
m, t C c np
thng qua in tr R
bng in p ngun. Khi
mun kho Tc iu khin
m T
f
, in p ngc t
t s t ln Tc lm cho
dng qua Tc gim v 0.

7

Khi T
f
m, t C c np vi
du + trn, Khi T
c
lm vic, t
C phng qua D, L v do c
tnh ton trc nn mch ny
cng hng, t C c np
theo chiu ngc li, du theo
trong ngoc. Khi mun kho
T
c
, iu khin T
f
, in p
ngc t ln T
c
, gim dng v
0.

8
S CU TRC
Cc khu chnh: Ngun N - B lc u vo L Kho in t
KDT - Lc u ra L
o
- Ph ti PT
Ngun 1 chiu c th l acquy, b chnh lu. Lc c th l L,
LC. KDT thng s dng van bn dn iu khin hon ton (
GTO, IGBT, BJT). Lc u ra san phng

9
S nguyn l
10
Nguyn tc iu khin b bin i in p mt chiu
11
B bin i xung p mt chiu khng o chiu
c in p ra thp hn in p vo
( B bin i xung p ni tip)
12
13
14
15
B bin i xung p mt nhp lm vic vi
ng c mt chiu
16
17
Ch ng c
in p U
AB
t cc i khi T dn U
AB
~ E v t cc tiu khi U
AB
= 0.
Khi T b kho, dng in tng ti i
tmax
thi im t
1
, v gim n i
tmin
ti thi im
T.
Gi tr trung bnh ca dng in qua kho in t:

Trong : i
1
(t) l dng in qua ph ti khi kho dn in ( 0s t s t
1
) ;
t = .T:

i
2
(t) l dng in qua ph ti khi kho khng dn (t
1
s t s T) ; t = (1- )T

Gi tr trung bnh dng qua diode:

in p ln nht t ln van:

Cng sut s dng kho in t


}
= =
1
0
1 1
) (
1
t
T
I dt t i
T
I
t
L
U E
I t i
t

+ =
min 1
) (
t
L
U
I t i
t
+ =
max 2
) (
}
= =
T
t
t D
I dt t i
T
I
1
) 1 ( ) (
1
2

E U U
D T
= =

t
T
P
P =
18
Ch dng gin on
im gii hn gia lin tc v gin on tng ng vi iu
kin : I
min
= 0.

Gi tr in cm gii hn:

Khong dn in gii hn:
Trong : Quan h:

Vi:


Ngoi vng gii hn l vng dng in lin tc m t bng
quan h:

f L
E
I
tgioihan
. 2
) 1 (
=
f I
E
L
tgh
gioihan
. 2
) 1 (
=
f
gioihan
. . 2 1 t =
t
R
L
= t
E
f LI
E
U
t
t
. 2
2
2

dt t
L
U
T
L
U E
T
dt
L
U E
T
I
t t
t t t
t
} } (

=
1 2
0 0
1
.
1 1
t t t
I R E U . . =
19
c tnh in c : dng gin on v lin tc
20
Ch hm in ca ng c
Dng nng lng s t ng c v ngun, ng c
lm chc nng my pht ( hm ti sinh)
21
22
b bin i in p hai nhp vi in p ra
nh hn in p vo
23
24
B bin i cho php ng c lm vic gc phn t th
nht: ch ng c. V gc phn t th hai: Ch
hm in.
25
Qu trnh khi ng v hm ( in) ng c
26
b bin i xung p song song c in p ra nh
hn in p vo ( b bin i xung p song
song)
27
b bin i xung p song song
28
th dng v p khi dng in qua in cm lin tc
29
Van T ng m do tn hiu /k U
G
. Khi van T dn ( 0 t
1
)
in p ngun t ln cun cm L, khi T kho , ton b nng l-
ng ngun v nng lng d tr ti L t ln ti, to nn dng i
L2
,
in p trn ti ln hn in p ngun. T C tch nlng v lc
.p ra. Khi T m, t C cp nng lng cho ti.
Dng in qua van:

Dng in qua diode:

in p trn ti:

Trong R
0
v E
0
l s v in tr trong ca ngun

t T
I I .
1

=

= =
1
t
L D
I
I I
2
0 0
) 1 ( 1

=
R I E
U
t
t
30

b bin i in p mt chiu c in p ra ln
hn hoc nh hn in p vo

31
32
Biu xung
33
B bin i ny cho php to c in p ra U
t
ln hn hoc nh hn
in p vo E
Van T c ng nh tn hiu U
G
. Khi van dn, cun cm L c np in vi
in p ngun, dng np l I
L1
.Ti thi im t
1
, van T b kho, s t cm
trn cun khng L duy tr dng qua n theo chiu c v np cho t C v cho
ti R
t
:
dng i
L2
. Khi van T dn chu k tip theo, t C phng in qua ti
v duy tr in p trn ti bng phng, ng thi cun khng li c tch
nng lng.
Nh vy: Ti thi im 0 t
1
: Dng qua van T l i
T
= i
L1
,
Ti t
1
T dng qua diode : I
D
= i
L2
in p trn cun L bng E khi T dn, bng U
t
khi T kho.
in p :

Nh vy, khi thay i l c th thay i c in p ra: U
t
< E
0
khi 0 <
< 0,5 v U
t
> E
0
khi 0,5 < < 1. iu kin m bo tng in p ra
cao hn in p vo th in tr trong ca ngun R
0
phi nh:

=
1
.
0
E
U
t
0
2
0
max
4 R I
E
U
t
t
=
34

b bin i xung p mt chiu
c th o chiu c

35
36
Van iu khin s dng IGBT. B iu khin cho php
o chiu ng c theo yu cu ph ti. ng c thc hin
loi mt chiu kch t c lp. o chiu ng c thc
hin bng o chiu dng phn ng. Cc van IGBT l kho
khng tip im. Cc diode s dng trong trng hp ng
c tr nng lng phn khng v ngun trong ch hm ti
sinh.
Vi b bin i ny c th s dng cc phng php khc
nhau:
+ iu khin i xng,
+ iu khin khng i xng,
+ iu khin hn hp.
Thng dng l /k khng i xng v cht lng ra tt hn.

37

iu khin:
Khi m cc van T
1
, T
2
ng c s quay theo chiu thun (
chng hn), T
3
lun c kho cn T
4
s c ng m ngc pha
vi T
1
. Vic T
4
m trong khong t
1
T nhm mc ch ngn
mch ph ti, do in p ra trong khong 0 t s thc s
bng 0.
( U
AB
= 0; t
1
s t s T ).
B bin i c ba trng thi lm vic:
Trng thi 1: E. >E
D
. ng c lm vic gc phn t 1, nng l-
ng thng qua T
1
v T
2
dn trong khong 0 t
1
. Thi gian t
1

T nng lng tch lu trong cun cm duy tr dng in i theo
chiu c khp mch qua T
2
v D
4
. ( hinh f)

38
Trng thi 2: E. < E
D
ng c lm vic gc phn t th hai ( hm in) Khong 0 t
1
, ng
c tr nng lng v ngun thng qua D
1
v D
2
. ( I
D1
= I
D2
= I
t
). Trong
khong t
1
T dng ti khp mch T
4
v D
2
( I
D2
= I
D4
= I
t
) ( hnh h)
Trng thi 3: E. = E
D
Trong khong 0 t
1
, do E
D
> E. nn ng c hm tr nng lng v
ngun thng qua D
1
v D
2
. ( I
D1
= I
D2
I
t
)
Khong t
0
t
1
, E. > E
D
, hot ng ch ng c cp qua T
1
v T
2
.
Khong t
1
t
2
T
1
kho, T
4
m, in cm phng nng lng tch tr
cho ng c thng qua D
2
v D
4
.
Khong t
2
T khi nng lng d tr trong in cm ht, S ng c
o chiu dng in i qua T
4
D
2
v cun cm c tch lu n.l., khi T
4

kho U
AB
> E qu trnh lp li nh ban u. ( hnh g)
Mc d dng I
t
c i chiu nhng do T
4
v D
4
tham gia nn trong
khong t
1
T in p U
AB
lun bng 0. y chnh l l do in p khng
b bin dng nhiu, thnh phn sng iu ho bc cao trong in p ph
ti l nh nht.
39
40

Ph lc

41
B bin i in p mt chiu
Gii thiu:
Cn gi l b chopper
Ng vo: in p DC c nh
Ng ra: in p DC thay i c
Dng trong cc b ngun ng ngt (switching power supply),
trong cc ng dng iu khin ng c DC

Cc dng mch kho st trong chng ny:
B bin i mt chiu kiu gim p (B gim p)
B bin i mt chiu kiu tng p (B tng p)
B bin i mt chiu kp
- Kiu o dng,
- Kiu o p,
- Dng tng qut
42
iu khin b bin i in p mt chiu
U
U
t
u
t
U
U
t
T
T
1
T
2
Nguyn l hot ng ca mt b bin i in p mt chiu
43
B gim p
Gc phn t lm vic
44
B tng p
45
B tng p
in p ra u
t
c dng xung
Gi tr trung bnh ca in p ng ra:


1 2 2
0
0 1
. (1 )
T
t t
T UT T
U u dt U U
T T T

+
= = = =
}


1
T
T
= : duty ratio (t s iu ch)
Nu xem:
- U
t
l in p pha ngun cp nng lng (E)
- U l in p pha ti nhn nng lng
Ta c:
t
t
U
1
U
U >

=
46
B tng p
D
S
U
s
U
o
V d ng dng b tng p c in p cao U
o
t ngun U
s
c in p thp
(Gi thit t C ln p ra U
o
c th coi l lin tc v phng)
1
s
o
U
U

47
B bin i kp dng o dng
48
B bin i kp dng o dng
0
0.5
1
1.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0
100
200
300
0
10
20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
-3
0
10
20
p ng ca h thng
Chopper lp C + ng c DC kch t c lp
(L

= 10mH, R

= 0.25 O, f
sw
= 1000Hz
= 0.47, V = 240V, E = 110V)
I

> 0
i
d

v
d

i
S

S
1
S
2
Time (s)
S
1
S
4
u
t
i
t
i
S
1
, S
4
: dng xung kch, u
t
: in p ng ra, i
t
: dng ng ra, i: dng ngun
49
B bin i kp dng o dng
p ng ca h thng
Chopper lp C + ng c DC kch t c lp
(L

= 10mH, R

= 0.25 O, f
sw
= 1000Hz
= 0.44, V = 240V, E = 110V)
I

< 0
Time (s)
i
S

i
d

v
d

S
2
S
1
0
0.5
1
1.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0
100
200
300
-20
-10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
-3
-20
-10
0
S
1
S
4
u
t
i
t
i
S
1
, S
4
: dng xung kch, u
t
: in p ng ra, i
t
: dng ng ra, i: dng ngun
50
B bin i kp dng o dng
0
0.5
1
1.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0
100
200
300
-50
0
50
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
-50
0
50
p ng ca h thng
Chopper lp C + ng c DC kch t c lp
(L

= 10mH, R

= 0.25 O, f
sw
= 100Hz
= 0.44, V = 240V, E = 110V)
I > 0
i
S

i
d

v
d

S
2
S
1
Time (s)
S
1
S
4
u
t
i
t
i
S
1
, S
4
: dng xung kch, u
t
: in p ng ra, i
t
: dng ng ra, i: dng ngun
51
B bin i kp dng o dng
- in p ra thay i gia +U v 0 lun lun >0.
- Dng ti c th i chiu
- Lun hot ng ch dng lin tc

in p trung bnh ng ra:
= = . U
T
T
. U U
1
t
; T
1
: thi gian S
1
dn, T: chu k ng ngt
52
B bin i kp dng o p
Tnh lin tc hoc gin on ca dng ti ph thuc vo
thng s ti (R, L, E) v t s iu ch.

Dng ti ch chy theo mt chiu, p trn ti c th i chiu.
53
B bin i kp dng o p
Gin kch 1:

- S
1
ng ct trong mi chu k,
1
T T = (T
1
: thi gian ng kha S
1
),
- S
2
: dn lin tc, in p trung bnh ng ra:
1
t
T
U U U
T
= =
Ti nhn nng lng t ngun
- S
2
: tt lin tc, in p trung bnh ng ra:
1
( )
(1 )
t
T T
U U U
T

= =
Ti tr nng lng v ngun
54
B bin i kp dng o p
Gin kch 2:

- S
1
, S
2
cng dn trong khong T
1
v tt trong khong T-T
1
,
- in p trung bnh ng ra:
1
2
( 1) (2 1)
t
T
U U U
T
= =
55
B bin i kp dng tng qut
56
B bin i kp dng tng qut
Gin kch 1:

- Kch tng cp: (S
1
, S
2
) v (S
3
, S
4
)
- S
1
v S
4
) kch ngc pha nhau,
- (S
2
v S
3
) kch ngc pha nhau,
- Dng ng ra c th chy theo c hai chiu
- in p ng ra bin thin gia U v U
- Gi tr trung bnh in p ng ra ( ch dng lin tc):

1
2.
( 1) (2 1)
t
T
U U U
T
= =
57
B bin i kp dng tng qut
Gin kch 2:

in p ra >0:
- S
1
= ON, S
2
= OFF,
- S
2
, S
3
ng ct ngc pha nhau
- Gi tr trung bnh in p ng ra ( ch dng lin tc):

1
t
T
U U U
T
= = ; vi T
1
: thi gian S
2
dn

in p ra <0, gin xung kch lc ny ra sao?
58
Mch lc cho b bin i in p mt chiu
59
Mch lc cho b bin i in p mt chiu
Mch lc ng vo:

Gi thit b bin i c iu khin theo phng php
tn s ng ngt khng i (T = const),

T lc C
f
chn theo:
max
max
4
t
f
c
I
C
f U
>
A
hay
max max
max
t t
f
c
I L i
C
U U
A
>
A

Trong :
1 f T =
L lacam khang mach tai (L=L
ph
+L
t
)
Ai
max
laonhap nholn nhat cho phep cua dong ien tai.
I
tmax
l dng ti cc i,

max c
U A l nhp nh in p cho php ln nht trn C
f

60
Mch lc cho b bin i in p mt chiu
Mch lc ng ra:

Gi thit cn lc phng dng ng ra i
t


Nu:
L
T
R
t = (L: cm khng ti, R: in tr ti),
Cn chn sao cho:
max
. .
i
L f
U
A <
4

61
V d tnh ton
V du4.1:
Bogiam ap cap nguon ap cho phan ng cua ong c DC kch toc lap.
Nguon mot chieu U = 220V, tan soong ngat f = 500Hz.
ong c coR

= 2O. sc ien ong tnh theo cng thc E = 1,253.e [V;rad/s].

in cm L

kh ln dng ng c lun lin tc

Dng ong c luon bang nh mc, tc I
t
= I
dm
=11,6[A]
a. Tnh tsoT
1
/T khi van toc ong c la1000 vong/phut
b. Tnh ien ap tai nhonhat cheodong tai lien tuc,
Toxac nh thi gi an ong toi thieu T
1
cua cheodong lien tuc.
T
T
1
Xung kch S
t
t
i
tmin
i
tmax
U
u
t
i
t
62
V d tnh ton
T
T
1
Xung kch S
t
t
i
tmin
i
tmax
U
u
t
i
t
63
V d tnh ton
Giai:
a. Tnh t s T
1
/T cn thit
e
t t
e
= = =
= = =
2
60
2 1000
60
104 72
1253 1253104 72 13121
. .
, [ / ]
, . , . , , [ ]
n
rad s
E V

cheoxac lap
U
t
= R

.I
t
+ E
U
t
= 2.11,6 + 131,21 = 154,4[V]
Vi dong tai lien tuc U .
T
T
U
1
t
=
To: 7018 , 0
220
4 , 154
U
U
T
T
t 1
= = =

b.- ien ap tai nhonhat khi E 0. Luc o:
U
t min
= R

.I
t
= 2.11,6 = 23,2[V]
To: ] s [ 10 . 1 , 2
220
2 , 23
.
500
1
U
U
.
f
1
U
U
. T T
4 min t min t
min 1

= = = =
64
V d tnh ton
V du4.2
Cho bogiam ap cap nguon cho ong c mot chieu kch toc lap.
Nguon mot chieu U = 220V.
Tai coR

= 0, L

= 32,5 mH, E =1,253.e vi e [rad/s] lavan toc ong c.

Tan soong ngat bogiam ap f = 500Hz. Cho biet dong tai lien tuc vamach xac lap
1. Tnh tso =
T
T
1
khi van toc ong c n = 1500 v/ph.
2. Goi i
ttmin
vai
tmax
latrnhonhat valn nhat cua dong ien qua tai.
Tnh hieu Ai
t
= i
tmax
- i
tmin
3. egiam bt onhap nhodong ien Ai
t
sao cho Ai
t
< 1A,
can phai them cam khang phubang bao nhieu
4. Trong trng hp khong sdung them cam khang phu,
can phai ieu chnh tan soong ngat nh thenao eAi
t
< 1A
5. Mot cach tong quat, khi E thay oi trong khoang ( 0, +U),
tm ieu kien vef vaL eonhap nhodong xac lap thoa ieu kien Ai
t
< Ai
tmax

65
V d tnh ton
T
T
1
Xung kch S
t
t
i
tmin
i
tmax
U
u
t
i
t
66
V d tnh ton
Giai:

1.- Tnh tso =
T
T
1
khi van toc ong c n = 1500 v/ph
Ta c: e t t = = = 2
60
2
1500
60
157 . . [ / ]
n
rad s
cheoxac lap U
t
= E = 1,253.e = 1,253. 157 = 196,8[V]
cheodong lien tuc: = = . U
T
T
. U U
1
t

To: 8946 , 0
220
8 , 196
U
E
E . U U
t
= = = = =
67
V d tnh ton
2.- Tnh hieu Ai
t
= i
tmax
- i
tmin
Khi cong tac S ong:
E
dt
di
. L U u
t
t
+ = =
hay: dt .
L
E U
di
t

=
Trong khoang thi gian ong cong tac S: dng tng t i
tmin
en i
t max
.
Lay tch phan hai vecua phng trnh trong khoang ong S.
1 min t max t t
T .
L
E U
i i i

= = A
Do f . T
T
T
1
1
= = nen:
] A [ 277 , 1
500
8946 , 0
.
0325 , 0
8 , 196 220
f
.
L
E U
i
t
=

=

= A
68
V d tnh ton
3.- Tnh L
ph
sao cho Ai
t
< 1A,
egiam onhap nhodong ien Ai
t
< Ai
tmax
= 1A. Ta phai co:
] H [ 0415 , 0
500
8946 , 0
.
1
8 , 196 220
L
f
.
i
E U
L
i
f
.
L
E U
max t
max t
=

>

A

>
A <


Tocam khang phuthem vao toi thieu bang:
L
ph min
= L - L
u
= 0,0415 - 0,0325 = 0,009 [H] = 9 [mH]

4.- Nu giam onhap nhodong ien bang cach thay oi tan soong ngat f, ta co:
] Hz [ 5 , 648 8946 , 0 .
0325 , 0 . 1
8 , 196 220
.
L . i
E U
f
max t
=

=
A

>
Nh vay tan sof phai ln hn 649 Hz
69
V d tnh ton
5.- Ta co:
( ) =

=

= A . 1
f . L
U
f
.
L
U . U
f
.
L
E U
i
t

Do ham (1 - ) cotrcc ai bang
1
4
khi =
1
2
nen :
( )
4
1
.
f . L
U
1 . .
f . L
U
i
t
s = A
ieu kien eAi
t
< Ai
tmax
cho trng hp xac lap, ta can co:
max t t
i
4
1
.
f . L
U
i A < s A
To: ] H . H [ 55
1 . 4
220
i . 4
U
L . f
Z
max t
= =
A
>
Viec chon tan sovacam khang phutuy y, thoa ieu kien f.L > 55 { H.H
Z
]
70
V d tnh ton
V du 4.3
Cho bobien oi mot chieu kep dang ao dong. Nguon mot chieu U = 230 V.
Tai laong c mot chieu kch toc lap R

L E,
Bit R

= 0,1 O. E = 220V . Tnh tso

T
T
1
= khi:
1. Dng trung bnh qua ng c l 100A
2. Dng trung bnh qua ng c l -100A
71
V d tnh ton
Gii:

Ta c:
t u t
U U R I E = = +
1. Trng hp I
t
= 100A:
0.1 100 220 230
t u t
U R I E x V = + = + =
Vy t s
T
T
1
= cn thit l:
230
1
230
t
U
U
= = =

2. Trng hp I
t
= -100A:
0.1 100 220 210
t u t
U R I E x V = + = + =
Vy t s
T
T
1
= cn thit l:
210
0.91
230
t
U
U
= = =