B GIAO THNG VN TI TRNG I HC HNG HI KHOA: IN- IN T TU BIN B MN: H THNG T NG

BI GING
AN TON IN
TN HC PHN M HC PHN TRNH O TO : AN TON I N : : I HC CHNH QUY

DNG CHO SV NGNH : IN- IN T TB

HI PHNG - 2008

MC LC STT Chng I Chng II 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Chng III 3.1 3.2 3.3 Chng IV 4.1 4.2 4.3 Chng V 5.1 5.2 5.3 Chng VI 6.1 6.2 NI DUNG M u Tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi Tc ng ca dng in Cp in p m con ngi chu c in tr ca c th ngi ng i ca dng in qua ngi Xc nh dng in i qua c th ngi trong nhng iu kin khc nhau Nhng yu cu c bn v an ton in i vi thit b v khi phc v n Phn loi khu vc theo mc an ton Phn loi khu vc theo mc an ton Tip mt bo v Nhng vn an ton khi khai thc trm pht v cc thit b khc iu kin cng tc ca im trung tnh v vn an ton Bo v trng hp mng cao th truyn sang mng h th Cc thit b ngt khi c trm mt Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng in nng Khi nim chung Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng 1 chiu Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng xoay chiu Cp cu ngi khi b in git Khi nim Nhng vic lm khi cp cu TRAN G 1 1 1-2 2-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 13 14

YU CU V NI DUNG CHI TIT Tn hc phn: An ton in B mn ph trch ging dy: H thng t ng M hc phn: Loi hc phn: 2 Khoa ph trch: inintTB Tng s TC: TS tit 30 L thuyt 30 Thc hnh/ Xmina 0 0 T hc Bi tp ln 0 n mn hc 0

iu kin tin quyt : Sinh vin phi hc v thi t cc hc phn sau mi c ng k hc hc phn ny: L thuyt mch, L thuyt trng in t. Mc tiu ca hc phn : Cung cp kin thc cho ngi vn hnh m bo an ton trong sn xut khi s dng cc tit b in. Ni dung ch yu: - Tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi - Nhng yu cu c bn v an ton in i vi thitb v khi phc v n - Nhng vn an ton khi khai thc trm pht v cc thit b khc - Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng in nng - Cp cu ngi khi b in git

Ni dung chi tit: TN CHNG MC PHN PHI S TIT TS LT Xmin BT KT a Chng I - M u 0.5 Chng II - Tc ng ca dng in i vi c 8 th ngi 2.1 Tc ng ca dng in 2.2 Cp in p m con ngi chu c 2.3 in tr ca c th ngi 2.4 ng i ca dng in qua ngi 2.5 Xc nh dng in i qua c th ngi trong nhng iu kin khc nhau Chng III - Nhng yu cu c bn v an ton 3.5 in i vi thitb v khi phc v n 3.1 Phn loi khu vc theo mc an ton 3.2 Phn loi khu vc theo mc an ton 3.3 Tip mt bo v Chng IV - Nhng vn an ton khi khai thc trm pht v cc thit b khc 4.1 iu kin cng tc ca im trung tnh v vn an ton 4.2 Bov trng hp mng cao th truyn sang mng h th 4.3 Cc thit b ngt khi c trm mt Chng V - Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng in nng 5.1 Khi nim chung 5.2 Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng 1 chiu 5.3 Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng xoay chiu Chng VI Cp cu ngi khi b in git 6.1 Khi nim 6.2 Nhng vic lm khi cp cu n tp 4 1.5 0.5 8 1.5 1.5 1 1 3 2 0.5 0.5 1.5 5.5 1.5 1 3 5 0.5 1.5 3 2.5 0.5 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

1.5

Nhim v ca sinh vin : ln lp y v chp hnh mi quy nh ca nh tr ng Ti liu tham kho: 1. Nguyn Xun Ph - Trn thnh Tm - K thut an ton trong cung cp v s dng in. Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut TPHCM 1999

Hnh thc v tiu chun nh gia sinh vin: Thi vit, thi gian lm bi 60 pht Thang im: thang im ch A,B,C,D,F im nh gi hc phn: Z=0.2 X+ 0.8Y Bi ging ny l ti liu chnh thc v thng nht ca B mn H thng t ng Khoa in - in T TB v c dng ging dy cho sinh vin Ngy ph duyt: / Trng B mn / 20

CHNG I: M U CHNG II: TC NG CA DNG IN I VI C TH NGI 2.1 - TC NG CA DNG IN. Trng hp in git, mc nguy him ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: Loa dng in. Thi gian m dng in i qua. Cng dng in i qua ngi B phn v chc nng ca b phn trong con ngi m dng in i qua iu kin sc kho ca ngi v mi trng lc . Tn s cu dng in

+ Loi dng in: Qua thc t v cc th nghim, ngi ta kt lun rng dng in xoay chiu nguy him hn dng mt chiu, cng gy ra mc cm gic b in git th cng dng mt chiu i qua ngi nh hn nhiu so vi cng dng xoay chiu. Bng 1: Gi tr ln nht cho php khng to nn tim b ngng p i vi sc khe Dng in mA Thi gian in git (s) 10 30 60 10-30 90 3 110 2 160 1 250 0.4 350 0.2 500 0.1

Bng 2: Gi tr ln nht cho php khng to nn tim ngng p i vi ngi yu Dng in mA Thi gian in git (s) 50 1 100 0.5 300 0.15

Bng 3: Cho tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu i vi c th con ngi Loi Dng in (mA) Thi gian dng in chy (s) Tc dng sinh ra 1 25 Khng xc nh p sut mu tng dn, tay kh ri n lc khng th ri vt mang in, s au n tng dn v kh th 2 25-80 25-30 p sut mu tip tc tng, nhp th b hn lon n lc ngng p tc th, th hin s cng tc khng bnh thng ca tim v dn n giai on rung tim, ngng p hn. 3 80-5 A 0.1-0.3 Tim rung v ngng p hn

3 A-8 A

Khng xc nh

Mu ngng lu thng, tim ngng p, cc c bp b tn thng nng, c th dn n t chy c th.

V tc ng ca dng in i vi con ngi 3 tc ng: + Tc ng ha hc: khi dng in i qua co th gy phn ng trong mu v lm thay i thnh phn ca mu + Tc ng l hc: dng in i qua gy t nng c th ngi + Tc ng sinh l: dng in i qua lm ri lon c th, lm t lit iu khin ca trung ng thn kinh. Bng 4: Tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu t 0.9 mA i qua c th ngi Dng in (mA) 0.9 0.9-1.2 1.2-1.6 1.6-2.2 2.2-2.8 2.8-3.5 3.5-4.5 4.5-5.0 5.0-5.5 5.5-7.0 7.0-8.0 8.0-9.5 10 11-13 13-15 15 20 50-80 90-100 Tc ng Bt u c cm gic Ch c cm gic cc im tip xc vi b phn c in C cm gic t ngn tay C cm gic cc khp ni cc ngn tay Ngn tay b t mnh Ngn tay t rt mnh Mt mi khuu tay (i vi ngi nhy cm ta thy hi au) Hi run tay au khuu tay Bp tht co li v run, au nh cm gic kh chu Tay bt u au, cm gic kh ri vt mang in au cnh tay Cm thy au ton b cnh tay gm ngn, khp v bn tay mc kh ri vt mang in tng nhng vn c th ri c vt Mc au tng ln C cm gic cc k kh chu Khng th ri vt mang in n khng c tc ng bn ngoi Sc khe rt y kh th H hp b t lit v tim p mnh H hp b t lit nu thi gian 3s th tim s b ngng p

Kt lun: Dng in khng nguy him i vi con ngi c xem l nh hn hoc bng 10mA (vi tn s = 60Hz) cn dng mt chiu 50mA.

2.2 - CP IN P M NGI C TH CHU NG C

Do mc in kh ho cng cao, vic s dng nng lng in ngy cng tng hn nn ngi ta cn tng in p ca thit b gip nh trng lng v kch thc ca thit b in, v vy cn phi c nhng quy nh v cp in p an ton m bo khng nguy him cho ngi vn hnh. Bng 5: Nhng kt qu phn tch cc tai nn ty theo in p con ngi chu ng. in git Nhng gii hn ca /p tnh bng V ngi cht S lng % 12 19 24 50 34 13 2 8 12 174 6,6 10,6 13,4 31,4 18,9 7 1,2 4,3 6,6 100% 34 73 191 230 86 20 7 20 660 5,1 10,7 28,8 34,9 13 3,25 1 3,25 100% 101 182 490 320 189 13 6 6 1307 7,7 13,8 37,3 24,5 14,5 1 0,6 0.6 100% in git gy tn thng lm mt tm thi kh nng lao ng S lng % in git gy chong khng la d hi

S lng %

n 24 25-50 50 101-150 151-200 201-250 251-350 351-500 500 Tng

Gii hn in p cng tc ca cc thit b in c quy nh cn ph thuc vo: + Cng sut ca thit b in + iu kin vn hnh + Kh nng m bo an ton ca thit b cc nc cng nghip pht trin ngi ta a ra 3 loi in p ln nht cho php nh sau: + in p cng tc ln nht ca cc dng c in cm tay v ca n in + in p tip xc v in p bc ln nht cho php(in p bc) + in p cm ng ln nht cho php do nh hng ca in t (+) in p cng tc ln nht ca cc cng c cm tay v n. Cho php n 380v nu p dng cc b phn ngn cch an ton

Cho php n 127V nu p dng bo v ni t Cho php n 42V nu cch in c tng cng Cho php n 24V nu dng loi cch in bnh thng Cho php n 220V i vi bng n mc nh c nh hoc s dng nhng ni t ngi qua li Cho php n 157V nhng khu vc nguy him hoc kh nguy him (ngoi tri c ma, ni c m cao) Cho php n 24V i vi n cm tay hoc n c nh nhng ni cng cng nhiu ngi qua li. Cho php n 12V i vi enf cm tay v nhng ni nguy him c php n 40V i vi trang thit b in c nh v di ng in tch c mc nguy him khng cao. Cho php n 24V nu thit b c t nhng ni v d nh:ng hm di mt t, nhng khu vc nguy him hoc rt nguy him. 2.3 - IN TR CA C TH NGI

i vi n chiu sng:

(+) in p tip xc v in p bc ln nht cho php:

Bng 6: in tr sut ca cc phn khc nhau trong c th ngi Cc phn c o Tu sng Huyt thanh H s bp Mu Da kh
.cm ) in tr sut (

56 71 150-300 120-180 (1.6-2)106

n gin vn , in tr c th ngi c th chia lm 2 phn chnh: in tr lp da in tr b phn trong da

Tm li: in tr ph thuc i a s vo lp da nu lp da nguyn vn v kh, in tr c th t 40.000 n 100.000 thm ch t 500.000 . Cn nu ch tip xc vi in lp a ngoi khng cn th in tr ca ngi ch cn l 600 cho n 200 , cn in tr ca cc b phn trong da ch c gi tr 570-1000.

Nh vy in tr ca ngi khi b in git ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: ip p m c th chu ng c V tr ca c th tip xc vi phn t mang in p Din tch tip xc m ca mi trng xung quanh Thi gian dng in tc dng

S tng ng ca in tr ngi H 3.1 (1) Lp da v tr in i vo (2) in tr trong c th ngi (3) Lp da v tr dng i ra ngoi. in tr cu c th ngi s gim i khi in p tng n mt gi tr gii hn. Ngi ta xc nh rng in p ban u gy ra s xuyn thng lp da t 10-50V in dung ca lp da ta c th xem nh 1 t in, khi c dng n chy qua c th ng, bn cch in (in tr) cng b khi nt dng in cng ln. Do v t bo b hy dit v dn n kt qu t bo b hu dit, in tr lp da gim qu trnh ny ph thuc va in p v thi gian tc dng cu dng in c tnh in tr tc dng ca ng ph thuc vo in p nh sau: (H 3-2) T th ta thy R c th ngi bin thin theo in p v thi gian tc dng cu dng in * c tnh: Gii hn R cu ngi (H3-4) Lc u R ca ngi c th c 5000 sau khi b nh xuyn th R ch cn 1000 R ca ngi gim trong khang in p t 10- 500v, khi >500v th R gn nh ko thay i KL: nu chm vo phn dn in gi tr dng in i qua c th ngi s tng theo 2 cch: 1- T l thun vi in p chm vo ph hp v / l Ohm (tc l dng qua ngun Ing= U/Rng) 2- Khi U cng tng R ca ngi cng gim v cng dn n dng in qua ngi tng ln

+ nh hng ca v tr m c th tip xc vi in mc nguy him khi b in git cng ph thuc vo v tr tip xc,ph thuc vo nhy cm cu h thn kinh ch tip xc hoc l dy ca lp da ch tip xc +Din tch tip xc cng quyt nh R trong mch nn dn n dng i qua c th ngi +p lc tip xc cng b nh hng n R v cng nh hng n I + m mi trng xung quanh, m cng cao th Rng cng thp v cng nguy him hn +Thi gian m I tc dng khi chm vo in cng lu th R cng gim,I s cng tng

2.4 - NG I CA DNG IN QUA NGI Bng 7 ng i ca dng in T gan bn tay n lng bn tay hay n vai T lng bn tai hay t vai n chn T gan bn tay i n 1 chn hay i n 2 chn T gan bn tay i n gan bn tay khc T c, lng hay bng n chn T mt hay t ngc n chn T 1 v tr ny n mt v tr khc trn cng 1 tay hay cng 1 chn Cc trng hp khc Bng 8: Phn lng dng in i qua tim nh gi mc nguy him ng dng in i qua ng T chn qua chn T tay qua tay T tay tra qua chn T tay phi qua chn Phn lng dng in i qua tim(%) 0,4 3,3 6,7 3,7 T l % tai nn cht ngi 25 23 17 14 5 10 1 5

* TRNG THA SC KHE CA NGI * TN S DNG IN

2.5 - XC NH DNG IN I QUA C TH NGI TRONG NHNG IU KIN KHC NHAU Nhng trng hp trm vo li in xoay chiu: + Li in xoay chiu 1 pha c im trung tnh cch in vi t + Li in 3 pha c im trung tnh cch in vi y + Li in 1 pha c ni mt + Li in 3 pha c ni mt Trng hp 1: Chm vo li in 1 pha cch in vi t (H7.1) + Trong trng hp ny cho r1=r2=Rc R=R= 0 T Ing(Rng+Rc)=I1r1 Ing.Rng=I1r1 T s tng ng ta tnh ton I1/Ing=Rng/Rc Hay I1= Ing.Rng/Rc Nu dng in qua r1 gi l I1, mt khc ta c in p ti im (1)(2) U12=U10+U02 Nu ta c U12=Ing.Rng+(Ing+I1)Rc=U U=Ing(2Rng+Rc) Vy Ing=U/2Rng+Rc Trng hp ny cng I qua ngi ph thuc rt nhiu vo Rc ca dy cp th 2. s nguy him c th trnh th Rc phi ln hn R ta tnh ton trong biu thc sau: Rc=U/0.01-2Rng + Trng hp r1#r2 v R=0 th dng in qua ngi tnh theo biu thc sau: Ing=U.r1/Rng(r1+r2)+r1r2 + Trng hp R2=0 (cc b chm mt) Ing=U/Rng y l trng hp nguy him nht + Cn nu ngi c i dy (hay cch in) Tn ti mt R v r1=r2 Ing=U/2(Rng+R)+Rc + Nu r1#r2 ta c Ing=U.r1/(Rng+R)(r1+r2)+r1r2 + Nu r2=0 Ing+U/Rng+R T biu thc trn ta c th kt lun rng R c ca mng rt nh hng n I i qua ngi, Rc cng b th dng qua ngi cng ln v cng nguy him hn (i chn t)

+ Cp ca li in xoay chiu thng to ra vi mt t hoc phn mt 1 t in, t in c gi tr cng ln th dng qua ngi cng ln (gi tr ca t ph thuc vo vn di ca dy cp, R ca c 2 u) Trng hp 2: Li in 3 pha cch in vi t Trong thc t ngi ta vn thng dng li in 3 pha m im trung tnh khng ni t nh s H 7.2 Nu chm vo 1 dng in c s nh trn S tng ng nh H7.2 Trng hp ny dng in s i qua ngi, i qua R cch in v tr v 2 pha cn li, dng in s c tnh bng biu thc sau: Ing= U/( Khi dng qua ngi th R: Rc=
3 U/0.01-3Rng 3 Rng+Rc/ 3)

+ H thng in 1 pha hoc 3 pha khng ni t c nhiu u im v an ton hn l h thng ni t, v vy trong cc vng (vng hm ngm, vng khi thc m, trn tu thy thng c mI trng m t v tc ng ca nhiu loi bi dn in, ngi ta thng s dng cc loi h thng khng ni t m bo an ton + Cng trong trng hp ny nu r1#r2#r3 th Ing=U.(r1
r22 +r 2 r3 + r32

)/(Rng(r1r2+r2r3+r3r1)+r1r2r3)

+ Nu r2=0 th dng qua ngi Ing= U/Rng T iu trn ta c th khng nh rng nng cao mc an ton cho ngi vn hnh v khai thc trong trng hp ny nhn vin vn hnh cn phi dng thit b m bo an ton in nh giy cch in, i gng tay cch in Ing=U/Rc+R Trng hp 3: Li in ni t a s cc thit b v kh c in c cp ngun t li in 3 pha ni t v li in ny kinh t v v k thut c nhiu u im hn li in 1 pha. im trung tnh ni t ngi ta gi l im khng v trong mng ny t ti 2 loi in p: in p pha v in p dy. Nu ngi ko may chm vo 1 pha m ng trn t th ta s tnh dng qua ngi nh sau: Ing=Uf/Rng+R0 Trong thc t R0 khng ng k so vi Rng, thng khong 4 Do ngi ta thng b qua R0 v xc nh dng in ca ngi: Ing=Uf/Rng hay Ing=Ud/
3 Rng

CHNG III: NHNG YU CU C BN V AN TON IN I VI THIT B IN V KHI PHC V N 3.1 - PHN LOI CC BUNG TRN TU THY THEO MC AN TON IN - Nhng bung khng nguy him nht trn tu: l nhng bung khng c iu kin to ra nguy him, tc l nhng bung kh, m khng vt qu 75% VD: Phng , club, phngkhch, bung v tuyn in, hnh lang cc tng. - Bung kh nguy him: l nhng bung c 1 trong nhng du hiu sau y: m cao, c bi dn in, nhit cao, cc vch bn l kim loi. - Nhng bung c bit nguy him: l nhng ni ng thi c 2 iu kin nu trn hoc c 1 iu kin nhng c bit m t, hay c mi trng phn ng ho hc. Trn c s phn loi nh vy chn thit b in lp t cho ph hp m bo an ton cho ngi vn hnh v cho c thit b. 3.2 - PHN LOI THIT B IN - Thit b trn: l thit b trong cc b phn quay v dn in khng c ngn nga, nhng trng hp va trm bt thng v khng c bo v i vi nh hng ca nhng iu kin bn ngoi. - Thit b c bo v: l thit b c b phn che ngn c bit(l chn, li, hoc v che..). Ngn nga khng cho nhn vin phc v bt thn b va chm, cng nh ngn nga khng cho cc vt bn ngoi rI vo n. - Thit b khng ngm tia nc: c bo v khng cho nc lt vo trong t cc pha. - Thit b in chng n: l thit b c th cng tc an ton trong mi trng d n. 3.3 - TIP MT BO V Theo quy nh ca ng kim, cc thit b in c phn v l kim loi (phn khng c php dn in) u phI c tip mt bo v, tng thm an ton cho ngi vn hnh v khai thc. Khi tip mt bo v ta to nn 1 nhnh song song c in tr v cng b, trong trng hp ngi va chm vo thit b b chm mt, lc dng I qua ngi s nh i nhiu ln. Khi chn dy tip mt bo v cn ch : + Tip xc gia v my v mt phi tht tt + R dy ni mt cng nh cng tt + Khng c t cu dao, cu tr trong dy tip mt + Tit din ca dy ni mt phi m bo t nht bng tit din dy pha a in vo thit b + Dy ni mt khng c qu di * Trng hp ng c b chm mt - Nu ngi ng chm vo v my th s chnh lch in p gia tay chm vo v my v 1 chn xa im tip mt ta gi l in p vi (in p tip xc) - Cn nu ngi cha chm vo v my m i trong vng c in th chm mt, s chnh lch in th gia 2 chn gi l in p bc

- Trng hp nu in p bc ln gy nguy him cho ngi ta p dng bin php khc phng tai nn. CHNG IV: NHNG VN AN TON KHI KHAI THC TRM PHT V CC TRANG THIT B IN KHC 4.1 - IU KIN CNG TC CA IM TRUNG TNH V VN AN TON Ing=Uf.Gn/ 1 + Uf: in p pha Gn: dn in ca ngi (=1/Rng) Gf: dn in cu R cch in pha (coi nh R cch in ca 3 pha nh nhau) Co: l in dung ca mi pha so vi t (coi c 3 pha nh nhau) 4.2 - BO V TRNG HP IN CAO TH TRUYN VO MNG H TH Khi cht cch in ca cun dy cao th my bin p b gi ho, hay b ph hu th cun dy h th c th b truyn in cao th, trng hp ny c th gy tai nn cho nhn vin phc v, phi mng h th v thit b ang hot ng mng h th. trnh trng hp trn i vi nhng mng c dy trung ho cch in vi t, ngi ta phi bo v bng cc c ch nh xuyn. (H3.2) Trng hp khi in cao th truyn sang h th xy ra hin tng trc thng cc khong cch khng gian ca vt m bng mica trong cu ch v dng in s phng xung t, kt qu l ta bo v mng h th v a tn hiu ct mng cao th.
Gn (Gn + 6G f )
2 2 9(G 2 f + C0 )

4.3 - CC THIT B NGT KHI C CHM MT - Thit b ngt khi c chm mt bng in t: S s 1: gii thiu thit b ngt khi c chm mt bng in t. - Thit b ngt khi c chm mt bng in t S 2: Gii thiu thit b ngt khi c chm mt bng in t.

CHNG V: KIM TRA IN TR CCH IN CA H THNG IN NNG 5.1 - KHI NIM CHUNG 5.2 - KIM TRA IN TR CCH IN H THNG IN MT CHIU - Phng php 3 vol k R+=(U- (U++U-)/U-)RV R-=(U- (U++U-))/U+.RV Nn Ri=(U-(U++U-))/(U++U-). RV - Phng php gn ng
U U U + R R R + V + = R RV + R+

Gii phng trnh ta c:

U U + RV . R- = U + 1 + RV Rt

Nu: Rt >> RV R- =
U U + .RV U+

* Phng php 2 vol k Nu coi 2 in tr ca 2 volk nh nhau v Rc cu 1 cc no so vi mt b gim th vonk n vi cc s ch in p nh, cn vonk cn li s ch ng in p sao cho tng 2 in p ca 2 vonk cng la bng in p ca ngun. Nhc im: nu Rc ca 2 cc so vi mt gim nh nhau, th mc chnh lch in p ca 2 von k khng c (nh v ta khng pht hin cch in so vi mt ca pha no gim) *Phng php kim tra bng n 5.3 - KIM TRA R CCH IN CA MNG XOAY CHIU * Phng php 3 vol k - Gi s Rr=Rf=Rt - Gi s Rr gim i mt n - Gi s Rr=0 * o in tr cch in bng xoay chiu trn c s o dng 1 chiu

Ngi ta dng 1 thit b trong to nn dng 1 chiu cho i qua R cch in ca mng xoay chiu, sau cng dng 1 chiu t suy ra in tr cch in ca mng xoay chiu (VD mt vi s ca mng xoay chiu) CHNG VI - CP CU NGI KHI B IN GIT 6.1 - KHI NIM Theo quy nh v an ton cn phi c cc thit b bo v khi vn hnh v khai thc h thng, chia lm 3 loi: - Cc phng tin cch in - Phng tin kim tra cn in p - Cc thit b an ton v thng bo 6.2 - NHNG VIC LM U TIN KHI CP CU 6.2.1 - Cc dng in i qua ngi nn nhn 6.2.2 - Xc nh trng thI sc khe nn nhn 6.2.3 - p dng nhng bin php cp cu ph hp