Quy np ton hc

Bi 1: Tnh tng S=1+23+33+....+n3

bc 1: qui np ko hon ton
vi n=1 ta c S1=1=12=12

vi n=2 ta c

vi n=3 ta c

2(2 + 1)
S =1+8=9=3 =
2 = 9

2
3(3 + 1)
S =1+8+27=36=6 =
2 = 36

......................

k (k + 1)
vi n=k ta c S = 1 +2 +....+k =
2

n(n + 1)
T ta d on S = 1 +2 +....+n =
2

vi mi n 1

Ta cn CM bng qui np hon ton CT(*) ng vi n=k+1

n

k ( k +1)
3
2
2
gi s vi n=k ta c: Sk+1=(1+2 +.....+k +(k+1) ) =
+(k+1) =(k+1) (k /4+k+1) =
2

(k + 1) 2
(k + 1)( k + 2)
( k + 2) 2 =

2
2

Vy cng thc (*) nghim ng cho trng hp n=k+1 vi n

-----------------Bi 2: tnh tng S=1+3+5+....+(2n-1)=n2
gii: qui np ko hon ton
vi n=1 ta c S1=1 =12
vi n=2 ta c S2=1+3=4=22
.....................
vi n=k ta c Sk=1+3+...+(2k-1)=k2
t ta d on Sn=1+3+5+....+(2n-1)=n2 (*) ng vi n
ta cn chng minh = qui np hon ton (*) ng vi n=k+1 tc l phi cm S h+1=(k+1)2
Gi s (*) ng vi n<=k tc l Sk=k2
xt Sh+1=1+3+5+..+(2k-1)+(2(k+1)-1
=k2+2k+2-1=k2+2k+1=(k+1)2
vy VT Sh+1=(k+1)2 ng tc l cng thc (*) ng vi
n=k+1 c cm
------------------Bi 3: Tnh tng S=1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+....+n(n+1)(n+2)

n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)

=
4
Gii:
Qui np ko hon ton

1(1 +1)(1 + 2)(1 + 3)

4
2( 2 + 1)(2 + 2)(2 + 3)
Vi n=2 ta c S2=1.2.3+2.3.4=30 =
4
......................
k ( k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
Vi n=k ta c Sk=1.2.3+....+k(k+1)(k+2) =
4
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
t ta d on Sn=1.2.3+....+n(n+1)(n+2) =
(*)
4
Vi n=1 ta c S1=1.2.3=6

Ta cn chng minh bng qui np hon ton (*) ng vi n=k+1

Gi s (*) ng vi

n k tc l

xt n=k+1 ta c
Sk+1=1.2.3+2.3.4+...+k(k+1)(k+2)+(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
=

k ( k + 1)( k + 2)( k + 3)
+(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
4

Sk =

k ( k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
4

(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)(k + 4)

4
(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)(k + 4)
vy v tri Sk+1=
ng tc l cng thc (*) ng vi n=k+1 l iu
4
= (k+1)(k+2)(k+3)(k/4+1)=

c chng minh
---------------------Bi 4: Tnh tng S=1(1!)+2(2!)+....+n(n!) = (n+1)!-1
gii
qui np ko hon ton
vi n=1 ta c S1=1(1!)=1
=(1+1)!-1=1
vi n=2 ta c S2=2(2!)+1=5
=(2+1)!-1=5
vi n=3 ta c S3=1(1!)+2(2!)+3(3!)=23=(3+1)!-1=23
..............
Vi n=k ta c Sk=1(1!)+2(2!)+....+k(k!)=(k+1)!-1
T ta d on Sn=1(1!)+2(2!)+....+n(n!)=(n+1)!-1(*) vi n>=1
Ta cn cm bng qui np hon ton CT(*) ng vi n=k+1
Tc l ta phi chng minh Sk+1=(k+1+1)!-1=(k+2)!-1
xt Sk+1=1(1!)+2(2!)+....+k(k!)+(k+1)(k+1)!
=(k+1)!-1+(k+1)(k+1)!
=(k+1)!(k+1+1)-1=(k+1)!(k+2)-1
= (k+2)!-1
vy VT Sk+1=(k+2)!-1 ng tc l CT (*) c CM ng vi n=k+1
--------------Bi 5: tnh tng S=12+22+....+n2
gii
qui np ko hon ton

1(1 +1)(2.1 +1)

6
2(2 +1)(2.2 +1)
5
15
2
2
vi n=2 ta c S2=1 +2
=5 =2.
= 2.
=
2
6
6
3(3 +1)(3.2 +1)
14
28
2
2
vi n=3 ta c S3=1 +..+3 = 14 =3.
3 = 3. 6 =
6
4( 4 +1)(4.2 +1)
15
45
2
2
vi n=4 ta c S4=1 +..+4 = 30 =4.
2 = 4. 6 =
6
5(5 +1)(5.2 +1)
66
vi n=5 ta c S5=12+..+52 = 30 = 5.11 = 5.
6 =
6
vi n=1 ta c S1=12=1=

(Quy ng mu s vi mu s chung l 6)
....................

k ( k +1)(2k +1)
6
n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
2
2
2
T ta d on Sn=1 +2 +....+n =
(*) vi n>=1
6
Vi n=k ta c Sk=12+22+....+k2=

Ta cn cm = qui np ko hon ton Cthc (*) ng vi n=k+1 tc l cn phi cm

Sk+1 =

k ( k +1)(2k +1)
6

Gi s (*) ng vi n<=k btc sl Sk=

xt Sk+1=12+22+32++k2+(k+1)2

k ( k +1)(2k +1)
6

k ( k +1)(2k +1)
+(k+1)2
6
k (2k +1)
=(k+1)(
)+k+1)
6
2
(k + 1)(2k + k + 6k + 6) (k + 1)(k + 2)(2k + 3)
=
=
6
6
(k + 1)(k + 2)(2k + 3)
vy VT Sk+1 =
ng tc l CT(*) c cm ng vi n=k+1
6
=

----------------

Bi 6: Tnh 12 22 +32 -.+(-1)n+1. n2

* Quy np khng hon ton:
S1 = 12

=1 = (-1)1+1. 12 = (-1)2+1.1.

S2 = 12- 22 = -3 = (-1)2+1. 2.

3
2

2
2
4

S3 =12- 22 +32 = 6= (-1)2+1. 3. 2 = (-1)3+1. 3.

2
(quy ng vi mu s 2)
=> Sn = (-1)n+1.

n(n +1)
2

1.3.5...(2n 1)

2.4.6...2n
1
1.3.5...( 2n 1)

(*)
a, :
2n
2.4.6...2n
1

Bi 2: CMR: 2n

1
n +1

bc 1: vi n=1 1/2=1/2 ng
n=2 1/4 3/8 ng

1.3.5...( 2k 1)

bc 2: gi s n=k
2k
2.4.6...2k
vi n=k+1 ta phi chng minh

(**)ng

1
1.3.5...(2k 1)(2k +1)

2(k +1)
2.4.6...2k .2(k +1)
1.3.5...(2k 1)(2k +1)
1

ta c
2.4.6...2k (2(k +1)
2(k +1)
1.3.5...( 2n 1)
1

(*)
b, Bc 1:
2.4.6...2n
n +1
3
1
1

vi n=2 8
3 1.71 ng
1
1

vi n=1
2
2 ng
bc 2: gi s (*) ng vi n=k

1.3.5...( 2k 1)

2.4.6...2k

k +1 (**)
1.3.5...( 2k 1)(2k +1)

ta cn chng minh: n=k+1

2.4.6...2k .2( k +1)
1.3.5...( 2k 1)( 2k +1)
1
2 k +1

.
ta c
2.4.6...2k .2( k +1)
k +1 2( k +1)
1
2k +1
1
.

k +2
k +1 2(k +1)

(2k+1)(

k + 2 2(k+1) k +1
(4k2+4k+1)(k+2) (4k2+8k+4)(k+1)
4k3+12k2+9k2+2 4k3+12k2+12k+4
9k+2 12k+4
-------------------

1
k + 1 +1

L thuyt t hp
Bi 2: C bao nhiu kh nng chn hai s nguyn trong cc s t 1 n (n-1)
sao cho tng ca chng ln hn n
Tp A = {1,2,.,n-1}
* Nu n chn -> n = 2k -> k = n/2
Ta chia A thnh 2 tp A1 ={1,2,...,k-1} v A2={k,k+1,,n}
TH1: Chn 2 phn t bt k ca tp A2
2
2
S cch chn C( n 1) k +1 =C n k

TH2: Ly 1 phn t ca tp A1, mt phn t ca tp A2

pt 1 A1 -> c 0 cch chn pt A2
pt 2 A1 -> c 1 cch chn pt A2
pt 3 A1 -> c 2 cch chn pt A2
--------------pt (k-1) A1 -> c (k-2) cch chn pt A2
Tng s cch chn TH2: 0+1+2++(k-2) = (k-2)(k-1)/2
Vi trng hp n chn tng s cch chn = TH1+TH2
* Nu n l -> n = 2k+1 => k = (n-1)/2
Chia A thnh 2 tp A1 = {1,2,..,k} v A2 = {k+1, k+2,,n-1}
-----------------Bi 3: Xu thun nghch l 1 xu m khi vit theo th t ngc li cng bng chnh
n.Hy tnh s xu nh phn c di =n l thun nghch.
Xu nh phn l 1 dy cc kt 0 hoc 1
- Xu c di n nn mi pt c n cch ly.
- Vy s dy nh phn c di = n l chnh hp chp n ca 2 pt: A n2.
-V l xu thun nghch nn ta xt:
+ TH1: nu n chn -> n= 2k -> k = n/2
Cch vit xu nh phn c di k l Ak2 = An/22 = 2n/2
+ TH2: nu n l -> n = 2k+1 -> k =(n-1)/2
Cch vit xu nh phn c di k l Ak2 = A(n-1)/22 = 2(n-1)/2
v tr k+1 c 2 cch ly
Tng s cch TH2 l: 2(n-1)/2 +2
----------------------Bi 4: Mt li vung n x m, mt con kin cn leo t im A ln im B. Mi ln leo
ch b dc theo cc cnh ca sang phi hoc ln trn. Hi c bao nhiu ng c th
xy ra?
V con kin leo trn li vung c kch thc m xn th n s phi c m ln bc ln v n ln bc
sang. Gi s coi mt bc ln c biu din bng bit 1, mt bc sang biu din bng bit 0-> s bt
1 l m, s bt 0 l n. Bi ton chuyn thnh bi ton c bao nhiu xu nh phn c di m+n
trong c m bt 1.
m
Tng s cch l C m +n
-------------------------Bi 5: Mt li vung n x m, mt con kin cn leo t im A ln im B. Mi ln leo
ch b dc theo cc cnh ca ln ng mt bc hoc sang phi c th nhiu . Hi
c bao nhiu ng c th xy ra?
L lun tng t bi 3, nhng v khng c 2 ln ln lin tip -> Bi ton chuyn v bi ton tm
c bao nhiu cch xy dng xu nh phn c di m+n c m bit 1 nhng khng c ng
cnh nhau
V c m bt 1 nn cn li n bit 0, s to ra n+1 v tr gia hai bt 0-> Tm s cch gieo m bit1
vo n+1 v tr -> s cch l:
Cnm+1 cch vi m<= n+1
------------------------Bi 9: Trong tt c cc s c 5 ch s, c bao nhiu s m ch s bn tri >= ch s bn
phi
Coi cc s l a1a2a3a4a5. Trong ai<=ai+1; ai=1,...9.
- TH1: ai<=ai+1: Ta nhn thy trong trng hp ny s 0 khng tho mn
5
5
-> S cc s tho mn yu cu = R9 = C13
- TH2: ai >=ai+1: Mi mt t hp chp 5 phn t ca tp A, c th sp xp theo th t gim cho ta 1
s tho mn yu cu. Tuy nhin c mt b khng tho mn. Nh vy s cch l:
5
5
= R10 1 = C14 1
-------------------Bi 12: a. Ch ra rng trong 5 s chn t 8 s nguyn dng u tin nht thit phi
c mt cp c tng bng 9.
Bg:
Ta chia 8 s nguyn dng u tin thnh 4 cp c tng = 9 nh sau: (1,8);(2,7);(3,6);(4,5)

Khi ta ly 5 s nguyn bt k trong 8 s (1..8)

8 s xy dng c 4 cp c tng bng 9
Theo Dirichle th tn ti 2 cp c tng bng 9
-------------------------Bi 14: Tm cng thc tnh h s ca xk trong trin khai ca (x+1/x)100

Gii: Ta c

100
1
1
i
( x + )100 = C100
x i ( )100i
x
x
i =0
100

100

i =0

i =0

i
i
= C100
x i x i 100 = C100
x 2 i 100

t k= 2i-100 => 0<k<=100 => i=(k+100)/2

Nu k chn: HS=C(k+100)/2100.
Nu k l => i l => khng tn ti h s ca xk
--------------------Bi 16: Tnh tng cc h s ca cc s hng cha s m chn ca x trong BT
(x+y+z)n.
n

( x + y + z ) n = Cni x i ( y + z ) n i
Gii:Ta c:

i =0

n i

i =0

j =0

= Cni ( Cnji y j z n i j ) x i

Nu t y=z=1: ( 2 + x) =
n

n i

C (C
i =0

i
n

j =0

j
n i

) xi

Nu 0 c coi l bc chn: Gi A l s m x chn; B l s m x l: (2+x) n=Af(x)+Bg(x)

X=1 => 3n=A+B A= (3n+1)/2
(1)
X=-1 => 1n= A-B B= (3n-1)/2
Nu 0 khng c coi l bc chn
n

( 2 + x) n = Cn0 ( Cnj ) + Af ( x) + Bg ( x)
j =0

nu x=1 => 3n=2n+A+B

Nu x=-1 =>1=2n+A-B
=> A=(3n+1)/2-2n; B=(3n-1)/2
(2)
nu n=1 => (x+y+z)1= (x+y+z) => A=0 nu p dng (2); A=2 nu p dng 1.
-------------------------------Bi 22: C bao nhiu xu 20 ch s ca h thp phn cha ng 2 ch s 0, bn ch
s 1, ba ch s 2, mt ch s 3, hai ch s 4, ba ch s 5, hai ch s 7 v ba ch s
9?
Bg:
2
Ta nhn thy c C 20 cch chn 2 v tr cho 2 s 0 (v l xu nn ly c v tr u tin)
4
c C18 cch chn 4 v tr cho 4 s 1

3
c C14
cch chn 3 v tr cho 3 s 2
1
c C11
cch chn 1 v tr cho 1 s 3
2

c C10 cch chn 2 v tr cho 2 s 4

3
c C8 cch chn 3 v tr cho 3 s 5

c C 5 cch chn 3 v tr cho 3 s 7

3

c C3 cch chn 3 v tr cho 3 s 9

S phng n to cc xu khc nhau l: Tng ca cc phng n trn
--------------------Bi 25: C bao nhiu tp c 7 phn t ly t tp cc s nguyn dng khng vt qu 20
m c t nht 2 s chn
Bg:
Ta chia tp 20 s nguyn dng thnh 2 tp. Tp A gm 10 phn t chn, tp B gm 10 phn t
l.
7
S phng n chn 7 phn t bt k trong tp 20 s nguyn dng l C 20
7

- S phng n chn 7 phn t l (khng c s chn no) l C10

- S phng n chn 7 phn t trong c 1 phn t chn:
+ S phng n chn 1 phn t chn l 10
6
+ S phng n chn 6 phn t l l C10

=> s phng n c 1 phn t chn l 10. C10

Vy s phng n tho mn bi l:
7
7
6
C 20
- C10 - 10. C10
------------------------Tm tng cc s cha lu tha l ca x: (x+x2+y)n
n

f ( x, y ) = ( x + x 2 + y ) n = Cni ( x + x 2 ) y n 1
i =0

= y n + Cni xi (1 + x)i y n i
i =1

Vi y=1 ta c: f(x,1)= 1+h(x)+g(x)

f(1,1)=3n=1+h(1)+ g(1)
f(-1,1)= 1= 1-h(1)+g(1)
=> 3n-1 = 2h(1) => h(1)= (3n-1)/2; g(1)=(3n+1)/2
--------------------k 1

Rnk = Cki 1Cnk i = Cnk+ k 1

CM CT:

i =0

Cni x i y n i

T CT: (x+y)n =

i =0

CT nh thc NT:
(x+y)n+k-1 = (x+y)n-1(x+y)k
n + k 1

=>

Cni + k 1 x i y k + n i 1 =

i =0
n 1

= ( Cn 1 x
i

i =0

y n i 1 )( Ckj x j y k j )
j =0

BT trn ng vi mi x,y =1
Vi y = 1 ta c:
n +m 1

n 1

i =0

i =0

j =0

Cni +m 1 x i = Cni 1 x i . Ckj x j

ng vi mi x nn tng cc h s cng lu tha ca x phi bng nhau. VT h s ca x k l

Cnk+k 1 . Tm h s bn VP
k 1

Cki 1Cnk i

=> PCM

i =0

--------------n

CM CT:

C
k =0

k
n

.2k = 3n Ta c:
n

k =0

k =0

VT = 3n = ( 2 + 1) n = Cnk .2 k.1n k = Cnk .2k

( dfcm)

----------------------n

k (C
CM CT:

k =1

k
n

) 2 = nC2nn11

<=> kCnn k Cnk = nC2nnk1

k =1

VT chn 1 tp con c n pt t 2 tp cho vi iu kin c t nht 1 pt tp A => C (n-1)

pt t (2n-1)pt khc => Trong C2n-1n-1 ly n pt => nCn-12n-1.
---------------------n

CMCT:

kC (n, k ) = n2

n 1

k =1

Theo CT: (1+x)n =

Cnk x k

k =0

o hm theo c hai v ta c:

n(1+x)n-1 =

k =0

k =1

kCnk x k 1 = kCnk x k 1

t x = 1 ta thu c PCM
----------------------n

CMR

C (n + k , k ) = C (n + r +1, r )
k =0

Trong n,r l cc s ngdng.

a) Bng l thuyt t hp.
b) Bng hng ng thc Pascal.
Bg:
a) C(n+r+1,r) l s cch chn dy r s 0 v n+1 s 1 bng cch chn r v tr cho cc s 0.Lun
phin gi s s hng th (j+1) l s hng cui cng =1 sao cho n<=j<=n+r.Mt khi xc nh c
vtr ca s 1 cui cng chng ta s quyt nh c vic t cc s 0 trong j ch trc s 1 cui
cng.Trong dy ny c n s 1 v j-n s 0.Theo quy tc cng ta=>c
n +r

j =n

k =0

C ( j, j n) = C (n + k , k ) cch th.hin iu .
b) Gi P(n) l mnh cn chng minh.Bc c s l dng thc C(n,0)=C(n+1,0). V c 2 v
u =1, Gs P(r) l ng. Khi :
r +1

k =0

k =0

C (n + k , k ) = C (n + k , k ) + C (n + r + 1, r + 1) =(n+r+1,r)+C(n+r+1,r+1)=C(n+r+2r+1)->
FCM
----------------------CMR

k =1

k =1

k (Cnk ) 2 = nC2nn11 kCnnk Cnk = nC2nnk1

VT: Chn 1 tp con c n pt t 2 tp cho vi k c t nht 1 pt tp A=>C (n-1) pt t 2n-1

pt
=> C2n-1n-1 ly n pt => nC2n-1n-1
------------------------------C bao nhiu tp con c 7pt ca tp {a1,a2,..a13} cha t nht 1 pt c ch s chn.
Ta c:X1={a1,a3,..a13};X2={a2 ,a4....a12}
N(X1)=7; N(X2)=6
1pt X2 => c 7-1 pt X1
2pt X2 => c 7-2 pt X1 .......
p dng cng thc:
k

Cni Cmk i = Cmk +n

i =0

Taco :

i =1

i =1

C6i .C77i = C6i .C77i 1 = C137 1

------------------------------------------Tm h s Cnk ln nht vi mi n.

TH1: n l => n=2i+1 Ta c: Cnk=Cnn-k
C Cni ln nht.
Ta cn CM CnkCni vi k<i.
n!
n!

(n k )! k ! ( n i )!i !
( n i )!i ! ( n k )!k !
=>

V k<i ta t i=k+q vi q ng.dng. Ta c (n-k-q)!(k+q)!(n-k)!k!

[(n-k)-q]!(k+1)...(k+q)(n-k)!
(k+1)(n-k-q+1)(n-k-q+2)...(n-q)
(k+1)(n-k-q+1)k+qn-k
=> in-k
TH2: n chn => n=2i
-------------------------Tm s nghim nguyn khng m ca PT: x1+x2+x3+x4<=17 (1) th.mn k:
a) x2<=3 v x3>=3.
b) x2<=5; x3<=6 v x4<=8.
Gii:
t y>=0. PT(1) tr thnh: x1+x2+x3+x4+y=17 (*).
a) BTon tr thnh tm nghim ca pT (*) tho mn: x2<=3 v x3>=3.
S nghim ca PT c chia thnh 2 tp:
- Tp th 1: PT (*) th.mn /k x3>=3
- Tp th 2: l nghim ca tp th nht tr i s nghim th.mn /k x2<=3

t y3=x3-3 >=0 =>PT(*) c dng:

x1+x2+y3+x4+y = 14 s nghim ca PT l t hp lp chp 14 t 5 pt -> R 514 = 3060
- Tp th 2: t y2=x2-4>=0 PT tr thnh:
x1+y2+y3+x4+y=10 => R510=1001
Vy s nghim ca PT l: R514-R510=
3060-1001 = 2059
b) t X l tp cc nghim ca (*).
Ta c N(X)= R517=C2117
X2l tp cc nghim cua x25 =>x26.
t y2=x2-60 =>x1+y2+x3+x4+y=11
=> N(x2)= R511= C1511
Tg t ta c X3 l nghim ca x36
=> R510
X4 l tp cc nghim ca x49=>R58=C128Theo qtc nhn, ta c:
N (x2x3)
=N(x2)+N(x3)-N(x2x3)
= R511+R510 - R517=R54=C84
N (x3x4) =R510+R58 - R517 =R51=C15=5
N(x2x4) = R511+R58 - R517=R52=C62
N(x2 x3x4) = 0
S nghim ca PT l:
N - N1+N2-N3+N5=
C2117 - [C1511+C1410+C128]+[C84+C62+5]-0
=....
--------------------Tnh tng S=1.30+2.31+...+n.3n-1.
Gii: t f(x)=1.x0+2.x1+...+n.xn-1.
f(x)dx=x+x2+...+xn= Fx => S=F(x)

x( x n 1) x n +1 x
=
x 1
x 1
n
[(n +1) x 1]( x 1) ( x n +1 x )
F('x ) =
( x 1) 2
nx n +1 (n +1) x n + 1
= ... =
( x 1) 2
F( x ) =

Voi n = 3 =>

n3n +1 (n +1)3n +1 ( 2n 1)3n + 1

=
4
4

--------------------------M t tt quy tnh gtr cc h s t hp Rnk.

Ta c: Rnk=Ckn+k-1. V Cn0=Cnn=1
=>Rnk=1 khi k=0 or k=n+k-1 =>n=1

R kn-1 =Cnk+k 2
>Rnk1 +Rnk 1
=
Rnk 1 =C nk+k 2

1
k
=Cnk+k 2 +Cnk+
k 2 =C n+k
1 =Rn

1 nu n =1 hoac k =0

=
>Rnk = k-1
k
R n +Rn 1

Function R(N,k:integer): Integer;

If (n=1)or(k=0) then R:=1
Else R:=R(n-1,k)+R(n,k-1);

L thuyt s v cc h m

Bi 3: S v t l 1 s thc x khng th vit di dng t s ca 2 s nguyn. Hy CM

log32 l 1 s v t.
Gii: Chng minh bng phn chng
GS log23 = a/b vi a,b Z+ v b<>0.
Khi 2a/b=3 sao cho 2a=3b . V 2a lun chn;
3b lun l => iu ny vi phm nh l c bn ca s hc. Vy log 23 l s v t.
-------------------Bi 4: CMR 2n-1 l s nguyn t th n l s nguyn t.
(Gi :Dng cng thc
2ab-1=(2a-1)(2a(b-1)+2a(b-2)+...+20+1) (*)
Gii: Chng minh bng phn chng
Gi s 2n - 1 l s nguyn t th n khng nguyn t
V n khng nguyn t nn tn ti m,k>=2 sao cho n=m.k
=> 2n - 1= 2mk - 1
Theo cng thc (*)
=> 2mk - 1= (2m-1)(2m(k-1) + 2m(k-2) + + 20 + 1)
Vy 2n - 1 s khng nguyn t
----------------------Bi 6: CMR nu a, b, k v m l cc s nguyn sao cho m>=2 v ab (mod m) th ak bk
(mod m) vi k>=1
Gii: a b(mod m) => a = m.a1 + p
b = m.b1 + p
a - b = m.q => b = a- m.q
k

bk = (a - m.q)k =

C
i =0

i
k

a i ( mq) k i ak (mod m)

-------------------Bi 11: Xy dng thut ton i s thp phn n sang dng tam nguyn cn bng
Proc Tamnguyen(n:integer);
1. k:=0;
2. While n >0 do
a. du = n mod 3;
b. k:=k+1;
c. If du = 2 then
b1. du:= -1;
b2. S[k] := du;
b3. n:= n div 3 +1;
Else n:= n div 3; S[k]:= du;
3. Output(S[k],,S[1]);
---------------------------Bi 12: M t thut ton tnh hiu ca 2 s khai trin dng nh phn.
Procedure Subtract(a,b:...);
1.a =(an-1an-1....a1a0)2; b=(bn-1bn-1....b1b0)2;
2. B:=0; 3. For i:=0 to n-1 do Begin
If ai >= bi+B then
Begin Si=ai - bj + B; B:=0; End
Else Begin Si:=ai +2 - bi - B; B:=1; End;
End; (Sn-1Sn-2....S1S0) l hiu 2 s
------------------------Cho m l 1 s nguyn dng. CMR a b (mod m) nu a mod m = b mod m.
Gii: Nu a mod m = b mod m th a v b c cng s d khi chia cho m. Do a= q1m + r v b q2m
+ r vi 0<=r<m. T suy ra a- b = (q1- q2)m. Ngha l
m | (a-b). Do a b (mod m).

Quan h

I. Quan h tng ng:

R(A) l quan h trn A, R (A) c gi l quan h tng ng nu tho mn 3 iu kin sau:
- Phn x: Mi a A : aRa
- i xng: nu aRb th bRa
II. Quan h sp xp:
Quan h R(A) c gi l quan h sp xp nutho mn 3 iu kin sau:
- Phn x Mi a A : aRa
- Phn xng: nu aRb, bRa th a b
- Bc cu: Nu aRb v bRc th aRc
III. Php cng v nhn:
- Php cng: A l tp sp xp ring
ab=c
Vi c l phn t cc tiu ca tp cc phn t "ln hn a v b"
c = min { d/ a d v b d}
- Php nhn: A l tp sp xp ring
a b = c
Vi c l phn t cc tiu ca tp cc phn t "ln hn a v b"
c = max { d/ a d v b d}
-------------------Bi 1: Cho X = {2,3,4,6,7} v Y={2,4,6,7,8} v Z = {1,2,3,7,8} , R(X,Y) l quan h hai
ngi trn X v Y, xRy nu y chia ht cho x, S(Y,Z) l quan h hai ngi trn Y v Z, ySz
nu y z. Biu din quan h hp thnh Q = RoS bng ma trn quan h
Bg:
R(X,Y) c ma trn quan h l aj = 1 nu xRy, bng 0 nu xRy , S(Y,Z) c ma trn quan h B

0
A= 0

0
0

1
0
1

1
1
0

0
0
0

0
0

1
0

0
1

0
1

0
0

0
B= 0

0
0

1
0
0

1
0
0

0
0

0
0

1 1

1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1

0
=> Q = A.B = 0

0
0

1
0
0

1
0
0

0
0

0
0

1 1

1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1

Lit k cc phn t ca RoS : = {(2,2);(2,3);(2,7);(2,8);(3,7);(3,8);(4,7);(4,8);(6,7);(6,8);(7,7);

(7,8)}
-------------------Bi 3: Cho R l quan h hai ngi trn tp A, Chng minh rng R l i xng th R n
cng i xng
Bg: Chng minh bng phng php quy np
- Vi n = 2 ta chng minh R2 i xng:
Ta c aR2b aRoRb => Tn ti c A sao cho a
aRc v cRb v v R i xng nn bRc v cRa => bR 2a
- Gi s ng vi n = k => Rk i xng
- Ta phi chng minh ng vi n = k+1
Tht vy nu ta xt aRk+1 b aRk .Rb (CM nh n=2)
-----------------------Cho S l tp cc PT:
(PT)x3+a2x2+a1x+a0=0 (1) vi ai l cc s thc.Qh R trn S c xc nh nh sau
(PT1)R(PT2) khi v ch khi tp nghim (k c nghim phc)ca PT1 nm trong tp
nghim ca PT2.
1. R c phi l qh so snh ko?
2. Hy ch ra 1 tp con cc pt c qh R vi nhau.
Gs x1,x2,x3 l n0ca PT trn.
(1)=>(x-x1)(x-x2)(x-x3) =
x3-(x1+x2+x3)x2+ (x1x2+x2x3+x1x3)x - x1x2x3=0 (*)
a)Phn x: PT u c qh vi chnh n.V nghim ca PT u l nghim ca chnh n->C
tnh phn x
b)Phn xng: Nu (PT1)R(PT2) ngha l tp nghim ca (PT1) nm trong tp nghim ca (PT2)
(PT2)R(PT1) ngha l tp nghim ca (PT2) nm trong tp nghim ca (PT1)
=>2 tp nghim trng nhau.
x1=x1; x2=x2 ; x3= x3. Theo (*)=> (PT1)(PT2)=>c tnh p/xng
c)Bc cu:(PT1)R(PT2)=>{Tp nghim ca PT1}{Tp nghim ca PT2}
(PT2)R(PT3)=>{Tp nghim ca PT2}{Tp nghim ca PT3}
=>{Tp nghim ca PT1}{Tp nghim ca PT3}=>(PT1)R(PT3)
2. V d cc PT c nghim kp=1; nghim p =1; 1 nghim=1.

PT1: (x-1)3=0; PT2: (x-1)2(x+1)=0;

PT3: (x-1)(x+1)(x+2)=0
---------------------------Bi 12: Cho 1v 2 l 2 phn hoch ca tp X. R1R2 l 2 qh tgng ng vi 1, 2. CMR
1 2 khi v ch khi (xR1y=>xR2y).
- Gi s 1 2 =>Ai l lp tng ng sao cho: x,yAi.
Do 1 2 =>Ai l lp tgng sao cho x,yAiBj=> x,yBj hay xR2y.
-GS c xR1y=>xR2y.Ta Cm vi Ai u BA. Vi Ai1, ta c Ai. Ngha l yAi.=>Ta c
yR1y (theo t/c p/x).
Theo gt. Nu yR1y =>yR2y. Ngha l Bj2sao cho yBj.
Vi xAita c xR1y. Theo gt,ta c xR2y=>x,yBj. Theo t/cht ca tp hp AiBj. Vy theo nh
ngha 1 2
----------------------Bi 16: Cho tp cc im M(x,y) nh sau:
U={(x,y)|-1x1;-1y1}. Trn U X qh nh sau; MMxxv yy.
a)CMR l qh so snh.
b)Ch ra cc phton cng v nhn.
c)Ch ra 1 tp con sxp ton phn trn R.
Gii: a)R l qh so snh v:
-Vi MU ta u c:
x x
=> MRM =>c tnh i xng.
y y

MRM ' => x x ' va y y '

x= x
=> M M ' =>C
=>
va M ' RM => x ' x va y ' y
y= y

tnh phn xng

MRM ' => x x ' va y y '

x x"

=>
=>MRM
va M ' RM " => x ' x " va y ' y "
y y"

=>C tnh bc cu.

b)VD: M(0.2,0.5) MM=(0.3,0.5)

M(0.3,0.4) MM=(0.2,0.4)
c)Ch ra tp con sxp ton phn trn R im phi nm trn th ng bin
---------------------Cho S l tp cc im trn hnh vung n v.Ta X qh 2 ngi R v S nh sau:
(x,y)R(x,y)nu
y-x=y-x.Hy:
a)CMR R l qh tg ng trn S.
b)Ch ra lp pt tgng nhau.
Gii: a) CM R l qh tgng.
-Vi MS,ta c y-x=y-x=>MRM
=>C tnh p/x.
-Nu MRM y-x=y-x=> y-x=y-x =>MRM =>C tnh i xng.
-Nu MRM =>y-x=y-x
V MRM=>y-x=y-x
=>y-x=y-x=>MRM
=>C tnh b/cu
b) M~M~M
y-x=y-x=y-x=d=const.
Do vy y-x=d, -1d1 v 0x,y1
=>Cc on thng nm trong hnh vung l cc lp tgng.
-----------------------chng minh : p3-p chia ht cho 24 vi s nguyn dng l
a, theo gthit p3-p 24
s l p(p-1)(p+1) lun chia ht cho 3 (l s l) cho nn p3-p 24 vi
s nguyn dng l

Bi ton m

---------------------------C bao nhiu xu c d di 10 to ra t tp {x,y,z} c 4 ch x hoc 3 ch y i lin

nhau.
- Gi A1 l tp cc xu c di 10 v cha 4 ch x.
- Gi A2 l tp cc xu c di 10 v cha 4 ch y.
=> N = N(A1) + N(A2)-N(A1A2)
Ta c: N(A1): xxxx .
Cn li 6 k yvz->C 26 cch sp cc kt y v z. c 7 vtr xen 4 k t x i lin nhau
vo cc vtr.
=>N(A1)= 7.26.
Ta c: N(A2): yyy
Cn li 7 k xvz->C 27 cch sp cc kt x v z. c 8 vtr xen 4 k t x i lin nhau
vo cc vtr.
=>N(A2)=8.27
A1A2: * xxxx*yyy*
Cc vtr * nht kt z
=>C N(A1A2)=2R33=2C35=20
=> N= 7.26+8.27-20 = 1452.
--------------------------Bi 7: Tnh s cch xp 4 cp v chng xung quanh 1 bn trn sao cho mi ng ngi
xen k 2 b v khng c cp v chng no ngi cnh nhau.
Gii: p dng CT: Mn=2n!Un
n

k
Trong : Un = n!+(1)
k =1

8
7

2n
C2kn k ( n k )!
2n k

8
6

8
5

1
2
3
Vi n=4: U 4 = 4! C7 .3!+ C6 .2! C5 .1!+

8 4
C4 .0! = ... = 2
4

=> M4= 2.4!.2 = 96 cch xp 4 cp v chng.

--------------Bi 8: C 4 cp v chng khch n d tic ti 1 gia nh. V/Chng ch nh sp ch
ngi quanh 1 bn trn.Hy tnh s cch c th sp sao cho mi ng ngi xen k 2 b
v khng c cp v chng no ngi cnh nhau.V chng ch nh lun ngi cnh nhau.
Gii: TH1: Sp 4 cp khch vo cc v tr, ta c M4=96 cch sp. ng vi 8 khe nht cp
V/Chng ch vo => C 8.M4 cch.
- TH2: Xp 3 cp v/chng khch vo cc vtr => c M3 cch sp. ng vi 6 khe nht tip
v/chng khch cn li => c 6.M3 cch.
Nht tip v/chng ch vo trong cc khe => C C34 cch.
Vy s cch sp l: 8.M4+ 6.M3C43 = ...
(p dng CT: Mn=2n!Un
n

Trong :

Un = n!+(1) k
k =1

2n
C2kn k ( n k )!
2n k

---------------------Cho dy cc s dng{a1...an}. M t t sxp xen k cc s nguyn v thp phn ln u

dy.
1. For i:1 to n do B[i]:=False
2. Tmc:=True; k:=1;
3. While tmc do
a)j:=1;i:=1;nguyn:=false; TP:= False;
b)While (a[i]-Int(a[i])>0)&(B[i]=False) &(i<=n) do i:=i+1;
c) If i<=n then Begin nguyen:=True;
C[k]:=a[i]; B[i]:=true; k:=k+1; end;
d)While (a[j]-Int(a[j])=0)&(B[j]=False) &(j<=n) do j:=j+1;
e)If j<=n then Begin C[k]:=a[j]; B[j]:=True; TP:=True; k:=k+1; end;
f) tmc:=nguyn & TP;
4. If k<n then for i:=1 to n do
If B[i]:= False then begin k:=k+1; C[k]:=a[i]; end;
--------------------mt nh u t c s vn ban u l 1 triu sau nm th nht tng thm thnh 3
triu. Bit rng t nm th n tr i s vn tng ln thm sau mi nm = hai ln s vn
ca nm trc 2 nm. ta c dy s sau: 1,3,5,11,21,43......
Vi n=0,1,2,3,4

A, tm Cthc tnh s vn sau n nm

B, sau t nht bao nhiu nm th c s vn ko di 80 triu
Gii:
A, tm cthc tnh s vn sau n nm:
Fo=1 triu
F1=3 triu
F2=5 triu 2Fo+F1=2.1+3=5
F3=11 triu 2F1+F2=2.3+5=11
F4=21 triu 2Fo+F3=2.5+11=21
F5=43 triu 2Fo+F4=2.11+21=43
Fn=2Fn-2+Fn-1
Fn-Fn-1-2Fn-2=0 x2-x-2=0
=12+4.2.1=9
2 nghim
x1=(-1+3)/2 = 1
x2=(-1-3)/2 =-2
--------------------------

Dirichle

ch ra rng trong 7 s chn t 10 s nguyn dng u tin nht c t nht 2 cp c

tng s=11
Bg:
chia 10 s nguyn u tin thnh 5 cp c tng =11 nh sau (1,10),(2,9),(3,8),(4,7),(5,6)
nn ta ly 7 s bt k trong 10 s ny. theo l Dirichlet c t nht 2 s
cng 1 cp c tng
=11. l iu phi chng minh
--------------------C 20 my T,cc my c th ni vi nhau hoc khng ni vi nhau.CMR c t nht 2
my T m s my ni trc tip vi n l nh nhau.
nh STT cc my T t 1-->20.
Gi ai l s my ni trc tip vi my th i.
Gi tp A={a1..ai} l tp cc gtr . 0 ai19.
Ta xdng nh x f t tp {1..20}-->{a1..a20}. Ta thy, 20 pt ca ai ch nhn19 gi tr khc nhau
(V trong ai khng ng thi nhn cng 2 gi tr =0 v =19.V nu trong tp A c gtr 0 tc l
s my ny b c lp, khng c s my no kt ni vi n ngha l khng c s my no c ni
vi c 19s my cn li,ngc li cng vy.Do tp A ch cha ti a19 gi tr khc nhau.)
Theo Dirichle s tn ti t nht 2 pt = nhau c cng gi tr ai=aj.
----------------------------Cho 5 im M1(x1,y1)..M5(x5,y5) l cc im c to nguyn trn mt phng
Decac.CMR t nht 1 cp im m c to trung im ca 2 thng ni vi 2
im l s nguyn.
t tp A={M1,M2,M3,M4, M5}.Ta xd nh x f vo M, f(Mi)=(xi mod 2), tc l xy dng nh x f: A->B2(B2 l tp cc dy nh phn c di l 2). Ta c
F(Mi)=F(xi,xj)= 0 if xi chn,=1 if xi l.
0 if yi chn,=1 if yi l.
F(ai)={0,1}l cp dy nh phn no
Mt khc: N(A)=5; N(B2)=4. Theo nguyn l Dirichle tt t nht Mi,Mj sao cho F(Mi)=F(Mj).c nghi
l 2 dy nh phn = nhau.
-->xi v xj cng chn hoc cng l =>tng ca chng l s nguyn (xi+xj)/2 chn.
-->yi v yj cng chn hoc cng l =>tng ca chng l s nguyn (yi+yj)/2 chn.
-------------------------Bi 30: Cho (Xi, Yi, Zi) i:= 1..9 l to nguyn ca 9 im trong khng gian 3 chiu.
CMR tn ti t nht mt on thng ni 2 im trong s c trung im c to
nguyn.
Bg:
t Ai = (xi, yi, zi)
X = {A1,.,A9} N(X) = 9
Xy dng nh x
F(Ai) = (xi mod 2, yi mod 2, zi mod 2) B3
F: X B3
N(B3) = 8
Theo Dirichle tn ti t nhts hai im sao cho
F(Ai) = F(Aj)
=> xi mod 2 = xj mod 2 => xi, xj cng chn hoc cng l => (xi + xj) chn
yi mod 2 = yj mod 2 => yi, yj cng chn hoc cng l => (yi + yj) chn
zi mod 2 = zj mod 2 => zi, zj cng chn hoc cng l => (zi + zj) chn
=> (xtd, ytd, ztd) c to chn
-------------------Trong 1 thng 30 ngy,1 ngi CN lm ra mi ngy t nht 1sp,c thng lm khng qu
45sp. CMR tt 1 s ngy lin tip ngi CN lm ra 14 sp.

Gii: Gi Si l s sp ngi CN lm cho n ngy th i, 1si45.Xt tp {Si}i=1..30 xdng tp

S*={S1..S30,S1+14,..,S30+14)={Pi}i=1..60. 1pi59. 1tp c 60 s nguyn nhn ti a 59 gtr khc
nhau=Theo Dirichle 1 (pi,pj)sao cho pi=pj.
-Nu 1i,j30 -->Si=Sj, v i j-->t ngy i ti ngy j khng lm ra sp no (tri vi gt).
- Nu 1i30,30j-->Sj v Sk+14
<=> Si=Sk+14 --> Si - Sk= 14.
---------------------------------CMR trong n+1 s nguyn dng bt k 2n tn ti t nht 2 s l bi ca nhau(chia
ht cho 1 s )
Gii: Gi cc s c chn l: {a1,..an+1} nguyn dng.Khi ai=qi2i, trong qi l cc s l,
nguyn dng v 1qi2n.
Trong tp {1,2,..2n}c ti a n s l m tp q1,..,qn+1 c n+1 s. Theo ngl Dirichle tn ti 2 s qi=qj.
ai= qi2i
ai= q2i aj= qj2j
aj= q2j

Nu i>j th ai chia ht cho aj

Nu i<j th aj chia ht cho ai
Hy ch ra rng trong dy 10 s nguyn dng bt k tn ti mt hay nhiu hn cc s hng lin
tip c tng chia ht cho 10.
Gi cc s c chn l {a1,a2,...a10}.
t S i =

a
j =1

(i = 1..10)

XD nh x(Si)=Si mod 10, 0f(Si) 9. Xt tp{S1,...S10}.TH1:nu tn ti i sao cho f(Si)=0=>Si

chnh l tp t 1-->i chia ht cho 10=>f(Si)=0=>
TH2: vi mi i th f(S2)0 cy cn 9 gtr =>0 <f(Si) 9. N{S1,...S10}=10 s; N{1..9}=9 s. Theo
ngl Dirichle tn ti 2 s Si,Sj sao cho f(Si)=f(Sj), hay Si mod 10 = Sj mod 10;
Si S j 10 (i > j ) ( ai +1 ,..a j ) 10; S j Si 10 ( j > i )
----------------------Khi chn tu n+1 s ngdng khc nhau.CMR tn ti t nht 2 s ng d theo modulo
n.
Gii: Gi cc s c chn l A={a1,..an+1} nguyn dng.Xdng nh x f(ai)=ai mod n, 0f(Si) n-1.
Xdng nh x f: A->{0,1,..n-1},N(A) c n+1 pt,m N{0,1,..,n-1} c n pt.Theo Dirichle tt a i,aj sao
cho f(ai)=f(aj) => ai mod n = aj mod n.
---------------------------Mi dy n2+1 s thc phn bit u c 1 dy con di n+1 hoc l thc s tng,hoc
l thc s gim.
Gi {a1,..an2+1} s thc s khc nhau. Gi ik l di ca dy con thc s tng di nht bt u
t ak.Nh vy ta kt hp s hng ak vi mt cp s nguyn (ik,dk).Gs khng c dy con thc s tng
hoc thc s gim c di n+1.iu ny c ngha l c 2 s dng ik,dk u n(vi
k=1,..n2+1). Theo qui tc nhn, c tt c n2+1 cp = nhau,hay tn ti 2 s hng asv at (vi s<t)
sao cho is=it v ds=dt. iu ny khng th xy ra.Tht vy v cc s hng ca dy l khc
nhau,nn hoc l as<at hoc as>at.Khi is=it.ta xy dng t as dy con tng c pt av.Dy ny
c di l it+1=is+1, iu ny l v l v dy con di nht bt u t as c di l is ch
khng phi is+1,hton tg.t i vi trhp as>at.
----------------------Gi s trong 1 nhm 6 ngi m mi cp 2 hoc l bn hoc l th.CMR trong nhm c
3 ngi l bn ln nhau hoc 3 ngi l k th ca nhau.
Gii: Gi A l 1 trong 6 ngi.trong s 5 ngi ca nhm hoc l c t nht 3 ngi bn ca A hoc
c 3 ngi l k th ca A. Theo Dirichle v [5/2]=3. trong T.hp u gi B,C,D l bn ca A,nu
trong 3 ngi ny c 2 ngi l bn th h cng vi A lp thnh 1 b 3 ngi bn ln nhau (khng ai l
k th ca ai c),ngc li nu trong 3 ngi,B,C,D ko c ai l bn ca nhau c th chng t h l th
ca nhau. Tng t c th chng minh trong trng hp c t nht 3 ngi l k th ca A.
---------------------C p s 1,q s 0.Nu kp/q. CMR khi sp cc s ny thnh 1 vng trn tn ti 1 nhm
c k s 1 ng lin k nhau.
Vit p s 0 thnh vng trn, gia cc s 0 c q khe sp s 1. Nht cc s 1 vo cc khe ny
cn q v tr. Theo ng.l Dirichle tn ti 1 khe 1 v tr cha khng t hn [p/q] k s 1.
Trn mp cho 9 im c ni vi nhau i 1 bi cc on ni c mu xanh hoc sao cho
trong s 3 im bt k bao gi cng tm c2 im ni vi nhau bi 1 on ni mu .CMR
trong s cc im cho lun tm c 4 im m cc on thng ni chng u c mu .
Gii: Gi 9 im cho l A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I.Xt 2 trng hp:
-TH1: Tm c 1 im l u mt ca t nht 4 on ni mu xanh,chng hn im l A
v cc on mu xanh l AB,AC,AD,AE.Theo gi thit trong s bt k 3 im no cng c t
nht 1 on thng mu =>cc on BC,BE,BD,CD,CE,ED l mu .Vy B,C,D,E l 4 im
cn tm.
-TH2: Mi im u l u mt ca nhiu nht l 3 on ni mu xanh,trong tr.hp ny khng
th 9 im u l u mt ca ng 3 on ni mu xanh, t suy ra phi tm c im (I
chng hn)l u mt ca nhiu nht 2 on ni mu xanh.Khi I l u mt ca t nht 6
on mu ,chng hn IA,IB, IC,ID,IE,IF. Trong s 6 im A,B,C,D,E,F phi c t nht 3
im,chng hn A,B,C sao cho cc on ni chng c cng mu,v t gi thit =>mu phi l
mu .Vy I,A,B,C l 4 im cn tm.
-------------------Trong mp c 6 im c ni vi nhau tng i 1 bi cc cung mu xanh hoc .CMR
lun tm c 3im sao cho cc cung ni chng c cng 1 mu(ta s ni chng to
thnh tam gic xanh or ).
Chn im P no ,t n c 5 cung ni vi 5 im cn li,theo Dirichle c 3 trong s 5 cung
phi c cng mu,chng hn l mu xanh.Gi s l cc cung vi 2 trong s 3 cung
AC,AB,BC to thnh 1 tam gic xanh,nu ngc li l tam gic .

-----------------------CMR khi chn 51 s nguyn bt k khc nhau 100 tn ti t nht 1 cp 2 s nguyn

lin tip.
Gii: Gi X={a1,...a51} l cc s chn ra.1ai100, aiaj. Xy dng tp x*={a1,.a51,a1+1..a51+1}
={a1,.a51,b1,..b51}
trong (1ai100, 2bi101).
N(X*)=102 s nguyn dng m ti a ch nhn c 101 s khc nhau. Theo ng.l Dirichle tn ti
t nht 2 pt X sao cho chng phi bng nhau.
2 s khng th cng X hoc cng {bi} v: nu bi=bj tc ai+1 = aj+1 => ai=aj ->mu
thun vi gt =>ai=bj hay ai=aj+1 => ai v aj cng cch nhau 1 n v =>tn ti ai,aj lin tip
nhau.
-------------Mt mng my tnh gm c 6 my.Mi my ni trc tip vi t nht 1 my khc.Ch ra
rng c t nht 2 my m s cc my khc ni vi chng l bng nhau.
Gii: V c tt c 6 my tnh,nn s cc my tnh kt ni vi 1 my l 1 s nguyn nm gia 0
v 5. Nhng 0 v 5 khng th ng thi xy ra.Tht vy, nu 1 my tnh khng ni vi my no
th tt c cc my cn li ch c th ni vi nhiu nht 4 my khc,v nu c 1 my ni vi my
5 th c ngha l khng c my no c lp.Theo ng.l Dirichle v c nhiu nht 5 kh nng cho
s cc my kt ni vi 1 my nn c t nht 2 trong 6 my c s my kt ni vi chng = nhau.
-----------------------Cho (xi,yi,zi), i=1..9 l mt tp hp gm 9 im khc nhau c cc to nguyn trong
khng gian xyz.CMR im gia ca g ni t nht 1 trong cc cp im ny c to
nguyn.
Gii: im gia ca on ni cc im (a,b,c) v (d,e,f) l ((a+d)/2;(b+e)/2;(c+f)/2).Cc to
ca im gia ny l nguyn nu v ch nu a v d c cng tnh chn l; b v e c cng tnh
chn l; c v f c cng tnh chn l.V c 8 b 3 chn l khc nhau (chng hn (chn,l,chn)),
theo ngl Dirichle c t nht 2 trong 9 im c cng b 3 chn l nh nhau, im gia ca cp
im ny c to nguyn.
----------------------Ch ra rng trong 1 nhm c 10 ngi ch c 2 ngi bk(hoc l bn or l th)lun c 3
ngi l bn or 4 ngi l th ln nhau v c 1 nhm 3 ngi l k th hoc 4 ngi l bn
ca nhau.
Do tnh i xng, ta cn CM mnh u tin. Gi A l 1 ngi no trong nhm 10 ngi.hoc l A c t nht 4 ngi bn,hoc l A c t nht 6 k th trong s 9 ngi kia.V(3+5<9)
Trong THp u,ta gs rng B,C,D,E l bn ca A nu 2 ngi bt k trong nhng ngi ny l bn
ca nhau.Ngc li c 4 ngi ny ko ai l bn ca ai. Tc l ta c tp 4 ngi l bn ca nhau.THp th
2,gs {B,C,D,E,F,G} l tp nhng k th ca A.Trg tp ny hoc c 3 ngi l bn ca nhau, hoc
c 3 ngi l k th ln nhau v cng vi A lp thnh 1 tp 4 ngi l k th ca nhau.
--------------------Ch ra rng t nht 2 tp con nhau gm 5 pt ca tp 10 s ngdng ko vt qu 50 c
cng tng.
Gi cc s ngdng l {a1.a10}1ai50 Ta c C510tp c 5pt=252.Gi Si l tng ca cc pt Tp
={S1..S252}. V ai50=>Tng b nht ca 5 ptl 15. Tng ln nht ca 5pt l 240. XD nh x
F:{S1..S252}vo tp[15..240] c 252 tp ch nhn [15..240]=226 gtr nhau.Theo Dirichlet tn ti
2 tp con khc nhau gm 5 pt nhn cng gtr.
C 16 cu th s o c nh t 1..16 ng thnh 1 vng trn.CMR c t nht 3 cu th ng
lin nhau m c tng ln nht =26.
Gi{ai}i=1..16 l cc s o c nh t 116.Cc p/n ngi xung quanh l b/k. S1=a1+a2+a3;
S2=a2+a3+a4;... S3=a16+a1+a2. Theo u bi,trg 16 tp trn c t nht 1 tp c tng=26.
16

GS khng tp Si sao cho Si25=> S

i =1

= 25.16 = 400(*)

Mt khc
16

16

Mtkhc: 3a S T (*) v (**) ta =>408400 =>Mu thun.Vy phi tn ti t nht 3 cu th

i =1

i =1

ng lin nhau c tng s o t nht = 26.