Garmkfa

ZY

kUnesovePA {sab;} enHKWCakarcgRkgeLIgtamrykartamdandMeNIrkarneya)aynigsab;kareFIV

snrkfarbs;emdwknaMRbeTsrbs;eyIgCaeRcInqaMmkehIy. kardkRsg;TaMgGs;enHKWCakarEsgecjnUv
TsSnneya)ay sIlFm karTTYlxusRtUv nigPaBCaemdwknaMrbs;emdwknaMExreRkamkardwknaMrbs;elak
hun Esn Edl)anbBaak;GMBIkarrIkcMerInnvisyesdkicenAkgRbeTs GMBIviFankarkarBarRBeQI karTb;
sat;CnGenaRbevsnyYnxusc,ab; karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy viFankaredaHRsaybBaaeRbgsaMgeLIgf
.l.nig.l. karsesrTaMgGs;enHmanBakeBcn_PaKeRcInCakarBitnigxHKWCakarEfmfyedIm,IeFVI[xwm
sar manPaBsIuKarnigrs;revIkb:ueNaH.
karcgRkgenHKWeFVIeLIgCarebobkMEbg cMGkdl;emdwknaMRbeTssBVf EdlCamnusSeBareBjeTA
edayPaBGsmtPaB nigGsIlFmeFVI[RbeTsrbs;eyIgenAEtsitCaRbeTsRkIRkCageK elIBiPBelak
KankareKarBsiTimnusS nigmanemdwknaMEdlxVHsIlFmffr.
sgwmfaeyIgnwgmanemdwknaMmak;RtwmRtUv mansmtPaB nigmansIlFmlenAEfGnaKt.

fTI5 ExF qaM2007

sUmGrKuN

matika
ZY

cMNgeCIgGtbT

TMBr

karGPivDn_TIRkug>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>2
karGPivDn_CnbT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>4
karlHbg;rbs; hun Esn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>5
erOgbBaaR)ak;Ex>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>6
erOgbBaaeRbgsaMg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7
erOgbBaaRBMEdn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7
erOgRBeQI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>9
erOgRtI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10
erOgGenaRbevsnyYnxusc,ab;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11
erOgkarbegItkargar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12
bBaaCMrujplitplkgRsuk>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13
bBaaRbkasRTBsm,timRnIraCkar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13
erOgRbCaFibety nigkareKarBsiTimnusS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13
erOgsHcracr nigeRKaHfak;cracr>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15
erOgtMENgnaykrdmnI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15
erOgkat;eTasExrRkhm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>16
erOgbBaaTMnas;dIFI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>16
1

GkNafaExrRk KWxus nig CamnusSqt

ehIyGkNafamin)aneFVIGIVKWCamnusSmindwgGI

cUrRkeLkemIlkarGPivDn_kgTIRkugcuH
-

PMeBj\LvsuTEtpHfesksH.
PMeBj\LvmanviLaeRcIneRBagRBat.
PMeBj\LvmanpvsateRcInCagmun.
PMeBj\Lvmanhaglk;nMbugkeRcIn.
PMeBj\Lvmanhaglk;karEstcMerog nigevDIGUkeRcIn manTaMgerOgburaN erOgsmy TaMgExrTaMgbreTs
nigmanTaMgevDIGUkUnRCUkeTot.
PMeBj\LvmansYnc,arRss;sat.
vtPMRtUv)anbMBak;edaynaLikarTMenIbGsarEfmeTot.
muxvaMgmanbMBak;edayTg;CatiRbeTsepSgeRBagRBat.
PMeBj\LvmanpSaTMenIbeRBaHRbCa BlrdmanR)ak;eRcInnigmanlTPaB eRbIR)as;rbs;f.
PMeBj\LvmankEngkMsaneRcInNas;edaysarmnusSsuTEtmankargareFVIehIyGpSkeBlTMenr.
PMeBj\LvsHcracrral;feRBaHmanLannigm:UtUeRcIneBk.
PMeBj\LvkEngBYkGnaFibetyRtUv)ankMeTcniglubbM)at;ecal.
24

- salaeronbsklviTalyBIsmyedIm\LvenHcas;RtUvsg;[enAkEngfIehIykMeTcsalacas;ecal eRBaH
xac)ak;rlMbgeRKaHfak;dl;sgmnigedIm,IykdIeFVIkarGPivDn_.
- GaKarrdcas;RtUvsg;GaKarfICMnYsenAkEngfI
ehIykMeTcGaKarcas;ecaledIm,IykdIeFVIGPivDn_
nigedIm,IrkSasivtPaBnigsNab;Fab;saFarN.
- PMeBj\LvmaneRKaHfak;cracrekIneLIgeRBaHman
kMeNInyanyneRcIneBk.
- PMeBj\LvmanbegalePIgsbTMenIb.
- PMeBj\LvmanhagGutsk; nigEtgkareRcIneday
sarRbCaCnsl;R)ak;sMrab;tubEtgxn.
- PMeBj\LvmanebIkhagebohadin EtCinCU nigxara:
GUexeRcInedrdasedayRbCaCneyIgsl;R)ak;BIkar
pt;pg; CIvPaBRbcaMfehIycUlcitedIrkMsan.
- PMeBj\Lvmanhagkat;sk;eRcIn.
- PMeBj\Lvmanhaglk;)ayeRcIn.
- PMeBj\LvmanbegalePIgeRcInCagsmymun.
- PMeBj\LvmanTUrsBsaFarNeRcIneRBaHRbCaCnmankarTMnak;TMngnigrksIuekIneLIg.
- PMeBj\Lvmanhaglk;TUrsBeRcIneRBaHRbCaBlrdmanluyTij.
- PMeBj\LvmankEnglagLannigm:UtURKb;TIkEng.
- PMeBj\LvmankEnglk;kaehVkan;EteRcIn.
- PMeBj\LvmantUblk;GavCCuHkeRcInsMrab;[RbCaCnmankasGacsnSMsMc)aneRcIn.
- PMeBj\LvmanhagbhWrdUcRbeTsCitxagnigGWr:ubEdr.
- PMeBj\LvmansalaeronkCneRBagRBatsMrab;bMeBjtRmUvkarrbs;sisSBIkarxVHsalard.
- PMeBj\LvmanGklk;dUg kaer:mkI etAhU Fg nMbBauk edrEs,keCIg bBalhasEdkekH nigerIs
eGtcaynigCaBiessGklk;eRsamGnamy faMBRgwgsictampveBlyb;kan;EtekIneLIgedaysarEtvaCakar
garkak;kbnigedaysarrdaPi)almaneKalneya)ayGnueRKaHGkRkIRk.
- PMeBj\LvmanGkrt;m:UtUDub Gkrt;TukTuk nigsIukkan;EteRcIn enHedaysarEtmanGkeFVIdMeNIreRcIn.
- PMeBj\LvmanhagGiunFWNiteRcIneRBaHRbCaCnmankaryl;dwgBIbeckviTaTMenIb.
35

PMeBj\LvmaneragcRkkat;edeRcIneRBagRBat.
PMeBj\LvmanGUEtl pHsMNak; kasIuNU hagehm hagskXr nigkEngcak;)al;kan;EteRcIn.
PMeBj\LvmankEngekasxl; nighagma:sSaeRcInCagmun.
PMeBj\LvmankEngdUrluyesIrRKb;Rcklk.
PMeBj\LvmanGkrksIulk;cabeRcInCagmunEdlCaBaNiCkmmYyedaymincaM)ac;manedImTunbrvl;eTAxIR)ak;BI
FanaKaBiPBelakeLIy.
- PMeBj\LvmanGklk;eBatesar eBatGaMg xgesar Gklk;TwkGMeBA Gklk;e)a:g>>> eRcInCagmunEdlBI
smysgmraRsniymminGacmaneRcIndUecHeLIy.
- PMeBj\LvmanceBaImpvlCaeRcIn nigmanGaKarEdlmanbMBak;edaysMya:bGaluymIBaJ:mya:geRcInEdlGac
CYy[GksMuTannigGkKanpHsMEbgsak;enAEfmeTotpg.
TaMgGs;enHsrbBaak;[eXIjfa RbeTseyIgmankarrIkcMerInBit edayrdaPi)al)anelIkTwkcitGkvinieyaK
TunminfakgRsukbJeRkARsukeLIy nig[cab;vinieyaKcab;taMgBIerIseGtcay lk;cab rhUtdl;eragcRkkatedr
nigkasIuNU.

rIkarGPivDn_tamCnbTvij
- emIlcuHpHxHRbk;ek,g pHxHRbk;swk pHxHRbk;sgsI man1xg 2xg nig3xg manTaMgfeTotpg ehIy
GaxmtUcEdlemIleXIjenAERsTaMgGs;enaHsuTEtCaRTugRCUkbRTugeKaeT. kMuRcLMfaCapH[ esaH.
- mankg;CiHesIrEtRKb;pH.
- xHmanrhUtdl;mU:tU elIsBIenHGkxHmanrhUtdl;Lan.
- \LvenAERskmanTUrTsSn_emIlEdr.
- \LvmanTaMgTUrsBeRbIR)as;eTotpgenACnbT.
- BImuneyIgeRbIceggeRbgkat Et\LvGkxHGacmanlTPaBeRbIGaKuyCMnYs.
- \Lvcg;eTANamanpvxVat;ExVg.
- enACnbTkmanhaglk;sac;Eq kEngekasxl; kEngma:sSa nigxara:GUexGackMsan)anEdr. elIsBIenH
eTAeTotCnbT\LvkmankEngcak;)al; skXrdUcPMeBjGBawg. enHeKehAfakarkat;bnyKMlatkarGPivDn_
rvagTIRkugnigCnbT.
- mankEngbBalGaKuykeRcIn.
- maneragma:sIunkinRsUvkeRcInehIyeyIgElgeRbIt,al;buk bt,al;Can;eTotehIy.
46

eyIgmanGNgTwkeRcInCagmun.
eyIgmansalaeroneRcInCagmun.
eyIgmanvtGara:meRcInCagmun.
eyIgmans<aneRcInCagmun.
eyIgmanpakKNbkSeRcInCagmun.
karvinieyaKTunFMdUcCavisyEl,gkasIuNU kab;RBeQIdaMedImeRbgxl;kmankarekIneLIgKYrCaTIcab;GarmN_
Nas;EdrenACnbT.
CamYynwgsmiTiplTaMgGs;enHcg;sYrfaetIBIsmymunEdlmaneT? etIsmymunFab;manpHfeRcIn esksH
manvILa manpSaTMenIb manhaglk;TUrsB manhagnMbug manhaglk;kaEst cMerog evDIGU manxara:GUex
manPaCnIydan manebohadin manLan mU:tU mankasIuNU manpHmYyxg BIrxg bIxg Rbk;ek,g Rbk;sgsI .l.
nig.l. GBawgeT? EdlmaneT? sUm,IEtescCyvrnTI7EdlfaGsarenaHkminGaceFVI)andUcEdr.

\Lvcg;dwgfa)aneFVIGVIxH ehIy)anlHbg;GVIxHsMrab;Cati?
eRkABIkarGPivDn_dUc)anerobrab;xagelI sUmBinitemIlcuH
- kargarEdl)aneFVIFMbMputsMrab;km<Ca KWKuNdmhaemXrbs;Edl)anrMedaHExr[manCIvitTIBIr. ebIKaneT
KanfenHeLIy ehIysMupaMfakMuRclMfa Eb:n suvN CaGkrMedaH[esaH. manPstagbBaak;KWfa
xVak;EPkmag. erOg Eb:n suvN KWKat;minEdlGaceFVIGVIekIteT eRBaH {mnusSKat;Fn;dUcdMuf}. dUecHeTaH
CaRbCaCnExrRKb;KasgKuNrhUtdl;sab;eTAvijksgminrYcEdr. eRkABIenHsMuBicarNaKuNbMNac;bEnm
eTotEdl)aneFVIelIsBIxagelI
- RsukNakmansalaeronEdlmaneQaHrbs;Edr.
- RsukNakmans<anEdlmaneQaHrbs;Edr.
- RsukNakmanCBaaMgRRBHviharEdlmaneQaHrbs;Edr.
- RsukNakmanrbgvtEdlmaneQaHrbs;Edr.
- RsukNakmanexagTarvtEdlmaneQaHrbs;Edr.
- RsukNakmanRsHTwkEdlmaneQaHrbs;Edr.
- RsukNakmanpvfl;EdlmaneQaHrbs;Edr.
- RsukNakmanGNgTwkEdlmaneQaHrbs;Edr.
- RsukNakmanlUTwkEdlmaneQaHrbs;Edr.
5

RsukNakmansanIbUmTwkEdlmaneQaHrbs;Edr.
RsukNakmanmnIreBTEdlmaneQaHrbs;Edr.
RsukNakmanpakKNbkSrbs;Edr.
CaBiessRsukNakmanbgn;EdlmaneQaHrbs;Edr.
sYfaetIFam;manemdwknaMExrNamak;)anlHbg; CaBiessEkvEPk nigksagsmiTipleRcIndUceT? etIFab;
manemdwknaMNamak;kgRbvtisaRsExrmankarlHbg;RTBsm,tipal;xnykeTAeFVIsalaeron exagTarvt rbgvt
rbgsalaeron GNgTwk pvfl; sanIybUmTwk mnIreBT bgn; RsHTwkdUcEdrbeT? EdlmaneT?

Tak;TgeTAnwgerOgR)ak;Ex
- eKecaTfaminKittMelIgR)ak;Ex. cg;sYrfaetIeyIg)anluymkBINaRbeTseyIgRkNas; eyIgxIeK nigsMuTan
eKral;qaM.
- eKniyayfaR)ak;ExticminGacpt;pg;CIvPaBrs;enA)aneT. cg;sYrfaetIFab;manGkgab;eday)anR)ak;Extic
ehIybenA? segteXIjfaRbCaBlrdExrminEdlsab;edaysarEtmanR)ak;ExticeTnasmydwknaMrbs;Kw
manEtsab;nwgPaBsb,ayRCuleBkdUcCaeRKaHfak;cracreBleFVItMeNIrkMsan ecjBIkEngkMsannaeBlraRtI
epSg Tas;ETgKaeBlsIupwk xUccitelatTwksMlab;xnBIelIs<anx<s;edaysarEteyIgCaGkksagbkeday
sarEtkarelIsQam bCMgWeGds_Etb:ueNaH.l. mYymijeTotebIdwgfa R)ak;ExvaticminGacpt;pg;CIvPaBrs;
enA)anehtuGVIenARtdreFVIkarenaH?em:cminQb;?minxVHeTGkCMnYs.R)ab;faGjGt;GgVrEGgeTkMuRcLM.
- eKfaR)ak;ExtMNagraRseRcIneBkRkmRnIraCkareRkam)anR)ak;tictYcbMput. em:ckmineRbIxYrk,alKiteTA
emIlkgtMNagraRsmak;Kat;tMNag[mnusSrab;mWunnak; Kat;manLan GgrkS zankx<s;eTot etI[R)ak;Ex
Kat;ticem:cnwgsm?
- eKfa nigbkSBYkRtwmR)ak;Exbu:NwgehtuGVIkmanLanTMenIb manvILaleRcIn bBankUneTAeronenAbreTs
f manR)ak;edIrksagsmiTiplRKb;TIkEng edIrkMsantamtMbn;eTscrN_l,I? sUmbBaak;faTaMgenHmk
BIeyIgminxil. eRkABItYnaTIdwknaMkgrdaPi)al eyIg)anxitxMrksIuTaMgyb;TaMgfKaneBlQb;sMrakeLIy.
eyIgKaneBlCECkKaelg pwkRsa elgebo Cl;man;bGgyEvkcKa\tRbeyaCn_enaHeT. sUm,IEteBleyIg
eTAvayehalbRbCMukgsPakeyIgminEdlePcerOgrksIuEdr.

68

erOgsaMgf
eKfasaMgfmkBIRkumhunsaMgTaMgGs;Carbs; RkumRKYsar kUnecArbs; nigmanPaKhunrbs;. sUmCM
rabfasaMgfminEmnedaysarEtvaCaRkumhunrbs; kUn nigPaKhunrbs;enaHeT Etedaysarvamanehtupl
dUcteTA
- saMgenAGUbiuc (OPEC) vaeLIgfEdr.
- eyIgKanlTPaBCIkykeRbgkgRbeTsmkeRbIR)as;dUcRbeTsCitxageTIbeFVI[saMgkgRbeTseyIgfCagRb
eTsCitxagnigRbeTsTaMgGs;elIBiPBelak.
- eyIg)anTijdIbGaKarfykmkkMeTcecaledIm,IeFVIsanIlk;eRbg dUecHRtUvEtlk;fedIm,I)ancMeNjvij.
eKfasaMgenA OPEC cuHf em:cksaMgRbeTseyIgminRBmcuHfEdr? eyIgmanehtuplmYycMnYnEdlmin
GnuBaat[eyIgcuH
- R)ak;EdlcMeNjeyIgykTukCYyRbCaBlrdvij CaBiessnaeBle)aHeqateyIgEtgEtTijsar:ug Rkma: RkNat;
s sMBt;s )arI sa m eRbgkULa nigbecg sMrab;CUnRbCaBlrdRkIRkrbs;eyIg.
- KanGktva:nwgkareLIgfrbs;saMgPaKeRcIneT KWmanEtRkumnisSitmYycMnYntUcEtb:ueNaH. enHsrbBaak;[
eXIjfaRbCaBlrdExrBitCaKaMRTkareLIgfsaMg enHebIKittamrbblTiRbCaFibety.
- mYymijeTotebIyl;fasaMgvafBitEmnenaH Qb;CiHLan nigmU:tU ehIyRtLb;eTACiHkg; reTHeKa breTHesH
vijeTA.
- ma:gmijeTotkMuecHEtniyayfardaPi)almin)aneFIVGI[esaHerOgbBaHfeRbgsaMgtamBitKWeyIg)anxitxMxaMg
Nas;KWeyIgeFVIsat;swugEtminhankkedIm,IbBaHtMleRbgsaMgenHedaycMNayR)ak;rdGs;Cag100lan
dulaeNaHerogral;qaM.

erOgRBMEdn
- eKfadIeyIg)at;enAsl;Et 140000 KILEm:RtRkLabticCaghwg. cg;sYrfa)at;Rtg;Na? maneXIjeKmk
ykeT? pHenAEtpH. ePIEmnBYkGarkerOgenH.
- eKfakEngxH)at; 300m 500m 1Km 2Km 3Km 4Km 6b7Km brhUtdl; 10 eTA 17Km. ql;
ebI)at;mwgRbEhlCadl;sag btaexAehIyemcRBMEdnvaenAqayemH?
- eKfa)anGMNacedaysaryYnelIkbnbeTIbxacyYnehIysIuej:snisBaa 1979 1982 1983 nig 1985
kat;dI kat;smuRT[yYn. sUmbdiesFya:gdac;GhgafayYnmin)anelIkbnbeT EtyYndwgKuNvijeT
edaysarEtCaGkrMedaHExr[rYcputBIrbbExrRkhm. enHk eRBaHEt yYnRslaj;ExreBk eTIb[sKuNdl;
7

ehIycat;Ecg[dwknaM. erOg
cuHsnisBaakat;dI nigsmuRT
[yYnenaHcuHEmn EtyYnyk
EtelIRkdaseTeRBaHdI nig
smuRTrbs;eyIgKW enAEtCadI
nigsmuRTrbs;eyIg. ma:g
mijeTot dIeyIgmanEtFMCag
mun eRBaHyYneK)aneFVIsm,Tan[eyIg nigeKarBRslaj;
eyIg.
eKfaCaGkeFVI[)at;dI. KitfavaGyutiFmNas;EdlfaEtenaH eRBaHfamanescsmymuneRcInNas;Edl
eFVI[)at;dIemcminecaTRbkan;pg ehIyeTAdeNImykmkvijmk.
eKfaemcminTamTardIEdlyYnykmkvij. sUmbBaak;fayYnmanRbCaCneRcInCageyIgrab;rydg dUecHebI
GkNacg;eTAykdIBIyYnvijcaMeFVIkamsCUncuH.
eKfaminRBmpl;GMNac[GtItRBHmhakSRtEdlCaRBHRbFan]tmRkumRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;TTYlbnkkickar
RBMEdn. sUmbBaak;faebIpl;GMNac[GtItRBHmhakSRt etI[rdaPi)aleTAeFVIsI? ehIyetIesc
bcb,neTANaebIGtItRBHmhakSRtmanGMNac?eyIgminGnuBat[RbeTsmYymanrdaPi)alBIrbRBHmhakSRt
BIrenaHeT. ehIyBYkGaGktva:TamTarnwgRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaGkeFVIrdRbhar ehIysUmBYkEhgpaMRbBnkUn
Em:[ehIyeTA eRBaHvanwgRtUv)ancab;xn nigsMlab;ecal. eFVIEbbenH KWedIm,IesrPaBCatiEtb:ueNaH.
eKfak,t;CatiEdlcuHhtelxabEnmqaM2005 elIsnisBaa 1985. vanaMKaRbkaskan;Tukfa)at;dI.
BYkenHminGacGt;n[)aneTeRBaHeKcg;ykerOgRBMEdnmkplrMlMrdaPi)aldUcsmyqaM1970 GBawg. hun
Esn Gt;ePIeT. kMeTcBYkEhg[Gs;. suxcit)at;dI erOg)at;GMNac hun Esn Gt;ePIeT.
manGamYyenaHvacg;Pal;dak;CIviterOgRBMEdnCamYy. EskPal;CamYyEhgehIyBYkGabgrerOgEhg.
ebIEhgRKan;ebIPal;CamYytulakareTAnwgdwgehIy.
eKfaevotNamQanBandI. dUcCaEdlmindwgesaH R)ab;mkenAtMbn;NanwgdkmRnIenAtMbn;enaHecalPam.

10

erOgRBeQI
- eKfa CaGkbMpajRBeQI. cg;sYrfa
EdlmanemdwknaMkMBUlNamak;enAkgBiPB
elak EdleTAkab;bMpajRBeQIEdrbeT?
manzan mantYnaTIx<s;bMput kgRbeTs
Cati etIGaceTAeFVIGBawgekItEdrbeT? etI
EdleTAkan;BUefA kaMbit rNar ma:sIunGar
eQIEdreT? Gt;esaHKWfaGt;esaHEtmg.
- eKfaenH)ancMNUllab;lanBIkarkab;RB
eQI. sUmpaMfaminEdl)anR)ak;BIRBeQImYyesneT. kMuecHEtecaTRbkan;bgceQaHenaH.
- eKfaedaysarEtCaGkbMpajRBeQIeTIbmincat;viFankarTb;sat;karBar. KitfakarelIkeLIgEbbenHva
BitCaxusTaMgRsug eRBaHfakngmkeyIg)anxitxMNas;kgkarTb;sat;dUcCa
& eyIgcab;)anreTHdwkeQIrab;sibreTHkgmYyqaM.
& eyIg)ancab;ykma:sIunGareQI kaMbit nigBUefAeRcInsibeRKOgkgmYyqaM.
& )anecjbTbBaakNab;dEdk[Qb;kab;RBeQIeRcIndgNas;.
cMeBaHrfynkugTInrdwkeQIFMehIyminGaccab;)anedaysarEtmanehtuplmYycMnYn
& LanenaHFMeBk nigebIkelOneTotpgnaM[GaCJaFrminGacnigminhancUlXat; nigCaBiess eyIg
KanmeFa)ayedjtamrfynTaMgenaHeT.
& erOgmYyeTotrfynTaMgenaHPaKeRcInebIkEteBlyb; mRnIrbs;eyIgeFVIkarEteBlf. dUecHmin
GaceTArYceTeRBaHxuseBlevlaKa.
& GIVEdlsMxan;CagenHeTAeTotKWfarfynTaMgenHsuTEtmanTahankarBar manGavuFRKb;d rImRnI
karBarRBeQIrbs;eyIgKanGavuFeT ehIyebImankeyIghammin[pHEdreRBaHxacnaM[mansRgam
rvagExrnigExreTot ehIynaM[breTseKemIlgaynig naM[eTscrN_Fak;cuH. dUecHRtUveCosvag
karpHGavuF[xagEt)an.
- eKfapl;RBsm,Tandl;Rkumhunkab;RBeQIKWxusc,ab;. ql;Nas;ekatEtniyayeTArYc. emcminKit
emIlpgfaetIeFVIenHedaycitgbedayRbCaraRsTUTaMgRbeTsCaGk[eFVI? tYnaTIrbs;TImYyKWtMNagraRs
EdlxnRtUv)anraRsenAmNlrbs;e)aHCUn. TIBIrKWtYnaTIrbs;CanaykrdmRnIbGacehA)anfakMBUlGk
tMNagraRs eRBaHGktMNagraRsTaMgGs;enArdsPasuTEte)aHeqatCakBab;KaMRTtYnaTIrbs;. dUecHebIRtUv
9

11

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rbs;raRsEdlKaMRT.
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Edr. ql;GaRsuk)araMgGt;mankab;RBeQIesaHemckmanTwkCMnn; GaRsukfGt;kab;RBeQIem:ckmanPaB
raMgstEdr? dUecHvaminsmTal;EtesaHEdlelIkykehtuplenHmksMGag.
- eKfaCanicCakalbdiesFn_r)aykarN_rbs;GaGgkar Global Witness. cg;sYrGkTaMgGs;Kafa etI
CaemdwknaMbGaGgkar Global Witness hwgCaGkdwknaM? ebIcat;TukfaCaemdwknaM RtUvEteCO ehIyebIeCO
GaGgkar Global Witness e)aHeqat[vadwknaMcuH. ma:gmijeTotGaGgkarhwgvaleT EtBYkGaGkeFIVkar
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10

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erOgCnGenaRbevsn
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edIreBjRsukExrehIykgnamCaemdwknaMebIsinCamanCnCatiyYnEmnBitCa)aneXIjjmnusSeskBak;exaGav
yYn niglWeKniyayPasayYnehIy. EtvaGt;Tal;EtesaH eXIjEtExr eRBaHeskBak;CarebobExr ehIy
niyayEtPasarExr. ehtuGIkecHEtniyaybgerOg?
- mYymijeTotql;Nas;faetICnCatiyYnTaMgenaHmansabehaHmkRbeTsExreyIgb? eRBaHfaebImktamyn
ehaHRtYvqgkat;RBlanynehaH nigsMuTidakar ehIyebImktamLan pveKakbpvTwkRtUvqgkat;bu:sib:UlIsRBM
Edn. dUecHsUmRbytmunnwgniyay. sMukarBarRtg;enH. ehIyRbytxnBYkEhg.
- elIsBIenHeTAeToteyIgmanmRnIRKb;RKgtammUldanebIsinCamanyYnxusc,ab;EmnenaHeKR)akdCamanviFan
karRsbc,ab;ehIy. mincaM)ac;eyIgxVl;eT sIu)ayehIyedkeTA.
- erOgmYyeTotyYneKmanRbeTsrbs;eKehIyRbeTsrbs;eKeCOnelOnCageyIgeTAeToterOgGIeKcg;mkrs;
enARbeTsrbs;eyIgEdlRkCagenaH?
- manGaxHvafaebIykluyfTidikarBnsak;enArbs;CnCatievotNamTaMg4300000nak;xusc,ab;TaMgGs;
enaHdUcRbeTseKTUeTAelIBiPBelak Gac)anR)ak;cMNUldl;Catirab;rylandulakgmYyqaM ehIyGactMeLIg
R)ak;ExbuKlikmRnIraCkarTUTaMgRbeTs)anelIsBI100dulaeTAeTotkgmYyEx. BYkenHbgerOgNas; ebIman
CatiCatievotNamrs;enARsukeyIgEmnkminRtUvykBnEdr eRBaHevotNameKCamitdlrbs;eyIg. erOgevot
NameKykBnExreyIgeBleyIgeTAevotNamenaHvaCaerOgrbs;eKeT. RbeTseyIgRtUvEteFVIGVIedaykraC
mincaM)ac;eFVItamevotNameT. ma:geTotRbCaCneyIgsab;Gs;eRcInNas;kalBIsmyGaBt. dUecH ebI)an
evotNameKsRKmkrs;enACamYyeyIgvarwtEtRbesIr ehIyeyIgRtUvEtelIkTwkcitEfmeTot eRBaHeyIgRtUvkar
CnbreTseRcInmkRbeTsrbs;eyIg. CaBiessCnCatievotNaebImkenAEmnnwgGaceFVI[FnFanmnusSrbs;
eyIgmankarekIneLIgqab;rhydUcRbeTsCitxag dUcCafsBVf eKmanFnFanmnusSrhUtdl;70laneTA
ehIy. GBawgehIy)anCaeKrIkcMerIn. kalNamanmnusSeRcInRkumhunbreTsmkrksIuknwgekIneLIgEdr.
11

13

- manGaxHva)armeTotfaebICnCatievotNammkenAkan;EteRcInyUreTAxacevotNamdeNImykdI)at;dUckm<Ca
eRkameTot. sMuR)ab;[c,as;faminePIeTkgnamCaemdwknaM ehIykmanesckI)armEdr dUecHehIy)anCa
RKb;CnCatievotNamTaMgGs;Edlmkdl;dIExr minfayUrbqab; manc,ab;bKanc,ab;kI RtUvEtecjGtsBaaN
bNsBaatiExr[)anqab;CaTIbMputedayminerIsmuxeLIy nigmansiTdUcRbCaBlrdExrEdr. feRkayebI
TwkdIrbs;eyIgrs;enAeBareBjeTAedayCnCatievotNamEdlmansBaatiExrenaHKitfaerOgxVl;xVay)at;bg;
RbeTsCatiRtUv)anbBab;. eRBaHBYkevotNamTaMgenaHRtUveyIgeFVICaExrnIykmGs;eTAehIy. ma:geTotrda
Pi)alevotNamxageRkamkminQanBaneyIgeTotEdr. eRBaHeBlenaHRbeTseyIgrs;enAeRcInedayevot
NamsBaatiExrEdlCa)ankayeTACasac;QamnwgKaeTAehIyenaH. enHCameFa)ayrbs;edIm,IbBab;kar
QanBanrbs;evotNam.

erOgkarbegItkargarCUnRbCaBlrdExr
- eyIgRkeLkemIleragcRkekIneLIgedrdassMrab;pl;kargar.
- eyIgemIlhagebohadin hagxara:GUex DIsefk hagskXr haglk;)ay pSaTMenIb kasIuNU kEngcak;)al;
salaeronkCn hagehm haglk;TUrsB haglk;nMbug sNaKar tUbbhaglk;karEstcMerog evDIGU
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ehIyya:gehacNas;hagmYykmanbuKlikticbMputkmak;bBIrnak;EdrehIymaneRcInrhUtdl;10eTA20nak;b
rab;ryeNaH. dUecHetI[eFVIGVI)anelIsBIenHeTot? eRBaHsUm,IEtemdwknaMxaMgBIsmymunkeFVImin)anpg.
- elIsBIenHeTAeTotenAtamRBPMEdlKankargareFVIeyIgk)anbegItkargarCUnRbCaCnedayCYl[BYkKat;kab;
RBeQIehIyeBl)andIvalehIyeyIgykdIenaHmkGPivDedaydaMedImeRbgxl;CMnYs. ehIykardaMenHRtUv
begItkargarCUnRbCaCnbneTot. pyeTAvijmanGkxHriHKn;faeyIgminKitCIvPaBRbCaCnnigbMpajbrisan.
ehtuGIkeKminKitsresIrdl;KMnitBUEkqRbDitrbs;eyIgeTAvij?
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ecAhVayext Rkug mRnIRsuk xN nigmRnImUldaneTotpg. etIEdlmaneTkgBiPBelakEdlemdwknaMecHyk
citTukdak;EbbenH ehIybegItkargarsuTEtmanzanl ffr dl;RbCaBlrdrbs;xnedIm,IkMu[xaseKenaH
eTaHGkenaHecHkIbminecHkI?

12

14

erOgplitpleRbIR)as;
- eKfaRbeTseyIgminecHplitGVIesaH sUm,IEteQIcak;eFj bEnRtkYnknaMcUlBIRbeTsCitxagEdr. sUmbBaak;
faGkffr x<g;x<s;erOgGIeTAxVl;erOgplitrbs;rbrEbbenH ebIRKan;EtcMNaybIbYnBan;eroleRbIBIrbIEx. dUecH
caM)ac;xVl;eTApliteFVIGVI. ebIRtkYnvijTijEt200erols)anmYyeBlerOgGVIcaM)ac;eTAxVl;daMnaMEtlM)ak. erOg
ek,gvijebIeyIgplitnwgdutGusGs;RBeQI. dUcenHmin)ac;pliteT TijEtBIevotNameTARsYlCag. dUecH
eyIgykeBlenHsMrakbMb:nsuxPaB nigedIrkMsanvijRbesIrCag snSMkMlaMgcaMdl;eBleyIgBRgwg)anFnFan
mnusSRKb;RKan; ehIyeyIgnwgplit nigeFVIGVIEdlGsardUcsmyBIedImGBawg.

erOgRbkasRTBsm,tirbs;mRnIrdaPi)al
eKfaedIm,IlubbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyRtYvEt[mnIrdaPi)alRbkasRTBsm,tirbs;xn.
- ql;ehtuGVIkmanKMnitsgSy nigminTukcitExrdUcKa.
- eKmindwgeTfakarTamTar[RbkasRTBsm,tiEbbenHvaCakarpyeTAnwgKnglTiRbCaFibetyeTbJ?
vaCakarrMelaPnUvsiTimnusSBit.
- mYymijeTotkareFVIEbbenHhak;bIdUcCabgajnUvTwkcitRbENnQanIsnwgGkdTBit.
- erOgBukrlYyenHekItmanEtkgRbeTsKanc,ab; RbeTsGt;XannigcMeBaHmnusSEdlelaPln; ehIyKanmux
mat;eT. cMeBaHRbeTseyIgKWCaRbeTsmanc,ab; ehIykminGt;XanEdr. ma:gmijeTotmnIrdaPi)alsuTEt
CamnusStMNag[RbeTsCatimanmuxmanmat;erOgGIeTABukrlYyekItenaH?
dUecHkarTamTar[RbkasRTBsm,tirbs;mnIrdaPi)aledIm,ITb;sat;GMeBIBukrlYyenaHvaRKan;EtCaelsrbs;
mnusSrkerOgmnusSBUEkRcENn nigmnusSminsal;BIkareKarBsiTmnusSkgrbblTiRbCaFibetyEtb:ueNaH.

erOgRbCaFibety nigkaeKarBsiTimnusS
- eKfaRsukeyIgKanRbCaFibety.ql;Nas;faetIBYkeKminyl;faRbCaFibetyCasIeThI? tamBitRbCaFib
etymanenARKb;eBlEdleKniyayfaKanRbCaFibetyenaHg. ebIlg;dl;mwgetIenAGYtfaCaGkBUEkbMerI
raRsdl;NaeTot?
- eKfaeKcg;)anRbCaFibetyNas;. KiteTAmnusSEbb enHrwtEtlg;EmnETnehIy eRBaHfaetIeKGacsIuRbCaFib
ety)anbeT? ehtudUcemckeKminykluyeFVIkmviFIRb CaFibetymkeFVIs<an rbgvt salaeron bTijsMBt;
sar:ug GMbil Ggr beRbgkULaCUnRbBlrddUc?
13

15

- cg;sYreTotfaetIGkRbCaFibetyenaHsIu)aybsIuRbCaFibety? eBlekItrmas; RtUvRsemac cgaxaM etIBYk

eKykRbCaFibetylabbeRbgkUlalab? eBleKedIreTANamkNaetIeKeskBak;exaGavbeskBak;RbCa
Fibety? eBleKeTAeroneKeronenAsalaeronbeKeroneRkamtMbUlRbCaFibety? eBleKeFVIbuN etIeKeFVI
buNenAvtbeKeFVIbuNenAkEngRbCaFibety? etIeBleKsetIeKbg;GMbil nigbecgbeKbg;nwgRbCaFib
ety? ePIEmn.
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eBkehIy. eTAeronEfmeToteTA nigKitEtEkERbRbeTsxng[)anleTA.
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qaM2007.
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epSgemIlgayCatisasn_xng. eyIsvamanGamYyenaHvahantmat;PamfaGaGkrMelaPsiTimnusS eT
KWCamnusSefakTabeTAvijeT. GaenHvaGt;dgw KuNGjEmnebIGjminrMelaPsiTimnusS sanfamuxGaEhghwg
mankargareFIVhI?
14

16

- eKfapac;karedaycab;mnusSmYycMnYndak;Kuk. faenHvaxus. BYkTaMgGs;enHminEdlKitdl;kitiysrbs;

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vadak;KukminTan;smeTebItameTasenaHeRBaHBYkenHTI1 niyaybgcekri_eQaHEdlCanaykrdmnI TI2
BYkvaniyayKanPstageRBaHfaebI)at;dIeTAcgleTAemIletIva)at;Rtg;Na?
erOgsHcracr nigeRKaHfak;cracr
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manehtuplrbs;vaKWedaysarEtCaGkeFVI[mansniPaB. ebITukRbeTs[enAdUcsmyExrRkhmbsmy
qaM1980enaHnwgKankarsHcracreT. mYyeTotenHKWedaysarEtesdkicrbs;eyIgeCOnelOneTIbmankareRbI
R)as;Lan m:UtU kg; eRcIndUcenH.
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kraCeKebIkbukeTAehIy dUcenHmin)ac;niyayeT.
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ENgenH.
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c,as;>>>GjnwgeFIVnaykrdmnIrhUtdl;GjmanGayu90
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15

17

- eBlQHeqateKEbCafalYcbnMsnwkeqateTAvij eKfaKNkmaFikare)aHeqatCatiminGBaRkit. ql;ebI

eKeXIjlYcemcmincab;eBllYc ehtuGVIcaMfaeBlEdllTplecjehIy)anecaT? mYymijeTotrwtEtql;
eTotfaetIeKyksImkvas;edIm,I[dwgfaKNkmaFikarCatierobcMkare)aHeqatminGBaRkit. BYkenHvaecHEtfa
ecHEtrkerOg.erOgmYyeTotebIdwgfabnMerOgGITuk[bnM)aneTot. eKfae)akelIkTImYybelIkTIBIreKGa
NitGkEdlcaj;e)ak EtebImandl;elIkTIbIGahwgkMubenasGke)akbGkbnMenaH KWmkBIxngePIeT. dUecH
TaMgGkneya)ayTaMgraRs kMubenasKWmkBIxngePIeTEdl[bnM)anenaH.
- elIsBIenHGaBYkenHvaecaTeTotfa eRkABImanKNkmaFikarCatierobcMkare)aHeqatCYy eKfaenH)anQH
eqatKW edaysarBYkyUnxusc,ab;rab;lanGkCaGkCYye)aHeqat[QH. niyayenHKWfaxusTaMgRsug eRBaH
faCatiyYnTaMgGs;enaHGt;manxusc,ab;eToteT)aT. BYkeKsuTEtmanc,ab; eRBaHfaeBlmkdl;PamBYkeKRtUv
GaCJaFrecjc,ab;[PamEtmg)aT.

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RbCaBlrdCastV cuHemdwknaMCasIeTAvijcuH? sMuR)ab;[c,as; GkgCaRbCaBlrdCastV erOgCanayk
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16

18

- tamBitTMnas;TaMgGs;enaHekItmaneLIgKWedaysarmanBYkGaGkneya)aymYycMnYnvaenABIeRkayxg. vajH
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ehIyecaTfaBYkGkman nigGkmanGMNaceTAbn;dIrbs;BYkeKeTAvij. sUmBicarNaeTAemIlerOgGIGkmaneTA
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ZY
1719
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