B GIAO THNG VN TI TRNG I HC HNG HI KHOA: IN- IN T TU BIN B MN: H THNG T NG

BI GING
AN TON IN

TN HC PHN M HC PHN TRNH O TO DNG CHO SV NGNH

: AN TON I N : 13410 : I HC CHNH QUY : IN- IN T TB

HI PHNG - 2010

MC LC STT Chng I Chng II 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Chng III 3.1 3.2 3.3 Chng IV 4.1 4.2 4.3 Chng V 5.1 5.2 5.3 Chng VI 6.1 6.2 NI DUNG M u Tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi Tc ng ca dng in Cp in p m con ngi chu c in tr ca c th ngi ng i ca dng in qua ngi Xc nh dng in i qua c th ngi trong nhng iu kin khc nhau Nhng yu cu c bn v an ton in i vi thit b v khi phc v n Phn loi khu vc theo mc an ton Phn loi khu vc theo mc an ton Tip mt bo v Nhng vn an ton khi khai thc trm pht v cc thit b khc iu kin cng tc ca im trung tnh v vn an ton Bo v trng hp mng cao th truyn sang mng h th Cc thit b ngt khi c trm mt Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng in nng Khi nim chung Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng 1 chiu Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng xoay chiu Cp cu ngi khi b in git Khi nim Nhng vic lm khi cp cu TRANG 6 6 6-7 8-9 9-11 12-13 14-20 21 21 21-22 22 23 23 26 26 27 27 27 29 30 30 31

YU CU V NI DUNG CHI TIT Tn hc phn: An ton in B mn ph trch ging dy: H thng t ng M hc phn:13410 TS tit 30 iu kin tin quyt : Sinh vin phi hc v thi t cc hc phn sau mi c ng k hc hc phn ny: L thuyt mch, L thuyt trng in t. Mc tiu ca hc phn : Cung cp kin thc cho ngi vn hnh m bo an ton trong sn xut khi s dng cc tit b in. Ni dung ch yu: - Tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi - Nhng yu cu c bn v an ton in i vi thitb v khi phc v n - Nhng vn an ton khi khai thc trm pht v cc thit b khc - Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng in nng - Cp cu ngi khi b in git L thuyt 30 Thc hnh/ Xmina 0 Loi hc phn: 2 Khoa ph trch: in- intTB Tng s TC: 2 T hc 0 Bi tp ln 0 0 n mn hc

Ni dung chi tit: TN CHNG MC Chng I - M u Chng II - Tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi 2.1 Tc ng ca dng in 2.2 Cp in p m con ngi chu c 2.3 in tr ca c th ngi 2.4 ng i ca dng in qua ngi 2.5 Xc nh dng in i qua c th ngi trong nhng iu kin khc nhau Chng III - Nhng yu cu c bn v an ton in i vi thitb v khi phc v n 3.1 Phn loi khu vc theo mc an ton 3.2 Phn loi khu vc theo mc an ton 3.3 Tip mt bo v Chng IV - Nhng vn an ton khi khai thc trm pht v cc thit b khc 4.1 iu kin cng tc ca im trung tnh v vn an ton 4.2 Bov trng hp mng cao th truyn sang mng h th 4.3 Cc thit b ngt khi c trm mt Chng V - Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng in nng 5.1 Khi nim chung 5.2 Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng 1 chiu 5.3 Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng xoay chiu Chng VI Cp cu ngi khi b in git 6.1 Khi nim 6.2 Nhng vic lm khi cp cu n tp 4 1.5 3.5 PHN PHI S TIT TS LT Xmina BT KT 0.5 0.5 8 8 1.5 1.5 1 1 3 2 0.5 0.5 1.5 5.5 1.5 1 3 55. 0.5 2 3 2.5 0.5 2 1.5 1.5 1.5

1.5

5.5

Nhim v ca sinh vin : ln lp y v chp hnh mi quy nh ca nh tr ng Ti liu tham kho: 1. Nguyn Xun Ph - Trn thnh Tm - K thut an ton trong cung cp v s dng in. Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut TPHCM 1999 Hnh thc v tiu chun nh gia sinh vin: Thi vit, thi gian lm bi 60 pht Thang im: thang im ch A,B,C,D,F im nh gi hc phn: Z=0.2 X+ 0.8Y

Bi ging ny l ti liu chnh thc v thng nht ca B mn H thng t ng - Khoa in - in T TB v c dng ging dy cho sinh vin Ngy ph duyt: / Trng B mn / 20

CHNG I: M U Do mc in kh ho, t ng ho trn tu thu cng nh trn t lin ngy cng cao. V vy thit b s dng nng lng in ngy cng nhiu. Mt khc trong k thut c xu hng s dng in p cao gim kch thc v trng lng ca thit b in . Tt c cc l do trn u a n kh nng xy ra tai nn do in ngy cng nhiu hn m c trng l in git. T vn trn, vic phng trnh tai nn do in gy ra l vn ht sc quan trng v phi c mi ngi am hiu thc hin tt nhng quy nh v an ton. CHNG II: TC NG CA DNG IN I VI C TH NGI 2.1 - TC NG CA DNG IN. Trng hp in git, mc nguy him ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: Loa dng in. Thi gian m dng in i qua. Cng dng in i qua ngi B phn v chc nng ca b phn trong con ngi m dng in i qua iu kin sc kho ca ngi v mi trng lc . Tn s cu dng in

+ Loi dng in: Qua thc t v cc th nghim, ngi ta kt lun rng dng in xoay chiu nguy him hn dng mt chiu, cng gy ra mc cm gic b in git th cng dng mt chiu i qua ngi nh hn nhiu so vi cng dng xoay chiu. Bng 1: Gi tr ln nht cho php khng to nn tim b ngng p i vi sc khe Dng in mA Thi gian in git (s) 10 30 60 10-30 90 3 110 2 160 1 250 0.4 350 0.2 500 0.1

Bng 2: Gi tr ln nht cho php khng to nn tim ngng p i vi ngi yu Dng in mA Thi gian in git (s) 50 1 100 0.5 300 0.15

Bng 3: Cho tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu i vi c th con ngi Loi 1 Dng in (mA) 25 Thi gian dng in chy (s) Khng xc nh Tc dng sinh ra p sut mu tng dn, tay kh ri n lc khng th ri vt mang in, s au n tng dn v kh th p sut mu tip tc tng, nhp th b hn lon n lc ngng p tc th, th hin s cng tc khng bnh thng ca tim v dn n giai on rung tim, ngng p hn. Tim rung v ngng p hn

25-80

25-30

80-5 A

0.1-0.3

5 A-8 A

Khng xc nh

Mu ngng lu thng, tim ngng p, cc c bp b tn thng nng, c th dn n t chy c th.

V tc ng ca dng in i vi con ngi 3 tc ng: + Tc ng ha hc: khi dng in i qua co th gy phn ng trong mu v lm thay i thnh phn ca mu + Tc ng l hc: dng in i qua gy t nng c th ngi + Tc ng sinh l: dng in i qua lm ri lon c th, lm t lit iu khin ca trung ng thn kinh. Bng 4: Tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu t 0.9 mA i qua c th ngi Dng in (mA) 0.9 0.9-1.2 1.2-1.6 1.6-2.2 2.2-2.8 2.8-3.5 3.5-4.5 4.5-5.0 5.0-5.5 5.5-7.0 7.0-8.0 8.0-9.5 10 11-13 13-15 15 20 50-80 90-100 Tc ng Bt u c cm gic Ch c cm gic cc im tip xc vi b phn c in C cm gic t ngn tay C cm gic cc khp ni cc ngn tay Ngn tay b t mnh Ngn tay t rt mnh Mt mi khuu tay (i vi ngi nhy cm ta thy hi au) Hi run tay au khuu tay Bp tht co li v run, au nh cm gic kh chu Tay bt u au, cm gic kh ri vt mang in au cnh tay Cm thy au ton b cnh tay gm ngn, khp v bn tay mc kh ri vt mang in tng nhng vn c th ri c vt Mc au tng ln C cm gic cc k kh chu Khng th ri vt mang in n khng c tc ng bn ngoi Sc khe rt y kh th H hp b t lit v tim p mnh H hp b t lit nu thi gian 3s th tim s b ngng p

Kt lun: Dng in khng nguy him i vi con ngi c xem l nh hn hoc bng 10mA (vi tn s = 60Hz) cn dng mt chiu 50mA.

2.2 - CP IN P M NGI C TH CHU NG C Do mc in kh ho cng cao, vic s dng nng lng in ngy cng tng hn nn ngi ta cn tng in p ca thit b gip nh trng lng v kch thc ca thit b in, v vy cn phi c nhng quy nh v cp in p an ton m bo khng nguy him cho ngi vn hnh. Bng 5: Nhng kt qu phn tch cc tai nn ty theo in p con ngi chu ng. in git Nhng gii hn in git gy tn thng lm mt tm in git gy chong

n 24 25-50 50 101-150 151-200 201-250 251-350 351-500 500 Tng

12 19 24 50 34 13 2 8 12 174

6,6 10,6 13,4 31,4 18,9 7 1,2 4,3 6,6 100% 34 73 191 230 86 20 7 20 660 5,1 10,7 28,8 34,9 13 3,25 1 3,25 100% 101 182 490 320 189 13 6 6 1307 7,7 13,8 37,3 24,5 14,5 1 0,6 0.6 100%

Gii hn in p cng tc ca cc thit b in c quy nh cn ph thuc vo: + Cng sut ca thit b in + iu kin vn hnh + Kh nng m bo an ton ca thit b cc nc cng nghip pht trin ngi ta a ra 3 loi in p ln nht cho php nh sau: + in p cng tc ln nht ca cc dng c in cm tay v ca n in + in p tip xc v in p bc ln nht cho php(in p bc) + in p cm ng ln nht cho php do nh hng ca in t (+) in p cng tc ln nht ca cc cng c cm tay v n. Cho php n 380v nu p dng cc b phn ngn cch an ton Cho php n 127V nu p dng bo v ni t Cho php n 42V nu cch in c tng cng Cho php n 24V nu dng loi cch in bnh thng Cho php n 220V i vi bng n mc nh c nh hoc s dng nhng ni t ngi qua li Cho php n 157V nhng khu vc nguy him hoc kh nguy him (ngoi tri c ma, ni c m cao) Cho php n 24V i vi n cm tay hoc n c nh nhng ni cng cng nhiu ngi qua li. Cho php n 12V i vi enf cm tay v nhng ni nguy him c php n 40V i vi trang thit b in c nh v di ng in tch c mc nguy him khng cao. Cho php n 24V nu thit b c t nhng ni v d nh:ng hm di mt t, nhng khu vc nguy him hoc rt nguy him.

i vi n chiu sng:

(+) in p tip xc v in p bc ln nht cho php:

2.3 - IN TR CA C TH NGI Mt yu t quan trng quyt nh gi tr dng in i qua c th ngi khi khng may tip xc vi in p l in tr ca ngi. in tr ca ngi rt khc nhau. N ph thuc vo h c bp,vo c quan ni tng, vo h thn kinh ca ngi. Ngay c khi ta kho st trn mt ngi, in tr cng khc nhau, nhng iu kin khc nhau. Bng 6: in tr sut ca cc phn khc nhau trong c th ngi Cc phn c o Tu sng Huyt thanh H s bp Mu Da kh
.cm ) in tr sut (

56 71 150-300 120-180 (1.6-2)106

n gin vn , in tr c th ngi c th chia lm 2 phn chnh: in tr lp da in tr b phn trong da

Tm li: in tr ph thuc i a s vo lp da nu lp da nguy nnnbbn vn v kh, in tr c th t 40.000 n 100.000 thm ch t 500.000 . Cn nu ch tip xc vi in lp a ngoi khng cn th in tr ca ngi ch cn l 600 cho n 200 , cn in tr ca cc b phn trong da ch c gi tr 570-1000. Nh vy in tr ca ngi khi b in git ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: ip p m c th chu ng c V tr ca c th tip xc vi phn t mang in p Din tch tip xc m ca mi trng xung quanh Thi gian dng in tc dng

S tng ng ca in tr ngi H 3.1

(1) Lp da v tr in i vo (2) in tr trong c th ngi (3) Lp da v tr dng i ra ngoi. in tr cu c th ngi s gim i khi in p tng n mt gi tr gii hn. Ngi ta xc nh rng in p ban u gy ra s xuyn thng lp da t 10-50V in dung ca lp da ta c th xem nh 1 t in, khi c dng n chy qua c th ng, bn cch in (in tr) cng b khi nt dng in cng ln. Do v t bo b hy dit v dn n kt qu t bo b hu dit, in tr lp da gim qu trnh ny ph thuc va in p v thi gian tc dng cu dng in c tnh in tr tc dng ca ng ph thuc vo in p nh sau:

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(H 3-2) T th ta thy R c th ngi bin thin theo in p v thi gian tc dng cu dng in * c tnh: Gii hn R cu ngi (H3-4) Lc u R ca ngi c th c 5000 sau khi b nh xuyn th R ch cn 1000 R ca ngi gim trong khang in p t 10- 500v, khi >500v th R gn nh ko thay i KL: nu chm vo phn dn in gi tr dng in i qua c th ngi s tng theo 2 cch: 1- T l thun vi in p chm vo ph hp v / l Ohm (tc l dng qua ngun Ing= U/Rng) 2- Khi U cng tng R ca ngi cng gim v cng dn n dng in qua ngi tng ln

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+ nh hng ca v tr m c th tip xc vi in mc nguy him khi b in git cng ph thuc vo v tr tip xc,ph thuc vo nhy cm cu h thn kinh ch tip xc hoc l dy ca lp da ch tip xc +Din tch tip xc cng quyt nh R trong mch nn dn n dng i qua c th ngi +p lc tip xc cng b nh hng n R v cng nh hng n I + m mi trng xung quanh, m cng cao th Rng cng thp v cng nguy him hn +Thi gian m I tc dng khi chm vo in cng lu th R cng gim,I s cng tng

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2.4 - NG I CA DNG IN QUA NGI Mt trong nhng yu t xc nh nguy him khi b in git l ng i ca dng in qua ngi. Nu dng in i qua tim hay v tr c h thn kinh tp trung hoc cc khp ni tay chn th mc nguy him cng cao. Bng 7 ng i ca dng in T gan bn tay n lng bn tay hay n vai T lng bn tai hay t vai n chn T gan bn tay i n 1 chn hay i n 2 chn T gan bn tay i n gan bn tay khc T c, lng hay bng n chn T mt hay t ngc n chn T 1 v tr ny n mt v tr khc trn cng 1 tay hay cng 1 chn Cc trng hp khc Bng 8: Phn lng dng in i qua tim nh gi mc nguy him ng dng in i qua ng T chn qua chn T tay qua tay T tay tra qua chn T tay phi qua chn Phn lng dng in i qua tim(%) 0,4 3,3 6,7 3,7 T l % tai nn cht ngi 25 23 17 14 5 10 1 5

* TRNG THA SC KHE CA NGI: Nu ngi ang mt mi hay trong tnh trng say ru, hoc l ph n v tr em rt d nhy cm vi hin tng chongkhi b in git hn l nam gii. Hoc l ngi b au tim, hay suy nhc tim th rt nhy cm khi c dng in i qua c th. * TN S DNG IN: Dng in mt chiu c coi l t nguy him hn dng xoay chiu. Dng in c tn s t 50hz n 60hz c coi l nguy him nht.

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2.5 - XC NH DNG IN I QUA C TH NGI TRONG NHNG IU KIN KHC NHAU Nhng trng hp trm vo li in xoay chiu: + Li in xoay chiu 1 pha c im trung tnh cch in vi t + Li in 3 pha c im trung tnh cch in vi y + Li in 1 pha c ni mt + Li in 3 pha c ni mt 1.Trng hp 1: Chm vo li in 1 pha cch in vi t

(H7.1) + Trong trng hp ny cho r1=r2=Rc R=R= 0 T Ing(Rng+Rc)=I1r1 Ing.Rng=I1r1 (i chn t)

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T s tng ng ta tnh ton I1/Ing=Rng/Rc Hay I1= Ing.Rng/Rc Nu dng in qua r1 gi l I1, mt khc ta c in p ti im (1)(2) U12=U10+U02 Nu ta c U12=Ing.Rng+(Ing+I1)Rc=U U=Ing(2Rng+Rc) Vy Ing=U/2Rng+Rc Trng hp ny cng I qua ngi ph thuc rt nhiu vo Rc ca dy cp th 2. s nguy him c th trnh th Rc phi ln hn R ta tnh ton trong biu thc sau: Rc=U/0.01-2Rng + Trng hp r1#r2 v R=0 th dng in qua ngi tnh theo biu thc sau: Ing=U.r1/Rng(r1+r2)+r1r2 + Trng hp R2=0 (cc b chm mt) Ing=U/Rng y l trng hp nguy him nht + Cn nu ngi c i dy (hay cch in) Tn ti mt R v r1=r2 Ing=U/2(Rng+R)+Rc + Nu r1#r2 ta c Ing=U.r1/(Rng+R)(r1+r2)+r1r2 + Nu r2=0 th Ing=U/Rng+R T biu thc trn ta c th kt lun rng R c ca mng rt nh hng n I i qua ngi, R c cng b th dng qua ngi cng ln v cng nguy him hn + Cp ca li in xoay chiu thng to ra vi mt t hoc phn mt 1 t in, t in c gi tr cng ln th dng qua ngi cng ln (gi tr ca t ph thuc vo vn di ca dy cp, R ca c 2 u)

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Khi t c gi tr ln khi dng qua ngi s l: Ing=UC/

1 +4 Rng 2 C 2

2.Trng hp 2: Li in 3 pha cch in vi t

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Trong thc t ngi ta vn thng dng li in 3 pha m im trung tnh khng ni t nh s H

7.2 Nu chm vo 1 dng in c s nh trn S tng ng nh H7.2

Trng hp ny dng in s i qua ngi, i qua R cch in v tr v 2 pha cn li, dng in s c tnh bng biu thc sau: Ing= U/( Khi dng qua ngi th R: Rc=
3 U/0.01-3Rng 3 Rng+Rc/ 3)

+ H thng in 1 pha hoc 3 pha khng ni t c nhiu u im v an ton hn l h thng ni t, v vy trong cc vng (vng hm ngm, vng khi thc m, trn tu thy thng c mI trng m t v tc ng ca nhiu loi bi dn in, ngi ta thng s dng cc loi h thng khng ni t m bo an ton + Cng trong trng hp ny nu r1#r2#r3 th

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2 2 Ing=U.(r1 r2 +r 2 r3 + r3 )/(Rng(r1r2+r2r3+r3r1)+r1r2r3)

+ Nu r2=0 th dng qua ngi Ing= U/Rng T iu trn ta c th khng nh rng nng cao mc an ton cho ngi vn hnh v khai thc trong trng hp ny nhn vin vn hnh cn phi dng thit b m bo an ton in nh giy cch in, i gng tay cch in Ing=U/Rc+R Trng hp c t c gi tr in dung ln

3.Trng hp 3: Li in ni t a s cc thit b v kh c in c cp ngun t li in 3 pha ni t v li in ny kinh t v v k thut c nhiu u im hn li in 1 pha. im trung tnh ni t ngi ta gi l im khng v trong mng ny t ti 2 loi in p: in p pha v in p dy.

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Nu ngi ko may chm vo 1 pha m ng trn t th ta s tnh dng qua ngi nh sau: Ing=Uf/Rng+R0 Trong thc t R0 khng ng k so vi Rng, thng khong 4 Do ngi ta thng b qua R0 v xc nh dng in ca ngi: Ing=Uf/Rng hay Ing=Ud/ Cu hi n tp chng 2: 1.S nguy him do in git ph thuc vo nhng yu t g? 2.Nu v gii thch tc ng ca dng in khi chy qua c th ngi 3.in tr ca ngi ph thuc vo nhng yu t g? Hy gii thch v v c tnh c lin quan. 4.Tnh dng in qua ngi khi chm vo li in 1 pha cch in vi mt v cch xc nh in tr cch in ti thiu m bo an ton. 5..Tnh dng in qua ngi khi chm vo li in 3 pha c im trung tnh cch in vi mt v cch xc nh in tr cch in ti thiu m bo an ton.
3 Rng

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6..Tnh dng in qua ngi khi chm vo li in 3 pha c im trung tnh ni mt v cch xc nh in tr cch in ti thiu m bo an ton.

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CHNG III: NHNG YU CU C BN V AN TON IN I VI THIT B IN V KHI PHC V N 3.1 - PHN LOI CC BUNG TRN TU THY THEO MC AN TON IN - Nhng bung khng nguy him nht trn tu: l nhng bung khng c iu kin to ra nguy him, tc l nhng bung kh, m khng vt qu 75% VD: Phng , club, phngkhch, bung v tuyn in, hnh lang cc tng. - Bung kh nguy him: l nhng bung c 1 trong nhng du hiu sau y: m cao, c bi dn in, nhit cao, cc vch bn l kim loi. - Nhng bung c bit nguy him: l nhng ni ng thi c 2 iu kin nu trn hoc c 1 iu kin nhng c bit m t, hay c mi trng phn ng ho hc. Trn c s phn loi nh vy chn thit b in lp t cho ph hp m bo an ton cho ngi vn hnh v cho c thit b. 3.2 - PHN LOI THIT B IN

- Thit b trn: l thit b trong cc b phn quay v dn in khng c ngn nga, nhng trng hp va trm bt thng v khng c bo v i vi nh hng ca nhng iu kin bn ngoi.

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- Thit b c bo v: l thit b c b phn che ngn c bit(l chn, li, hoc v che..). Ngn nga khng cho nhn vin phc v bt thn b va chm, cng nh ngn nga khng cho cc vt bn ngoi rI vo n. - Thit b khng ngm tia nc: c bo v khng cho nc lt vo trong t cc pha. - Thit b in chng n: l thit b c th cng tc an ton trong mi trng d n. 3.3 - TIP MT BO V Theo quy nh ca ng kim, cc thit b in c phn v l kim loi (phn khng c php dn in) u phi c tip mt bo v, tng thm an ton cho ngi vn hnh v khai thc. Khi tip mt bo v ta to nn 1 nhnh song song c in tr v cng b, trong trng hp ngi va chm vo thit b b chm mt, lc dng i qua ngi s nh i nhiu ln.

Khi c tip mt Isc=Ur/Rt

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Rt= Rcd + Rp.Rng/(Rp+Rng) Ing = Isc.Rp/(Rp+Rng) Utx = Ing.Rng = Isc.Rp.Rng/(Rp+Rng) Nh vy dng chy qua dy ni t s l : Ip = Isc.Rng/(Rp+ Rng) thc t Rp << Rng Do Isc = Ip Khi chn dy tip mt bo v cn ch : + Tip xc gia v my v mt phi tht tt + R dy ni mt cng nh cng tt + Khng c t cu dao, cu tr trong dy tip mt + Tit din ca dy ni mt phi m bo t nht bng tit din dy pha a in vo thit b + Dy ni mt khng c qu di * Trng hp ng c b chm mt - Nu ngi ng chm vo v my th s chnh lch in p gia tay chm vo v my v 1 chn xa im tip mt ta gi l in p vi (in p tip xc) - Cn nu ngi cha chm vo v my m i trong vng c in th chm mt, s chnh lch in th gia 2 chn gi l in p bc - Trng hp nu in p bc ln gy nguy him cho ngi ta p dng bin php khc phng tai nn. Cu hi n tp chng 3: 1.Ti sao phi tip t bo v cho thit b in? Tip t nh th no v qui nh cho dy tip t. 2.V v gii thch khi no xut hin in p bc v in p tip xc? 3.Trnh by cch tnh din p tip xc khi chm vo v ng c b chm mt v ng c c dy tip mt bo v

CHNG IV: NHNG VN AN TON KHI KHAI THC TRM PHT V CC TRANG THIT B IN KHC 4.1 - IU KIN CNG TC CA IM TRUNG TNH V VN AN TON tng mc an ton cho h thng in nng . im trung tnh ca h thng in nng thng c cch in vi mt. Lm nh vy s lm gim dng in qua ngi khi va chm vo 1 pha no ca h thng.

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Ing=Uf.Gn/
1+ Gn (Gn + 6G f )
2 2 9(G 2 f + C0 )

Uf: in p pha Gn: dn in ca ngi (=1/Rng) Gf: dn in cu R cch in pha (coi nh R cch in ca 3 pha nh nhau) Co: l in dung ca mi pha so vi t (coi c 3 pha nh nhau) T cng thc trn ta thy dng in qua ngi ph thuc vo ln ca Uf, Rf, Co Dng in qua ngi s nh nht khi Co = 0 v nu Co ln dn th dng qua ngi cng tng ln v ngy cng nguy him hn, do vy nu Co ch cn ln n 1 gi tr gii hn no th mc d in tr cch in cia h thng c ln n mc no i na , dng qua ngi s nguy him n tnh mng, cho nn ta c c tnh sau y

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T c tnh ta thy, vi nhng gi tr Co khc nhau (Khng ln lm) Khi in tr cch in Rf tng th dng Ing s gim. Cn nu Co >= 0,3F tr ln , mc d Rf tng dng in qua ngi s khng gim. Chnh v vy nu Co tng n 1 gi tr no , in tr cch in ca h thng tng ln khng phi l vn c bn gim s nguy him cho ngi. i vi nhng h thng hoc nhng tu nh, vn di ca cp khng nhiu, nn t Co bng khng hoc rt nh, Nn im trung tnh khng ni mt l an ton hn. Cn i vi h thng ln hoc tu ln c vn di ca dy cp nhiu, gi tr Co t t 0,3 F tr ln ngi ta cn phi kh thnh phn dng qua ngi mang tnh cht dung khng bng cch ni im trung tnh vi mt thng qua cun cm nh sau:

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4.2 - BO V TRNG HP IN CAO TH TRUYN VO MNG H TH Khi cht cch in ca cun dy cao th my bin p b gi ho, hay b ph hu th cun dy h th c th b truyn in cao th, trng hp ny c th gy tai nn cho nhn vin phc v, phi mng h th v thit b ang hot ng mng h th. trnh trng hp trn i vi nhng mng c dy trung ho cch in vi t, ngi ta phi bo v bng cc c ch nh xuyn. (H3.2)

Trng hp khi in cao th truyn sang h th xy ra hin tng trc thng cc khong cch khng gian ca vt m bng mica trong cu ch v dng in s phng xung t, kt qu l ta bo v mng h th v a tn hiu ct mng cao th.

4.3 - CC THIT B NGT KHI C CHM MT 1. Thit b ngt khi c chm mt bng in t: S s 1: gii thiu thit b ngt khi c chm mt bng in t. 2. Thit b ngt khi c chm mt bng in t S 2: Gii thiu thit b ngt khi c chm mt bng in t. 3. Thit b ngt khi c chm mt loi so lch: Cu hi n tp chng 4: 1. Gii thiu phn t v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b ngt khi c cham mt loi in t. 2.Gii thiu phn t v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b ngt khi c cham mt loi in t. 3.Gii thiu phn t v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b ngt khi c cham mt loi so lch.

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CHNG V: KIM TRA IN TR CCH IN CA H THNG IN NNG 5.1 - KHI NIM CHUNG Trong qu trnh vn hnh v khai thc trang thit b in trong h thng in nng, in tr cch in ca tng phn t hoc ca c h thng l thng s rt quan trng nh gi cht lngca chng. in tr cch in l thng s lun lun thay i,do tc ng ca rt nhiu thng s khc nhau nh m, hi mui, hi du m, nhit , v cc tc ng c hc...Ngi ra do s gi ho theo thi gian ca vt cht. Khi in tr cch in qu thpsex dn n ngn mch,c th ph hu thit b in, tng nguy him cho ton b h thng , tng s nguy him khi b in git.V vy in tr cch in ca h thng lun phi c kim tra ngay c trong trng thi c in. 5.2 - KIM TRA IN TR CCH IN H THNG IN MT CHIU 1.Phng php 3 vol k

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R+=(U- (U++U-)/U-)RV R-=(U- (U++U-))/U+.RV Nn Ri=(U-(U++U-))/(U++U-). RV 2.Phng php gn ng Mun o in tr cch in ca dy (-) so vi mt th phi chuyn cng tc ca ng h o sang cc (+)
U U U + RV R+ = R + R RV + R+

Gii phng trnh ta c:

U U + RV . R- = U + 1 + RV Rt
Nu: Rt >> RV R- =
U U + .RV U+

3.Phng php 2 vol k Nu coi 2 in tr ca 2 volk nh nhau v Rc cu 1 cc no so vi mt b gim th vonk n vi cc s ch in p nh, cn vonk cn li s ch ng in p sao cho tng 2 in p ca 2 vonk cng la bng in p ca ngun. Nhc im: nu Rc ca 2 cc so vi mt gim nh nhau, th mc chnh lch in p ca 2 von k khng c (nh v ta khng pht hin cch in so vi mt ca pha no gim) 4.Phng php kim tra bng n

R+ v R- t l vi U+ v U- , nu ta n nt K th n 1 v 2 s sng bnh thng. Nu K trng thi nh hnh v, gi s trng hp R+>R- th U+>U- khi bng 1 s sng hn bng 2

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5.3 - KIM TRA R CCH IN CA MNG XOAY CHIU 1.Phng php 3 vol k

- Gi s Rr=Rf=Rt (s vc t a) 3 volk s ch in p bng nhauv bng in p pha.

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- Gi s Rr gim i mt n (S vc t b) Volk mc vi pha R s in p nh hn in p pha bng Ur' , volk mc vi 2 pha cn li ch in p ln hn in p pha bng Us' v Ut' - Gi s Rr=0 (S vc t c) volk mc vi pha R s ch 0 , 2 volk mc vi 2 pha cn li ch in p ng bng in p dy. Nh vy qua cch th hin trn ng h volk, ta c th khng nh c in tr cch in ca bt k pha no ang trng thi tt hay khng tt. Ch : Trong thc t ta chn ng h volk cho h thng o in tr cch in ny , ta cn chn volk c thang o bng in p dy. 2 o in tr cch in bng xoay chiu trn c s o dng 1 chiu Ngi ta dng 1 thit b trong to nn dng 1 chiu cho i qua R cch in ca mng xoay chiu, sau cng dng 1 chiu t suy ra in tr cch in ca mng xoay chiu (VD mt vi s ca mng xoay chiu) 2.1.S h thng o in tr cch in PU-1 2.1.1 Gii thiu phn t: 2.1.2 Nguyn l hot ng 2.2.S h thng o in tr cch in tu long chu 2.2.1 Gii thiu phn t: 2.2.2 Nguyn l hot ng 2.3.S h thng o in tr cch in b 2.3.1 Gii thiu phn t: 2.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng Cu hi n tp chng 5: 1.Trnh by cc phng php kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng in 1 chiu . 2.Trnh by cc phng php kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng in xoay chiu. bng phng php 3 vol k. 3.Gii thiu phn t v nguyn l hot ng ca mt s s o in tr cch in ca h thng xoay chiu bng phng php dng 1 chiu.

CHNG VI - CP CU NGI KHI B IN GIT 6.1 - KHI NIM Theo quy nh v an ton cn phi c cc thit b bo v khi vn hnh v khai thc h thng, chia lm 3 loi: - Cc phng tin cch in: Km, gy, giy ,gng, thm...... - Phng tin kim tra cn in p; Trc khi tin hnh cng vic vi thit b in, mc d bit chc chn thit bih c ct in, nhng nht nh phi kim tra xem cn in p hay khng. - Cc thit b an ton v thng bo: Khi ta sa cha , ta phi ddamr bo an ton cho ta,, phi s dng m bo him, dy bo him, thang, gh cch in,bng thng bo hoc cc ro chn vi cc thit b ang hot ng.

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6.2 - NHNG VIC LM U TIN KHI CP CU 6.2.1 - Cc dng in i qua ngi nn nhn: iu ch , ngi cp cu phi quan tm an ton cho bn thn khi cp cu nn nhn b in git. Tch nn nhn ra khi mch in phi s dng cc dng c c bit,nu khng c phi s dng cc thit b thng dng nh vi, gh..v phi ch : -Khng c tay trn chm vo thn th nn nhn. -Khng c s dng ng thi c 2 tay ko nn nhn ra khi mch in -Khng c ng trn sn t -Khng c ng gn thit b c in p cao. - Khng c mt thng bng khi cp cu nn nhn. Ct dng in qua c th nn nhn l vic lm u tin, cn thit trong qu trnh cp cu v phi thc hin ngay. 6.2.2 - Xc nh trng thI sc khe nn nhn L vic lm cn thit v rt thc t la chn v quyt nh phng php cp cu cho ph hp. Tnh trng sc kho nn nhn c cc trng thi sau: Nn nhn tnh to : cn gi c mi quan h vi ngi khc, bng cch cn hiu v thc hin c cc mnh lnh. Nn nhn gia tnh to v khng tnh to: th hin phn ng la ht. Nn nhn bt tnh : khng c phn ng li vi cc kch thch t bn ngoi. Nn nhn c cc kh nng sau: -Bt tnh nhng vn th u n. -Bt tnh khng th hoc th yu, mu vn lu thng. -Bt tnh khng th, mu ngng lu thng 6.2.3 - p dng nhng bin php cp cu ph hp. Ngi cu nn nhn phi lun nh rng ngay c khi nn nhn mt ht du hiu ca s sng th khng th coi l cht. M phi thc hin mi bin php cp cu cho ti khi bc s ti. Nu nn nhn bt tnh khng th hay cn th yu , th kh khn phi tin hnh: cy ming nn nhn ra ,dng tay ko li, mc ht thc n hoc rng gi(nu c) lm thng kh qun cho nn nhn. Nu nn nhn khng th, mu ngng lu thng th phi tin hnh nh trn sau xoa bp ton thn cho nn nhn v tin hnh h hp nhn to. Nu n nhn bt tnh nhng cn th, ch cn t nn nhn ra ni kh thong mt,ci b qun o b cht vo ngi v theo di cho n khi bc s ti. Tin hnh h hp nhn to l tin hnh lm cho lng ngc nn nhn b cng ln v hp li ging nh ng tc ht vo th ra, phc hi s trao i khng kh gia phi vi mi trng bn ngoi. Cu hi n tp chng 6: 1.Trnh by cc bc thc hin cp cu nn nhn b in git Cc thi tham kho:

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Phiu thi : 01 Mn hc : An Ton in Thi gian : 60 pht Lp : TT + T

Ch k: Ch nhim b mn

Cu 1: S nguy him do in git ph thuc vo nhng yu t g? Hy nu v gii thch cc yu t .(5) Cu 2: Gii thiu phn t nguyn l hot ng ca h thng t ng ct khi c in chm mt loi in t.(5)

Khng c ty xa hoc vit vo phiu thi

Phiu thi : 02 Mn hc : An Ton in Thi gian : 60 pht Lp : TT + T

Ch k: Ch nhim b mn

Cu 1 : Nu v gii thch cc tc ng ca dng in khi chy qua c th ngi?(5) Cu 2 : Gii thiu phn t nguyn l hot ng ca h thng t ng ct khi c in chm mt loi in t.(5)

Khng c ty xa hoc vit vo phiu thi

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Phiu thi : 03 Mn hc : An Ton in Thi gian : 60 pht Lp : TT + T

Ch k: Ch nhim b mn

Cu 1: in tr ca ngi ph thuc vo nhng yu t g? Hy gii thch v v cc c tnh lin quan..(5) Cu 2 :Trnh by phng php kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng 1 chiu(P2 3 vn k, gn ng,dng n) v ca h thng xoay chiu bng P2 3 vnke.(5)

Khng c ty xa hoc vit vo phiu thi

Phiu thi : 04 Mn hc : An Ton in Thi gian : 60 pht Lp : TT + T

Ch k: Ch nhim b mn

Cu 1: Trnh by cch tnh dng in qua ngi khi chm vo li in 1 pha cch in vi mt v cch xc nh in tr cch in ti thiu m bo an ton..(5) Cu 2: Gii thiu phn t nguyn l hot ng ca h thng t ng ct khi c in chm mt loi so lch..(5)

Khng c ty xa hoc vit vo phiu thi

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Phiu thi : 05 Mn hc : An Ton in Thi gian : 60 pht Lp : TT + T

Ch k: Ch nhim b mn

Cu 1 : Trnh by cch tnh dng in qua ngi khi chm vo li in 3 pha cch in vi mt v cch xc nh in tr cch in ti thiu m bo an ton ( Khng tnh n phn c t in ).(5) Cu 2 : Gii thiu phn t nguyn l hot ng ca h thng o in tr cch in PU-1.(5)

Khng c ty xa hoc vit vo phiu thi

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