RErB=r<ffif+ra.

f Deviance
and Sociat Control
cfrflDl q$IC{ q'm<t frqr& .fiq qITI&-$ fiffict qefr6 qrffiIETI T-{< | qtfi qn-rf qmf&-+ frrqG c<lqeK[c{3t r(Et, qnslq s frEfieR:l-c{T rilpr6 e<rfrqrG o q'rnTtlqrqn or*q Gfts o-*K
qTrC {Fr r eKQ'rm"fiFt

q'.Frq$m

qrqfrt.fffu rm$t <rrr!fi

<r<-q

fa6g w6ff5-{r T<rd

6t}

sg< r ,r<-<6 qdra

qnr*r qm&-+

fiw.r*

q(@t, rtrqq, er1&,

(c<(

q-q{

frrr6

qIFilF{t T3Ft.l

f<rErRt
Deviance c*Bi w.tT ?Frn qr{-{l 6fi rqri s.6e r',fus qiu<q <pfr, qrnffit {Erriri< e qm<q-ffi mrq Efr I 6{t'rl-{-- qmfrm qfl-q qHI IFGI El{fl CSI <FII-TI, frqE s t{q{rs {r+'sR I Etrm-rs ttln TR, wqi ,rsg{, qfrqrtfrrrq qEfi {vr dtrr uB r <'r(m al<r-TEr ffiil {E +R r eq-< <fr Tt sR q<(q-cq--{ q& Tfr qrl-tnifqTs clra"t TR sK sl << fiqteqry qlu'n6t I 6FaHI, qrtrrq, qfr q{tq Tfs TtftsE
,

qeil

rrffi

frgftOm, Frr<t{ e qffi arrr I atfrs qru<q-frft

lq ,\
: r
t

{qiGtltt ceim TR qr< frm w+rorfus qrslR-$ e otfusEIDTC6BI qfr,Fft |

ciD-<ci rt?FG<

fu-ftft

qru-n6r

+;mN I BR qmr frEr&

<n

tcrn&'Deviancertr,r-,r +.K <i c-r'rl:fr-{

{rfil

<lcsl

seffi E{'frqrG'r "frqrG'<q-rg ql;t

I

qmffi-rfit qlu:tcrro

e<(stfue

cIDTCqF'rk'rctr

Robertson 6f< Socrology (1980) f6're[ Deviance qK IcEI fr-F ftm <foH, "Deviance

is a behavior or characteristics that violate

7

significant. social norms and

expectations and are negatively valued by large numbers of people in consequencg" q:H qlp$166 q't5:rct <t qt6rtqe mret q| (r98o : 526). c6qFr$fu Tt&Fs

Ttrr[&-$ {c[rmtrfc+ vul g5s q<(qt fifqlG

ffirw

qFr+fEt

t{q,I4 qq{ crfuqfEwlr(-{ Xofm +.*

r
ts

Deviance q<-c(El
rE:SI :FG-rq{ t

frN ftc{ Popenoe

sBt Soctology (1986) qf,ial qfrs-\r-lr{

q$t Safi qqfn

6K

tfs,

'.Deviance is a behavior that violates the social

norms of a group or society'(1986 : 580) s6qftqrfuqiR

qst

tqiFv[IDIIcf

tt C+R ct&

wqrrqil aF[r&T lFrritr{GF vcf s51l

)bo

Bo w<l,fu+ qqtwft-s1-a (qam ,rq)

Sociotogg *rqat frffcqf ..Deviance , is a behayior that violates the standarcls of conducr or expectatious o[ -;;;; a ssz) t v{rsfirqrB qrq qr{ ET , w':ret {r m{ o*rTrwr""r;r:;rnr. qr'ilcr <I r*ro w1q5g I

qEfBTM

R.T. Schaefer

6K

\5[rt3Fttt I
Dlfferences
etcFrs

crH;"ffi:*,,

\5qrfle c(E'ryrqt f+cm"t -ftrm cqrf $itr r{, q?F{s6it e. E{ WrDit.t

qnxq

qq{qq

{. qq EIF-n"t qfiffiR WrflE .{<(qFff {. qq qlF-n"t wmtrfi-*

TrqR
1<e<

frfr,K Tr @c qn-< Tlq Tt qt

E1s.lwfn

ffi"r"q{qs qtEi.t ;
wrs16us c<( firqp sr q*snqr
r

Tqr"

frErBfr
qR'gETCrR

Tft;.."r3. 11fq3.of
$vI-F,"Hq
{i<?tq-[-{R

q'FI{ T{ I 6fi s& clTl&'$ u 1Brrr.t c{rsr

F{Sgg
Rc-<rer <r

'*"fl'r=r, fr<nuut*,

qer3rtq
Crime

c* ,*{'r rr qerr ** u+rf;t elren *1&e 1ftz" @Tqr

q&

q& wrq-s.-$ .,Ifus ql'n.t oI <5R}, S{IQI, e&T E [r eEEr* ErEnq r <frs e q-{onn qf'nq c-[q q,rflq
I

srxr6t

{r_
clrr{

clt{ YSru I

q{ I TH 3il{rt qcq st crtRr

lxfD'rq

t{Elg

T{q sem wiq frr*ft trrQ s qrE-sc6rf {In q'rfl{ r crime q< c(EI frF ft[T, Robertson {rEe[' "A crime is an act that has been prohibited by a poriticar tlyough the enactment of a Law-. qdrs q"rflq "",n"a*, L"r"uv q:n w erfr o,q qt qrtffr rHIA mR qrfu ilqtTRrr {rnr frfuq cqr{rctt =o*r r EIsr :ftF, q,Kfqrys sra a1 w'<.rr$
'Inq Tsrcs Es

q{

u-g{s a qrKI{Tr$ EI|E

6qpq161qgsi

frq,e

Etr'r3$CrGI
Conditionc

et{I-s Sl-e <r qrmqB qR ryIrqB CcE&n "t6"ffut fr'ffrs efr qr{ srq ur qIER.t $ EotTsrfi-s c$Fr
I

q13m$tr

vrtr4I

rr <r ca*

EKr

,1rrerr< fruq

sr

w{,

lErq-6 qr qFF(Eq

. -''

wu rsfR q'rlu

application of format sanctions. ql':tct qt r'.fifr

frrc ftrr rFI;r, ..crime is a behavior that is prohibited by governmentar authority and that can b

qrm@

popenoe crime qn q(EI

Elftlg
Efr1h

fr5g qfifi

l"i"r"*,*r,;;;

Tq,fF

r*t f{fu, qt(qr*

wB qfirftm

'#; #ffHX H:* H

*ar* fr_,"";;;

r<til!
).
EIfl3IF[:

oiBTt 6{60 'tfGt

mrc
vreFb q5q

sfr

J'M' shepard crime qi )RER {FFI, 'crimes are acts that are in vioration of the law, (sociotogg l98t : +zZ) qrBrtt cftq qrq O TFq Tfq $ WQq *, *., *, ** untt - rqa-E +tqt c,Krq
r

al l

q'lifl.C(3l WII

ftq q"Tq rq
ilgiB:T{'E

,*

IE

Fv

+
,i

F{rB e<(cm&-s fiffi.1

5b)

q?I<rtq .s frWRr-<:{cr{, emd+-r

Differences between crime & deviince qnq{ qffitq I rsn <rsaTfus +{"rv <r cir?FK Tu3 frfr,( ?Frq <I EID-n"t dq ?F:I'FI El seKl{ {cE {qI {l | frq rmffq ,cEq qr{s sr6i e sIDKct srF s-fl_{Bl {l wtr{, frfrx qr EH 6iFR HreR 'rRqfu I sdlq qqI[wr fr&fr&, eBg Isr'tfrK
EsrEE-s

qqlv \tlft

{{rr{{,

-1"

Rq?t

rtsi <T qluiq q-{rcnws e<iq"flrqg

{rtr

q'rfl{

I mr;t, ott'fiDl;l,

ffift{st,

m{"( T{ sr q-s$'{ cmIrq-$ t<qns, sr< Er fr$mr<, qfrE e&'{ q-{rcet{ qft qil ll (q"fl;t, ftst-$EK
EerE

EI{IR

q1s q1Tnq1 sl-6q q1vry.s qI53I.r qrlr1-a TI

?IBI1
r

tffimq

cEro

qffi seHtcffir "r{rca,rog {i

r

ffi

{tTnq-s

"*

qeml{qt-{ Ems

qrta{n

fiARE :TNt&-{ {ryr<rc{K {fr"Fft ql"r r< fu-qtft <r qriq Egq{qs <ptsl cqrrq

rFrq <t

sffi6t qE:il$&-s frEr& ; 'ffism

qttr

{E q'KKt xt'sten FqTeT+e wu<q I fu r< cm{e-s @{s-$ qiun"tt E Kt{ m I :rGI <Ffi SKrS-{ 6{, mF[ trM EtQ{ qrfl frR'\ qn EcK,, EIt{ wtrylrr ftfifrs 6r<i E{6q-qt q[s 5t qrr{ sfimfit 'rft-R "169 r '[EF[Eni, q{rrwt .?ftq, {qrr{I{ e irffiirs< qEr+tt rrr+

y$rs

w*rqftre e<({{flR:Trtfffiir eeql {-{rr{{ frKTft sfqq frqrfu u-q{s rTNft-s "fRK-62ffi qfr$n qNfe-$ frEr&Tcrs qfE{c6f{ Cstq 6sl;t fr'+ +rrqe TI q'mqF$ qlE;rc.t {frqs"qcs 'm< lfr Ef {afI{q 6.ffi EKT 1ffT{ r q(cq) wtr{ frR"q "HT q{
r

6rFR qIETct Eqrq$, qtt'lElgt,

Glt{cfi

ffil

\5[?f3ffc{3f H\5
Conditions of crime q6lr$d sGqT Rffi6

ffir6t

<r erlG <r-Trq

e:r<

mr$l'qI ert& csF lFIq <t EIETc6tn

:I[{1 {BIS qT qcq EIrs qT{l{ <EIl TtTr rI r EK stt ,.r1qtqq E"l?m{3I 16 <cq EI{jr cqB$ q{ I qqr ?Fqfn q'rfl{ Erp <E frc{El {6{{q,[nct T<-N { <t frc$e r<ffirq{q q'Krqrs Elu:rcct

Bqfttv

etFrro Er<

"T-6 EBfu T<tm 16<r ffir$i t{.t Til smqi I qtm

). sqr[{

frcx qrqrr qryo< cB,r*

mr6i

c,.rsrer EnqrDqI o-*R r s"Kt{ qca- E(E f{cx qE 8

Eq<r c<FH T?rH{ ?FErE]'w-rfl
|

{F

qgq $mrq-{

qFE Errft

qw-d-rRT ?FIsi

.$f{ <rB wtquro snn fifrot qFfr Ttq S-sr< Ers$ c'ttT6t sflnt c,Ki{ RB{F qqr sl wgt qr< ql r rI6iE wflII EBr Erfl qcsfu EIs EC< I .fi-{fr +t+e fr'{rK rsF{ nvltr{.qr c'&sm qu13rcerd qI] rc{e {'s r erB Bq'r{<q &,s{t {rs r EB'r* $fu e<rB <&re qRR sar :l{'r{ s-dq fu w*.t ,r{s ll olT$ qfr T,{I{ frfrLre' qt-rsm 6stei ef.rq q<q-cn <58[G[, .c<r, TsnFct fl qRi
I

<effi ao6

<mrr<

Essq

qft

&'<-{zqr qR< s&ffirs q,rdl{ TqI

r<

qt

)bt

$5 $qTk$ q$qRE'|q (qq:r,rE)

6fr<l qrr'i qfl3mfit crrdsB f<Frsi r Eqr{r6rq{,r rEI {rfl 6{ 6iFt{ qlsrs< ffiq{ft-{ o-6-<i q-{6tfl< q,-fl {fr $rcTBn q-rqr csru{ o&"m 6{r$ qR +-rre:iqd E{ v't{F sGr<I E<rI
qc<,h ?T.t erqftKE

qerfifit

Eri[

rfl{ | q'rn 'rmqRiTlqBqr< 6.BrTcEKq,rfl{ Einr

cot;mq<

s'Gtilt ql sq'xsT Efu

l.

emB qq-{I F6CiI q-{rqEl

c ffiry ut q'rfl{ qrtn frfttvrR

9-69{ emrs qr< r {qv .h

wr{{
wsfur qr{-rn
<r*rq< Wfrrfil

<Brr"r:r ?Fi-q qqmr o-6r<]-<

fl6

ffilt'ErE{ c"Rfq{s $.cq$ I carfi{ q6g q5q c+rq <iG< {c{I crrdl{ qffi p-s13 cBfln n 6rqli efl=p.rs Er{ r Emliftrsrr< {fr c$B 6fl-a qfr-{ ctr{ crqlcss y-Tsfi q<'6 E{ yffi ,tr+.:t iFGr sr< rt qqhq qr< lr 8. q'Kt{ qcs qcn a<l e<rgfti "r6qn esQ rcut ,trict +;rcg qr< I q6q qffitqTry-s ?Frs !c<( .i TrqE c$frs e*r< tz"i,.r, q EtE ffirsI E kilc{n e-{i ,{sQ rT[rt <6fl{ q?Fro q6{
I
r

rr. gelilcGl \flt-T$E

frq wrm$ q'tffi, sd

c..

q'rfl{ qre EFI sffi }flfuC{Fr q* {ru

gt wr+ft w \rH{frug

q<q ET E<.tri ql.AH

E[F{

fi

qFF.trr

q-'r<-rc<=t er<Ft3ZsE
'lfstcslR

E6r{*
etfrstG q.fi,

wnqffi
<l

q<(q'KIE

ffiiT

tm qrm* q,Ktcq:t +q'r Emq scrR-{ | 6{:rq--

m ftfn<
1?I)

Eeffl{ Uuvenile delinquency)

c$fo
T[{i
Cci-{

ft$K frtq c"R[E (Crime without victims) (rl) WrEft q'rfl( (White coller crime)
(R)

$&S

E1'tittgr{

fi;1Tfi

q$tBs st'KI{ (Organized crime)

.{<'.<Ifun RSI{ ccsFs qeKI{ (crime againist property and persons)

rtfr1
qffioc?m

(B) >r{offu

{ittrR qrf:lTq

s'rfl{ r FBa qrlrq frrlK c"Krftrq-d ffiT c'qr6 Rfr{gt ErF Tifi ql-T r <t.fltrqrrn csFtrq ct{Kre ,)q-)s <qK T{ft frm<-ertftm qrfl csfu w<T{nt fr-rtrn slil{ <m 6Rs r*il E{ r E-e<i *, n-5q {K <rft rrr qqsms rorq orqQ q'rfi{F$ Trq ffi qs rr {fr qr srrr firu-sr $rF "tlat 6{ EErt
ft,r'lna

qttrt{ e frrn<

<x'ft qTI c".sfrs

c,m{t

frR.ftn

Eer<Iqfs

qtD;lct

Tr{rq

eq+ a<xBu cmr&-s r{rm{ *u" *,tq-I** qRqqft 6{cFH Frqrcr frr.n< EeKt{ Tfi {{Ig ?18il qn I ffiFp.r{ {ptqM EIEIct, r{tB-{it ER, 'rrsrtqrr, Qnfrr{ut, wrfu wracr ffi En frr'Irr qq;rrcq;l Trn-sB T6m qlf{-s Eiqt{, ,ftR{tfrs EBq, \ryrq{q, Frqrs{ qrktl*.rffi qsr<, q'ftq Eqfr-q qqq&TIi ersr< ffi sK'ccf frT.ilr <Tftcqn e<ft c"..t ftmR qffirc{ e&rl ,rrd
r

ft*"

I
I

4
6

,g,

f,)

r{gEt qrfl q,rflffi rGeFs qn, frq qrrff 6.rq rfterro qfit I mFI E-TrtrF{I, "tftg[I& u<qmft,r:tr, ffislqfu tgffi I qtril qm:fqg wil<rsfi-{It $ticeFo E[n qrr$ r q {;ffit
TCK1

sedx (k$ Frfu q,rfi{ s 'mrrcgrTr qqlqffi<T

q:l-{ <r&"K E"|;mGr iI{ E'rE{

.r

C A _t A

tI

G ^,

t_ft

frgr& ,ffi.xm&-+ fiTq.t

I

)be

:
1

q',Brrcsd

T1ir

ir

qrfl q{]-Ti q\5rrFslr{ +&are q{ 4t qt EKI qer<tfr{ ft=sK 6$I-a frffi qBmFt qfiT{ I .{ Tt3l-C6t q'rflA-rr q5qr}r cNr&T <r{Er cAA={ qcrr qgrQ qr{+fi caKrqdrs

fift{

Eq'Rs-t urfrr{srn

I
--i

v6mft vrrrfi{ r o6-4a1fr-+vlr< rytrBv vB o6p urn-< c"FIIrts rtrqt qfu{H el-l frq w,mqg+ ifiq rrfr err$ {rr$ wr<ft q"Kt{ <cq sHilfrE qrl I 6qqq-q;s53 $1ft, wffi, sqfu ulr{'t,fiqit q|srq.'n, Gwt{ qrdr rnr ffi {tre{q-s rts vBr{ft E kmsBr wrlsr
vt{-qm&eulm sB6E ffirrsK ffirsn qqsfiql-s nqt q-{"r vg-c<fr qt${ ,RI r GIFI q *rmq< WBBE 6Er+ {fr wir qssms rrn sr< gr qr $rrfi {Eflqr qer{l{ {F Rrr<Go qr< frE E-t sgrefr q'ril{ T{ I 'r$rEtrri, >rNIGTvTGI tsE ffIfln qrf;rq ;fi {R'e asB <I s5r<ft qfiil($l qffs frre "mr E6r+ft q'rfl$Imt c-rr$il.:rsftet e<( f"If,r< qssBE q{ r sRt csrqt ET dtfm-ffim
r

sIffi

<t

fiEilr qrSrl cpr{ qs r srQ q $rtrBl s'rfl{ T{lrt ffit\e c{t T6q sr<.qqs<;RI

c$flis q'rfl{ t q ffi-rffi E rflq nt{rnqv <* <its< T:tqct qcsEs E{ r qE qrQ cq'c.t;r {c{i qcm qrs6te+ 'r{rm c{rrftE-s frlrftq q15s 1 a1fta1 Es qi \rlle{ Bqtqr"t I q ftml q,l3m{ ffis <ilffiT qm, 'nvur{e, {Tq?FIKI ol-r<-omq a;agql q%m{ u .rvs rno
r

rn*tfr g<ts,fud
{:tc{3t \t?l<m{3t

qffis

q?rfi{

"(Ee

tr$"{ c$t0no qeffl{ s rf.prfr Etq{Tq, q-{i q1ar, UR, srfl& W c I ,cqvT {lq-qfi, {B[c{Btr, NlBr eErrr, NI ffi EE <ffn f{{rq

stieefs<tffiQq
q'KK

! I

.u

wr<Fr E Ert{

d)

a o 4
A
_9

6t

T
/1,

ryq& s<lB{ frq6"(q<sfuqffit{

)b8

gq

il$fr{:mtqfrgll (qsi ,rq)

<i& sl lE
t I l. I

FrE Rt \s q?1-3p1ct{a =Fgrcf Ceuses of deviance

and crime

SIER

q'rfl{ {R <fr {I cir-{ q< q<$t sRfi ilTrq r c{re @ <I Etdr{ {Es qs qTcT{ q{rsrfuE q<( qI{{ ftrfrrfr qru<qr+Q ffit 6.m Ccrq q firrfir {FFilDTCqsr <fi{jT B

<t

<;.Ba xcqf,

Rcfqc"fn qcorFt

ttc{

I frcx stTfl fiqie q<(q'rdmw$

Cfl3IIC<3t

cIET[qrr +.tact <]F|lit

qrm

co-SI

w<

c+tqffi{:l
qBtd

qeffl{ fr6iT{
ES

vr Trss6 q{firBs T,Bsfur

s'{&
i

SRqE5q (etiologr) mr< Ergtmpf, ?FBIcrC$ q,Kr6q;1 qql onft qgt El&T Tffir-ek Tc{r ql{r qm(q I qTrqr-< :ft$ ?qf<-s ; rqET&-s

{ffisM

fE-fur

; aqlqur&-+

IfrFrfu wr\e-{ I fr6q ql{r{r q1rs-rfl ut 1E-uergql

Brs?l

t,]

wfifrs rd frr6.t rcrr: crqrmfrd

qrfrq e qil F{I

qR

trn srrc <r

tc'n

ETCT

ffiEffi+ Biological perspective

Ettfl{
firscqq r srr

wtrrg (mrrq

ffi ffi

qTGImI (Lombroso) c'Bmfir rrd"t frrg{cq

EE6{I

{F qBt{ <r cslqks Trfrk$ ffiK clffire tq coBrrft

ffis
r

eiliFI |

{Tm

ffrtl-B6 ctqpl

TGliTJrGIlq

qeffl{

rfi

?Fc3l.t

fi, q'rfift{r

Err{Tl

q:Fr rr< TrRAT-s

a#rsI( Efffi 6{ q Errq-<-m q'ril{ q'rre 6rq cqr r &fr <FFt, Ecmwcit{ T3{sEr, wrv-rft-+ x(E[nE[, qmt{ 661q, qqqfrE Ort, -+or1fu< qr+, {flqruft T'rF[, 't.tft dlq, q"t{tre q&, {r(,tftql dfi, ft{ <R, qqm$ qrs[qrJr, qqtqRrs Wfi tsirn qq;m<r< ?Ft3tct <rut ffi ffiqg6 ry6 cl{l$ fr[R frfr <rfi, m <1ft< qr{i !F:r{rs ffi qrrsrko r.fiftR-s ffii& <r qE frwffi sr< c'rffft qTK TsFmrrscq
r I

qfr ftrqrB sq1 wq|srfus m-$

ffr{rcl "td{
fr+maps+rt
<rmq

q frrf
:n6*r

qq6
Econemlo:l

aquurQ-+
sl9Tlr

.s

Psychological perspective =rergfr'r

1ffir"c"F[#

YS
d'rETr

T[lrfoiq.t

qBwn

(Freudian bqy"ho analysis) lt1t fril{ q&-< (hfe instinct) qffiist< TqQn Er qrt <t{I qr{r c'rflq ?Er* EFrrr {n"t (death

-ryft

c{stry, q(ft{

qfr

cqqfuq{r

rjBr frqlrn 'tffi .tffi s .r{e. (super ?ryB+ qs &<ET ego) G-GI Ec<r & <}B qr< q'r$A I qem'rrt rrrr
super ego id-q< ys4T cfi qvl<ffi
cc

instinct) Elfl EIfu Ers KytW$, frcilWs'sm <t R{tWNltB cu-& prr*"W{r6r EpBl{ Tr-( fr,s qn I qr<l-n <lfuq< d f.ffi Tt Em qot;itqT{s EIE-nct cq'{ ftre ,nr< r qftq c+rq <ifu w$ ffi, qRrqET s q<rq<r q& tiat sfr EE-itti<F q$ q<( vt {ft ,n q6q,

qffi
Et{I{ c(Eu'

qerfl{ffi:
.i

<iBqq
h-{t'ti1a"t:n4

frflilft

Rqr& q<<TFil&-{Frffici qrcrcA <ifu< <iG

41 lpEI

)M

t
i a

qr{it +lr<Ft qftq

e<qqRrr<E-{

u1t ?ErN ER I qQ er{&< 6$H

q-ifr Rul ft{zq I ci er{M EI-fl <rre<\5mq c+Q r r+f .cn r+rq ffi-q frr{E{l I ellsrs
<rc-<P-EI Gil-{ arsrE q<

?tffi

<iB<

ffiR qrcarc cmrq< er{it TBI {I5l tcott (Bgo) ,{t er{&r c+n ffirc-rftE-TEqt of
:rcElQ
t

l.
I

q[5Bf <ifg< qc$

qr*e eTE er{rg Tmrq a6q

qtffi

I
il

I ,qi er{fu Tr{rrs Iq eftal efl?Fcs Tgl qrW+ qqg'r E erfr il-tfi*l .aQ um r sFm{, eqfr ffics Ksl ctr+ frq I TI cq-{ Frffi.t S*, q<( cq cEI(T, ftfT{6 <l.mn s.dt E-Fr r Tr{ qR, ,sTE ffifs W$-< ttEq:{ "fFil qI5I fic{ 33 cile q{ GII
TRr

<r -fi|.e{' e.ll-e lSuper Egoy qlrer<'fi RHR q<q cqq crqfl cers Wi
1-a5a6E

(lfr

qlfr{ e qR[{E-s erle

I

I r

ER 6c sqsttq qTE qR q+co nln r A <iBn {cql frqlrr{ qbf Ear{.gl qIRI m trun v.fm <fre<Etqqr6 Erq frre ltr.q qfiQ Til-ct 6{, qNE qR TilF ffii q3 qr ETrs qnrs'Bl q +refi ?FnF qcr {tcs glGF r+B cmrre TI 'tI{ r <1frnfr< q({, frql{H Tnn
n-*t

"tffi

tcun <t

{fr {B.trft qrs sr< srr EBrt qffi qR 6sl,EE T(rr< ({, qNE qR 4-{r \HTE q<s.E.t q$'{3rffi<'q'rfl{ I q rm r{Gsq fuilft <ct r srt cl qrfr qR v-<t c{rc 6rF qrfir | ,jEFrEra & Srm q[{i fi ry6 tc* 6sqa 1foffi Yfr-+r trq-t qt Tcl sr{ 6{ {{e qNE qfr

m-s

er{e

srr <'rrr I qstr< 1(n 1oft< lzrr< omc.t,e<({futrft tm<

Er[.rs fsc,11-<

+mcq

E rfl{ cgfrE EF fl-ril

sm rHfrT

6sFl3rfsst qq3mftt ot<"t <[E frr<GE En

I c{rr< $fu

m e <1"1I q<e.

<frs qg Etrnrr r$B csB Uqfuwtr< R-sl<dreqc{n $fuq (psychopathic personality). tlQ c9.frE q<( EI q,l3m{3[ '{TE J{IQT
Lc<".

,r{rcsrr<

f-t"**E

qm3-cffi

v.Fr<tfi c{m

rrr:r{<rulffis

qqft;:rEresGrt
Econemic perspective

*{ft1 1frz" <m q{ a,

{ffi

c{ftfu{ cfi{r5 rrt{e o,*

Ifu

qfl<T{fr,Elft r{crtBr (Bonger) rftrFlctI lFK <FFt G, f<ffilTfl?F 6{iFFg, qffi-s fr-{Tqts-rft'{\il q<(E:t'{ nRgI r <as 6m rN, t&-{tn16 exr<< Trrc6t s{eKl{
r

tffi

Y1o

{r6ftr <Frnfi-{ vm 1ffi <l

I

qe,

.qcsfu E{

qn R {rfi crrrrw frfrn <ifu{E T{T& qrs]F TK(q I6(<5rq cerFF <Er "{!z-< q'rdl{ c(sBs qs r <rfuflg T{t& 1frm c+rs-nnn flt{ra q'Eli{er<q:Fcl FiF <r{ 6sia' 6sl.r

v$erc

c'r$E

.?6f*mq xq ?qR

m'{r{ T'6-{, . qQ srrr srrq-< :rc{, eTB sKI <fuufs qrqfr *"q ?uryu 16 +r< ry -*r. ftor<
?Fcr rn

q'EIt( c",Srq frrt< qfr-o rrm

5bs

$o.

a1ffiE )mqfrq.H

(aeFt"tEI)

x+rq=rrQ-+ EBECsr Sociological perspective

q$qq&-s

c'fr{6t

T.6tl

ESl',{I qrtr

6li :[F, qf$ qffilq{.s

1ffimrt

cqrr+

qflqRE.|ft

ffi

6arde) qFr{ c{,

q{B"ft

q1il[t13t sT, q'lfr

qlf{ frER{

{T{IrI rff{ r c,KI{m qIARmS (Sutherland) q13m{3l Ti<6t frcsecq rtfrX{ft flElrcrrtrrs nfr +-r*-{ r 6r< {N, q'Kl{ql-s qru-nq c{tft{ camft q',sfrg ukq cqr$i en r rmlqm ftfus (Gillin) {FFI cl, 'n-<?"fk$ frqfu$n a1Effi q'fflq{+ qlD-nq q{rq cerr+{ rf1t 6p6{
EID-<6I qTo-{rc13t

ilfrt
ftq:rrr
qTrmfiis

dE

q qfrfi <lB< sql sr{Iq{ afr 6ryq_q{-Tam q]s, Tfirat ils, TsrI C$-fr qlqffi T{ T:IEI EIis ffi r ffi <rq{, sffii cflqt e-T< EFlq6rq< q{I (trjr{ cd-Taffi 8 fl6{, slEI B
<3rs. 1

&fr {rfi, gGtt c$qt $${R q-{, s-\erI[EI cflq fttq ErB E'rq-{i fr6aq T"53 {ffi I qtmt q6i

q$qkefif

'

{Kfu

st
{rqt

Robert Merton E,Erlc{:l eFE ErqGR xlrwst&-s <nlUil qq'H +rrrqq r

(rebel)

ffir
tfict :ilEr
(conlormll

:ffFiT qcfq)
?II

sutm fiffit
rKre
Er<

"FqtT-'nG e cfi.nn3 sett Trq

m-q r

c6q fr-sm q{

6"11-6{

q-p

qr<

ElEi

q'6'i-

6ga =Il,fu5s 'T#lR 'lR{q T;rcs Er{ r e1sQ \rrn

si ane oft Rfi6 qrr qrcq I crfi s{-{lorc sqr rftEr ffi 6p q6q <ellftfu qrs qgq, g?fiqgt T3-N Er< e<(q3m giFI ("F1EI qs\fl frSm.{Rq

'rrs cd e {ftd qBf{ Tg{ r rrtr{ (rF[ c{, frq 6{rc TF sb3 E-rmfis cTrR Erfl]t"Tt NFi rqlr <ct .c-r< &c-{ qsj e E-cq'$ T{c6f wrm ft{s n q-{mffrs trqtrt e c-fi.fcqr qrqr<l c+* il I qfis srfl qdTarq q646N R{\<K otnqm lt .ftcn qf<q qqT{ qr I qrr qflt q"rfift Rrft< lry sd 'rem{
r

J.

t [: I Cil?tr
I

c{-Tarc sfr Er fifrv e<( ur q6'n sfrrsTfi-{ c(fi {ft qr csrrfts Er< T?FrE<l qBRlfiurn ct{rfl{ frfl svm sr< qql{ qMiET cat-{ Et ccEIcuK 1q n\o qbpm< r mB<t qrFrg cqs'fcct celffr qcn sTI Esfu czus y 1 ffi qp$ $rr{ir EeKTft)F{Fr emrqq
r

<tgfcq
Crincs {g

TTG

q ffi-rfir c,rflft wl+ xx.Rs EqTrqlfrs Tlqt ffin slrffi csft {lgR qs s-fl {EI I qms $rc-fi q'rflft n ftqr&q{-$ qEKfsIft ilnrq rKI xlre q-q.'o q-{mfrE 6T{rr ur;Flr ersl'T$tl FGt cctu qri q6'ff{ q-{t }f{rw Tqe q-{cllfiv cFrqrt qtryq +m r c6q qrmr {c$ q{-qafi qfusr, s&nfu, s-tsr, {'{hl E6[qK mrq ,Iqt cqf or< srm
(innovator) <rE ql$Tfrs $rsrqq, I

a;s1:6ffi +Fs E-*qtfrE qsr ftq$ c[tri cfi E{E .hT< qr, tr[T cflq rqT E-*qrfrE o|qan q{T{ct TrN \rftsK Trd srrq;rrs frqis n q"fnft Rrqr< rt.ti s;il qn I .qrq-{rs ffi

(reportedl I q<BI GIFITE

c<qfuEpEE

"i

llrft;Vfi
Economlc--1

fic

E{t

cr$&'o fiTr

fte

e fiefl

fie

qT{i6t

<rcn EFT I

c{ qKI Q-fi{i q&

fr{l

qFfifu

q<( C{G<tD-s lfr\r-H

.qrqrrs qq-{I c'rflft <r{ qFIrre Trf,cql qrq-{rs c'fnq sr< I (rituatist) (Fr

ffi

ffi

ffiS

s'Gtrqr r Errs<F {srfi

frqs

<t c'rf,rft <rrR {rrn anw

mft q1mfrs ErrB B Eml]

fe {* <lqril q,ffl{rlmqf

fiqrG q<(qFil&-s
cefr{{ Trd

fr{act
=oTn

)b1

{t

q?rrn

wm ft'to 6sl{ 'FalI e cfime'q1a<"t

+.-{K :,{qt I

qr', qt wq q6q
?
}r
I

lrqrrrr$

qfr,

s<Tm
|

n qftq 6{l"t vlEI c'rflftfl e 'Ifirrn c-s6 t .srmrrs

qI | qfi< 6-+n

qlf{ RrEfrS (Retreatist) <rq qr{mfiE TKrq-{

qtfri<
TcE, qftiFp <-rcr<

rtqls

<r

q'Krft <rrrR
<rf,ffin

{ITII c'TIq

qS ffitio q qnirno nrr

]}
t I
b

qsls,Bffi$ f{cqil fiqa +m r en ffiM +rr3 qrFJ tcs.r +qt " q-1cTIfrE Tfi{ frrqm-{ ffi 'r{$ flqG erffiE Tr< rl<".frrq'cq-d ffi qsqs <rq ffi {n iF[:Ft I qfi;r+ $f{ fr6{"t fift q-{F6t iFGr | frzETtst (rebel) e
Effi.|lcr qgit"$r{ <Fr< q<( \5q'r{FT Errr{
"r{rm-<

irebel) <[E qlrUII{E T6{(E{

.l

ffi

a6rya

frfl,r*t{ sqt qrnffi

t{c6t a:rfq
t

6p ryttftv

s.ffi {Tt wm +{+ q$Tlfts t;m.|l q<(Etig q?Ffcl{ T-Gl I qrtsrm flf,l +q*fY$ "tnAI tK& e cfitq
cq<1fr
I

I
i.

(contormist) <m qrqi'lfrE iFrsCE{

q'RtcqirTE6t

!i

tu?r<ct*@dqq

ffi$ <tq$fffiR-t
qE
T-CI?F

q-{:Et&--s1frsel

wwq+1ffiset

ru['r3m*r

Crines in Bangladesh

Tqrn <Rqrqrr[ Eq3trcsrn c$lTt rr$W$slcr( 1R c,rmre| fft?t c'r${ qFIIr{I (reported) qG{ sBt aq{ 5q-aq qlrrfl q.fi I qt cc{rBl II6g't qFIm {RR (unreported) E'rfiq c$Ir c{Ft q-r6t <Iqqrr[rEl qerfl{ {:prT 6{ T-sDr vil-{q Et {qffit qI{H ?Fil Tl{ I <Iqlfirrt cqfu q,Grftftr srfi Tflft r frm e flT 16 ,{TBt cI{Kq qr{D-{t fiPr{K qE c

qQfUTrg;S FfStot
Economic causes <fr <fl qn 11q6lrmrrr ar$ v{r{fus
EII
S

?FEl-("t

s'rfl{ Trn Erqm firsr fu{tlfqt frmr'qr +'rcs

Cs)

ErkE, s Et'lEI{ t

qlkr5n ?ffi[c6f qq-fl{ c$frs E{ I qIqlRqE Cqli-{B qR, ksiQ q'Fft{ttrt nRE.li TKc"tQ sd {rm I <tffi-rq(fi efm e cqtt'f$l ,eEfflTr et qqRK 6<ft
<ICEnCqfl U-m
r

Ieffi

B6 Tr$ft-$ c$qfiET{ (qem rc)

t
a
r

({)

ff$w e q,rfiq r

{:rIFi ov<ftH qrrn r{slN 1R "nrm I r<?Fllt fi-{rq ErqrsQ WFtlSru {cn 'rm-r< rFfdt, q(q;tr eSB o{ff< {C{i qnKgfsi.Fp^s-ftr<8 C"mq ef<6fe-l1R CtCfra I qrGI CSB CSE fut, q"fnz{ q .Br* qgrqt 6qqt, frsltl e ili*$ft'Rrffi E Kt{tIrEI ,s 1q, ntmfr, {il{tl M
EFrt(GI

crcE rrc|i'

1*m
|
'SIFI

I
I SGI-{

"rdi

Endrlrs

frr<m Gfi crrc 'llIF

<rrr+*

rqd

(tt)

cttt q'rfl{ t
E

t
:
I

ceT{'c{td
?t{
Er{r

q"tilqRtulftfl c'Hrn {rrl E{'ErIc{it qpr6 B{T Trsrfi r erl frE c'f'fl Krrrq {IN q'KI{ qqq6ff< qrspFtl $T 6,t T{rqe EFI I ,ftFlsrd, elq frq c1"tl <z:nq g{Ir{ Et{l( q(str{n w1-{-{I
C<Ft qtrs I <t(Eil-fif*t Cenrt"r6

wr++

qufi

3f fifri

ffi

rcsil frrSEI

q-f<RGIISl

qI'FF-l -{lrr-.

"rfu asrd BIcg'"rat

:-

<tqrqr.Er q{tTB-s

<r<?efin

tffi ffi
qmrq

e.r+B-

cfi

a-fi r Bs{rfi q,c <TBtts $frsl;rl

t

atui
(inadequaq <r{ qr

ft1u {rsw a retr

?<q

ft

qf<q

fiqc{

{em

q'.rq

rq

qrffrm:mraq <6{m frG{ ffirq qffiigl fi c"trmq I I E?l] 1rro'-< Efte< sB[cct {<tt fu-wry. qcn 'tcwq r s.tt ft :FGI \firm Sqc e qfutq qvt;t <t:l s otm qnr$t qrq <IE I q

.mi

s{ffi{ q$?tlT

csB

cS

t5{1r <r \{Rqtn q9l;rrc{3t ry 6a6qfr6q

qrqr&-+':+'rtr6t
Social causes agfrqr.t ccqfu c"Kfttm sq] qmf&-s
?EtIEdI
s

,mf csa* fii

F+f{r

"{tgfrs+{

Ttstcts

fi

"fr{n3

qIft.W r fi-r1 e w<'fr6

c&re

EIHIT{I

{rxfi
.{frd

flffis

?fr,m{ vPKIq.s

.\.\
r

qr& c*i
u{rs,ql{ftra

qr6 FIt lR.{trd q-{Sq6t o'c< ei(,lffi EGs-{tfrE qr{ wlq <6-+ otfus wn<q fteq r srt <nta qc{sr<Ic{ TI s $Bft-<q ffiErrffi qsr< {Ferfifr qqFI{ cqq qr $ffir qlrn.m 6nrf,t Tr< g6q vorfl<{r+ qt clu-d"t 'flffi-$ 'rR({'t ail is\oil erqfu gr f{rg :Tflqffi{t rtrsrfi Trsrqq r :mrqm f{frq 1g1un} q'rfl(lFs
qtrrc.i< eer<

6rc!
<I qRr{rjtt

qffi

asm <rFtII p-+p 1tm

tk{Krs orr+E
r

vlrgt frlrrc

qrtr{ e<( <iB-d B'rd

wnffieJ

qnrst ftTq

qq< qR<fcr< ersr< ry.ir6

ffi

a:rc-n1frirj

ErrqID-{t =[r<d

qr

$trrq;r

qk{Krs&fi c'6tre E$ {mFt-{R{rRA{,"JRilK

?tFI

(inadequate and poverty

qrTrB-<t

ffit
<rqICF#

striken fa,miM

qHfiRsSrS{ r erK {k<]R gf*Q qfd-S \r{ECi Efrs q<( ffi

o.cr

Silft{

trq qsper {frr<rt ft<l rt"rt

I qar< {c<trt-fittfrQ-{

'rRrcrra

Ttfrs, 'nFlE

<frfrcx mnr

I
I
<]

Rql& q<(cpr&-sfrffiq
fr-<zri x,NT sz-R'.fu Erfur cDks
)bb

.,{ q{ ** * **n

*
uzq

I
I

trqo *i, rqFc. isn-c.rft otrqs Esrr, {mH cqrr+ <frs qr r q*r qfrilrsi u':z "nzn ut Erfi-T*F Br-{<r E,Kr{ qrrcu

T* * re

,*

*"| ,*;:", * _; k ?u qer R-sm om r q,uR r*c ft* amrrffiil TqEq _r,." #'#;, * O cEtrI .{FTTFCT.TI wtnufi c+l r 1frfiR-n e urqi$6 -*,.,; a* ra frqr qv-r< cs. q<( E.FG B
c'uc{r

srr{r nfr{ffl-s eR qefi cTFp ,RT (over crowded famity) srtr{ r q{n rRrr* Tr*rc *.rc. rtcT cqql-<r erTrqfu qarr<
Tlt-{-s

ofrR"

ed r .qr.,.rfin

qrqn TR Trn efr*

{iriR ffi<trrs 9x "rR<rr (broken faqry)

&re wrrqqtr qsrl Esrsrks rn

X TS

dnn;;

*-*' *,*, ";*# --**.* ' 'lu"L r+E-o qqs _

rN

-*=re'*

.. -** *,""*

flfrflG

nqs-

Itfr* qr*s *trfi ffi-{r*{ T*FI

"#."J,il
qs*

(inadequate parentar contror) r c{rFr <i{ qq qR( Errq-n ftEi

cr'rrr csrre | smrft "rR{tci (criminal famity) q<( flFqu_,fifu <V qm e* # ** c$B rsB qRqs <Tfi q'kil{TTs qlxrcr R {o **.fr ; ip[3.r *" r c<E{qI, e,-{ qfrflcR : ' " ' ,a fttrI tfrflr<< q-{t+r

'rfu

fiaaq

aw

y,".*
ffi

,nrtr{ {r r c

,*-*r ar-*.]'.* TgrffF qrilu,ftn qvgRrsrq frno fraH * ,a" +. uu* .r<a. ;;; ca.rrfi .,_gil srrcsr rvqrc.{ B,kr
*,en

c'fcsRn c*tr.o

fisr-*El*

,-{rre futc6tr

*# _*;;;
"u_
r
er.q,-

q*6

<-*-q

c,rrlfrmn qtsnq

'

ffi-s5rmrcrdqEt+T
qr ffiE qqE qq s fi*r<n
cdrs

qqil{

' qT{ qr fr{ fu

qqq

c*k
<TRFr-s

rerfr*rrrm
.cs q-{

ffi*

<st e

ffi

Tltr Tr{ Rg, t, cs e fis*,o qtsrrmo o,'rd*n q*,u s*cilr T* x"qr <r qrq*rsr e{4 srrmR =u[sr ,uFrrt' qE *NK Tft"il T6F qf{r$t ftsrr flr{i or.r qfr+ rqft fl{Er cET I TTE, .Frfr <n q{ 6,fl6.fin qqr*_+ ;n qs c{ts E6 e cq*irctmfl, ffi EtE ,rtR$fr-s sl_{t .h TEfr+sr q* r are +rcq-< Tffire cdt q?n:utot6, s-R {lT{ cmH ,fcct EI c..sq GrR:fl-m vxo I

rFftR cs 1tr<fr-< {.cals sa-s Rq r qrffq qsil

6,n +m<rft <I T,r6t

tft_ fi.e$ Tis r e+ qft_s 65.rn r<Ft,"ryq6,.me$ q5 r

c<.r

pp7*

6flzr

eRrm R'II EE,

.fi

fiffi

**

<wms' fi ,r*', i;;** -

*.**;

t6

ffift<r+*r1
qrft{
enTn

Tfffirrq.,

ffi

E?FI

<frfreR Gr{rc{pt wr+

nroqrft'Rcn {t frrstq I Ers'n qer E{r {-r*rm.R TC6t c,rme q<( ,flzq r }T(; ENTcER ffrrcq

q?Fr

fu

RE{

sF

mnn

tsw

*qfr+ {fisfte.H

(qE:l 'i-q)

cqe - ***
6qFt

,rsK .arc 'rry-rq t FlEi.{E-{

EIRaR (ffi{q&, & fr

qK, G&e
^qfrmfi,

fr.q

rtrqvll

fffrqDl6<qlqqv.t**w*-{ffif<Cqr.F{{softacTfru"<mrr<l^fcrofigtq& s<-{&
arsrfi& q:ffr.stT tE C{ftF fi-r 1F( c't-Cffiq, *-**t e<".frfi{roR qs'tR+54 qrlrc
I

<re uWq r ufm

ffi

cfirr

(w

E"r+rc't

qrt
<msBR refi

.qTfr.msKB5-,finfiEi,^.Tq.1&"n't'TEr<.ls.l.<Tfu{ftqgTKE|61&fl.{lit[T[R T-{'{{'r qn rfi.rn Eo fi,r ,K Efuftr qrsrwr r fretr E {srsEr *tq6qflp ,qNIeS drr"ft e 3Ft ,near E-xs mr.r< wrrfr+ e-<q q"ra-{ se B{n-d-srft Yq" Bffi a'nft frrqrq-n q-{H qffis om ftn vrgs r E.{E ffirrK q1-q-air.F< &f{{'rq e nq&+ fi-<l srn fim:4*:* q6ril Tv1<13 qffiiqr q<T <J-re I cr qrclwl Yryt qaq qqq c'rr* eer* F.4q 11fl I Yfu fint<

w1fl ut&<r d

T.*l*T.E{

frrc,Erfu
ac4G

6at

*r*

fu

qGtETr

; "ry=*-"t* q-{ I il{rq qqT{< q16d1 sr<ict ryq T"'F mfi q-{$Eircqu 'tmtrft <iBEs qrd-ilqfiB-+
'rr*Trir

*'r

frDr
<TFM

*mw

'rcat

om.fi"nFt ry1Q 1

qffiNI s trTII$ gIM I 'lFI <mmqmr{< qfn ftn spf {gEI npre\o Ftfr'o e"t< {rfi{tFt $rrq w<&s "8F1* qrs r cqft{ a<1&a m-r.t lqe-+ tr{r{ <Iqs {Gr<6c{i
a* go} xqe<
e*r<

\
i

fuail q?ilrclB w
xrq
qqqq

cq6, 6cx.1-4-1frqq--p;1r6[, q{?rFs{[srqqrfurfinqftea<SE-d\5'mKqftqffiqT#mKw{er&ffiq

'r*.*
1

*Q ssFt Fr*1,

$qfi6-{ I11fr

rntq

Efus c*nr {Tq, <Nm

TIbIt{IYqnm<.cT{Cqr|,trvI'firqrqcrqfifi1s&a<1ee{<fiT.tsKTK<Errq cncq c'r${ 1" (ffi c{TqHgfrr **= ; r 16 q-ce clqfus <r<{n (cultural la$ r {F{
{FI, qqlttqF[eFt {RGfr : )bt/u)

<rqZqE+
qarpl Tryu,

<ti=i=-r
q<o\

:r(${, fuqm cqr;i

qlTttr{

ErT< {c$ {efies rgmrft q: ile,ftG qorffr{d s-fl qIft +s 3.d.<m6 <l TKq {FF ER I :[. KI!fi r*- cq, {l u F*wt6-+ q{ g?H q'rdl{ q'qsfrE qs r q{ts ilEifte q?H <iB <i *qgf .$f{ qB <r c{r*d fu qftd <r{{g
qrcdn cr[r&r

Rft sr<re, ffireH Elrrq

<6{fi <Icqrm'rt F* rn .o{t dft

flqffi's erfi{ qcTs qffiq q'tsfrE

srt:mffi ilqr{e-s

fiB

"nfur1lr1il

r<<fu qrr{< qlfurn

q{sTrftcfd qrcd <iE+s nr qg q"rflcrs'(

DFn?rrd

*tS q-{flct I sEI q-llT:rifl slFw smqr am'ftea qsl qTt EGis ryi q5aE q'r$ft
srl qtrt(ql-{ Tlq {61 qFIr<
I qN qFrrn

q{ s-tnt mEq ceK:t{ qct '{Rqs

i* tr
lE i{

c"mlilr {cwtrt3t tF!

iFlq T6{ ERT

*lst

<fr

{mtt

sqct s'GF{

ilu.fie< ?Fdl {lrl {I wgsefr< rrsftGm fir{ttml'l

ry
I

la

sr<ffifu+x furctr
qm
vfucr'u
itsfi
D-rq

ls
ld ld
iL :-o

$tutr qt
<lBi
dt
t

qqRr+ =tsct qr{mt qer$q{5s TIrr sEtq I qslrfil qgqm wrtr+flb w<Eql3 {si tfrt( 'sftaft-+
s
.eT{

TI I q1T[Q? qf,

'rq

I'Slrl-of@

E {b frfis

qR arrr<"ru qsr<;l omqt c(Gs

q{l

t-

t
t
I
! r

rrr

\-aQ -* **, q1il{ (white co'ercrime)(f,6r qHilfu **il-qs r u,u,rcqr*I Trilq q $rtrFl q,k* cffi To qrr qRi IBm rsmrfr qfuarmd fmmqq r
r

i
I

n + r:
I

ffifr*I qm q$ srrq. C'f.fpr. .ur.qi qe-u,n q'rar{ <rrc3r {rri'

w:lfi-+ v.-6'm< i66r$ s q1d_

f
l

I l

t I )
t

EslR qfrE e yEq< encrp qe6r{ sinq I qerfl{ qc{rffir .s*cq q"rflm aG." ,rn i-nq *** T{n Trs{rfrt <Et qm 6{, qFll(q-<[ 66{;l Qe1ffi1-q q:nqn tfr-t Em+mrur qk$fr EHr En fr r q?Krftm cssstn <t srrs sNmircfi q$ws **-umogo "a"EFrr {* n *u. ororc$r :Trqf qc{B cm{ 'gFtr"f E-Rr q{ "{fu.R wir <rgrr fr r sCSTrqR ftm<nrsr< pm6"r Ery<(TH qnr "ri ' Erlf,q cq, vrtl pFm TsrsTft c,trrq

w{fi-ffiRq
qr

Er&

u*ry T{. {ffi{,

** w- *
*

1*l**
!

Fru'r*e"ttfuft{rrrftqt+,qut

^* "rut*,

<Icqrfi.t6frB{(q q-rh{ q'rn crm wil qnr 6{, 6iFF[ 'qsfiks-{rr 6sF t,R ergo vlmftr verm fr<'rnft {qKR'Br <rqn qru' ffi{ GnQ r q" o*m u r@fs u,Et Em ry, .fiFs q&6s q?Rm{R qlrr fr{ EB ",qsfqsqrFT rnqr ft-cs er1s I w1ft Rft "trm 6{g9 E{ srqrq cr{Brct Frrt3t wttrrn ffi qrcrfur qRI-q r qls q.+rgl qfircfi ,fcq qeFrd qs I qFtI[E:t urBrqi{ trflq$ wkq cnrs w{g TFTI Tlirccr (mn E,r ;, erlo vqmff .ttFs ffi il 6.*m qs, :uqrmn Win{ ebrc crDI v-flEl vrs"r{1{ "**
r

1Rt

+t<"t

rffftr
{@

rs

{punishment & correcfion)

Egttrr;r

q1'.{f,*,-m s'Rnftd qfu *,cq-< cfr-*E* q*fr{t erletR mFr <re q{ c<Ffurc< wilftm rtr+E orr, -rrFe-

$g

c*r&-$ qB[ilq

firr

,ntuT1t{ffifrfur

efcs comr< Tqr

u.,r rE

{Es

q"rflQr q&

ft** "*" "o*,u, ,*&-s et q"r qeeoru *"t

q,u qm r qffirftn oe yr_

A I

d, d ! C
A
6l
_t

cqTrftd qG a 6q-{q c{B<ru-s qf*cfril <t\f q5g qrm v; Tn, EtrrsF qqg cffirfu Ef6fu.s qrn{.oir qry cFr&Tur.u e<r. il&{ cr{hFrs sTtl.,]R frr,rs <ra$ 1fu qs r c{rn cq q.{{E ?FIq rGI vlqq'qe61ft5E T{ q'rfl{ri. r.[ d r" q'tmftro qiF $rffin cr{ <]B R[qrE *n *u st< EtRfu-s cffi{r+n Bm.m 6{8il qn frrr qTfl qqa n'fu q<(BTr'fir w*ftn crfifigs <Frq fr6 qrffiD-fl <KE
I

ffi

lpqsishment) t

t, .D

:rffi +qir*, .tf's Eq qi. $fffit r'cfi s pgfl-gs <^xfi rn c1ilftn qnI q{r{m{ s* q{ xfuorao <its q,'*ft.F qfr cqn ro *4 rxtu <rE frtrGs qr< rn r q'*tft< sG c {fiTn ql*rt 6{qf[N aB-r.nqcro qqsft{

*ilr.*;;

iFStI

EM qI

'"* * *u.,* nre *, ,* "";.

:i::.:-.-.1.::.:.:-

REe q<{}flrfik$
n er.rr c<r{{

cml&-{ w<

{s&fu *'t.a

E ffl{ (White collercrime)ilFI qHilfu <F{l.En I <IqIfi6rEI qTfS q fi156 qrk[{ elfs TO;m ?am rrrErfr qBarqr furEn{ut r

{cs rcn_-csrrfr qs.llts qr_GqqBI +mc+ s w{_ erB ccq srq< c'r-tN .urffir a*- v'Erfq TGr cnm qt# sEiKFr
I

qrff{

Mq

rteTBs

\a

qft

rt li lr
I
I

wt$-corrn qBq e yE-{< ,rrRrp. Eet{t{ ET,crla a-rrq r qe6r.{ ccurrgan rylT Effi u' e@F L{H.E "rffi{' qqilm $ IR c,rme i frq *ou Trfrrrt Tfi qtR cq, qFlrrq-<l 6qn< a"tffir$ wtrrrn Errq*[u1, lfr,ffi.$fi qI{T ET fr r cffitftrs cfiDvl:r <t srm Fflw+;nffi q{fucs ",ka6- qril ET ft e<( q,Bnc.=r ,,pf qc{& .oH ,tfu.R sFfsq E EBr cE3lit l,vri qr fi r vrQ <on
qG$mR

o*ry

funqsri em.iwEftH

yr* "* w* ; ** "** ** *, *E ,G';.*ft qrm qomrq

c<try

rcra'

i i

Ru'r* e
<tsIIPFt
r?'or

tlFq Rqrr+il ftlRnnot

i;

{T,

cEFc{H '{Trft$-{r< q-r6n qEK cqrs wt+fu 6{, mrEI c{F ,nr-{ ergu v,r*rft< fuqila q*=K fi <.il qrim rs* .o*q I urr, qbqq*Q* qqftE E rsrsryf* u,w ErE qTflr{ir qlcE fu qG m'+r frre rrs I erfs vgr0*fi .rtfu q&rg crrco qFd q{ s-rqcq {r{R6f wttFf qrt6{r oc qp{ftNl EBIT I ,fcat EsqR qs qrlrm. I ere*r{ trfus qrllq qrr+:mrt {F{r <nrrc.f fmq ".ffiqffircfir m lft<efr erlo v1nft .11fu ffi o,,

*-

<Ietrrhrf

cfflq 1&i

qDr

crtr wllsr

** **,
r

ws"r(1zf vr<"t

.ilFoi1tT{Dfrfu
q
A 1
^d

(punishment & corrccfion) cqrtt qLffi16q sffirftR qfr wrcffi c{B-{D-s qGfrTr Trg qr{ {rr+ r sqrlftd qG s.nmFr <,rF qs ersrr< q'*rftrs rss' Ffl, r*s {Nrk-$ q&rmq ,ks FrflR Tqr qnr sR r <rw wrrfu qe c6e,s -u; qfrfr$R w$t

-fffrc

\s q<G?rltrfT

ry

emn;.*;

;#"" -il

d
!
6l

st Tn, Errdlir wvs cffirfrd DfRfu.$ Ttfr{ cr{$Tfu *thrHK frr,rq <l<r{ Tffi ",Tr&s-sr.< Tfu qs ** <nq rGI vlq 'qe,mft5q ;RI q'KI{trF qomtftm ^ qi. Td r" {f,rfir qrq <rfu R*" ;_; 1.[ qa uRfr-+ qcfi{trrn Emn t 6{il q{
q(oll,'rffi

q"mrftE qG 6{

6qfi

qil

clG-{rET qteR.Tr Tr$

qcl

qI6F

e<R.

fr)

frm qmsr qffi Tfu qR(qafi :[tFE (punishment) t

qtilfu

qffirE+{r$ T,?rr{ frcs

qrmru_{

GR

A
_! 6l

{qfi
+fuqx6
.n
r ?tstl DUq

aalrg,

qrflftr

v&
I

il

ffirn=r qil.ff s rtc'H-s <Fp{t qI q'mrftd wTI W{rmq-{ s-irt lts q'mrftr+ ffi c$rr +'o <rilqr qtu *4 E.u q& e crtrn qlD:r6t GRIR\o aBrtrqqs qqsft{ *ar{, IlE[ sR err$ .|rm ffi qqi

.IIfu Eq qr

.*;;;q"

<cq

.i

.{F qFtrr cq$ $s

st6ffi*'

*
I

qft mri cTrrj irotqfr {w' tt[E "qtfi"'ffir{ffiF Kr(E{ qrTlqcs'qrfrs qE-RPf q$ sr+qtfu, r* fr{rq wc'rs. cq <r'E <t EctIqRFF <r<qt <t sflq.qan qsq< 4Fo qq1tr{d q$s Tns-m qtkfifr q@qflilqs I

oe w*+qnurqfrwn

(qqN qGI)

'C-

.^-

fri wir

.flFs< BffiI|i ,c<qEt3r{a[{IgT E{t st{t fl$qaT":r<fi{n ffi<r+&rm oqffiqe.mc{{l R:r{ t

qflq ar{ ffilqR9a q<(q!rd{

cmr& C esrs )IlTr{ <!i

qfrt 6ffi41.sq
'rTrSR't

f{) dfrfiqTr{ S'

(Retributive theorY),

{ti

({) q&-rfiq{-+ VQ (Preventive theory)

qqil{ ws qlR i{ .E qI En \ffiI'Efi t{g fr{F affrsrtlFg'( Elr#F {ittrtK fi-{, q?m{ EqT:mF qt qI6 sta E,r< Iffi str6H ?F.[3 l "frflgcl E.qR qEB qp v:mft tr{ fl{l{
6sFiG qrrfd
qircTr
Err[R?F

C(ffiffi{etS v{ (Reformative theory) .rrpqn WSE1 .ttps s'rn.&fu+\5t frH<t irrit I

(S)
I

1T.,4 fr{a. (DctirC

@11

ry

ry:TtT

t*

13S

fr{a

<*s.{k
iFlI qlt 6[

=.q

Kr$rq,

o1R

;'

q,firtqyd 51fifrT

q*.fifi r n6fu1 c.11tq-ffin qrq'i 6q.d{ E(q'fitl

fr{Fq1q
(?!

qfmrlq?

erEC-rr*rqa4 E-q

qETdq
l

, i (RetributivetheorY) eq l' 'fiffi {Krq a&r$qq-s *e"'*.q" {1 q*[E <IS ?Kt Tl{tr 49lf,{-'6',fi S{ CET

G0.!

flffi

*..fil srq <{t qT c{, q,r$ft 6{.* qtt{ ss4 s.nrq ,s<i Elil "" fa ]q r&q'reqmrqgiigrr+{F"pr{s{.(gtqmr,4BItr{q"rflft{g&csG"rrfim,iBts.F5t qqrqr ser$ry$ rq* Try" <Nn r:rsftnfiE{teS WSKr* q-{i'nFs Ftor +{f eat t+i c"r$ft.rra.erfr ry1ao (oFII {l3t ($ s"rdft,rs .ups qnffid {slt{ qlArEK gC sfu'"e-r(fl qIB qeKi{ e<qq'l-ilftn Rsq Tx" tfil9 6 q<(qrroffi &Ei e 'ffi T A '; .fiFs q **oe q*fl{ m os u',r$Tt fr.'ffiK ffiF '{<".fr'd'rflft sqT (R). sBr$s sqsF$ qqnft {lriFmrr$ t{Ts 4-gco ER r <ryv "fiFqa IF ry"^"'i' ,!sE q{]s{, ffilt] q s&RqT 'EIITI{$i I a&I{i{T-s'"flFs W (s) {I{R-d r*/' "1eqrq rbl fi q'rfitr ,ea er{&-rs tIN cq'n I qfl-frlih qrfi $&ers <iB sBRQffi
,{
<I qtftfi
t I

c{[E q{

l'

rrtueH
wr
(,1,

wTr+6f

(II' q,

vemr1ry;1
I

i
I

rrotr

gqd
<TE

-{

.qT(

E-f Ettrl

w-ilftr.tfl
T*tq

r.r{rm

{ls

** *
I

169 qtm

**

*n

TH<

Ilq< eem

A,* q6o grn frco {fu flrl

errr<

qt v;rt

o ntfifte

lsra+ cfurTrq 0qt'rq Tm q<(41'[{frE6

EB<ifu l

rqq

T&d,s <Tft cflEq

.nFs <r Tq

fifu- oct set;m$l

q,m{

ntu q<taBi e$Eftrnq

\\qg

r(

*qf-:fl(Q'fiFe- frI, sflB'ttFs cFrr{ <q cllcr;

,|

fi{

t"
r

s${ qr q {frs qerfi<Tr-+ "npx EfrB=", :rmqq sqf;t EqE {rFw ffij 11F qler-{3 I u'rn$ .Il.Fs EIs TiK 4<ty (:q4qi q?ttr{ qeR(cl.8Er{ +rr< esBt *-,1B U9,a

;;

1* i armr" rr<, cffiQ-{ s& ftsl..{r e q&fr$r <rs rfri Effifr-s e<(qcfiff$ {ft-c,q Ern {r rr{R< qG {r{csi xtvtfr-s ,tn,t
qru.re

qr

yu*

CrTr{GT{{<sWi
-flFs< qs, qfu1q qt s&fic{I q'{ F6rrqq6 g.q,[F6K I${9T Exg1r< {rFfi T311 Erre | vq sfrc cqilq q,,{ qr< q@ a't q{ sFI <rqietl r R.O<qTE-+ "r$t-fr *" .npoa Eql E@ q5q qr(< :rflq erm{'{g "-* qt3mffi <I It|F6 qh-H .RFr {rEI T-<.rq ffitGi Tdil E{ a s,rfiftr{
1

ip"i.r.ot iau.otvl

qtm qa{srt fi-qmqfq-+lFsWT Tm-sfr le<mr fr{ rftFs sq.rq <3IFI qsrFual r) {fu wmql <lB e<" ct*tft< ql1 gffi lsw r q,rgftl+ qa:u qm q'mfqaF' .*t cqrs Frrem-fis fr.re <ttr< r'6*fi1 qor$ftn :[Fs fit{ T O: utQ t' o**aaf qF En criFm I cq-.Tlt qrtrF w{ >nre cqr+ fift ed s 'I8rg.{-,ffi 'ttfig qT ;RI I vfr'iF wnHil one 'ttFsK ffir[ AT tqt }iTFs" ffi, \T,rilftrs sE <t milctt fq .fifuT Bcq-r[ w$fi'rm< q"tal{sr-( ffi(q <KE ffil <J f+rts ffit t eq{tt q srEl {T fi{Ktqr$
I

8'

Eql
(E)

wilftrs
(s)
qzql qE

{rFs qrq qqlHTMR q-ql qT6 ca<-{ft ,tK{r{ TGI cq-s

<r ftqvi q<r+s r

et

ftotri cyTE

Tn*

qft

<t

q"r{ftrs

qqar$qirc

o{

.fiFs qq'n ffiT ql qs ura6{,1qrqB3;r{ s& xKr vB erq effr< q<( qi$T$t slu-fict wsl's ilqla .{+fr BqTe R Eils +;rr< r ,srtc$IqK Eqlqlffii

fi

q'm?rm TrFo srflq

s@le Tfli{qc+s1rrm{r a @w+,ffiErq-i curn fi<l'<rysffiEE | 6s-fiI q-q.fcqtr I vuft Fq .q+-,<rm mfu+m q<r,r w.*r<r ".1*t' c6q q'r$ftre {fu sq'F +.it{t G srFffin *orUro'.d frre qc< qf 'ct{-{fr csil1<t-< +Tt {l{ TI t B q'rfiq c.n-q A-<s KFq* -'f16 n f mo T{l .r6s <.t ,5,u*s *ry *et{<.'< "-ftr:{-{Rrs qqstcffi EI( q<(xtfl Aq rqq{ urqrq t <ryE ffifffi q"r$qEi-s qlu-dct EEl +-{t q|'g q<s.fr-Cq frcq

ffisry

Ty Yf

oofr ftqrqn{st ilTTq

L
:MqfrWN GHT rtq) G+ors qEi G c,K-r&{- qql rTfs q'"tkflT* <rr LH wl[q qq3ffc$r {Br c'fiq.l qlrfl IR qrr< I sTE E+[g Tsrqq-$ rfffu qKrcK q|n
Qo8

'\[
-{[f<F[E[
::*

tIffit{

pfrq1arr.*

EBr

_{

erfua'rl{-{-{ssEl
(Prevcntive theory)

.*..'-

Slt

TrFe csrrd

rft,slgrfrd
<<ra
i

Itfu

vrsr 13 6<i s "fiFc{ EpR Eq q'Krftcs clqgrr< Frm megl {tcs slK EBn 'II3[RI Crn Brfl q'Bil{ q{ cssfu qsilR {(IIIrr {I arrs I E6s oGf,nr<gr+ EE w$rft <ail rm ({ .tifo wsrftm q*tvlnt sG'rflq ircr rrrcg sK efm cBr qfim{ frre qeilr {st?Ftl qtrF TI efu:g,ryr+ Eq qcft qrnrfrm q\;I Eit{ .trfo emrq ?BrF q{ {tN 6{ q{,flE qrll @ q<R. qTBI 6{ c?rfri( vr{ ftre m 6Ept1s1 qKR r qqql' sft-rdr{1ry$ sE q'gilfra q-{r firr<r sdK {tfuT
aftxm<Ear.$
r

{fu

1tffir

ov(
.q-<qqCfCq

.t

! I

qqrtt$tTt
Err

i
I
I

T:[ftsa

q'cfiftm 'rq..u ('ETI, cffi-fi =uBIr<rFr fiH ,{<(Nmg q'r-{ I qms q&rsr<g+ trfu fuft t'm.r, Fmrq I rnrt a qrF. q,rftftco tliflT q,mq q,rfcs r{lg <Irfi eM.E ffiL TK
sR6t

.l
I
I

Et, wrlHi r& e<(E?rflftr+ q,r$q utv. cefr+ Frp rrn r {rfu. q EEE wrcflEffi 8"6 T{ I qIsIE Efl3tfftrs Eim q'B[q vffa W q:n 6;1q "ttfio gq6 Til eR qf6g s(i gilit ,fffi Elit q%!T( qcq?n' Trftni d sil {qt rfi r qzs q"mrft w< luor(l qe[ D3N rIIfo qlg rECn ftq q(Ifi{Fir qBr 6$Ft {r{u{ qfi?F TI5B qrrfla {,fu fie16 T|w rsrrBr o1;r frffi.r$ cfitre 'nn rr I p51 qisrfirc ft1;5 66 siirq r qQID ark*rrpq sq cII fil.trBr .Irfui sqr <fl qm(q Er(g El;r trT qffi;fh qR o{-f{rs {rerk$ q|Trks fi{(i{ fr.lK qHrn {r{Fil qlrs {I I ,
.

I
I
I

tr
qtrfltft
ETBTFI

(Correcttq

q..<Frrrfq:{ilS vql
(Rcformative theory).

rrt! ryrE 6!
<,it{I

umrvqERffi&qEFc{trvffi
(rF) 6q sBrc"tt 6{l-s

r{m*r+{T{ EqE Effistr Em{tr qq\rr4s1Tn<qqrft r vqfr TFks {flr<rtrs rulE 3Hrc qcr'6 r fiqmi qrkrtry v{r+ I.n ?Enq Tr$rs l.ft t {H qI e {tr6Tr.cTE {qrtrrl{ cQ sE ErF =tsil rR r .nfun q(r.|K'i{Ts Effi {T{S$ qq r qqilft( FRfu$ cs.[{.T 4i sq c"Kr+,? Eri?ks q{rrrfi Flfue- TsrF q<( cffirtrc sm^rrs ryrq fiTr{ "5+{r{l +rre

TF

.rf*sfn en# qy{ft EI'Bttrt.

fi{rq
q,miilr
(T) er6F

({).m
firr

qqilEt <l& cBtq v'{ qcsfu :rtrrrq q<.\ 6q {qg xqttqf,Q qiF q;t TI{{ I c{ qIrNI EtrfllE <l {{IF;tI c'frd q'rfl{ qrfcs errn $Gnq r srt iira qt y{ cu.ag fr6q q<( wr DIRfu+ R{e $rc frntq <:r$qm c'mftm rffir<nqrq qcfiH cem.t T{r errrtw{
r

($ .ct sE q"rflftm:4s
${rFI W{:?Fri gqcs
5'R
I

H6r

cry{

@ ffi

ffi?fts Er{ I sR sm.ufirfu+ q..rfi{r+n

69 errr err+F T{t En r qrarE

frqrq
C{n

qrfu{

ErF Tfdt lI

toC

yrm*m',mmrTrftfrE ffizg
F) qqB qqnftr+ sl<I{rrd

pp:*
{ft.TFvIk$ 6-aq wmltrR.r om
r

Git6t G[ <t srr {rfu-,u' qrsilR g6q1*T*u *,fl{r*i o* q'rflft qKJ-rE eTBr "Br qi m{i fi qr-* Ers Grr Tnr q<( s6 Tr{r
FtSlt"t I cs

{pri'

ne<TEs qt-vt

nr Ffi

{rs s.u

Lc

W q"mfrrs

-r-Hil;

ryEqr** fu6 ryr I q.orsQ {trr r*rr cq{rft 6 rqpo 6st r 4I Trsr <<R.Cfirfi. sRJ|:rrrq'IT{tho qerEr rrilrt Eils r[sr sT< vBc1FtTfft cwr rfirrE qrp <fus qgT{ lrilfrr$ q(Tr{{Tr$ qctrqtrfl wsrftfi-< qr{N qrcsft qt-srrm qRqs e-ll e$E * .qq # q'{;IE{Tr Etit r:[rnl od qre flK Trq qrlrs {trI :p[sH
I

u qg6

qqFS..ftS q<E-rrrgqT_fq

(Correctlonal methods for iri-io"f"l q'Rltt @ qT{ qr ffinfit silu;Iq B o{ sr qR{ e fis{_qrr6f3 qfrfift | E,rflqr{Ts EIDsr.t Trr{ wrq cqrmQ <re omr qmr&-$,tfr{wR qrm*r q-{r q.o6*t qffiT ,,R*i; csrw< eMRs qc. qrr R Er-ir "frs qN fiflnK .n "* cIHfr q,kil{ .EtErfrd qr{FFil :rr{ qtmn+rroq 'fl,t lw cq'.crt ed r p.R qqTlftn .r;oo{r$ <Frr{ &{ cn$

<r<att

*"c*'.;-*;;;#ed
<r<re[ Rct
s

c,lErQR qofitcqqqq crim ?U?rj{I rmcq

(T) qK.Ft (probation)

sK vsj EF{Gff r

({)

"fIEIEt

(parole)

q{q Tr<rE ryprrf

flF) el'trpfi (probarion)

qfrre

qrrflD"il

frft{q

?E[

Edr

sr{'E qr qr{ q$E ql$B-s <Frefi q,mftr ERfu-+ cqHHr{ e<q ry^ r{fmTil <rrrafi <Fil qn r waqfrs* e tBznftr qr*r{ qrr$ cqnn <n.rqr. ere.c *,, fr-sq crftq cB** <rFr flsi em{ EKr e*rfb q:r q<s,.-*

.**

c{n vrFI TBIITIIGI eBI6t

il iF.Gr srr DIRfus q(m{trK

u* *

fr{*,-.,ffi "m
<r?rrefi
r

*il;

c{ <Fpq

fiTIqr qit {N qrflrt

.-=--:-_

-.--E'---E+FetF-k*:./

\. \\-

]_-

\-L
Fwrnur
.I tF, '*

erqJTq GBTI Es

$nfu s6tl qffiq-fis

(q) e{E{ c,Wft<

e I sm'r{ <r-{<EI +&'m'tr<Ft& (ql gr+tn Ed'esB qP$CIs e qranft qG"$lfrT $<:ett

frrfl

fltlrq c1ilRK

RTg{q qru'n"fc+ esm

E-rq'rt'16{E$-En

ffilRP {rFlc- Et'flEE :qfis 3tq1 qx | 66rfl cq {ft ?r6fi <l?r'efg EIRtr{.B{C qqft TftE o,d e{ er< srr'n sr< trFo GItt rEIN Er< ('t) sqfi qm q"rflftd e-{J ilitB,T{ W*o fl{rn cc fiRfr'{ c$tt{cla {Rpt Els rcl

qil

q<( qIs.GI

E;BI

w{I dtre i&<m ,Raqa 4s

qC"
"m<
t

?Fiil Ctlr.q Eilit

qqi cqtfu'qfu wqFf+

<r qqa

tuxml fr.. IBFI q

rT(T3l<rFtI

Fffi("f e<( offrjrF['K Eftm qr{r{ | sr< ?rrfi;r {Frrffit c"r$ft <IB {r{fi sfm <rBfi;frc3t ?rq(l'q GtF {trt TI qTM frffi{ ft-r< Crc (s) q1qfi Tffif y'rilA-{ err< +Gors 16 qnm'r om c<s.$stk{ E-1le qH o.m-{ I ffq<lG sf< et< cfi6 {GI efr+ vlm w{I G$EllrflllnTtf s;r{E t

lQt

ry

.. $

.c- - ftF) B'El .1p4 {1 'tlR{ (q) '[IIA cnni lprftF

Er${i qd
+rceQ

qr{fift{ c'Ktft T{'IFI .${(TIqSB-{' {qq Ccrrs Rrc crfs(s ft&N, 6q qrrup-=t 6{{fq e<(ft&*d qrof qq&ol{ q{ q:rq 'Trfrq c'tFffs ffiql{ zEttrI qI yftN, o errgqfu.G&qat sqcf ?mrc <Iqi ctFFtrI
etcFts,
I

ttr*

Ar{.{T,$l
I

rrr,
qtrft.rfu{

ari

Ey&,

Cc

srt sta qn$ft

<FI ?Filcs <t{I

qFFr< .s<(

q <ffir< a.r<,H o.ffit< qrnr{ *qq

scmt rtrs6mi

' 6 qHN {BrC<till 'tsrv, Et-{tr{i c'rflftrar cq7'Id qts, sr{f{Jfrq qqilfr l1qIrsnr otwor( E(.tef{fft <t{i qrsm q(Prr{ qprp {Err< q<( q^pft-s fr-ffi 1uy t5+t+tftt sqfrfft sf< {k{< e<( El&1un6fn
I

J,

qj
ftffflu,
<ra,tnr wra

fi

cqnft <rfu y,{

q"mrfr* nr.'l
err{rrrd3n

u{

q-sJ're qcg

\fln-cilEitfin iFsc6s qKtrI 'ffirr{ r eItrft ff wl sMfrs c'Hm frr<q e<(E1K q[{, EIRE{ 6st{ 1q; sGrH a'ffit:fitRt fi{rt $c{'Ffiftq c,mft{ ltsiqsrl gr<I({-i gn6 qre fls-41 6c <rrfl-rd {qFrq <6<'frffir orrq ft,ntr (emct ssr<H r frc'trf qcn EtpI vr< strrtrffi cYTII TFEFFFT qr r q6qc?rdlft ffi qs cfiRs <t Tflrm (rrcs
I

cs.@r;

d
il

.i"q

1&rc,
+-rq cc

.rw{t

'trd

a frm rrr

gFI ?m

-^

mp ,mr esr< E rflft Tirs

I

efsfifu

{I;ttt

trsry mrqft<q
.a<(Eiftfu-s
I

erc sr<fi

q-{, E{H1;4I

.rH *,"
qN {rK

fi4e xmre {rqet

q1s 1:651

1f+6r<

w1*
qffi

FGR qTI

'.!F s6;nfu

qqFr+

sRcc

ffis{ufinq
<<re eli-*n

*ryd

aw$w1w

qrffiftfC-d EfRfu'S C'.r.tt{rfil qlff,<lft Tf<r?tl3l TFI {q 'frrmn I qfl-mFl qTfr ffifrs q(.tt{q{drc gft#rq'sl i$?f,t'l q<qqrfiksln qrlf[q ETEF ffil Tr{l
I

(9 'fliBflc

(Parole)

SffiS

qlil qrmru'Trfl qw i{
qcbr

ErfiFFi dFR.

'*o,

..4 ,mo sx*** r.rqrG

A.*sr e<twm&efiaal

q(<fi <r<rlfi c.{rs '['JKE <]=r]?fi .l-+[ F-*r r+rr crsiift rrrltrtisx -nfu 6slc*t - =d!!$ryqn qe'$q v*m qi'nmrm g,Irs .16 qrrns qfu cnum< <Frp?fi rm'Tqr rc <rq&[RI qI{tEI.tE -flfu-d qr-Yfr{rt'r cutti !t:-{rn 'EI c,rflftrs rrmrfi qF{t E{t TBIITfi-r<,rrfu-rsrqronq q,rflft o'B* :ft$ <ft sr< crfl{ srft qll q-{rflrrr q<( sK {rE, ?fu{rus tRffi{ qs ?Fil {IT s-6qt Err.p,tIcil-rq qrq ETftfr-{ c((Ifi{rfir Er4nq 6{sl[ En

lr

\o1

-:

g{

cT[Ertts

rT{r6{}l{1-ffiT{{Cr{r(E-eIC{B{rqSl
errs.F q<q'mmrr

s'Ktftrs qiF qI fll-flq sftGrr'omo .rgqaqa-* trglfr. wm +<rq qr{l$ qF ql q{ I 'riIGII-rqi ffR qrflIrffi vgl r q{iq qqm c'rflfrR ErRfu's qsr'fi{rfit EFe'rirr{m <K-ienT
"

(9 Ger'cs'@{ frffis
({)
e{ITGIFI

m$ mil frq Es rtt TEr I R5Hry* ,rtgR

cftn qq$ft{

ErRfu's ccrtt$T q<( '1rft'{crn <rrie$ Farrq

I

q<( err$n ts-g{ 6s-@Q

1k

Wor'T+ Rrscq
,fll-ctlEl

(tl) 'frrrfls q<( ercPF BsR ffiG{t

I

r{ltnn

strFl;t sf,e6m qftrl +&"rc.16

,q<( s[<.|;T

c,rflftrs mnEEIFq{ g'cnqi s"lrrft oi l61m <n#f 6qn DEIR Et "ffu{T.t <rcipglc{iq

v(T\6 qq{q

{'nrea onqftqrt
er6{$i qq(

qqn s"cr

qfu E{t rnd-+le EFF :Ett {EI I cl:l-d-.Tcilq <Friq{Br r({I TBqr tsFrs, ffirrr{R cs'cl E ldlftr qq, rqrRo ,ttFq retfho e,nc+ I q{tq "tffu rsftrlr qrcaQ 6q :rrfli{ T6$6I< qftcT srcIks ft<cq lstrBg qssrn [qlrt sts rGr r {$'rsrl 'IIIKIE <rmr* c"rflft "fifuK fu{c]c'l 6giq imlist 'rz<t cs-{q olltmE ofuK cftr{ Erffi-s qcrfl{trK amfl no iEI
I

fi6Tu, 6qry srffr

ilr<rcflT

<Friefl{ c"KrA'nBarv-rrm

qrc{t q5gfi

+'ffiK qft{ qffifiTirs

effi '[Fs< te-R qrilr 6q;a qc,{trt e{rn fit I ,tlrrrrrm 6sG{ c{rqp ersr$ <tr6 'fifuR ftErr(n Fn rp-r< frrA q"mrfr< g'm "nFu< qsir?r ErrF oir qm sKI{rGI qrEfi&r w$ El&fu-s.corq t'&-qru+ {ffir srt frt{r s'r etrrmrrcgt crrrq qrrsBl {+r TR I g[<
E-fQ

qIIr

R{qKIft{

cvrd qmr< {rsFt 'tnr qt qerfiftr$ frts w{, 6,fl-a mrq $gtfrs 66 1rg{ "IBr lI cgi{fr 6qE qql mh qqilft trrt cltrKrtrtTl6s'@ elglfu qr {t I 'r{F-[sG[, cqr]qgi wKtft <rfu TIfuR ftqc$ TBIFtIK cetrf TG{ qr$ ort c+ \rlfliil qrrmft< a<p64 qrc q<(,{ Trrcq fr q-{]'Fr qq-$ftfi-{rs qqfu Ts[g ccm fr[q

ettrrrcE (s-GI sr 1irm wrom ({{ qr<rtffin m-rq qoKIft

r

!ftss,

<ifr

ormum<

q{rll

q"rmQ-<

rrrq c{

emrRsqF qrcr

sriFFt q<( eBrRIIcr sg$Q ccr.fi{-qq-s eo6 w1ft=E <tirien I qt Tl{r$ q6-r< sff-sR s3rrs qEnq c"rflft{ :rc{i E{E <I frqril EIRfua wrrm )ilv< I u'r< q,Knq3t
qEEItqR qFrifi

qr

Trfu srER +crR a.nfuT B[q$ Tflft I Rfi, -flfu< Br?{], fr<r<q e q&rfi{{qss

ffi

qEr

-'ar''rr
f*q"-

B6 {r$FrT

g"-*,-W qtrtt{ff*'csB t'{sm qo. qrr{* EIQ qpo e{rr{:qfas enr$

ffirsftrl ttrN;ft1 ({ ,AZFrq q{fiftrs ERfr$ m*'l lnlnrrr \e'" I

t

qh
eErft

qn qr I 5lRtrs Efle asTrt s,m cqTr

Sltg

<ld

qrsqrrfiftm "trffii{ +lfittlafirr< mm'tq{

:ERltuil
i

ftsnrqr

ftr

q'r3rtct(3t erfirzgr*rEar<F <rTe$ of crlme Prevcntion -

than <rT'{t ('lprevention is better g&r*t{t Tr6w gF+I6fd ors *t <fl q{ cq, dR6t t c{F ''qf, q(t ql ; srd q{I *ly q'KI{ a<sGu $m cure') r <Isrrqrt I mffil' sTR ftfitg e qryYqR{ s'{ct{]l a&rrt< Fco <t]<.'J{la {pl tq{s, <rqrcqrr Erfi{ cq[IK qTgn' ffi : 1{IT qn'c{Iff.*&-';mgK-5'"'s'*',* (Ts'ql{Iffil {s qF q{qq5 fir{ cerflq T$B{q fift6 q-+c$lt fi6aq =m '*ruu | c$t& 6{c{
I

i
I

ffi( Sociel

vfuilrsr{

{Ifr

Cq

sffiq s-{cg qm q{flt$tt Fmq <r

ftff-qs,

'!TE

q+rs q-{R

r'

qtxrq'<

qGcil(rs(q<]lqsqdtqBTE.{ffiqRI?Fr.{I${qe<lE-{lIn?rcitq5{1q{ft.TGqeefta{IiFK rl1{ "'R3eq qrfl quq-{R qlal <l.* d-qq T-dI q.re qi&ufr|lq <&,rg,wnq qcEt&T 4.(1c q'Kl{ ffi.Frd <n'r$ <F'J{l Yl{g, El:rcqr sE' wl'lit {l'FI e frrefrffiqffid m u,B6qr ut uqw fi**ffic;;; Grr< <F qrfi ffit <lr q"mft *tu * r.,t.*k6 ;il q<(fi r"i grflq{ ry"tRqla oexr Bcqfift dR.t lir

ry Y*'-q{tn&T
r

slstcct

q'EIl{

sK slt

'c

ffi{rn

qtrr**q

{EFEq,' qftq, {ft t,

rrys+l rrr Efrs !r

Ere ET{.. ff

il#*

fur;

gfficq I{F!fiT .s<1q&.s,IfiT T.{$ e qr< I 5Y{", <lrcq,rt q'rdl( qFITct qtrrd <i<'{I s-{F e slffi'( E,t1g e tA* q'rfifrr+'fiFs <rrcq,l onu fi6- Tril qns r qT e ftb* 6*,,,6= 6sq{r, q{!{ qrre wdfii Fm< lt q{ o Pns ft$q q<(FrfrR <lB ..{ ffirEt

*rr# r* lfr k-, a "*t

.06

.,snq"' 6fi8{n.
vfrsK eqi ErEq

'iW,

***:' ** -ry tm sil$ 'ttGt t *(.t vfr-o tlfrIcmtlrfl q&T{R{ <IqEq'r.t 91$q
ftq*H
aGu,

tt ;;'";;;

@qfri Qrni qr*fi

qu +rFq lf{

ii*f

:Social."-rr$

;; ;
EGE r

q{bn srrd, eFF*t <uqt 'q<.ERR TIRft

ql6<q

* *,

";, * ffi;, ft,*

u'ul

;A;-o-*,
se;5q

q'r${ igflft {qfiq,'{tmls

,mn'm* ipiiftr re ft*q-{br..n q-{I

a&arccrd
eltGl
I

6s

fq!ilAsf
oare
condiuons

oruer.a&ffi qr{ aDlf

I1b9,FrfieqfilgB+H'IIqIFr{B.$FIFIer6qsKE{scsTIuIkslFFeffiErEIq q{ Ffi s.a sTfi3l tfq cslEt sc$ql{

I

ffiA

qrF r+H qqo'qrq{

O{ottN

fqeil(rqt

nonns mdi-

r I il

pnsqrtc{ar**o*t
"la-<qrc

i'g{g,q'rfiqgBr{rcqqtr{KEfir,FtTIIffi.l-T*wtnBtftTct6{TliIqrnI{{Cq.{I efa{rfi' t-t' "*lto qFrEm q grrEq cq{l cq-s t q'Bttt{ <m frmuql <r<

tu*i*.ffi

ffi+*
Trm{
clDir.rm

qltqTtqI({frsqIlsrflqr{gITftl**'qr{.{tr{QCq{IqlTsflt(ffiqtr*+t<c.tc+n qr< l. fiKqil{{,ftgqrrq{wgrftqrg?IImlq'r<frRffi+mqEsc(rfiqHsileIRFiqq<( qrm sl< ffit eran ?EtcE

qRrfi

ffi{f,t

.c-{(ffi
frqrnrRs

* ** i

law) srcs er{Tr

frqrE

e<"r wmr&_+ fi,*_q.r

Q.ob

ql$ru,

'

ft o_<r erc]ilq-d nH.R ffiq' em qrwre--+ frr,o <q6 *t d:'rg i"rfr {ql-rr &Eq"rE orr* ,rrq qFnqr ffi*E'qR\ q*s \rq-<F ,rq-,rfu.sr
E-<r,

<I({rcq-flR q,Krc<r< q&-csrcq

qgiftfu-$ }iRRi rERilfAq

qs Ffl firsrq t sft, q 1st< tcvnnv frqm

A"rfr

cqrvr

c+r+t qnB

***, ; ,.-* _#;;

sff-fi q-{ie[ sqq

f !

Social Control rTNre-s fr{aq <qls w+m nfo Tks q{-.T q< ,toalr, <IfrK slq-(' sR EcFT-<EFI-**-il -E= qotr< nvr, ffi< {re{ gfis "r* r Es, ts-n, c<E <Tfu,*

mi-iq+frra"r

".il
1i qftill.E

vc<l e< ve-<

ffi

1
r

ffi

<r-<rfl

I t

i
i

mryiF.r{te' ftF 'nrn @TEr&-{f+ruqt

mechanisms members generarv behave ,;

;;;;, *, " ""*,-r*;;;" ' i* frrr qE&Tnrqcq(qc*r, eR qs,, q*,, ffiis ffi -r*l#"* *, lobertson 6r< socroros, *i rrrar )TNr&-$ Frrcq-* ,i'n a,uH":' *Social ". control is the
1165

$vn< "fRD-Gv En, q:lr&ts mr gr, ,na,, ot, __]"_*.; wil e <nqv'd {'rTsr* cR( fift6{ T-R RN * * *, 6np {ar+r .r,or uR r urr, *fus vEra tB-Tanr, fi,-*rrrsr qp,fr I qq-fi _r* qqT{ * .** ** *, " *t* fiT c{rs' <ifu q&s'
qq
<r

TtrF

sRI I q'in-q ws

til {r.{ ffi*,"rfrFrfrE -* ; *u". ** ;,#"qfffir$

."*
sBrr

c<13.R <,u

crqt^]

qtr*,.u

qrtrm

er*r,r, u,'{RilR

tilrfri

RrE enrn o,qrGTm&T 6nqq $r{sn

Trw

a6

&

processes by

*;;;

*m";"*;:#t#J" *o r<IR" q6ffi

society ensures that its (leso : s68) \T{rsmrrqil q'1offi n^*, q<( erfrrrt

ftqstrfuomr

Metta spencer 6K Found ations oJ Mod.ern sociotoggs6tq q5aq contror is the process by which rnembers o; g bf biihaviour'and discourage ""#;:,."0 ,r*".rr"o forms.- (tg7g forot sdrs ".-. rm-s f+ra{ q.q err q{fu dfr{t{R lrt{rm rrftm-s \rtrdr.r* q"ff.{'ilr"qq
-social

filqfrtrfft

'n+trr

t
F

David Popenoe 6BI sociorogy qrrq TF- 'social contror is any process that conditions or limits the actions of people to make them want to conform to social norms most of the time.. (1e86 , bssi r qdfs qffi_$ f+rq{ {r il:r+ GrfiFfist TIno l.Ffle-{ Fm{ nT{ o .araro 6Tr{ Dr*rir ,*m-Tr{ffi qruserm

"**

cG;';&*

:rnmEr+ ftrrcers erTF

ql'n6mfrqqrTlfus.cilr

f+rsc. TGr

r
r.

{m&T frgq <-qcs c{mn qo"r *r qfr* Tr <,.jatr rn v&r qru.<tr+ frm*$6{ CI$e.s ; {qtril{ e{( fffrfffr c-$rft EIE-{cq< qG c{{rd'cwlrff{ *u.. rr\*,&-* rr-rr{Y-

acfte s nrr<rc{< "r6"f.'ft

Q.)o

Bo xrqrfrs:rqlqtrlEF (aeN qq)

"

qfrt1 qHIGE filgq ffice <iBa qEnq fi'mct< rI{rH clrre-{ f+m't frBSns r v-"r*t Ttrq c{rq-<t W'ltrf frqq fitm'ft&-ft&, urrq{, qtrr{{ 6rc{rq uT u*ry aw fiYo qm Ek< uoo -O* qlE3rt s c Tns< fr'sn-qm{ T*'tO' "T{q qG ql3fia q<( qena *'T.on {o, rilTr&-s Trm{ s 6{{rq mq ErE Tfi'qfrffi qt<r!-ssl ilqit sr< r GD?m slt m qt"ry fim4 qTlfe-s q$q sefi s {ry-r<lc* qnTmlE-{t T'r{ q<R. qffit{' RssK qltEl EIffitm fi'qq]Tlfu +rd .c<( q(ff6 <iBts T{rts<I qsfm :TNt&-{ fiTgq <irrefi qfirq< -Iflfl <q,lT il?rrc qr Sre<rr'rtB pftot tm +'cl

Y od'-**F

9.Y1 X
I t

-,--qr fratF *fi ficfri

ilinfr
ff*' rril'.d
h

aro1g-+ Grg-a-c'r<r ?1trre,

Ai*: control

tsrtr , d.l

and characteristics of social j qql qrr 3 <t tqFre' {rrrq I fl$e-s frs-rc"r* +B"rs fitr6 q".E$6q ffiTffi sil i sq1 cplft:s pm <um np1 .c<(c6lks i. qliK-sffi'"j e<< larm ftRm qrqr t ,cn e< q{xt$&T frTqm< "o.* X la q6s, Td a.n q?Er .".=O u6+t o$ r <ryv q6ri&T fte-ffi e<tq-mq6 slfufio1 <qH q'lrc'{ E.FI KIrtBr cESt{ TEIfu-s fufficq<

t-* **

aild

rfr

',T*
ffit

r. {r{R-d
qK

qrr(qE

qlE3rct

qfr

E:FI q<({FI-<^qI5<61-trF

.1(*,* *fr_ry * eK qd'<iB( {zq, RqFrH q{lTles EIEi"IF fiIa.t T-dT qc{st<lcrt 1l fi, <iF* Tr<q qRat.TT-5:Y,* T-<l I *." "rq., "*tt.* TlEFe$"r*qmqm?t@TFIS.{NBT,qrxrngclT.c<(E,rTItq1T.aexn.1lqi{,Y.fi{'
<6tlEI cq-{
I

qqlg{

EqB qrffrq3r ae[, w1"1'ryq,

*o*1oLoo

qffi ryq ft{ErFafln qTqIft <iB e ptrff qTFrq frilq r '' '

Emii mr* iln-#

wll
{ frri#

ta'

i|h

fiw.r< TK["t <]frr ft{ fi{m fi{a"t r

e. {1.:ile-$

qrr-ssfr q5; q|ftTglr<

INle-$ std <t 64ff ffl1.T <V TcR e<(ft{q 4:H ctre qqrgt-m Kst T{t
I

fi{I

q<( c{

rmf, "*,
srFf d
o*m{

qN]&s $ftT cmg.il{I 1 {F{t&-s <v I EtQ q]Ile= ffigcqa ls] E-rEq qTI I T{9 :ild Em <irea Ar qI{ Er$ 61o1fips qt q{ 6fr'r+ ETs KI3l {I-$eT Fry* Y1ry{ ERv'td +;IF EI{l r vR.,&rc frE o sqt ftfirffft3t{ ry*= qt{rc sqTqB fi1-r fi(q-fiT Q-{ q<( srrq'm'prffin wts qEYlil c{m <sFt 6rq"fi qrq <IB.*'Aq srC{K Ts T'dl<I{ls +;tt
<?,G< 666n w:r|q

ff

rnfrjt csJ
r<"rrffl 'ffi*

fio <rt

fi**
sill

.tlfi <Fr&mrs firdq qm I Wq<,'ffi@ fimtrcfi ryi e. qFirfr-$ fiSa.r q-$fr Tqq {r ...tl"a t I qus'Gl srFtg;tl, gq1, E{l:nm'm q{Njfr\o epql qlmd t q{ e<(a&om ffitszs
<Frnfi

cEFffi

1fu ql Gt{ril r{NIeT fimc+< q$q fiffiq sd qtq e fte-fte q1ttft qqrqr+
q-<l

srq

rK

,tta.-{

ffii .q< E{ q<c.ffiiqq:qltrda

r

Fresra

fu"rlfi
kqt r{

q=rdtor

a,.

Rre

ermfs Er$, <e:Tmr&-s Eng{ sefl $Fnq

Tfo

ctefr e -Jw{l EXsrfi Y{l'br

I

ff',

vE

TT

Axwqn qs,Fr'<t

qfi

frqs

.{aqqpr&-+

fiTd6l

a,)i

frTarn n:trffi< "rrs ETnl WrAs sil w< +l t.G-4mRn eTE qals{ 1616 m 1t-l.ltr F{baqgl E{r TBFn r fr1atn q1q qftt&ft'{ qfrKr{ E-{rn rfuts {KlqNq <eg qs i stt trdrk{ fix-fiffi eTfr 'rrtrr$ q{E T{r{1{ Er$l qcEE ql.:fie-$ Gnrrjri anvi ,llElrk-s 'IaFrt safi

ftlBfuiTqEr KI{

{rTIR-sf=rsffi"rfr {ffi

Importance of Social control u6e.rqr11r< *"q qrr<Ft qiosl, fr&t, ryrr* ,r*mqsr ffi {Ff<-{ $ffi 6ttF TItl {R sqrfi qFTf Tfrcq \rfr6r {C$q ERR1 qqv,st, <6r<I q<n[, frcqt-m'{, fr'fttvl ffie s{ 6{FI qfu i ErrF ?Ett {'s I ..rrr<t {r{{ frcge T{Isi I s.le cwl&.s fiWcq< TN qLqiqftTgl ep[:[\r, 6q6T'{T qI531.I sql qemrrrqilF qroKcf c{rs HT{r+ {c< Ki-nllo qrq qlEG.-s FiTCq <I?PqIfI $T$qiINI RrR(R ftffru, qm&-s frBffi, Wrfl{ fWfr Rr$FI q:ilqrc ccq& qr{ iFC3l ,e<(q {lT<l }l:l m q<s! qBcq r ci -{<TT E-CTH< q-qi crffi t qqu qRQ cfit {lr wtrwl ftefte q<cqtrrfitrr ffis qefiq" <f lgltft cT{Iffi gBsr{C{{rs qNI&T 3rs rrrrqrF rFI T;rF q6
I

i{5l[.la+ne ,{rrt6 q;{N q{ yftN, I-rfr.. qftf<\il c<.. cNI&-s q<qfvaqor Cefm "rfrd"t C'fro qm q6q qffl&-$ orrflTi fiFRrl qFrrv qrE RC{ qril&-s, 1lut1B-.$ caqFqqq fiffiqqE-s .(16 sqq *ry 1, Ers-i at$eT e q{&ftq *,.* :r{,fi, q6r&-s TBtEr w{-TC{ e<(,l3E "eF E{q+,fr[C cnk{(
I

'tR?rrd,

Bry

qrqrk+ frga.r {rfiqrfi Eg<

i

I
Ft
I

qrqq qfffiksH il1qfreTft s{ (E.A Ross) t.ffi :to: {16 Sociat Controlqto..crs dqnt KE-fi TGFT | 4:{eEI c{rst qlTle-$ fuaq ffi qatr6 {{Iqffiqr:[c{i .s$B alVT ETct!t Ro.ss <F;{ 6, nI$ ql{ <fre ers c'1Tsr qe {qr{yBftE, {t{I&-iF qrmffi EIK r( sqft e{< ttffi sr< ft* qtfr{ ,h 654-{ er{&:<r stgil{cffi$ fttt<rx "renn Frsi.t T-ffi sql qnr6;w I fr Trrc"tt ftn qrd {< vrvrfi'<I q$rrs 1fi"E" qco e<( crtteT rym wnx-r T{ru Trrlqrs <gR{ "nren-q<&
trm{"fi p5s{ crs{ FrN E{ r
r

(6lflr of the'Goacept of social control) , TNIes fiaaq qprc-6 rr(aqtq ffi ffiw<

ffi

tr I
I I

h
h<

frH{ fiEffit,-ftTt

qrli,?-S ,?*-ffq-< em Ross +&"m q:FI flefl q,qfu {N ErEq rpCFI c<Tm ltl ltf rm qFnEt e qrTrfl q-{1v, qltq, {NI&T r{, Trfuq, $qaa-q1fu, Vfr-sr {Rr{ Trd

ffi

B qorcqq e<c TNIk{

{flsrqf,

'L<

frrR {N qnn'f

?F-Gr{l

qf{frt

'4'Sq-rstt

+h-{ fi?f {E[ c{, qrfr-oln l$rqilnB e ]9]sI ftEt qrtm'fqF {RqE ftq Rt I {tT{ fu QT qrd sq,m r ftqel B 'infrsut E?FI Tq{m qftt er$

qndIIDTi Ts-< | 'l3FI-e-I60 er{e" rrqi rra tr6'{{cffi (Hobbes)

ttt @{

Bo:nqlfrs cflqRu'rq (arN

crg;

qtrfr mr+ {B c,rso rr$ qfu BfrF srcar om r & c-{rt6s .rrfi rBrrr F{er ,qip <l +&"rs $B< qrrs s{q s-(R Tlrr ilfr{ <i<rqr< cunwqsq sGr q<( slH csrs _,{Q ;_furcqa q-{rq wfr tGSH ftcr< sre f,trp-631 qr'r6 sTeR Krqi Ers (krcke) qEil qs-FtrElft 5n fr r sm Tm{, Try{ CTrCq <q<Ic prno {tm rnr qrqrs ,rrv qR( frfr{ ft{cn fre uru nor."r o<* _*m qfu

T*,

ffi

I I I

ftfi.

T-+qG I Tar r

qTf\8 RIBT'qprr6 c{ {tnqr fiT 1o=t Hobbes-(F {Br6fR qra R [ft. r 6K TCE, q;1q r{rn r*ir{{ q-{r qeRr q:ire-{ qffi1.1 C{rCs< lrd ..{Tm il; ft*.u*e-*_l 'cl{Brct tqt' {6[rqn q-il, .ttfu s qqfr< e-fl I <T\0, qt{.Ret +0, ** c{r*< eTE r*A" {**_ n cNI&-f ftqF {t ril{1&-$ fiwt< qrsl srq om r'ergfr-< rlql <t wtfrq )rqrq 4a|1-6 Hobbes. Locke (T( Rousseau_R TE._{T carrs qrTfi e frKTrg qlc* ,fiR qfr$3 6{, ,l{r&_s fimq
Ef{T (Rousseau]

':

q* I I nCItrqtf
q
r.d
!'w

quffi

@rcrBu

?tGtqrEI
-'1"

arrfi

dn

.f. )TNI&-$ aqrqflEr

T5ircq
clR(

R q(Rrs &q vr Hobbes-(3 Eq crr$ sl{r

EC-$
t

Rousseau-l

{l3r r

:rqnrfhm ftlas

ftTt

{rrr Locke

turirrfr
ftrqqil El*f

crramri ar ogs.i
c*[

?r&F,rq

{ttr arqpqT

lTfTfe"F frr3=q.f ffi1q

Techniques & types of Social control : qlTfi q{rr{ L{Fr scfsc-{ cTffiR qT B6rt p;K {rm:r errel.m qfle+ fiWc1-3 e eFFEr Terf qtrqlD-{t SKrq{

uhFdi

,ne

qffi-flT
nctts

*ffi

6{Qq (o.

c.

Haves)

**&s fi'6q oryfu6e rtok, frq

a666q1'

). .tffu <t TirFrn snrdn {I{rCI cTTr&-$ fr*rqq e<( q. ffiM v w{E-s6c1-s {r$-G TNI&T fir-qq
r

Sxnm qm {Nfu frrur_qE qr* qqfu L cru*:qrr+ ge6q1 e ,-{M q,o FGr Ear<r c(, fte<r{ .r,* .ffi* #* *. q]Tr&-s frg'qct m5-< {N flrc <rq ffi T[-{ A'Cnr r Hayes \l-<rrl r[o1-{ 6{, qo13rfr{R g&-flK n 6EG ct<rc<Br qtumq.r*,t cz<rsrs frfr g6g"t s.*{ ' e<( q o6r* "rR<Trs( fiE T{qs $rq s yfrflK e,r* q{rR-+ u1**r'*#,' frqlE
qru-fr6r<

w'r(r9 qlEsc6f{

qri'frfu

.fi(uE

qri

F u*
t.

ft#;;.-;

*-;*

--

TrFi"fr-t cfrs xd :Hrtce.*Xl saf;6*rfl

tucErffi

qlfrtr rrft.m+*

T.*"tr rcm{

6at{

*Itfrras irutrhffi

<t.tfr'$mrcrk (physical Force) en< q. cNIk-$ er$+ <r csr+..E< (symbol) e"rs
<EI

ffi
ft6<

cN,es frtq"t
cl.fle_<F

q<s.
r

frmq

cEffi.*.#

). FfiBlEI

."..i

ErrqEmr_

RqrG q<qttTr&-s Frqq

#ffi ffiH G; ; ;;, *,.*e* vr ffimrEffixffim frscqn *ffi ;;iHffi,Hffi r {r{ ;,\'' :. qaryffiiq cmres maq ,"rru *ur'."-"''
(rnformal)

Bfr qtrq c{, {frs n*e-$ fuqE 6s-@ T{rRr' vA< qa Rv* ?sarpu, EKr q*&-s frqq ,* qs <m ffi s*ft 6{r{q r 6r* vu c$q-rs -rsrrq ffi ro-<q ER qmrks rFrry <,u .usr D,E W{-qT Effir qR ErV_m r q smce \r+< cvq_r neq{ (symboric devices) EEK{ .c<( c{{rq* wK fr6R qs +,r.o.<, rEq-s. *,

l5\?

i.

ql$rfr-s (Formar)

rrmr&-s

**#H;Hmtrx m ; ;:; ; ;"H,''ffi;,u*frD-*,*tu,c,.n{rr ffiffi,

iln6q aoa ra* *u:fiF-< oil eqr fr6r rm qffi-$ fivurqr qqr

6F rnteracuon in aar*#'Hrl".""bie) rtr,fr" T-t* F*; il qo **, *- {ffi_$ ImR rcqrff prse sr@ Trqsr * *r*]-u*, , ,#',"*,**, <a_+tt T{.qqrr sfr mF c{sru ; e{r${ (+.rfe , .,..: r--n rH s.o * *u Ers {|o ** lFr*rcfir fn*{t qr*." crtr& corq **" tfuafu ".[,*.*y,X G'FI {R q:Fr q<'fr-{ eq +n ffi ?H m;T 1.* # #'#.*, GFHI, ilft-t*qr srs rq,ra6 qmq; _*.cEI._r* ", cs*r *.csr Tr f-*i"qfr_h {fr-{z-ffi(sc[ erarrqi "R* u,m q
snafl
Groups (1s7s)

eGq frfr, qrirrs, q|-{trn* fuq 'rnr*tm ficfr*-s *u.r *,{*'*.cffi-$ .**,n-. *rt* c{\esr E$ cEry< hsr' frqt <r wr@r'Tr <rfuT frttft E*n 'rc{ ** * Tcr mtrqrr$B rI*Fr fuqq 6fifi Trq ErqlT *; Eil$fts
r

Aeq, s<r, ftGftG fury" wT$-rF{o Tr{rC_$ fiaaq qEtG tr r :rq3qq6 <Err {,n fi, ETfr{ *u, Rrry.< qrrm fiB$ *fr"",'$-";m;* frwcqr mrq E_{T_t6TEr "nGltnr ?rBilrt Tra t_q?riT(T., w1fr.o srfrs cerqn cTrqtqr.E ql{f&s frrqrfn r+a Rfi-qt qT{r, qrB#rfrs TqCRTT{ ffi, srs, tB.r, #-avj1ft qrthfrs ,*ro omo {tr r qE, wE$TfiT
crrr&-s
TNr&_$

frrcq ry&

Frer txruEnr qql q<(

**

qor..*"m

16Tr

sffir :rilq firrmqn frEX N #,l* *. .**, rorq crTcqr q*q 6<rrm* **#*ruq*-u frrx crile-q fivacqa <R-{q{q "* n-fl qq
{_dfin
srcflD_fl
l B

lfre

c-{ clnzs,g

cffis

frrg("tR

"rxeger Trs qst

). Wrrtrud yfrST (RoIe of hrblic opinion) wq Ere?q qircvR pBrr ffi srfsi r qrftq wrzq vO< c*, v6u qG ffi om +me *-,a

-*J"-* *

+-srs ,trr*r

*", *1*a

qbrFl rrrrq qsq,..{s ,<qrTnn_

)Tuor6

-.'e-:*r#lm . Boqt$ft-$q$qREl(qq:I'i-o sefn gBSl{ rF:l m I ET< sl fr6< +m <IRi' 'a11qRF{&-d {Fs I qrld ffifffi WWNrI tfr \{i q-{rErs Ez"rrr mr* gfiq (impersonal) Rqa qr+r+ qar6 ffiitr'{ q:$rq:ilTle-s quF w

$8'

trlglIl tf,Al

e.

wt

sft{ rnt t:r qrt{

*t= scr n-{ .fi_" {],6';; ;il 6frffi{' 'rq-o'r*i.t' .,Rrt, qilF," {s, qrfiffir q{m, sRst, TltT '
TtRft r9itfrF e<(qet& <ifu <r.rut ".fr*;*.6 ari:F6fr i {FKIErcIr$ ft1s{rfr 6q64

ql]q

fiT-d["t

Efrl$Itr{K vfror rer {qI.{F {lK I ',lct{I{]n

q<l csfire *.,r,r-v1

tFm' qq(frdf{',

qrcqmfr ffit4pfrsr"l
XFFTEB

t.u

wt

rffi yr*{+ . '

e,-n"(

'1",1,

e<(q*f{Fo< qfr*rq fr"tcltN _{ffi qru<.t, sr< s[f,ct, {W,q< q545 u* 1 frq '!-tr< ffirrsrf, {-6 e qft-o qrqrs,*o ffir Er,tqfirycffi <frs

tlq 'rq ifr'fiK firc'fltr'

e-fffi q<(WE furft FnFrF

qrt{r+i
C{II|;i

ryft

t'

1:

()tcltr{

qrrrq e<58 ftTg{q E-d[ cqqE:E Hobb."-.ffi Eqrsrft 3trE" trs'rui qtq-Tam {sK EF-IB cffi -T I 6{ TKr6t q.ae d&.-&K ermfqrq't-a6< e'Kq ffiEua

'

TTry:

ffi{tqgqr .@.rmnt (r)Ffi

1gq1

69ry, qfr

qwt&.-{fiffi(et3ft('lflqm$q{l

*,u;G
t9nfr
,rvrn

qq& s 1wil <rFI sil;l srsI ' .. ^ sld< qefrf\ R.fir< T{sKn cq't efGrils-{t s-K I fir.ri
<rr.srq r

rercQd

ffiI, {m,^nFryI q33 @o] TF,TIi qn frmcm mrtk-+ IEffi .tlfu .IBtfl <q]r.<rrIK'rlfrq {cfiql frur< kotte erxs fir- ?F{l qrs[Rr qsG igRcrd e'r<
6qcs '{lcr r qslct <I(qlffi'r[6$,

<rS

orftrs :Ksl-6i< lffe nm frsl't' Frmq =rrq-o( onT"-rr< fr-{'E 9tu EBI erfl'T{ E.r+ <m$il .cerra dFI 'r{s

ry1y:.
EEFrs

tfi"t'Tm
*

ry

1fu

(ortr, Eltr$rf ,

ml

wvt

s fi-sctqs'ra eq;l cm't-<

d<1

q uttffid 'mal 1fiftp e q'E qfffi ffi ft{lq ssrq q.flq <Rfloci FI{EE qN e*C{ r ArS'< -6<'e ft{5' ryc'{fr
sttrcr Kt.Id:mrq Frmq qfrtfi w<rrs fl?fi
I

ETIB r <tG< rnfr-.{flqt e cq&'Fl6{ s'K {l qmtec Fmrm {s :wt& e *1i 1q"' -1tr* ryq $fiu" $$rq 'e<( Q'Eq'

lqtft

'rfuT

frw

oat

{eq]

T: SY

qwt-

-!rer,&q "m'1-q1EdI *r#ili

--ot-ffi ",.-'. f;II*l 't{ilJ{

' 'm,X

i.qf d

rrkHq*hfr

cmUrtir

irEejBwrr,Rflq]e-fig[frflqsrf,l{atts*:n*r"q<(4kil'tlKrlfrrt<+Iq w{{T a sqry <fu <t ttqarrftrr{ 'tfu qcDE wen-pmt {sl r{l I Lcrrq o-rre firm <1 E&Ig:i.GG {qg ft"iqtfffr I qlqlcrrcK ofq *t GFF'BT .t<( Stqfrs ft'nf Sq'H T'C3l 'd""LT"
<r ol"rnft

rffisil
atr+

e6'omr

ft,|

fr+t s.r

mc< I qE<l

sri q.*rou{6rs 1*o, qq #ts<n i cr< *] mrq crrE cfi frfis c"mft< fmcqr *Tfr <fr6 'cxffi ffi5a ats srn
1

qttr{rtfr 'ttFv

t'Fe fitq T YS to*t**, RER fr6lr1Tqnq qa] {qs TT15*oq r orsrn< q'roft<
gqrq T'{r<

{rflk {c6s{ r{rqrdr

1qrl{urq
Eq 13r6q,frB,

I e<"Ki

+.rfl{rrsd

:,csr* r

a6 ,om

<I

frqr& e<\ffi&-sfr{aq
e.

t)c

qlt{

(Law)

qitq:Tmre-s fix-ucm E-{For

crffir

qlArdn EtE

ftflAsI$ qlr<m {crrq

I

I qefi

* *
sTsd

g5q fr<s ql?FF qrr<tri EHEI l5yqQq a-{:il{BIcrFF frqo-*r qsIK Eq frrilA ets tO qQn 6ga foq 65'5q qT{t{FI'tr+ ft'q:ffirrc Err<q-{ erqm r qft1 os44 om stenQ q{u{K Ftsr I Tr+G< Frmcq wft qq fr'6s alr+r

,{<(qffi
'trGI]
Rg.tq

tN1{ yfr-o

"tna

?Ercs

q<({qfn ftqrl r qrtq w'ta6 tfu frmft.mro qMr cerr{ ETar{K q& q-fiT{lfiffi Ulttl Gry {RI e6qq -"* {fr {mfrs firarq< erffi Rffi< Tlsi ritrc q{ q-{cq e&'r* 16 <xrrc
I

:fir$rrd

qtn

ffirq qli\

qqTn +.6

wx"t fiaWq< uffi ! rrrtq X'l'te' m4 {Ec{f, qTr-<-Wun"fra frTa't TKI qIfr ffiq
1

q{a

lp

q6<

ff51-{

q<fu ?EtF Er< I rioe[fl qrqr$t cTt{ {qr6 E{- q<( q6{ T.<-Cg 'flIF qt r e '{' AzT,lEt-{ Eqft{ 1 aq q-dl.qtffiq gEq3I qft-SK e +6<l' *-,a6 ffi'fi

t:l qtlfq< ftrrc TaE6

q-ffll{BtcftrF

qtfi q-F qr1 q| ffi{ d.r< <<vtt lfrfus Trrs qg \e-r{ q-{qlffilet cltfi< q& sT e {R[ EEilr< {r,< I 6iFI-{I, \TR{ fi <]RK qrre< 1g,rn "riRqs .168 Tlfr t'rqltrt lFstF qtrt (\e) qltfi{ {r:rq sBbK ftr-Nl en?FF Er< 1 ltu et ffi c. qf (Religion) t q-{Irq, <r <I Kffi{ \Trt{,cs 3av <t $tfr me$ mF {rr< Feq cl v&op {fu T<frq er., *uFq *o *u. a wr6o.frm<-+ RuqK Esl6 sEnK ${i(ri {Fs <I tc.istK dqn F.{
(\) s-fir$-{cq< esB cst <I csFr <1B crr
I
I

6,.-* q1u

ii

Am lr1t ffi

qqlqffi

66q 6s:F{ ?Frn a E{ stt rmree fiuct< swlsn <q {{rs Etqrq frw qr*rqq I qEi 8

ffi'tlft -crffi

:. \cllnEs t( ll,egat religion) \. swl&-s tr( (social religion)

I

b.
r
i

"e*p 6qfi T|.6rr$ q-q$ ,flqftS A

qQqers

-f

;ffi

!r
['r
hft

Tl-{Cq{ 'strOmrtfn 1m eF{6m 1(' <r.nsT sr:tr:r< *tu-uq frmq spp frr'ts-src< mlss I 6{"HI, <ft n<rl ql:ile"s tr( orslsrfl, <qq <c Tf{r*flTct q-<q Eff{ e 'nmprorft qenTn FIq.I gqn T-rf, I qrffi-+ :ilTr&-+ s ?q&-s'ft-rs $rfiqq {l {r$rs ft& e Erq{ c{H sElE etqr r

"Bu

ft{rors

* YF@.P 4r*.qi 1e "{t* c<(, C{T < +fn qr,+ frry {I{1E

lry.

1o$' {cft
l*.t

tB Fs
i

cme-$ {tf{ EIi cfi qsrc {rn-R {{ fffI< q1fts ft<Im q+6 6rffiC {rflr fiFr Tils
I

Fls
.:

qts rtTcq< Efrar{, qmrq o <6-$ qpn6 frry pq {qrc qIri, ,qno (rr{K .s.r{ mFi C<[<IR il r {r{K ,{sE
crn+

pr

fraf*
rTffi{

ms r EalqEq1<fl

Iry T, o{ y r <Ifu{Esrc< $ft'T TB<l qIrfiI -!t{(q 1l [r{!tm qqq'

$q $$frs c$qkgl+ (qq{ 'rq)

wrm c{r$ EIK atrN <rq r rdr q{,flcq frrl nt Eqrq'tfqc< *ttFo< rafis fir{cfl +-o qcvcqt sR xr+< ukq'tbrq setl rilTl&.-s fi:uc"t ffii Vfr-fl q-{ffi ets{.rc, q{ oftfi< fr<[{ <IBrs qq, o-6qi"fgB"t,qslflft e Rfu qe$R FlT.r cqn I p5q ffi q{-{ ft E(-Fmc"rry <r sfuffi <ifue Ettrr ?Errs etrm qt r qu,q<, qfit qT{te-$ Vfr1tc1 mB l fitm nr*r qvtfu Ern a:trq, <]fu <t e'r*< fi-cq {RIEs E{ -q{ oIcel qqq fu$"H s$rq ftfiN, q{ m<s qq 31 a6o"ts$nct qTIi fisI PiLTt sIg qt r fi T{l "ttFs IE +;tcs qq cc qc16rs q{ {.E{rs cr<{r{ sr3 cqr I qFI, :[l{{ Er< (fls-qFHI <t gqruro ql;r +.GI D-m <t qmt&r firacq-< qry qqffi
r

qJR

qEll Ead
Er,{fr-s

qct

eswfl orro*
ER

qrfi Tr*

r{

ta

yft$o, {rfi &fu Erq fr"flc r vc( ffi {nS qrn a qTI srq-T'(, <t qDr<-qIE-<q wftw r,sn <rB <r s&-Sr{ ors rI <x-rqrs EK Etr.ffi n<t rn<rre r qF c{ fts erdt FKfu
En I

q-fiv, trt, wtq <t q{i 6sFt effid Frrt c'rre qp qt I qfiefrs, {r( fttrft;rff qr-{ 6rsK uk qqrfl{rq EfifiF f$I{ qrffit Xf<ttR
Trys, erp rc{
I

ffi

<lfuc-$ ce, e $6<j"rfl-r6i {cE

qrmErs 'm.a4I w{ssc6t ,rffi r-E{q, qd qrq qrB qrq{ <t erB ftfi q'f{ r t{ lqtm qna{ e "ftffi qs UBI 'rrr qirntr, qrrrcri qI{l r{sTR w?Fl.t $Gt r qg$<, ctIfi ftEq {rn evrr< {ffi
6rFf{f{
?

.qw qrmn{ iffirq I mF[t, E( "rtt{< orrrs< orr,s 'fKdfr-s.Frls e &-{rl< qfq.siql <zfi q-fflft Tr${-{ "nf{< q-<r+d "rm qr-srfifr-s l-{r+i -sFnsf <rt<l't ryrr*<t 6q'n 1 (r*rq I rl$ffi xr:flq rrft frflr e frurm< ilzsn &fr-ru cq{tr< .ttfu < Swrm <K-iefi ql-inm qse<, {r{-d mdfu-o qE-{Rl {r1vrs qcarrq srFrn q$em"tt c<trflT r 1qR cR T{ r eR'RFs ftfi qrq I (q ftfi EB Effid qq<t w{fiq 1at qr-,lffirr q<( 6q f-fi q-{rft s w;rs r e f{flr {r1rrs mrtffi e:Frsrm {,Frt{ T3rF 6t?r{ R 6c wrT c+Fr erq+{ erfilq-{ {c{ sr3r nt r Frmt frrsrs cffifi IFGI r-Fr, Frq Frrft-s w e<r.Bqx E{ cq e qnR qfuSm <IqftqrBr qrlq frffir.t {rf{ Efr-fl cqir<ft fr61-q r{H EfksR scr Et(q r .cqrN <IcqnqrEt qafu mffrsi dq c"rfl-c{r frur< qr qq-flfr Efu frErq qfiSrr ut'fr fiK Eil?rsm e +6<l fr{iis Bl qih, ft{n EFI I $ <FrBr {ra qyq-c-s&< {<l-6 FrEe cs rfu Frwrr emr r ir{fun
-"t$-Ts,

ffi{t

u{ fl :n*** lrrfl ft{#

ctfr** 6, (s-fl

TfEafrt

r {r{.n frsElfq-s]F fle nE ffiFr D-FT r .+r-nn.srfud qtrfir{F qpr lffi {sor{, <IBr cr6l {{'r5 frfrEEn {ft Flsrt{Ift r .cfi tl-( fr(Ktft EtEirt e*rq q:nqEts <t w+-t s-{t En 1 q'6-qe-a frrn e1q, rRq cfi<-{ft frF luIR <T {tffi-s <t qqs 'rr{ ur<q-+*r+ srcat 6fi {I r EFrRm 6$trn et ffiqrrq {{ cm&-s fra-fiq R tN1{ pfi-+t 'nm +r<

Wtr$K

ftq..

{fr{ R{rl 91sq-fr6Rs

Er6r

EI

qR

<r{ql

CTEE

<itg-ElT{ qfir<-r{3t qtd crq-s ql-{I-IEi6fI <-[5RI q<"\ qffis m-{ mq-nm wirr*rt urfu qrn c+E-<I qFqnfr-s qrs{K 1ft'o<ru "mr r fie qr{e qrqqe qI{.TqTk'$ q'Iutrr$ "ffrAi q*r< frqn <(sR I uafifi r$tr<t qlm.sfn ql&.Iai qc(< FrFrc<t \T(:t 6{r I rFf,ct, qlTI&"{5 lo{el s c".qG ffi E3 wtIII c{t.vll{1-{t qffiiF
r

q{I

tilhdt rreftril

oBr. dE

\)r,
c$i-{ r$r< q.$Aq
ql-S{K
?FgT

Eo qmift-s rymfrerq (gcFI ,tEI)

yluirt e

qe1-q'{ 6Ess

fr<s

qrr+ r

q&ol
I

q?r,tJ

qlrq q<( skr qql"tt{rfi q{I

I
ITTCEIl

T${<I

T-CziKgff< 6FFI 'frr-fS'I efqcl\3 TCil

f,
r 6qc< qn$rr+i

q. $w< <I crTr&+

w{6n (Ceremonies) t
$<lrlQ {tTcl;r q-{
|

fiwq Bs{< q{$Trl< yFFsT r<.t urs,r{1{

CKBMq

q-fi sr6

TrqIR{ 6q:r< e qrur< wt6tcqn

r<t qrnr c-{erq< r<ffinst:rlor{ qs r Ecw< EIE'EI c-{$rffi {I{r6i {ft{ {fi c$Fr frq *qq Tcr <t srq srn ERf{ 6fl< rFIqr<F c{t tdg frrn EIrs I 6$;HI, qu-ta*wqrhn $rs frR frfl-ftfu, qlru<t{ Ieilfr rr+H:Frq qr$ft-$ sr< esTrt cxl ,h :rq frs{-ftfr, {ryr-<rrE< s& {r{r<K u"fl sts cW <til {I sr< <r<-qBI s qTD-itccritr B'rit rvt< Ktcq q<( cq qml&-s c".q& e
qqd& nmm

lqiftcrt I Wn wglfrem

q<( Tfr[6ts< orr+< EIVkt

.Iatnt-rfl(

Eqo(

q{

el-q lrtrK' wur;r-\ritrcTi Eqrqdq msrl crt[E ertcr crrir< qum qtma'{{rr<t{ TIT{rs {"lals qsrrr c$r.tl fftrfnr q<( qcqBmrcq EqR T-flK q3rrr efr.r I q e[rrFt fu{ q-{elr{3 Eqr{dq fiTI Tm l Elrmq-?r ffrIffi frc.m om qftq qcm frcm rqcm {.nRq \rrfl< qT&l{ flIfi T-fl qn
r

amrq
qar

qrrlffrl frscqq \( 't {

mrrq

$ T+t

"ftq-"fl-ftrr {rq Eq[s w r qQ firl D-flR {I{ro{ .c]Kt ft-{R qa(fr<rqrs-{ "fiffio Q-<-dm qt& T6<]r{I[:K :rrEi q<q sfu-sr< q-{r< qrftftq f+m a-qq ?Fci[ I vr6r, ft-<n <*rq qn IF I qls rprt I qlTrrm firq;t.Ef,fsrq qtrr<F )rrBI qr< q{$lrqlr qrtt.I {I R-qrqRrerm {sF(fl eftl-$
q.m

t{TrR fr<rr{ter ".r{s urq r et <ll"q Etutd-sr{&ffid {crr qifn, :ildq-s, ctqTfrT vqt ,h&s{s Wu<t{ s fim-ftG qrm <t cff6 c-.{Rr+ frr.m <'c<
qa-< EID'BI E-{$t{ ft-<tr<i erER cer6r

ry ntr *qrff
{

*il rtr
il$

nl

mf# ltcs fimq <*rH q6rq

"FQ

I 6rrt"tfi-< $sr6re ft-<n

,rruF

qpq qr

I Ect-{ qq"n

s& q& or<

mrl qT6'F q\flt

fr-{rq rx?q qn I o,K. csrq {Gr-'nftn

le

R<rr<d olgg 'gr1futr<

w1nT{kt

-rffh
;;.- !fi{

wrqnqI
frtfrqlqrsr rfu<<q w{er{ er.q qra-fi E6 fisK q& sfu-{Kl <r&-(s 6nt{ q<( Elrc;r qTfrY e +6<I qcorc-6 rnuwt qt r et Uqt-sfu e qtfrymts fttRqrrq-l ft<n srrm clElsl Elb-ncfrs erqfu ercs "lfK r 6o{fr ftst 6.16q fus E-{h q<qqfl<6{ (Convocation} c{&rr{ mfls{rfr qrq-Eifirfl 6rcri RIRE onqn frEr, qsq s lBmK "rfrEn ffir< <ffi {rl xrq qETrrK +'m r frnrs orr wr<6q E1urrq CAflfr Erq-Erfr f<rm qqfift-{ c'rFlrm qkv q{ e<q {eflfrG T*. "rcf< xt<m Gft,nE <r qrffifrFrsE rqq ?Fcr l qq, 13-ry$l tr{m{ qrq qr8rsr frnird {fu q-{ittt <ffu qm r ftqo u frtfrrylErma q& sfu-S ."qrn q<qv q:t q<q sfff<rq qs,sT, {IR, fi"I.ceFr q<R,1g{q-r<tc<r< tRm ftF sfrERK s I <rys, qrF6 q-rsH El-rm {r{ qsr q:F qFt
o16 <t snq-< utffi-+
qElr<t qlEsl
Err-dq-r$

_ffm

rflq ?flis orcq qffiqs

s'rd

q{Ul{ {t-{{m eK qIqI:IIq( Tilq qt{I-il-{ 61-3 {GIr{ CC-a I v.r{qC$ q'[E-[-{rq qTds qn r u'I0a ffi ETf frGA qur<-Wr+ cerrs qffie= sfu {rvt, qffi 65n5q1, cITftfr ffi quq( ft{drs <rK FrH q{ol( , qwo q<( {iffi
I

s,

frEr& e<(:il$&-$

fuq

FET-t q-irrsir< qrfuR "rr-?m En trr<r qft, Gq, qffi, +o.n qsirfr-< {t{rm ftft uryrt frEB frs rcor6 E{-qfr< tffi qro<q srir I q?r fiTssT cTM<,t <rB-{c.,fi {c$ e<5m ct{K6t srtmE E cus-{ q]ds +m r frEX ig,mr,ti <Jfsr+ qtqn mF cr{rn{ qrd_cGt fr{rnr trd <I *F.ff ,qrfurtrI cffilo 6-t?tfr I ron wrm G-q, srfB-$ frrKrsi 6q, rprqgfi, <I {r,{{ Fq ffi{ Tr{Sr$ <rfts oK, Eq]K s qtqsTft qsrK q{rq;tq.l fit'tR, q61n 6-<r{i r+n nIR n T*r* T{iFt6 ck'r fi-q rtWT 'r{ orcs etqtr t.ero qrft{ ftEn ccE& 1R ,na qt qNf&-a frlgcqRwrerErg

*ry

ffi

r.

cfr-qn"rs

rnqfr (Myth) r

I
F

F
t

h
:

F
rqI

lG

ht
F

Tq-firft qq r qfus.ll e<( Erft$ firrst qE cffito rrRftn s{ qft{ wnsn r sr< firq-ft{rtsqt:Tm&-s fiwq cffi stftfu X-fr-+p cq1.q txgt ?F:[ Ts r 6FFII, cffit-+ +,fftft <l1-{ilt EcEIs v1r b"frq.t, ft&<fE1, 4q3 qflb, 16fFm-fi ffisrt, frqlr< i<[tqr[, wrr s{ ffi frrm qr++ FrqI< E{m{ ;rrsrqt cffit-+ TIRft qirr{ItrI ;fltE e qfiEfr sfts Er r 1crmrft-1rmmfr, 6{g{r, qRfi-lq{, qrs sR upt ffi qrm-wJrr, =ntR+r. 'rir-tqr, q-Er-frqjr A";rfr. ** #* ,.*Itr r{..";, ; . lHrr E{ crc{ \Tl{rq qEsTfr fiR I CKK q;[rBr, qqqr 'mTn qB y* umr,n gn r <ryv, .h Ttffi TqI"t frls sKR E<?FH ol r srq & x< erRft R qlt{m qqr, {rI{, 1.ti e frm-Tflql3 cB qF rcr q:rM ftffic"t< ft-+ cqr+ cc?tt fr-r<Dl alFtlaqmf dN q*tn qffis {q e rou{t srRfiR qFrcrir qrrTns-{ F?rI qn r q{Gr;r yc$ iEr(Q q6{T cffi{-o srRfr {r rq{rs qqr, qrnr e }ficnsl oe wgo +.K q<q wrrnr fr1aEm qc qElu rFrfr r stt rq$ {t{ Gtr, cffi6t-s ll{r6rfq TtRft cTxl&-s Fmr.f ,r+ olqqf gf}q otrc6 T.K )o- d.tt, cEil?FlEEr e cqrsftfu (customs, folkways and mores) t
flGl I qEIER
I I

qrqrrcrs

cfft+ .,Rft;

k
i

lm,<

Artra

h"*

e mr+ii& cNr&-s fiailq T{qt4 yfr'{r "nE{ T-rn | 6{rm ]ilTr&-$ !Flt, FTFF|EBT e<q ffiTft& Tr$rs wrq wilftFtr fi{q {69 FIrq I wrq"r,r{ {E{lT fi$&-T fit, FIr<Fi5Ri -., r{isafr 6rn DETF qS q<( e ftTI fi <TryJTH ccrr${ cl-r{ atrrs I $FpE, ga[, ({?FlElit e ffirsff& fr-ftu<q T'rd r{rrq <rrilc +-*r.+6q qrs qW ge[, I 66ttiFIER[, ffir<ft&,
qlq<-?H'sn

clEl&-s

qat*r, 6{I?FID-B[

hF
Fuo r

ffi:Trn&s

,i-+i e ++rGrrc rqrrqm:Fr< r sr-e,

frqE &'Ir{t t{r+< ${rH <lB cmle-s {snmqrs

r*a

**

pr<rz*rn qttq 'rfi6-+ 6.rc?r fiqq qm&-s F+i aqB e

&pr

;'rrr,
!.

?frrdr*
5

iEr.rwn<

+qq.
(Tabu

qi'l im r

5.

ft6q{rq

/ Taboo) s

Fa{t{
Frexfi r

Bq <qre Grr?ilK mn frq Gm fltr frmq crrrm r Erqn c'rq64 qik Trm{ e frqrcrR sf tiGs r qrfrr q+rrq Bfl{i yfr$T qrfrr s-+corr& s.r{ frtH "Ft t{F14 r frfiq r{ frtEcR c-1Fft TcIrR cq eQ {Q <; @ GTe f{Hr frr.rs srw +Rrn ETrq< FrotK y-frre fl-sm frEC< {r, 6{rrr T{trtfuE fi-cr qnt qr<, qq'rcri $G Er< <r curff R wcqi qfu-g R,E qr< \ofi s,Kr ,t :m -*"

\\o
T[ffi3l s{n 3t1s
r

Eo :n$fr$ q{]qRE.ln (etqFl,fo

tlKwfi't

o-<o

.csx< in'-{<rF< wEK qlu-d.t fi:raq

sq:{N&T

fimacq

frrfi Yfircl

y-frsr qff {rc{ qr{c\

qfirsrK mT BryEnv Tfi'rptr-6 Es s-fl {H 41 s;r< .ft srq orm ft q3,qar<r fafiq cq;d flT1fts v&< srrfm{ 6sH q;fu q-orur+tft on< 6fls irsrq I TGrR qn-+ qrm s {"rn <E-{ r Lctrqt {w<I6?q e q:llq Fmlq finm qft-o nraat <ryE, ,.CC<r ffir{ CTlq-qTqr ,{<".qNI&-S T6"nO tlr{{6fK emisi.\-

sfl

at1qrfirffi Ofrtq qWG

vlfu

ffitEs.c
i'fd;
CNrS

TfrEfi cfirG, sfir

+-TCO

ofl5g{]

<rB Rrffi< qm{ qfiq f+wq .5 vrs'r{f Ftto, rrsm\eT 5.q, qTrq-+ft, <lftg,

fi1{Femft qsm KIRI t :FIIffi<qm{ :qrftT q4ffi t{ T$ mq<T $${r Tfrq \r{$<ftn qrt{ q-<-{ q'fu 6e6a flq Sqcl +,K {W \oln Rrcr< {Rrtfis qT I ilm-ftB s q46r6 uqa & {< <I&K qlffir cIu-{.rrs esB ftffiS qrg,F ErEs $-r< {I $fie-s fri-Sc't<,,"rrr'"F q{E{ {fu 16 m' qFNl't Max weber qs <-trrfit G-lcIcqT qdfr-$ sTq q=i'r{ {l Charismatic leader rq

t. <rBY (Personality)3

(11rlrsr .ri11

uqtfi, Irfd

{rDr6E gR"i

vftnrB&-+ e ' ilart kft

Rrcr{ qlfrF frc{rqq r Gmr frrqrqK T'te q<(q:firffr q'KIeEI <ifu< +rcq Erfifr-$ "rru< fimq om I eMK{tA q<s. E{ q<(\Tf<{, -\r-I, \e-l"[<[Ifft e qmr{n EEII qkK.t flRF{e s q{ 1 .qqTfr mlle-"t qrfl B ?<f,fr-s "rGK61 rrflE-sla Ed rgsrB e *|K-[{K Ts.lr$ ftw T3il rTsI cqgtzm e< .m:{e +;II ECn effm I ffiT{--- cfiflfr{H, Rt{R, 6qfr{, lterryc AI3 I

qfffi

qffirs

qmil q 6fFI r-agq qH

&?, {r-Fl
{FR

ffi-{

*r*

Btg

TE

E{sq<,
utln +.c<

<ffi

<r 66"tq qq{xffta

e<(ccil a )TNr&-s )e. qT{, ttlqTil Tt TSII (Vilage community) t :TNIC-$ fix-ecq fiSqrcrr{ Xfr-o con q"cq T{ qr I ffi{ frffi rqql<FK (area) TqqIRtFo q'fi:15q {AqE q1 Tq-fiqfircs1 (community sentiment) f+m tfry e* esbt ei-{'f,i e1-{1t;fi l <sr RF flrK I {qqnl qF+Ei s-{(I'q{ q(qrcqr.,Fr $m q&fr mt Xs .{s q, B q:qqrl I fi{ {qqtffi{ <LTfrqiS {q{Fi <Ifu qr <t eflfR-s sN q$E ssM <6'r i$s sfc{ cr<rf, qslR-{ qqqrrn< ffi 1a{qr s& ET Ktcl-{ I err6 qrm r en61rm tEfrsrd< ,{+-s r {86 errr6 iBfr'*-q {k{q crrx1F {IrFt I sBlls df[:l-il qtft-4 4il1cK se 16 Klr{4 <tr-qlmi'S EcIt{|{r <],fu3 qrq sFI TtmrcTf, qT{cil q6o qs . EI[rEr frrq *Brms oafi EE tr qrft"t dfr-ot< Lc<i?FR?Fqq tl6tl:lFi, SIT{ft qlff{ WEAct qqfr-+< <m {qdIrlg qefi qt alrsrlts Offt"i ,TGc <r<*4ll 6lq catrl SH fr r C$rq <rfrK qlr$r <lr*F {q{Hi <tB<T q[<{Ta trr< cqi{ <t BqTs qrr+{ qrffi {I{ftr <IBfr< Erftfu-+
I I r

fr$gcq qr

{I;l-< Tq:Il;rr<3I ftEq e q'ft qKf R {T{ firqrqa 5RE ttrNl{ EfircI qE{ IFGI st qra q{rn qc'trl <Ir{t ql I

fusrlaqr

ffi

rFR;rf p @fi1-aB
.FFlw
s

' fuf

18. Ttl Itrdshnent a

ryerEI

<rRv ,t

"t

frrtrrr :rnrc{:tE

eer1r

{rl

Erq

ccn o{ rers qrflf?s {a

q.

l.

rcz,tt{r{3r s'fd

rrs{ I dr(Tn qr{-s cefirrmFt G5[{- 5qp {k{Enn {fk<Ike f{{]1, qq,G.<fi e Be.{If.(<F'r<, <tEvI fu{m, a$ "nB ER ffi qffi< t+rft e fril< eftq Wmt

tffi

qfr{ret

ntfucf

TIfuT vvua qTrl

qt<r{

T'r{ qr6F

s. .[fu-g qt

df6 s1-q6 $I gtrc<+l Tq, qqq qfre ffi ql-r+ I q{< qGI <l c(E dl{ s wllffi3l .nd u cqEG ssm tfi1{ Vft-+r "rn-q or< r <Ts *ltftr r{1n ql$e-s fia-61q SN {tg'rclK
6sl{
5s'rq

F6

Er< Tfu

BrrrG"g.tru{

"---+

@
r

e<txmrGi-+

fig+
q<roB
r

{rc{ qags <I enmq. CrrqD^rs -u-Cs 'fra* r fift"t crrrq qme cNIks*R er+b
qm TGrEfr' ccfiR u, rr<

*k

cES<, ?Fil Eoo @, SN Tg?ln cm&-s fi*-mq srrq allm <I Tqfll t q-{FIEe-$ qqs

'il9

rfr&, TfrE'fr* c{DF, FR

=orcs
e{rGH r
F

r uqotR, <a-rq qq513 sqrr

Efr 401-533 XqflR q(qG dror< cca&{ y{{TT , *q{r, \_rT Tl-{I H$er, y41 qq E C"l:trs ti{.i Srltrt :o.Gr I trCEI, umn fiRqrtq6 a6<1 $ITftqn il,g';'U;-i* 81fr' r'rc* T{flK {rT{ EsqrFs-erz. qra-+ru-"rl;". | T{sF flrq*$ Tq<mqtqc-rsbrqr{fifr$,

<rrrred ,tsrrm v& r .ag,u ursr-s,u *,R C${ {qq.r u,fuqq:rqfln.n*_ry,"n fr<rn m.t ETsff1{ yfr.ot "nqq

* *rt* pfr* trrn vm cfr& *** qqHI ijr I csf{ r$f{ o.qflrr fr

eerK

6+.t

I
r

ffi

e<(crfrrr

<.-n'qq*

** *, #";"* ffi G m-* e 1frrr srnq<.n;#"pmilqeJ;ffi]

T{ntErn$C

HH*"*.Er'scr<

u"rnTtu

p
E

"rrrgr 4TI&-s fi'wq-< c+t orr+E o|o{r't6(& qan6 EIrEIE{I +rrQ r {{v, clTIEi-S firqcq qEF qt{N esrDfr{rsrr< ?Fra 6prq a_6 41,

h h
l"

n,rrk$ f+rrcq qFflfrq

f,r*rrnrm il{re-sfiwct<

tffi importance of prnishment and education in social control) 8 ' r'srqm frmq v-sr< q{ w&-{ry o,,ci. qr-{ rK qru<.t frffiq mr @Fr \[E_d6t qrilq e srt{ qu. u' qmre* u1wr. q-q mr i<c r{,* r.G m-o **e* frrqrqr ER 'rt{B p 'tnc[ Rrsrq Ern wq, .ftfu e Fr+.r E_{IE:I "*e= ,,*a* 11R srfi R, FrT[, Etrq.1 {Eo' rFGr qtflE eFrqEI <I srq fir..u,fr EtE-{6t C..fis* *" o, r srfl FfsK 6,u {rFo

r*r".. #_*q, V*, il*Fs E-vqc* c+-e -nfio e Fr+m qz,rfu$ tffi qr"R-6 ffi ox cvnr qr r EIFKI q fu ERxr?Fc,{ Er6rD-{I e*rr tq.r c"nqq E-nR -f f+*vc.t )4. "mFo rg Frffi qfcrffr_s (Retative
{FFl iEt(gi iIIGI I

Q'r, {"-F<,

erffi

sD-R[, 6sr5tn,

$t-s, ,nENq fur,fr"

+reff-'r*& S-,s u, ,"a*",* s-M 56 r cvr* hbr

_rfu;rr,ff

"fr_

ffi

*,

*-

&
TTTFI3

1on6.1-Tr$r

erp u'rm

TqE serir{ s fr1wmr

{e

ryrrq_n frtRET

ftqF r q EffiHr _ftfuR wflrg

!u YL-r wril tltr, gim B tfu *a#
rr

). 6pr-r <ifu stcs qt${ Tt sR BtK fi,Erst frrrq r srss trs arrilfs {cr {rrq q:H esm fqrq c,rpq *,

**m
u'

vfu t+.rm r'.E qtglcq frre'n ".qlfu;; qs u, q*r&-$ RTBFTq-* ore rr +m

crbr

o,n csm-Esi qq +frT<q r m;F*, sq.rft <Tfu {fr mrq RrB ut ut*rnu c'$r r*r ER ffiar- $fu sr qeST{ <rrm qil F8 Tr\r'ks r qi.nfu< E.rrs,r BG-.ti orG6q r q{ <r rri'm Erfl *GT<q w-{ {6o oftm

'rfur

**tn ffi

ot

t
I t

.--

\tt
,ttlrt&:-$

$5 amrfi-s wmFrcn

(aeFI

'rE)

fifffitqn qrryi <t r+l 'tffu Cq$ E{ r qfti :r:tfffi 'nFs Rq <vt Tfu I '4r{-{ ..fifrr q6stilt q1q qK $Rtrt {t {n q1 r c<l-clltllg, E@Eqq, Frf,cufi, 1qrqv., TI$I.@ {FlS q:mffi q{lqs', slstltmn f+mq .!<(.Nrqs {Fst {nE il?ff ffi.ttFs qsa.1s qE{ sE I w{fi-s
?Ett

q{I

fr1wnft
fr6Ro qR

qrs-@ sy{

Er{ qtm

uRfr+ qe< {Hfr-$ Rrt16srd 4.6tr[ct Etdt{ T'a{rq r istt, corflftfi-n ,.rpq{crs "mrm (Parole) <r{'etrn sE-fi {q'H ?F3il EGs t e TK[q frq mrq Smm (Probation) ^* 'mrflET qret ffiTl3 'cl s6{,'|-{ <l fiKlEI qr{rq r slcrtl ml Errrq R qi{-< <rcqm qnqr xfis mrq <l frqtl t-. qTI3[' q<( cc {rF q9|3m{n qi] <EffiK gT'R{I54 16 q1-g"rm q'mftrs XB cqo{t EIl TN qcrilfis euTK, ,.ffi,.plfrfu1 e*e s1-<r< 1r,{H qle om e<(ffqft q:11.ffi X5-fiT "fr.:{t6'frm c'mR-{ flffiu o'ftG sq"t t q{ r TTP r(tt{-qcrs q:Itffi rr* qr EfieT B-{e firfi $ltlrr q<1WIffi T{-{E {l{-q1trs c{lrgl F15t sqt1 o r*ro*s <i*rE q{ r qqlqffi Y e.qG I q qT{i Reformatory Schoot <1 q<.fi<rq{trF Rnlqn afu-S' Gil qmffirq{ {m E'r$ftn EIRfu-$ CXei FtrK <rEff T-<l qr I q6r$ {6{ stT{ {fps qqffi< CE1TI .sv'1-5< ,11r1grflqrs otmIt w<qq-q 66q q'f$ft qcrfifb ftt I sm. <r+i G, TBtptlGt c{rE qY{ EffiIftfi-n q'.rrrd .{rc Elsts '{liFt E Brtft eTI3

,flArw. | <{l E(q Hate the crime not the cT{fi-$rq q?rr qeril( e qffitft qatr6 ffe q'f$ft qlg c-sI{ lfrct<.ttlg q.Kot <I crtminal qdtq q'filq.fS I'fl <:fl, q'fdlftfs Tn.l C<;;HI,

fu

=F. ) rfrl tI{TI

sr adl 8l +t c, JIr:[

tfi*Eq*

* THtrlH

"*T

sriltt
qr*ld

>r rnfr

eTEt

{m{

5 t q,Eil

Ftfi

crEs efm qq.rqvrr<

Bird) Rffir< ,f(g * {eirq,s{t EBs I TqE c'rfl{ B'tK csaq gvR aEq ITt <Tio, fi61, qqiilft< ulR&T

r .4srr< cfl-diftfr G.m< "ttfi (.lait .fiFo sq'rffi (E-GI qf1-41ft65 fiRfu"$ q(rfi{r{d I q\5q<, 1il{rrn 6{Rr sru-+rq< q(q qr .rgq< vW cIDKGt I sIEa'tE qns q:tl6i frrnft r
iFr36 \oITrt

Tr< qFfl< qq:m{ frre

q-s

ffi

-ft

tfo

} I IFETI

$o16q"1,
I

qTKt{ q<( s'FI ?Frcwt T<|F'IK iprrfrf, {I{rc{

"ffi{

w{t qw<t EF

1rrn

6F<m cqKIRR

q<c-fitrl{rF FIFK <r<,tt o-rrq qwlk+ fiuct< erq 6+l q6{ 4I I {rfrI'flFq{

e {cg, Ffs't <f{,qt qc< q{ e qur${ csfrs I cl{I36t nmra tm'nFt'q( ffG {ir8K Fm $il scfisn ffiss, r{{{iTlT fts13 xrq m"T qTsc{i Frqt qq Tfl EGs qTetl 6qlt <REI 6q FIflK ffi& "n<qtrqT rsm wrcq Tt? E6r efiET vcfi wTt{ mryt slF I srd eFl-ls,
;EF-fr
I

rtd rl*
tcr*

rr ryrfi ot qga rt *F?i. ct rEri

ry *sl

ryS

rr;r1ft

yl alfit d

I<lsa Ctfl Ee[ Er<<

{l$ Ifr m

'

yfts{',ftpRqFrqr<qfq'{TrNtlwFlEfil?rfsefrTftryKqsiqmeTGlY,_',:: qu-d"t {tr q$rs tfho 'rq o1q{ ft<13a qrqe 6q6q ftqft5+ qrerrr snr r <TE, rl1crK <lr{r< qr mql{ ,fry e6 ffi.r+ qrF, Rl'{fi fiq.K Brq$ I qgq<, 6ffiq -nFs r'{ FtH\s rilTle-$ fiwq
Pfr--o

ur16 lrr*t :cr&t

trm 4-5P

cfl-6n

-relm

:erxtfrt

frrqi& c<<xmfr-+
q{rtrT

fiw.t 'fffi

err

w{ <Ffi fisM{ 6{'nfu Erc ftl m <*,,nfu< "n"n'nft Ftrte g rm&T frTB8{lfrfin oafi {Nr&-r fiag(q Tld$n ykfl ,rm{ iqrr\9- ,ttrn qrrr{| oER <-{r< q$rr c'f6nR r 4ETHEI ql;m{3[ erlG s cro, corflftn v@ e {krqrIrvrq .fffu, q(r"ttfi, Frq <r TffiK fi6ksqm
r

b
5

i
F i

;l
E

FE-{r{il+ erT s
>r

frqrG q"t;il-cfir c(El qT | <qre

F
F'

I r qrrrfrs fuq
,.e

ff

<f+ +< m<I e cNr&-s firrrq< frfre <rq6{r

L{

qrnq ql;m<-<

or<q

pfu+r wnmr-+r +a
I

tr
ts Ff
r

rrrr&-+ frt-&q 6sI1 cstl <rqt qks\5( o'ff-{n vr, q1[qlFtt ffi 8 | arR l:nrq3r frsrcqn ffict mn mr{ <|{{ qft-ss3 Fr{T< r B-s.r{R n6q 1fu nre qT$frs q15+l ci frgcq rd s wffin+ {ftrqru-{r r<
r arfrq

Ie
F,"
!ffK
{iIail

s r qr$fu{ fucq< c(Er n r qThfi-s e wrrthF-+ <Rrffi rz$ r{lTJ I , ,ti:ilfr{ frwq.rfo e Fr+.K qrc,rfu$ rEg qTFIIE-{I s3t I -.

t{q

ffir q<

",
r

m r .rrfu< EcmI Tprfu Eq{rEr qrFIIFil ?Et r c"Frftd Er,?fus qrn<-n, sr<fi ?rrmnfitr pfoot wrmn+

.qfu qst

<

q{E
,s r

lftEl

rffi
il{I6
;-.;

B--fr er3 s ) r EPEn{ <qrs ftr+ltm ? I r qrvk{ RErG <qrs Efr ft 6{<r
6<r<ttT
?

a
I

ErRK e frqrG< w<i "tt{-g ft4'l +< r

I

8 r rrrntt<qrefr

f'fiF
r' t
f.

'

crTrmrqfi
1,

It fte

urqmrksfrgcqaccq.tqIE

h"f
i

q1rft-q ll-w"m qD T{g tsmq rn y r awt&-+ frmcq fiH< gft-o tre< <N
I

frrM !i (t
i:

r r jrv&-+ fiwcq FEffiR pfi-o Bmq m

1e

lit, tr
I

qq e

a :: r qmrFs fi-a-mq <nt< X-ft-or ft ,

1

ryffiq

frmcq qrjrrcrr t-fr+r

hre'rcq

rl

remko frgc"r

ffi<rri

y-frsr

N{TR

ktg't{
F

)e I rrflkip fri-gc"t qnl q{srr qfoo z )8 | rii:iiIGFF trffiC.t <].r$q{ pnfO Oo<nl f )a | .ftfuT Errri Erer."r'<ff-+r <,<
r

fi

-:----

i4E!_tl

::

==::l=l=

=4==---:
(qq:i 'rq)

I#

Eo

$$fr$ rflqRul{

)l

"eaYgy ; #- ** Tyt_-,ryimffiJn r.l ffi;l.':d*tH u# .i:ryX.ylf*n; .*.ffitrHft *;*.i'ru ffi qo;rq ccsfrs T,os s*.nd "*T er ffi';1ffiH";;ffio1i-'nno
8

'REfr <{cs Yfr ft mT t Fet

1t
]

a I
iI

r ffi#ft

c'r${ q{q s&.urc{-Efr fr ft <-+{t "T TIta{

T-{trt?

I
I

iq,I(Mco)r qtd-qmlffi<
)

amr srm

@ ) cmrfi'-lv 6 xffia fiFn qI sGI cr{{ 6 c-{,$rfts "FqI:<-qK ,ratr:Fr <s t*oilu ***fi;6*''; er
'FpfRI

O @ ccrt6s caKI{ 6 O sgr{ft q'rfl{ _^qt;fcm sm"i <ll"lfi Trdrq{ m? ;qf<e

1frrlelr qsfft

fi rm qst

rye6v

<JG

sl-rqn c'r'tl'ls Tnqx

ry

R:{<

qqil{Tl-s +( +m

tt
i

l
,
t

q,r${ <iB s ao1ft3 f<{ffi

4** \x-r'L'r'r q,Err{

q{6xm

6o++ft:*qffi ^'@REB$ lfrqlpt( @fiWtfrs fl-fr srffi{ mt trnffi fu{ fi4m er<q qqKr(3r {rfieT (, I fus* 6 ffi 6 ftfu ocnv @ s{<rrfi @l vl.ftffiq66qr[rqB-cltrsqg,-er<tnBrs-r{(;r[ffi.ttFoig-oqTIF@t? 6 ofr-r<rqr-+wq @ ccfi{q{q-ss-q @ ffiKqfl{w @ oftnr<T-+"q
1

@ ql6q-'cr e< fifm qtr4rfills''{4K 5r @ @- ?6-q< 4{-s q-*qfrE 'rq1-'rn6 e d1'rq qEF, s trq-'r &* * c-$$frtr rf$ {rfi ,.rrq qFBt fr-rrrqqt q<-{qF{ s'K s.rffiro xtt{ fi {rm

"* {l.mi q{ilft frrcm {ry wb t' xsfr TIKI

*rr{=-,rra

ol{6ct-i< i'r<tft< ERGq ccfitrq e

q{hfr$ qr <lr'{Et TF{-

b
b

e) slKt'tK flfie-s Amq wn6-q(-gfr nA ffi

@ qqs

6 rrc"rt
ttms.fi +c<-q sL<t

I ftfi, qq&
rFEI

@1rcq
EEIIqt-ft
q-s:.{-d

31q1a;5 orq? o *Q=*'KsTd ryMFmq sfu{t w{fiep

@ss

@S"fi

{N@q ** lam e qe& s&fiK

@ q$-qi

QrFfl

)o r

366

os'rfr qrrrq

effi fr'la"'

q--{-c"slg{Tl

gr{tq'r{?

@
i
I
;

@
:
\91

{rfl-,c<
8l5l c'l ,l

6 16ffi-"m
vl{
clsl

{i+ GEe
I'

Sttt

trR

Flq

Itol

)o

lI