July 26, 2013 Joints and Shit 2 Major classes of Articulation/Joints: 1.) Structure a.

Fibrous has dense connective tissue as binding element i. Sutures Synarthrotic joint 1. Coronal Suture 2. Squamous Suture ii. Syndesmoses1. Tibiofibular joint 2. Radioulnar joint 3. Gomphosis joint which connects teeth to maxilla or mandible iii. Interosseous membrane b. Cartilaginous has cartilage as binding element i. Hyaline -> Synchondrosis 1. Fetal epiphyseal plate 2. Connections of the ilium + Ischium + pubis ii. Fibrocartilage -> Symphysis 1. Intervertebral discs 2. Pubic symphysis c. Synovial synovial fluid as binding element, the surface of the two articulating bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and are classified as Diarthrosis. i. Structures present: 1. Contacting surface articular cartilage covered surface 2. Synovial cavity provides space for free movement of the joint, 3. Synovial membrane constituted of epithelial tissue, surrounds the surface and excretes synovial fluid 4. Synovial fluid decreases friction between the two bones. 5. Bursa acts as a shock-absorber 6. Fibrous tissue adds strength and flexibility at the joint area ii. Types of movement: 1. Angular movements: a. Flexion to decrease angle b. Extension to increase angle c. Hyperextension d. Abduction away from the midline e. Adduction towards the midline 2. Gliding movements 3. Rotation a. Rotation b. Circumduction 4. Special movements a. Supination Palm faces upward b. Pronation Palm face downward

July 26, 2013 c. Depression to lower d. Elevation to elevate e. Contraction f. Retraction g. Inversion h. Aversion i. Protraction iii. Types of synovial joints: 1. Planar or Gliding joint one surface is flat a. Intertarsal 2. Hinge joint convex on one side connects concave on the other side a. Humerus in contact with your ulna 3. Saddle joint Both a convex and concave surface comes in contact with the opposite bone. a. Carpometacarpal joint 4. Pivot Joint rounded projection in one bone connects to a ring 5. Condyloid joint an oval coming in contact with a concave second bone 6. Ball and socket joint a rounded head of bone fits into a socket. a. Femur and acetabulum 2.) Function a. Synarthrosis - immovable b. Amphiarthroses slightly movable c. Diarthroses freely movable *An ossified joint is known as a Synostosis