Trnh o Chin Trng CSP Gia Lai

GII BT NG THC HMBNG

GII BT NG THC HMBNG
PHNG PHP CHUYN QUA GII HN DY S
PHNG PHP CHUYN QUA GII HN DY S
Phng php chuyn qua gii hn dy s i khi kh hu hiu trong vic gii mt s dng ton
lin quan n bt ng thc hm. Bi vit cp n phng php ny thng qua mt s bi
ton minh ha.
1 Mt s dng ton bt ng thc hm.
Bi ton 1.1 Tm tt c cc hm f : R R
+
tha cc iu kin sau
f(x) 1 + x, x, y R; (1)
f(x + y) f(x)f(y), x, y R. (2)
Li gii:
Trc ht lu rng f(x) > 0, x R. Trong (1), cho x = 0 ta c f(0) 1.
Trong (2), cho x = 0 ta c f(0) f
2
(0), suy ra f(0) 1. Do f(0) = 1.
iu kin (2) suy ra rng f(x
1
+x
2
+ +x
n
) f(x
1
)f(x
2
) f(x
n
), vi mi x
i
R, 1 i n.
Do f(x) = f
_
x
n
+ +
x
n
_
f
n
_
x
n
_
, vi mi x R v n N

.
Kt hp iu kin (2), ta c f(x) f
n
_
x
n
_

_
1 +
x
n
_
n
.
T bt ng thc ny, cho n , ta c f(x) e
x
.
Hn na, ta c 1 = f(0) = f (x + (x)) f(x)f(x) e
x
e
x
= 1.
Do f(x) = e
x
. Th li ta thy hm ny tha mn iu kin bi ton.
Bi ton 1.2 Chng minh rng khng tn ti hm f : R
+
R
+
sao cho
f(x + y) f(x) + y.f(f(x)), x, y R
+
(3)
Li gii:
Gi s rng tn ti hm f tha mn iu kin bi ton.
Trong (3), cho x = 1 v thay y bi x ta c f(1 + x) f(1) + x.f(f(1)).
iu ny suy ra rng lim
x+
f(x) = +, v do lim
x+
f(f(x)) = +.
Mt khc trong (3), cho y = 1, ta c
f(x + 1) f(x) + f(f(x)), x R
+
(4)
iu ny suy ra rng lim
x+
(f(x + 1) f(x)) = +. Do tn ti x
0
R
+
sao cho
f(x
0
+ k) f(x
0
+ k 1) > 2, k 1. (5)
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By gi, chn mt gi tr xc nh n N

sao cho n x
0
+ 1. Trong (5), cho k ln lt nhn cc
gi tr 1, 2, . . . , n v sau cng cc bt ng thc thu c, ta c
f(x
0
+ n) f(x
0
) > 2n, n x
0
+ 1. (6)
Hn na, v f(x
0
) > 0 nn vi cch chn n x
0
+1, ta c n > x
0
+1f(x
0
). Do bi (6), ta c
f(x
0
+ n) > 2n + f(x
0
) > x
0
+ n + 1 (7)
Th th, ta c
f(f(x
0
+ n)) f(x
0
+ n + 1) + f(x
0
+ n) (x
0
+ n + 1).f(f(x
0
+ n + 1)). (8)
V f(f(x
0
+ n + 1)) > 0 nn, bi (7), ta c
f(x
0
+ n + 1) + f(x
0
+ n) (x
0
+ n + 1).f(f(x
0
+ n)) > f(x
0
+ n + 1). (9)
Hn na, bi eqrefpt4, ta c
f(x
0
+ n + 1) f(x
0
+ n) + f(f(x
0
+ n)). (10)
Ngoi ra, v f(x
0
+ n) > 0 nn ta c
f(x
0
+ n) + f(f(x
0
+ n)) > f(f(x
0
+ n)). (11)
Cui cng, t cc bt ng thc (8), (9), (10), (11), suy ra f(f(x
0
+ n)) > f(f(x
0
+ n)), mu
thun.
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 1.3 Tm tt c cc hm f : [0; 1] R tha mn iu kin
f(x) 2xf(x
2
), x [0; 1]. (12)
Li gii:
Trong (12), thay ln lt x = 0 v x = 1 ta c
f(0) 0, f(1) 0. (13)
Vi 0 < x <
1
2
, p dng (13) n ln, ta c
f(x) 2xf(x
2
) 2
2
x
3
f(x
4
) (2x)
n
x
2
n
n1
f(x
2n
), n N

. (14)
V x (0;
1
2
) v f lin tc nn
lim
n+
_
(2n)
n
x
2
n
n1
f(x
2n
)
_
= f(0) 0. (15)
T eqrefpt14 v (15), ta c
f(x) 0, x [0;
1
2
). (16)
Mt khc vi x (0; 1), bi (12), ta c f(

x) 2

xf(x). Suy ra
f(x)
f(

x)
2

x

f(x
1
2
n
)
2
n
x
1
1
2
n
. (17)
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M lim
n+
f(x
1
2
n
)
2
n
x
1
1
2
n
= 0, nn bi (17), ta c
f(x) 0 x (0; 1). (18)
T (16) v (18), ta c
f(x) = 0 x [0;
1
2
). (19)
Vi mi x [
1
2
; 1), tn ti n N

sao cho x
2
n
<
1
2
.
Th th, khi f(x) x
2
n
n1
f(x
2n
) = 0. Do
f(x) 0 x [
1
2
; 1). (20)
Bi (18) v (20), ta c
f(x) = 0 x [
1
2
; 1). (21)
Bi (19) v (21), suy ra f(x) = 0, x [0; 1).
Hn na, v hm f lin tc trn [0; 1] nn f(x) = 0, x [0; 1].
Th li , ta thy f(x) = 0, x [0; 1]. tha mn iu kin bi ton
Bi ton 1.4 Xt bt phng trnh hm
f(x + y) f(x)g(y) + f(y)g(x), x, y R, (22)
trong g(x) l mt hm gii ni, kh vi ti 0, g(0) = 1 v g

(0) = k. Chng minh rng f(x) 0

l hm s duy nht tha mn bt phng trnh cho vi iu kin
lim
x0
f(x)
x
= 0. (23)
Li gii:
Gi s rng f(x) l nghim ca (22), vi iu kin (23).
Th th, vi h > 0 nh, ta c f(x + h) f(x)g(h) + f(h)g(x)
hay f(x + h) f(x) (g(h) 1)f(x) + f(h)g(x).
Do
f(x + h) f(x)
h

g(h) g(0)
h
f(x) +
f(h)
h
g(x)
Mt khc, ta c f(x) = f(x + h h) f(x + h)g(h) + f(h)g(x + h)
hay g(h)(f(x) f(x + h)) g(h)f(x) f(x) + f(h)g(x + h).
V hm g(x) kh vi ti 0 nn n lin tc ti im . Do vi h > 0 nh ta c g(h) > 0.
Vy vi h > 0 nh, ta c
f(x + h) f(x)
h

(g(h) 1)f(x) + f(h)g(x + h)
g(h)
=
g(h) g(0)
hg(h)
f(x) +
f(h)
hg(h)
g(x + h).
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Trnh o Chin Trng CSP Gia Lai
Vy vi h > 0 nh, t cc kt qu trn, ta c
g(h) g(0)
h
f(x) +
f(h)
h
g(x)
f(x + h) f(x)
h

g(h) g(0)
hg(h)
f(x) +
f(h)
hg(h)
g(x + h).
Tng t, bt ng thc trn cng ng i vi chiu ngc li, vi h < 0 c |h| nh.
Do , bi iu kin (23), ta c f

(x) = lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
tn ti
v bng g

(0)f(x) = kf(x), vi x R, v g(x) l mt hm gii ni.

T , vi x R, ta c
_
f(x)
e
kx
_

=
f

(x) kf(x)
e
kx
=
kf(x) kf(x)
e
kx
= 0.
Do f(x) = Ce
kx
(C l hng s). Hn na t iu kin (2) suy ra rng C = 0
Vy f(x) 0 l hm s duy nht tha mn bt phng trnh cho, vi iu kin (23).
2 Mt s dng ton lin quan n bt dng thc hm.
Bi ton 2.1 Gi s f l hm tha mn iu kin
f(2x) x + f(f(x)), x R
+
. (24)
Chng minh rng f(x) x, x R
+
.
Li gii:
Bi (24), ta c
f(x)
x
2
+ f
_
f
_
x
2
__
>
x
2
, x R
+
. (25)
Gii s rng
f(x) a
n
x, x R
+
. (26)
trong a
n
l hng s. Th th, bi (24), (25), (26), ta c
f(x)
x
2
+ f
_
f
_
x
2
__
>
x
2
+ a
n
f
_
x
2
_
>
1 + a
n
2
2
x.
Xt dy (a
n
)

n=1
xc nh bi a
1
=
1
2
, a
n+1
=
1 + a
n
2
2
, n 1.
Th th a
n+1
a
n
=
(1 + a
n
)
2
2
0, ngha l (a
n
)

n=1
l mt dy s tng.
Hn na, d thy rng a
n
< 1, n 1.
Suy ra dy l hi t v nu k hiu a l gii hn ca n th a =
1 + a
2
2
, ngha l a = 1.
Do , cho n th t bt ng thc f(x) >
1 + a
n
2
2
x, ta c f(x) x, x R
+
.
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
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Trnh o Chin Trng CSP Gia Lai
Bi ton 2.2 Gi s f : R R l hm tha mn cc iu kin
f
2
(x) 2x
2
f
_
x
2
_
, x R; f(x) 1, x (1, 1).
Chng minh rng f(x)
x
2
2
, x R.
Li gii:
D thy rng f(0) = 0. Do , ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc vi x = 0.
Th th g
2
(x) g
_
x
2
_
v do g
2
n
(x) g
_
x
2
n
_
, vi x = 0 v n N

.
Ch rng, g(x) g
2
(2x) 0. Do ta c
g(x)
2
n
_
g
_
x
2
n
_
=
2
n

_
2f
_
x
2
n
_
_
x
2
n
_
2

2
n
_
2
2n+1
x
2
, v
x
2
n
(1, 1).
By gi cho n v s dng kt qu lim
n
n
2
n
= 0, ta thu c g(x) 1.
Do f(x)
x
2
2
, x R.
Bi ton 2.3 Gi s F l tp tt c cc hm s f : R
+
R
+
tha mn bt ng thc
f(3x) f(f(2x)) + x, x R
+
. (27)
Tm s thc a ln nht sao cho vi mi hm f F, ta lun c
f(x) ax. (28)
Li gii:
D thy rng f(x) =
x
2
tha mn (27), nn f(x) =
x
2
F.
Thay f(x) =
x
2
vo (28), ta suy ra a
1
2
.
V f(x) > 0, x > 0, nn t (27) ta c
f(x) = f
_
3x
3
_
f
_
f
_
2x
3
__
+
x
3
>
x
3
, x > 0. (29)
Ta xc nh mt dy (a
n
) nh sau
a
1
=
1
3
; a
n+1
=
2a
n
2
+ 1
3
, n 1. (30)
D dng kim tra rng
0 < a
n
<
1
2
, n 1. (31)
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Trnh o Chin Trng CSP Gia Lai
Suy ra
a
n+1
a
n
=
2a
n
2
+ 1
3
a
n
=
1
3
(a
n
1)(2a
n
1) > 0, n 1.
Do , (a
n
) l dy s dng, tng nghim ngt v b chn bi
1
2
. Vy dy (a
n
) hi t.
Gi s lim
n
a
n
= . Th th, bi (30) v (31), ta c =
2
2
+ 1
3
hay =
1
2
.
By gi ta cn chng minh rng, vi mi n 1, ta lun c
f(x) a
n
x, x > 0. (32)
Tht vy, bi (29) nn (32) ng vi n = 1. Gi s (32) ng vi n = k 1, ngha l
f(x) a
k
x, x > 0. (33)
Khi , bi (27) v (33), ta c
f(x) f
_
f
_
2x
3
__
+
x
3
a
k
.f
_
2x
3
_
+
x
3
a
k
2
.
2x
3
+
x
3
=
2a
k
2
+ 1
3
x a
k+1
x, x > 0.
Vy (32) ng vi n = k + 1. Do (32) ng vi mi n 1.
T cc iu trn suy ra rng, vi mi hm f F, ta lun c f(x)
1
2
x.
Tm li, gi tr ca a cn tm l a =
1
2
.
Bi ton 2.4 Tm tt c cc hm s f : [1, ) [1, ) tha cc iu kin sau
f(x) 2(1 + x), x 1; (34)
xf(x + 1) = f
2
(x) 1, x 1. (35)
Li gii:
Bi cc gi thit (34) v (35), ta c
f(x) =
_
xf(x + 1) + 1
_
2x(x + 1) + 1 <

2(x + 1), x 1.
Bng phng php quy np, ta chng minh c rng
f(x) < 2
1
2
n
(x + 1), x 1, n 1. (36)
v 2
1
2
n
1 khi n , nn t (36) ta c
f(x) x + 1, x 1. (37)
By gi, bi (35), ta c
f
2
(x) 1
x
= f(x + 1) 1. Do
f(x)

x + 1 >

x, x 1.
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Trnh o Chin Trng CSP Gia Lai
Bng phng php quy np, ta chng minh c rng
f(x) > x
1
1
2
n
, x 1, n 1. (38)
v
1
2
n
0 khi n , nn t (38) ta c
f(x) x, x 1. (39)
By gi, bi (35) v (39) ta c
f(x) =
_
xf(x + 1) + 1
_
x(x + 1) + 1 > x +
1
2
, x 1.
Bng phng php quy np, ta chng minh c rng
f(x) > x +
_
1
1
2
n
_
, x 1, n 1. (40)
v
1
2
n
0 khi n , nn t (40) ta c
f(x) x + 1, x 1. (41)
Bi (37) v (41), ta suy ra f(x) = x + 1, x 1.
Th li, ta thy hm s f(x) = x + 1, x 1 tha mn iu kin bi ton.
3 Bi tp
Bi 1. Gi f : R R l hm s tha iu kin
|f(x + y) f(x) f(y)| 1, x, y R
Chng minh rng tn ti hm s g : R R tha mn cc iu kin sau
i) |f(x) g(x)| 1, x R
ii) g(x + y) = g(x) + g(y), x, y R
Hng dn Hm g(x) = lim
n+
f(2
n
x)
2
n
l hm cn tm.
Bi 2. Chng minh rng khng tn ti hm s f : R R tha mn iu kin
f(x) + f(y)
2
f
_
x + y
2
_
+|x y|, x, y R.
Hng dn Gi s tn ti hm s f tha mn iu kin bi ton. Ta chng minh c bt ng
thc
f(x) + f(y)
2
f
_
x + y
2
_
+ 2
n
|x y|, x, y R.
V 2
n
+, khi n +, nn dn n iu mu thun.
Bi 3. Cho hm s f : R R
+
tha mn iu kin
_
3f(x)

3f(x)
9
4
f
_
4x
3
_
1, x R.
Tm s thc k ln nht sao cho f(x) k, vi mi x R.
Hng dn Xt dy s (u
n
) xc nh nh sau u
1
=
4
9
, u
n+1
=
4
9
+
8
9

3u
n
, n 1.
Dy s ny tng v b chn trn nn tn ti gii hn, gii hn l
4
3
. Suy ra k =
4
3
.
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Trnh o Chin Trng CSP Gia Lai
Ti liu
[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, Bt ng thc, nh l v p dng, NXB Gio dc (2006)
[2] IH-Ching, On some functional inequalities, 129-135, Aequationes Mathematicae, Vol. 9, 1973.
[3] Titu Andresscu, Iurie Boreico, Functional equations - 17 Chapters and 199 Problems with
solution, Electronic Edition, 2007.
[4] Mt s Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr.
Mc lc
1 Mt s dng ton bt ng thc hm. 1
2 Mt s dng ton lin quan n bt dng thc hm. 4
3 Bi tp 7
8