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IEEE Xplore
00 2004IEEE
MODEL IDENTIFICATION OF THERMAL PROCESS IN POWER
PLANT
Liu Changliang, Liang Weiping, Sun Wanyun, Su Jie
North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003,China
ABSTRACT
The iaentification methoas of inaustrial process are
aiscussea. The appliea MATLAB program of least
squares methoa is given ana usea to iaentify pulse
transfer function. A kina of improvea genetic
algorithm is introaucea to iaentify the transfer
function ana parameters of nonlinear aynamic moael
of thermal process. In the algorithm, floating-point
coaing, rank-basea selection, elitist reservation ana
grouping methoa are usea, the premature
convergence is restrainea, the global ana local
searching ability is improvea. With the genetic
algorithm, the transfer function of topical thermal
process can be iaentifiea accurately. The parameters
of nonlinear moael can be moaifiea accoraing to
operating aata of power plant, no matter what kina of
input signal is usea, such as step signal, ranaom
operating signal.
1. INTRODUCTION
The model oI thermal process in power plant is a very
important base to improve the control system,
whether the control algorithms are model-based or
not. Generally, the Iollowing three kinds oI model are
used widely in engineering and technological
research: pulse transIer Iunction, transIer Iunction
and nonlinear dynamic model. The pulse transIer
Iunction model can be got according to operating data
with least squares method. The transIer Iunction oI
thermal process is a useIul model that plays an
important part in the design, debugging and
parameters optimization oI control system. There are
many methods to get object transIer Iunction, such as
step response method, Irequency response method.
Because oI the nonlinear and time-change
characteristics, the thermal process in power plant
must be described with diIIerent transIer Iunction
model in diIIerent operating load. To solve this
problem, nonlinear dynamic model is used in some
cases. The nonlinear model oI thermal process in
power plant is mainly setup according to basic
conservation principles oI mass, energy, momentum,
heater transIer equations and knowledge about
thermodynamics and hydrodynamics. To ensure the
validity oI the model, the model parameters must be
modiIied according to operating data.
In this paper, the MATLAB identiIication program oI
pulse transIer Iunction is designed. A kind oI
improved genetic algorithm is introduced to identiIy
transIer Iunction and to modiIy the parameters oI
nonlinear model.
2. PULSE TRANSFER FUNCTION
IDENTIFICATION
With MATLAB Iunction, it is simple to get pulse
transIer Iunction Irom output data and input data.
Assume that the diIIerence equation oI the model is
shown as Iollow.
(1) u|iT|
1 m
I 1)T| u|(i
m
I
... 1)T| - m u|(i
2
I m)T| u|(i
1
I
y|iT|
1 n
g 1)T| y|(i
n
g ... 1)T| - n y|(i
2
g n)T| y|(i
Where u(i) is input, y(i) is output, T is sampling time.
The corresponding pulse transIer Iunction is:
1 n
g ...
1 - n
z
2
g
n
z
1 m
I ...
1 - m
z
2
I
m
z
1
I
G(z)
(2)
The input and output data should accord with
Iollowing equations:
(3) u(1)
1 m
I u(2)
m
I ... 1) - u(m
2
I
m) u(1
1
I y(1)
1 n
g - y(2)
n
g - ... - y(n)
2
g - n) y(1
(4) u(2)
1 m
I u(3)
m
I ... u(m)
2
I
m) u(2
1
I y(2)
1 n
g y(3)
n
g - ... - 1) y(n
2
g - n) y(2
(5) u(k)
1 m
I ... 1) - k u(m
2
I m) u(k
1
I
y(k)
1 n
g 1) y(k
n
g - ... - 1) - k y(n
2
g - n) y(k
The matrix equation is:
1 m
I
1
I
1 n
g
2
g
k
u
k m
u
k
y -
1 - k n
y -
2
u
2 m
u
2
y -
1 n
y -
1
u
1 m
u
1
y -
n
y -
k n
y
2 n
y
1 n
y
.
.
. .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. .
. .
.
.
That is: YXG (6)
The unknown parameters in (6) are: g
2
g
n1
,I1,
I2 Im1. Generally, k~nm1, so, accurate result
can,t be got. It can be solve with least squares method.
That is very simple in MATLAB.
GX\Y, (7)
The MATLAB Iunction oI identiIication is:
[num,aen{moaelID(u0,y0,m,n)
klength(u0),Yy0(n1.k),
for i1.length(Y)
X(i,.)[-y0(ni-1.-1.i) ,u0(mi.-1.i){,
ena
GXY,
aen[1 G(1.n){, numG(n1.length(G)),
Sometimes, the value oI G may be very small; the
data type should be deIined as Iormat long e in the
program.
It is shown by simulation results that the order oI
model (m, n) should be assigned same value. that is
very important.
Although the program is very simple, accurate
identiIication results can be got with it. A model
identiIication example oI power plant with least
squares method is shown in Iigure 1.
Fig.1 model identiIication with least squares
This Iigure shows us the dynamic process oI drum
pressure when turbine control valve increase 10.
The curve 1 is the operating data; curve 2 is the
identiIication result. These two curves is largely
overlap.
3. TRANSFER FUNCTION IDENTIFICATION
Generally, step input or M sequence signal is used in
traditional identiIication methods. It is diIIicult to
create these kinds oI signal in power plant.
Furthermore, ideal response curves and accurate order
is required in some methods. So, it is not easy to use
these identiIication methods into power plant.
According to the characteristics oI thermal process,
the improved genetic algorithm can be used to
identiIy transIer Iunction model |1|. In the algorithm,
Iloat coding, rank-based selection, elitist reservation
and grouping calculation are used. In the crossover
and mutation operation, the population is divided into
Iour parts and diIIerent parameters are used Ior every
part. With these methods, the searching perIormance
oI the genetic algorithm is improved. It is shown by
simulation research that the genetic algorithm-based
identiIication method is oI good practicability;
satisIactory results can be got with it, no matter what
kind oI input signal is used.
BeIore programming, the Iollowing items about
genetic algorithm to identiIy model should be
decided.
(1) Optimized model and object Iunction;
(2) Search range oI every gene;
(3) Operation parameters, such as number oI genes,
crossover and mutation probability;
(4) Coding and decoding method;
(5) Select method, such as proportional mode;
(6) Crossover and mutation method;
According to the characteristic oI thermal process in
power plant, the transIer Iunction model can be
written as Iollowing Iorms.
For the selI-balance system:
(8)
For the selI-imbalance system:
(9)
The object Iunction is calculated as:
(10)
Where, y is the output oI identiIication result, y
0
is the
output oI actual process.
The searching range oI the coeIIicients can be set
according to experience, T
n
0.01~10, t0~300,
K0.01~100.
For the multi-variables optimization, the string oI
binary gene is too long to use. With Iloat-point genes,
the number oI variables is not limited, coding and
decoding are not needed, the precision and eIIiciency
can be increased |2|. So, the Iloat coding method is
used in the improved genetic algorithm.
Rank-based selector model is used in this paper. First,
call the simulation Iunction to calculate Q values Ior
every individual and sort them in increase order with
MATLAB Iunction SORT. Second, assign a
probability table to the sorted population and then
create new population with proportional model.
Arithmetic crossover and uniIorm mutation is
adopted. In the crossover and mutation operation, the
population is divided into Iour parts. The Iirst part is
the optimal gene in the population, it is reserved into
next generation directly, the second part is good
genes, they cross with probability P
c1
and mutate with
probability P
m1
in scope S
m1
, the third part is common
genes, they cross with probability P
c2
and mutate with
probability P
m2
in scope S
m2
, the Iourth part is bad
genes, they cross with probability P
c3
and mutate with
probability P
m3
in scope S
m3
, where P
c1
P
c2
P
c3
,
P
m1
P
m2
P
m3
, S
m1
S
m2
S
m3
. The mutation probability
is a relative large value in the algorithm, P
m
0.5~0.9,
but the mutation area is limited by S
m
.
The MATLAB program oI sort select method is
shown as Iollow:
) 1 )...( 1 )( 1 (
) (
2 1
s T s T s T s
Ke
s G
n
ts
) 1 )...( 1 )( 1 (
) (
2 1
s T s T s T
Ke
s G
n
ts
2
0
) ( y y Q
sort value1 from small to big ana save it
[Jalue, aecinaex{sort (value1),
for i1.m, for f1.N
m
temppop(i,f)pop(aecinaex(i),f),
ena, ena
assign appropriate probability , then calculate
fitness.
PAm0.7, PA[m PAm m*(1 PAm)PAm{,
AAsum(PA), cfitnessPA /AA,
select new inaiviaual gene with proportional
moae,
for i2.m,
cfitness(i)cfitness(i-1)cfitness(i),
ena
for i1.m,
prana(1), inaex1,
while(p~cfitness(inaex)),inaexinaex1,ena
for f1.N
m,
newpop(i,f)temppop(inaex,f),
ena
ena
In the MATLAB program, m is the number oI genes,
Nm is the number oI optimized parameters, Nmn2
in model (8) and (9).
With MATLAB Iunctions c2d, d2c, ss2tI and tI2ss,
pulse transIer Iunction and transIer Iunction can
transIorm each other.
A simulation example is shown as Iollow.
Assume that the transIer Iunction oI thermal process
is:
) 30 1 )( 20 1 )( 10 1 (
6 . 0
) (
60
s s s
e
s G
s