DESIGN OF NMR

Inside of the NMR spectroscopy

Characteristic of the component

Magnet

- Use a superconducting magnet(is an electromagnet made from coils of superconducting wire) it must be cooled to cryogenic temperature, no resistance, no current loss, high(strong) and stable magnetic field - Requires cooling to almost absolute zero(liquid helium)

 Frequency Generator
- Creates the alternating current (AC) at

resonant frequency that induces B1 - Convert Radio-Frequency (RF) that induces by applied magnetic field to pulse - Generate constant travel frequency(), generate continuous wave or pulse

 Probe(coil) - Generate and maximize B1 from induced RF

current - Maximize signal from magnetization of the sample - To achieve both of the above, we have to minimize coil size and maximize sample volume

 Detector - Convert RF current into pulse - Use quadrature detection because to reduce the bandwidth

of the pulse

 Recorder
- Display the NMR spectrum

- can operate it using analyzer or computer

How is an NMR signal detected?

1. When the constant magnetic field is applied

to the sample by the magnet, it will align the nuclei of the sample to the same direction as the magnetic field. 2. Then, the energy input to make the nuclei resonate is produced by a radio frequency(pulse). RF field is a magnetic field perpendicular to the constant magnetic field(by magnet).

3. After the pulse, the nuclei return to their ground

energy state(precess back to the start position) 4. This process induces a current that detect by a probe(coil). 5. As the nuclei return to the equilibrium, the induced current decrease back to zero(free induction decay,(FID))

Why we need a magnet? - since nuclei with spin behave like a magnet, so they will align when constant magnetic field applied.