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    Ēl Baskouta
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    EXTRACT αλκαλοειδη

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views18 pages

    EXTRACT αλκαλοειδη

    Uploaded by

    Ēl Baskouta
    EXTRACT αλκαλοειδη

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    3.5.

    "" .
    (, , ) , ,
    ,
    , ,


    .

    .

    .
    .
    .
    -
    .

    (work up)
    .
    .

    3.5.1
    3.5.1.1.

    ,
    .
    ,
    ,
    .
    - ,

    . ( 3.5.1)
    Nernst,

    3.5.1

    ,
    .

    ca
    =K
    cb

    (3.5.1)

    ( )
    .
    .

    . ,
    , .
    ,
    .
    S, Va
    Vb , :

    S=

    1
    V
    1+ b K
    Va

    (3.5.2)

    3.5.1.2

    . >100
    , , <
    100 , .
    ,
    , ,
    . :
    v ml wo g
    s ml .
    w1 g
    wo - w1 g :

    w1
    v
    K=
    (w o w 1
    s

    w1 = wo

    Kv
    Kv + s

    (3.5.3)

    A w2
    g :
    w2
    v
    =
    (w1 w2 )

    ( Kv)
    Kv
    = wo
    Kv + s
    ( Kv + s ) 2
    2

    w2 = w1

    (3.5.4)

    x/ wx g
    :
    Kv
    wx = wo

    Kv + s

    (3.5.4)

    wx x s
    v .

    .

    ,
    .
    ,
    4,
    .
    .. NaCl.


    . (salting out).

    ( ),
    , -. ..
    2-5 % ,
    .
    Soxhlet .

    3.5.2

    3.5.2
    ( Kutscher Steudal),

    -
    .

    -
    .
    , ,
    , . ,
    ,
    . ,
    .


    .
    .
    ,
    , -
    .

    3.5.2. .

    .

    ,

    .
    (, , ),
    , .

    .

    .
    .

    Soxhlet, 3.5.3.

    .
    ,
    .
    ,
    () .

    .
    .

    3.5.3

    Soxhlet
    .
    Thielepape (2),
    ,
    .
    Thielepape ()
    -

    . ()
    .

    3.5.3.


    .
    ,
    ( )

    .

    (.. ) 100 ml
    . ( 3.5.4).

    3.5.4

    100 ml

    ,
    100 ml . ,
    , ,
    100 ml CHCl3. H
    100 ml

    100 ml CHCl3. , ,
    1
    10 ,

    . ,
    ,
    ,
    .
    ,
    , .

    . . ,
    .
    . 30
    =3 0.33
    3.5.5.

    3.5.5.


    =1 .

    .
    = 1/2 , .. ,
    .

    -
    .
    100 .

    , .
    ( Craig),
    .
    .

    ( )


    .

    3.5.4


    .
    .

    .
    . ,
    ,
    . ,
    - .
    3.5.6.

    N+AH+B:


    ()


    (B:)

    7
    5

    (B:)


    ()

    ()
    NaCl
    NaCl

    (. ) . H ,
    .

    (..

    NaOH).

    . - .

    4
    5

    6
    7

    . . . .
    . , .
    (.. NaOH) . .
    .
    . . . .

    3.5.6


    , (..
    ) (. ).

    NaHCO3.
    :

    HCO3

    + H

    CO2 + H2O

    NaHCO3
    ,
    CO2.
    (NaOH)

    .

    3.5.6
    ,
    . ,
    ,
    , , .

    .

    , .
    () . ( , -
    )
    ,
    .
    .
    () .
    (, , ),
    .
    ,


    .
    .

    3.5.1.
    .
    3.5.1

    -1

    (g. ml )

    ( C)

    68.7

    0.65

    34.6

    0.71

    +++

    ..

    1.5%

    61.7

    1.48

    +++

    .. ,
    .

    39.7

    .31

    ++

    . -
    .

    77.1

    0.89

    118

    0.81


    . 20%

    3.5.6. .
    3.5.6.1. .
    .
    .

    (, )
    1 .
    .
    2 .. .
    3 .
    . .



    .

    . 4


    . .
    .
    () .
    () ,
    .
    1


    . .
    2



    3
    3/4
    .
    4

    ( .. NaHCO3 a2CO3 CO2

    () ,
    .
    () 5
    .
    ()
    . () ()

    .
    ) ,
    ,
    6 .
    ,
    .
    ,
    .
    3.5.6.2
    3 g (
    1), ( 2) ( 3).

    COOH

    NH 2

    50 ml ,
    [1] 25 ml HCl. 5 % .
    ( )

    20 ml [2].

    .

    , .
    6


    [3] .

    [1] 25 ml Na 5 % . ,

    20 ml [2].

    [3]
    ..
    )
    NaOH Cl
    6N ( pH )
    , . , ,
    .
    )
    50 ml ( NaCl)
    (Na2SO4)
    . ,
    ...
    )
    ( -)
    NaOH 5 ( pH ).
    50 ml ..
    ( NaCl),
    (2SO4) .
    . . .


    [1] HCl NaOH

    :

    NH2 + HCl

    NH3 Cl

    COOH + NaOH

    COO Na + H2O


    .
    ,
    .
    [2]
    .
    [3]
    ,
    . (. HCl, a ).

    .
    3.5.6.3 .
    ) .
    ,
    , cola,
    .
    , 1,3,7-,2,6-.
    3-5 % (

    7-) , .
    .

    O
    H3C

    CH3

    H3C

    N
    N
    CH3

    H
    N
    N
    CH3

    )
    500 ml 30 g 300 ml 15 g
    7 . 20 min
    . 5 g
    Buchner. 15-200 C
    4x25 ml 8 . 10
    min (Na2SO4)
    5 ml .
    10 ml .
    15-20 ml
    .
    .
    . .

    ,
    .
    8

    . .

    . ,
    .
    7

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