ST LED ee eT TELE A self-study reference and practice book for elementary students of English RAYMOND MURPHY SECOND EDITION CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Special reprint for Sri Lanta only, not to be sold elsewhere.A self-study reference and practice book for elementary students of English WITH ANSWERS Ream Manip SECOND EDITION CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSntents pe student “the teacher am/is/are /is/are (questions) Tam doing (present continuous) ‘are you doing? (present continuous questions) do/work/like etc. (present simple) ae so+ (present simple negative) 0 you ... ? (present simple questions) Lam doing and I do {present continuous and present simple) have ... / Pve got ... jwere ked/got/went etc. (past simple) didn’t... Did you... ? (pastsimple negative and questions) ‘was doing (past continuous) | was doing (past continuous) and did (past simple) done (present perfect 1) (present perfect 4) done (present perfect) and I did (past simple) isdone was done (passive t) Sbeingdone has been done (passive 2) save/‘do in present and past tenses and irregular verbs to... hat are you doing tomorrow? going to...4] 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 4 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57. 58 50 60 6 62 6 64 “65 66 or 68 6 70 a 72 B 74 5 76 17 8 79 30 81 82 83 Tam Idon't etc Have you? Are you? Don’t you? exc. too/either so. amI/ neither do Ictc isn’t haven't don’tetc. (negatives) isit...? haveyou...? do they... ? ctc. (questions 1) Who saw you? Who did you see? (questions 2) ‘Who is she talking to? What is it like? (questions 3) What ...? Which How ...? How long does it take Do you know where I don’t know what ... etc ‘She said that... He told me that... work/working go/going _ do/doing to... (want to do) and -ing (1 enjoy doing) Iwant youto... I told you to... I went to the shop to ... goto... goon... gofor.. go-ing get do and make have T/me he/him they/them etc. my/his/their etc. Whose is this? It's mine/yours/hers etc. I/me/my/mine myself/yourself/themselves etc. ~'s (Ann's camera / my brother's car) etc. a/an ... flower(s) _ bus(es) (angular and plural) a car / some money (countable/uncountable 1) a car / some money (countable/uncountable 2) a/an and the che... go to work / go home / go to the cinema Tlike music “hate exams the .... (names of places) this/that/these/those one/ones some and any not+any no none not + anybody/anyone/anything _sobody/no-one/nothing somebody /anything/nowhere ct. every and all all most some any no/none both either neither alot “much many (a) little (a) few‘old/nice/interesting exc. (adjectives) quickly /badly/suddenly etc. (adverbs) old/older expensive / more expensive RRL. 88 not as... as the oldest the most expensive enough too He speaks English very well. (word order 1) always/usually/often etc. (word order 2) still yet already Give me that book! Give it to me! at8o’clock on Monday _ in April from ...to until since for before after during while in atom (places 1) in at om (places 2) to in _at (places3) under behind opposite etc. (prepositions) up over throngh etc. (prepositions) on at by with about (prepositions) i good at...etc. _ preposition + -ing (good at -ing etc.) look at... etc. (verb + preposition) goin falloff run away etc. (phrasal verbs 1) put on yourshocs put your shoes om (phrasal verbs 2) and but or so because Sos Reus Hesea ‘When ... Ifwe go... Kyou see ww. etc IfThad... fwe went ... etc. aperson who... a thing that/which ..._ (relative clauses 1) the people we met the hotel you stayed at (relative clauses 2) “Appendix Activeand passive 239 “Appendix 2 List of irregular verbs 240 “Appendix 3 Irregular verbs in groups 241 Appendix 4 Short forms (he's /Td/don’t etc) 242 ‘Appendix 5 Spelling 244 “Appendix 6 Phrasal verbs (look out / take offetc) 246 “Appendix 7 Phrasal verbs + object (fill im a form / put out afireetc.) 247 ‘Additional exercises 748 Key to Exercises 265 Key co Additional exercises 293 Index 2%To the student (working without a teacher) This is a grammar book for elementary students of English. There are 114 units in the book and each unic is aboat a different point of English grammar, There is a list ‘of units at the beginning of the book (Contents) Do not study all the units in order from beginning to end. Iris better to choose the units that you need to do. For example, if you have a problem with the present perfect (Ihave been, he has done etc.), use the Index (at the back of the book) to tind the unit (or units) you need to study (Units 15-20 for the present perfect). Each unit is two pages. The information is on the lefi-hand page and the exe: are on the right: Information (left) Exercises (right) ‘You can use the book in this way: Look in the Contents and/or Index to find the unit that you need Study the left-hand page (information). Do the exercises on the right-hand page Use the Key to check your answers. Study the left-hand page again if necessary. Don't forget the seven Appendices at the back of the book (pages 239-247). These will give you information about active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms, spelling and phrasal verbs ‘There are also Additional exercises at the back of the book (pages 248-264), There a list of these exercises on page 248. ie]To the teacher ee ‘The most important features of this book are: @ [cis a grammar book. It deals only with grammar and is not a general course book. © [eis a book for elementary learners. Ie does not cover areas of grammar which are not normally taught at elementary level. @ Ic combines reference and exercises in one volume © Iecan be used for self-study or as supplementary course material. Organisation of the book There are 114 units in the book, each one focusing on a particular area of grammar. The material is organised in grammatical categories, such as tenses, questions and articles. Units are not ordered according to difficulty, and should therefore be selected and used in the order appropriate for the learner(s). The book should nor be worked through from beginning to end. The units are listed in the Contents and there is. comprehensive Index at the end of the book. ‘Each unit has the same format consisting of nwo facing pages. The grammar point is presented and explained on the left-hand page and the corresponding exercises are on the right. There are seven Appendices (pages 239-247) dealing with active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms (contractions), spelling and phrasal verbs. [x might be useful for teachers to draw students’ attention to these. This new edition of Essential English Grammar also contains a set of Additional exercises (pages 248-264). These exercises provide ‘mixed’ practice bringing together grammar points from a number of different units (mainly those concerning verb forms). There are 33 exercises in this section and there isa fall lise on page 248. Finally, there isa Key at the back of the book (pages 263-295) for students to check their answers. An edition without the Key is ako available for teachers who ‘would prefer their students to use this. Level ‘The book is for elementary learners, icc. learners with very little English. but | would not expect it to be used from the first day of a course for complete beginners. [tis intended mainly for elementary students who are beyond the very catliest stages of a beginners" course. It could alo be used by lower intermediate learners whose grammer is weaker than other aspects of their English or who have problems with particular areas of ‘elementary’ grammar. “The explanations are addressed to the elementary learner and are therefore a5 simple and as shore as possible. The vocabulary used in the examples and exercises haas also been restricted so that the baok can be used at this level, Using the book “The book can be wsed by students working alone {see Te the student) oF as supplementary course material. In ether case the book car serve aan elementary grammar book, SaWhen used as course material, the book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual seudents needing extra help and practice. In some cases it may be desirable to use the left-hand pages (presentation and explanation) in class, but it should be noted that these have been written for individual study and reference. In most cases, it would probably be better for the ceacher to present the grammar point in his/her preferred way with the exercises being done for homework. The left-hand page is then available for later reference by the student. Some teachers may prefer to keep the book for revision and remedial work. In this case, individual students or groups of students can be directed to the appropriate units for self-study and practice Changes from the first edition ‘The main changes Grom the first edition are: @ There are six new units: Unit 16 present perfect + just/already/yet Unie 22 passive (is being done / has beew done) Unit 25 Tused t0 ... Unit 56 do and make Unie 57 have Unie 112. ifThad ... / ifiwe went... etc. ‘There is also a new appendix on active and passive forms (Appendix 1). @ Some of the material has been revised and reorganised. For example, the content of Units 99-100 fin /at/on) in the new edition corresponds to Unit 94 and part of Unit 96 in the old edition, @ Some units have been redesigned, for example Unit 41 (originally 39) and Unit 54 (originally 52). © Some of the units have been reordered and (after Unit 8) nearly all units have a different number from the original edition. A few units have been moved to different parts of the book. For example, Unit 50 (work /working etc.) was originally Unit 34. ‘Many ofthe left-hand pages have been rewritten and many of the examples changed. In a few cases there are significant changes to the content, for example Unit 51 (originally 47), Unit 73 (originally 68) and Unit 82 (originally 77) @ Many of the original exercises have been modified or completely replaced with new exercises (for example, Units 4 and 5) @. There is a new section of Additional exercises a the back ofthe book (ee Oxgarasation of tie book above). 3)Thanks For their help in producing this new edition of Essential English Grammar, L would Tike to thank Jeanne McCarten, Noirin Burke, Liz Driscoll, Chris Hamilton-Emery, ‘Geraldine Marie, Jane Walsh, Pam Murphy, Ruth Carim and Lelio Pallini. Drawings by Richard Deverell, Richard Eckford, Sue Hillwood-Harris and Amanda MacPhail. ‘Book design by Peter Ducker MSTD. aam/is/are Pm American. Pm es (@m American. Pm from Chicago.\. (Ema a Gam name is Lia.) Pm. mz) ‘My father is a doctor and my mother is a journalist. 7 $= ba mot married. (iy favourite colour is blue. (My favourite sports are | football and swimming. | fe rested in are snterested in art) B positive negative 1 am ('m) 1 am not (fm not) he (he’s) he (he’smot —or_heisn’t) she} is (he's) she }is mot (he's motor sheisn’t) ic) G's) ic) Gic’s not or itisn’e) we: (we're) we) (we're not or we aren’t) fam Seam | | Safa ane nmene Smny they (they’re) they | (they’re not or they aren't) @ I'm cold. Can you close the window, please? @ I'm 32 years old. My sister is 29. a My brother is very tall. He’s a policeman, @ John is afraid of dogs. @ It’s ten o'clock. You're late again © Ann and Lare good friends. © Your keys are on che table. sy oF ae @ I'm tired Sut Pm aot hungry © Tom isn’t interested in politics. He’s interested in music @ Jane isn’t at home at the moment. She’s at work. © Those people aren’t English. They’re Australian. © It’s sunny today but it isn’t warm. here's = here is Co thavs=thatis there's = there is @ Thank you. That's very kind of you. © Look! There’s Chris. © ‘Here’s yourkey’ “Thank you! po} amfis/are (questions) => there is/are EET"Write the short form (she's / we aren'tetc.). 1 sheis she’s 3 itisnot —.. 5 Tamnot... Brey, are | ge hars 6 youare not Putin am, is orare. 1 The weather nice today. 5 Look! There Carol. 2 Lan not tired. 6 My brother and I... good tennis players. 3. This bag... heavy. 7 Ann at home. Fer children... at school. - anUTse, “4 These bags heavy, 8 Locus a taxi driver, My siste Write mull sentences, Use is/isn’Vare/aren’t. 1 (your shoes very dirty) Your. shoes. are. very dirty. 2 (my brother teacher) My : teeta “3. (this house not very big) = gy eens — pp whe which how =Pi Wheres the camera? London 1¢ 2 Is your car blue? No. ny not 2 3 Is Linda from London? 3 | 4 AmI lat 4 5 Where’ Ann from? . 5 | 6 What colour is your bag? No, its black. 6 ; 7 Are you hungry? + In your bag. 7 8 How is George? No, shes American 5 9 Who’ that woman? Very well. 9 ake questions with these words. Use is or are. {athome / your mother?) 1s your mother at home? 2 (your parents / well?) ‘Are. your parents well? 5 (interesting / your job?) z 4 (she shops / open today? 5 (interested in sport / you?) & (near here / che post office?) > (atschool / your children?) a 8 (why / you / late?) iplete the questions. Use What... /Who... /Where... /How... How are. your parents? * the bus stop? | nesses YOUF Children? these oranges? your favourite spor? the man in this photograph? Your new shoes? Theyre very well At the end of the street Five, six and ten. £1.20 kilo. Skiing. ‘That's my father. Black. te the questions. (Read the answers first.) & (eames) _Whal’s your name? Paul vau (married or single?) oo I'm married. FR ERA No, I'm Australian (how old?) on a, _ | | Pm30, fateacher?) No, I'ma lawyer. (wife a lawyer?) No, she’sa designer, Se ‘She's Italians (her name?) x E ‘Anna. {how old?) - srSetememteae She's 27. Write short answers (Yes, 1am. /No, he isn’t. etc.). T Are you married? Noy_I’m nok. 2 Are you thirsty? = 3 [sit cold today? 4 Are your hands cold? 5 Isit dark now? 6 Are you a teacher?UNIT Ki] lam doing (present continuous) The present continuous is: am/is/are + doing /eating/running /writing, et Tam (aot) -ing he she bis (not) ~ing it we you ben (not) -ing they ‘ oo ‘ Ss er it t Ie xaining. They're running. The sur isn’t shining. They aren’t walking. Pm working, Chris is writing a letter. She isn’t cating. (or She’s not eating.) The phone is ringing. We're having dinner. You're not listening to me. (or You aren't ...) The children are doing their homework. B am/is/are +-ing = something is happening now: [14] Pm working she’s wearing a bar they'ze playing football Tim not watching television past ow) future Please be quiet. I'ma working. (= I'm working now) ‘The weather is nice at the moment. Ir’s not raining. ° @ Look at Sue! She’s wearing her new hat. (= she is wearing it now) e ° ‘Where are the children?” “They're playing in the park! Spelling (=> Appendix 5): come > coming (on the phone) We're having dinner now. Can you phone again later? You can tum off the television. I’m not watching it. write > writing dance + dancing run—> running sit sitting swim > swimming lie lying are you doing? (questions) => EJ tam doing and { do = What are you doing tomorrow? = ARESEXERCISES ‘What are these peaple doing? Use these verbs to complete the sentences: eat have- lie play sit. wait 1 She's cating an apple. 4 2 on the floor. 2 He —forabus, 5 breakfast. 3 They owe football, 6 d on the table Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs: build cook go have stand stay swim werk 1. Please be quiet. 1m working. 2 ‘Where’ John” “He's in the kitchen. He 3 ‘You onmy foot’ ‘Oh, I'm sorry 4 Look! Somebody... 3 - in the river. 5 We're here on holiday. We at the Central Hotel 6 ‘Where's Ann?” “She ashower! 7 They a new theatre in the city centre at che moment, 81 now. Goodbye. Look at the picture. Write sentences about Jane, Use She’s -ing or She isn't-ing. (have dinner) _Jane isn’t having dinner (watch television) She's wakching television. (Git on the floor) She (ccada book) (play the piano) (laugh) (wear a hat) (write a lertex) eudsureDe ‘What's happening at the moment? Write true sentences. 1 (1/ wash / my hair) 'm not washing my hair. 2 (it /snow) 18's snowing. OR It isn’t snowing. 3 (I/ sit / om a chair) AS bani 4 (I / eat) 5 (it / rain) 6 (1/ learn / English) 7 (L/listen / to music) & (the sun / shine) 9 (1 / wear / shoes) 10 (1 / read / a newspaper)Pid c are you doing? (present continuous questions) A positive question 1 am am | he doing he | doing? a | working is { she | working? it going ic | goimg? saying staying? we we Beet ee) = they they © “Are you fecling OK?” ‘Yes, I'm fine, thank you! © “sit raining?” “Yes, take an umbrella’ © Why are you wearing 2 coat? It's not cold. “What's Paul doing?’ “He’s reading the newspaper? © “Whit are the children doing” ‘They're watching television’ © Look, there's Sally! Where’s she going? © Who are you waiting for? Are you waiting for Suc? B Study the word order: is/ate+ subject + ing Is he working today? Is Paul working today? _(not"Is working Paul today?’) Where are they going? Where are those people going? (nor “Where are going those people? © shore answers ‘Yes, Lam. No, I'm not. he he’s he ‘Yes,| she pis. no she’s Fnot. or No {se isn’t ic it’s it we we're we ves{ you fare. | | xo ete foe wa you far they they're they. © ‘Are you going now?” “Yes, 1am.’ © ‘Is Paul working today?” “Yes, he is.” e ° Is itraining® ‘No, it isn’t.’ “Are your friends staying at ahotel?” “No, they aren’t, They're staying with me? ‘What sre you doing tomorrow? => [EEA] questions = EE (20) Iamdoing =>Look at the pictures and write the questions. 1 you! watch /it 2 {(you/go/now?) FEEERTYEXERCISES Write questions with Do ...? and Doe: like chocolate. And you? play tennis. And you? ‘Tom plays tennis. And Ann? ‘You live near here. And your friends? ‘You speak English. And your brother? Ido exercises every morning, And you? me Sue offen goes away. And Paul? Saes_.fe Iwant to be farnous. And you? ‘You work hard. And Linda? eedsaukeNe ‘Write questions. Use the words in brackets (.,,) + de/oes, Put the words in the right order. 1 (where / live / your parents?) Where do your parents live? 2 (you / carly / always / get uy Po, you atriaiss, get Up. earls, 3 (how often / TV / you / watch?) 2. ode. Cho s) Om 4 (you / want / what / for dinner?) the cle sox, fos slime 5 (like / you / football2) De. Yer A e..Gom anh 6 (your brother / like / football?) z 7 (what / you / do / in the evenings?) sated o> 8 (your sister / work / where?) here elm 4 9 (to the cinema / often / you / go?) Daves Na che 48 (what / mean / this word?) Van. OD... 2M... AY 11 (often / snow / it / here?) 4 12 (go / usually / to bed / what time / you?) 13 (how much / to phone New York / it/ = 14 (you a for breakfast / hi have / ‘sualy 7 what) dbase m nt Whar 42, you do 2 | | twork ina bookshop. ie | | rs OK. ‘What time in the morning? | | At9 o'clock. ‘on Saturdays? |_| Sometimes. How de Vow $0: towork? |_| Usually by bus And your husband. What What _ hisjob? He’ a teacher. Science, Yes, he loves it. ite short answers (Yes, he does. /No, | don't. etc.). Do you watch TV alot? No, ! don’t. OR, Mets, 1 do. Do you live ina hig city? .... nis, i Do vou often ride a bicycle? Does it rain lot where you live? Do you play the piano?1am doing and | do : (present continuous and present simple) Jim is watching television. He is not playing the guitar. Bur Jim has a guitar. Hie often plays it and he plays very well. Jim plays the guitar hut he is not playing the guitar now Ishe playing the guitar? No, he ism’t, (present continuous) Does he play the guitar? ¥es,he does. (presen simple) Present continuous (Lam doing) ~ now, at the time of speaking: Tm doing 3st. ——____—— sow, —___________—fture © Please be quiet. I'm working. (not work’) © ‘Tom is having a shower ar the moment. (not ‘Tom has’) © Take an umbrella with you. I's raining. @ You can turn off the television, I'm not watching it © Why are you under che table? What are you doing? Present sienple (I do) ~ in general, all the time or sometimes: <_ Oe past. ———_——— ow future © work every day from 9 o'clock to 5.30 © ‘Tom has a shower every morning, © Ic rains 2 lot in winter. © [don’t watch television very often. ® What do you usually do at the weekend? ‘Wee do not use these verbs in the present continuous (I am -ing) like love. want know understand = remember depend. prefer hate aced = mean_beliewe forget ‘Use the present simple only with these verbs (I want / do you like? etc.) © I'm tired. [ want to go home. (ner ‘I’m wanting’) ® ‘Do you know that girl?’ “Yes, but I don’t remember her name. © [don’t understand. What do you mean? present coniauous => EIRERS present simple = Bl present forthe forure => IEhe take photographs? Yes, he. does. Is he taking-a photoyraplz No, he ien't. rishe doing? He's having a. vabh. B she drivinga bus? we. Sha Docsshe driveabud eS. Sle. dees Ishe deaninga window? Je cupteten es he clean windows: hat ishe doing? . (lo Do mey teach? Jas. Mey Sol v you speak English? 1 doxk.. know Why se you Lughing? your sister do? “She's a dentist? 3S vennmnens Faun. 1 _. Want (9 go Outin the rain Te. Of you come from? ada.” How much... 00.06 it cost to phone Canada? orge is a good tennis player buthe dees 4... play very often. verb in the present continuous (1am daing) or the present simple 1 do). Excuse me. Do. wow Speak... (you/speak) English? Where's Tom? * He's. having (he/have) ashower! Hdon't watch. (1/not/ watch) television very often, Ging). (he/want) to go home now. (you/read) a newspaper? ja. (you/sit) in my place’ “Oh, I'm sorry” desdsuinlll/ nov understand). Can you speak more slowly? (i/go) home now. Cresta Jow..Cenmtaty ‘fyou/come) with me? “What time (your father / finish) work in the evenings? ‘You canturn off the radio. : (Kesemst (Vnot/listen) to it Where’ Paul? “In the kit hen. 1.6.35. .c.eow ny (he/cook) something! (Martin ... deli)... . (not/usvally/drive) to work. He Bo Mimalty, " TE hees jus (note) coffee. Sgn (Pepe ta.26 rd A have ... / I’ve got You can say I have or I’ve got, he has or he’s got: 1 | I (Pre got) we we (we?ve got) | you |B | OR | you 80F | (you've got) they | they (they've got) he he | (he’s gor) she |has | OR she |has got | (she’s got) it | ic | | Ge’s gory © Fve got blue eyes. (or have blue eyes) © Tim has got two sisters. (or Tim has two sisters.) ©” Our car has got four doors. © Diane isn’t feeling well. She’s got a headache. (she’s got = e she has got) They like animals. They've got a horse, three dogs ara six cats. Thaven"t got / have you got? etc negative ‘question short answers £4 | I 1 we | have not nave |“ ve, | we | have. you | Ghaven"y) you No, | you | baven*t, they | | gor they | got? they aah 1 ; ae [has noe | one yes, | RE | has. ss | oem) | A No, | *4° | hasn’e. © I’ve got amotor-bike but I haven’t got a car. © Mrand Mrs Harris haven’t got any children. @ [esa nice house but it hasn’t got a garden. 2 ‘Have you got acamer?’ ‘No, haven't! © ‘What have you got in your bag?’ ‘Nothing. It’s empty’ @ ‘Has Ann gotacar?” “Yes, she has. © What kind of car has she got? Idon’t have / do you have? etc In negatives and questions you can aiso use do/does hhad / didn’t have (past) => some/any = They don’t have any children. It's nice house but it doesn’t have a garden. ( They haven't got any children.) ithasn't got a garden) Does Ann have a car? (= Has Ann got a c2r?) How much moncy dot you have? have breakfast /have a shower etc = (TSE = How much money have you got?)-short form (we've gat ‘he hasn't got etc.) ehave got NE¥E.90 3 they have got lc: v*.§ got Le S-gal 4 she hasnotgor_ La bat 5 ithas got_..\° 8 0 6 Thave net got ou /an umbrella?) Haye. you got an umbrella? _ | ey Hone. dour God pen Hassead 2 father / a car?) PE Sa ere (Carol / many friends?) D5? [Ores © x / any brothers or sisters?) wiles os.cish 3 much money / we?) katthe information sentences finaand camera) .. Tina. has got a camera. I've got. (OR | haven't got) a. camera... Bicycle) Tina An yoke tile. Tey Z pag hair) Ute daca. .6y, Oh Nitrey Soneaol l a Bprothers/sisters) —N.ns% Set YO have got ('ve got). has got (’s got), haven't got or hasn't got. Sarah hasn't got. 2 car. She goes everywhere by bicycle. sey like animals. They YE Qt three dogs and two cats. Eharles isn't happy. He |S So). alot of problems. They don'tread much. They se~8...hoh many books, Whars wrong” Te t.ho something in my. Wheresmy pen? ‘Idontknow. [.!stwee Seb. Jalna wants fo go to the concert but she... mao yade— aticker, plete the sentences. Use have/has got or haven'Yasn't gat + one af these: Bends fourwheel sixlegs ehesdiehe atoothache akey muchome asgerden ‘m not fecling very well. 1 Ye. got. & headache. cs nice house but it essa card ; BMlox cars etn s&h) gel S verybody Hikes Tom. He ols eG eked 1 going to the dentist this mormmg. T...'nt-®__a antopen the door, He twen gc) BRANSON Stig Ronen Sci We must hurry We acuuston eh Baka eey Tsernd 10 (28) A c was/were am/is (present) > was (past) e Lam tired. (now) fe Where is Ann? (now) @ The weather is good today. are (present) > were (past): @ You are late. (now) @ They aren’t here. (now) Now Robert is at work Ac midnight last night he wasn’t at work. He was in bed. He was asleep. L was tired last night. ‘Where was Ann yesterday? ‘The weather was good last week. You were late yesterday. They weren’t here last Sunday. positive negative question 1 I | @ he he | was not | he? be 5 she | (wasn’t) was | she? it it we E L we pe we? jou | were you 5 were | you? they they |OoraE tee © Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now. @ When I was a child, I was afraid of dogs. e We were hungry after the journey but we weren’t tired @ The hotel was comfortable but it wasn’t expensive. @ Was che weather good when you were on holiday? © Those shoes are nice. Were they expensive? @ Why were you late this morning? short answers Yes, | iMic/she/ic was. [we/youlthey were. No, I/he/she/ic wasn’t. we/yousthey werent @ ‘Were you late?” @ Was Ted at work yesterday? © ‘Were Sue and Steve at the party? ‘No, they weren't. am/is/are = pe “No, I wasn't? “Yes, he was! Twas doing > ey[30] worked/got/went etc. (past simple) They watch television every evening, | (present simple} They. watehed television yesterday evening (ast simple) watched is the past simple: Vwe/youthey he/she/it watched The past simple is often ~ed (regular verbs). For example: work > worked clean cleaned start. started stay stayed arrive arrived dance > danced © [clean my teeth every morning. This morning I cleaned my teeth. © Terry worked ina bank from 1986 to 1993 ‘Yesterday it rained all morning, Ic stopped at lunchtime. © We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people, ‘The party finished at midnight Spelting (= Appendix 5) try tried study studied copy copied stop > stopped _ plan —> planned Some verbs are ineqular (= not regular). The past simple is noted. Here are some important irregular verbs (see also Appendix 2-3) begin > began | fall — fell | leave > left sell > sold break broke find found lose lost | sit sat bring brought | fiy flew make made sleep slept build built forget forgot | meet met speak spoke buy bought | get gat pay paid stand stood catch caught give gave put put take took come came go ‘went read read /red/*] tell told do did have had ring rang think thought drink drank hear heard say said win won cat ate know knew see saw write wrote © promneiation © [usually gec up early but chis morning I got up at 9.30. © Wedid a lot of work yesterday. © Caroline went to the cinema three times last week @ Jim came into the room, took off his coat and sat down. wasiwore => MEE] didn’t.) Did you ... 2 (negative nd quesions) = EEL ago = EEE]the sentences. Use one of these verbs in the past simple: die enjoy finish happen open rain start stay want A. my teeth three times yesterday. sshotin the room, so [ ....§.'Sse.)... the window. ceoncert —.Shcia \ Hae 7.30 and eats sad? at 10 o'clock. Ben I was child, | to bea doctor, accident nex. © ast Sunday afternoon. nice day today but yesterday it... all day. ‘ our holiday last year. We ..i\.0-3,.0..... at a very nice place. a's grandfather vs When he was 90 years old, past simple of these verbs. 4 pay Rared. 7 go 0% 10. know © 5 vin Lg think posi 6 buy —.baw 9 copy é doko up | Aye ger a cup of coffee. At 6.30 have home and (5)... 0¥€. to the airport. When she Teave, drive «she (7) isis. the car and then (8) oto the airport | arrive, park, go breakfast. Then she (10) os. through, have, go se.Se for her fight, The plane (12) .< wait, depare in Madrid two hours later. Finally she arrive a taxi from the airport to her hotel in the centre of Madrid. | take atences about the past yesterday /last week eic:). avays goes to work by car. Yesterday Ue ie i Dea J often loses her keys. She Wyqsten dee last week. meets her friends every evening. She 2. Pacem fs. yestenday evening ally buy ewo newspapers every day. Yesterday I ssaally go to the cinema on Sundays. Last os we Pan orange every day. Yesterday 1. always has a shower in the morning, “This morning he gr friends come to see us every Friday. They 62S. et eg last Friday.. Crt 12 [2] Ididn’t... Did you... ? (past simple negative and questions) We use did in past simple néganves and questions: infinitive posétive negative question " play 1 | played 1 play 1 | phy? start we | started we start we | start? watch | | you | watched | | you | ag watch you | watch? have they | had they AMOS | ave did | they | have? (didn’t) see he | saw he see, he see? do she | did she | do she | do? go it | went ie | go it | go? do/does (present) > did (past) © [don’t watch television very often, © I didn’t watch television yesterday. © Does she often go away? © Did she go away last week? We use did/didn’e + infinitive (watch play go et) Iwatched fu didn’t watch — (wor “I didn’t watched’) they went did they go? (wor “did they went”) he had he didn’t have you did did you do? © [ plaved tennis yesterday but I didn't win © “Did you do the shopping?” “No, I didn’t have time” © We went co the cinenna but we didn’t enjoy the film. Study the word order in questions did + anbjecr infiniti | Did | vourdser | phone | Whar ‘did | you | do How did. | the accident | happen? Where , did j yourparents | go. for their holiday? a Ewe von they | ae Vt | tive/vou/ther | 45 nr et adielisishicwien ee [Re | hefsherie | St © ‘Did you see Joe yesterday? “No. I didn’t Did it rain on Sunday? “Yes, it did” © ‘Did Helen comic to the pay? "No. she didn’t, ® ‘Did your parents have 1 yood holidn® “Yes, they did worked gor wentete. past simple}se these sentences with the verb in the negative. ‘Barbara bur] didn’t see Jane. on Tuesday. to the bank, apen butshe .,.piddhn, _.. any paper. d French at school but he 0.4 German. estions with Did ..? Did, you wabeh TV last night? ety. ate Jen. fs. sacle lh a good holiday. And you? shed work early, And you? pe well last night. And you? jyou do yesterday? Write positive or negative sentences. TV) \ mabched TV. OR | didn't watch TV. before 7o’clock) 1 so bed before 10.30) " tela #S questions. Use: cost go gotobedlate happen haveanicetime stay win “We went co New York last month. 5. A: We came home by taxi. ‘Where did. you stay? How much... 4). to 7 With some friends, ‘Ten pounds. Twas late this morning, 6 What time A.A. sou. nthe. > Half past nine : Pm tired this morning. No, but I didn'tsleep very well. ‘We went to the beach yesterday. Tplayed tennis this afternoon. Ea. box lo, I lost. Yes, it was great. ‘The window is broken, Hone eae : I don’t know. Good. Where To the mountains. eeeleoelp eel po grb in the correct form ~ positive, negative or question. stto the cinema but the film wasn't very good. We .. didn’t enjoy. it. (enjoy) Jes! hl.*...... some new clothes yesterday — two shirts, ajacket and a pullover. (buy) 4 Xi... yesterday?” “No, it was anice day’ (rain) wasn't very good, so we .....b iif 2 long. (stay) ss very warm in the room, so I awindow: (open) you go to the bank this morning?” ‘No, I time’ (have) ‘my hand this morning’ "How A that?’ (do)rong sm | was doing (past continuous) Its 6 o'clock now. Sarah is at home. She is watching television At4to’clock she wasn’t at home. She was at the spore club. She was playing She wasn’t watching television. 3.00 — Ss 400 ae 430 she began oe | A ue she stopped playing she was playing playing Bie ee nner rere: postive negative nection as 1 1 ue was | doing te was not | doing fase a doing? she warching | | she | Grasa’s) | wate she | watching? it playing it | pl i _| playing? oe running ae | running we | running? you | were | living you a | living were | you | Hing? they et they eat ote they eu. I What were you doing at 11.30 yesterday? Were you working? “What did he say?’ ‘I don’t know. I wasn’t listening” It was raining, so we didn’t go out. In 1985 we were living in Canada ‘Today she’s wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was wearing trousers. L woke up carly yesterday. It was a beautifil morning. The sun was shining and the birds were singing. Spelling (live — living /,run — running / lie — lying etc.) => Appendix 5 C am/is/are + -ing (present) > was/were + -ing (past) @ I'm working (now), I was working at 10.30 last night. © [cist rining (now). Iewasn’t raining when we went out © What are you doing (now)? What were you doing at thice o'clock? Ba) was/were => was daing and did (pat contimoss snd simple) =pictures. Where were these people at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon? And what were they v0 Sentences for each picture. 4 Ar 12.50 3) 5 Av8.15 6 At 10.30 ~~ at 20'clock? when you got up? Pic $0 fast? __a suit yesterday? (carry / abag) (go /to the dentist) (cat / an ice-cream)... (carry / an umbrella) (go / home) R (wear / a hat) (ride / a bicycle) Twasasleep. No, it-was sunny. Because she was in a hurry: No, a F-shirt and jeans.ond aC [36] was doing (past continuous) and did (past simple) Jack was reading book. ‘The phone rang. Hestopped reading, He answered the phone What happened? ‘The phone rang. (past simple) ‘What was Jack doing when the phone rang? deel | cast eoinvons) What did he do when the phone rang? ) = He stopped reading and answered the phone. | (past simple} Jack began reading before the phone rang. So: When the phone rang, he was reading. he began the phone estopped] © [heansweied | reading rang reading the phone Bis een een (ae past continuous past simple © A: What were you doing at 10.307 B: We were playing tennis beginning (10 o'clock) © A: What did you do yesterday morning? B: We played tennis. (from 10 to 11.30) beginning end (10 o'clock) (11.30) = we played vie were playing (complete action) (unfioisted action) @ Jack read a book yesterday: (= from © Jack was reading a book when the beginning to end) phone rang. © Did you watch the film on television © Were you watching television when I hast night? phoned you? © Itwasn’t raining when I got up. © Ic did't rain while we were on holiday. © [started work at 9 o'clock and finished at 4.30, At 2.30 1 was. working. © Iewas raining when we went out. (= it started raining bofore we went out) @ | saw Lucy and Steve this morning. They were waiting at the bus stop. ‘© Jenny fell asleep while she was reading. [did (past simple) = Twas doing (paxconinuow) > EEG) while = (IEDCarol broke... (break): her arm last week.Ir ete 4 (happen) when she “Wioy Dis 3h § (game) herroom. She -f@s\ (Gall) off the ladder. ‘The train... C2260. . (arrave) at the station and Paula... (get) off. Two friends of hers, John and Jenny, ....0@0..suacucie (Wait) to meet her. ‘Yesterday Sue... NE MER WO > (valk) along the road when she EB oR. (meet) Jim. He __vs@eec% v0 5, .n'53(@o) to the station to catch a train and he eel Conc. MAms..... (carry) a bag, They — {stop} to talk for a few minutes. the verb into the past continuous or past simple. ‘What Were. you doing _(you/do) when the phone ..."8%4.. (ring)? [a5 wakehing (watch) television. Was Jane busy when you went to see her? Yes, she S..SArlad¥ions _ (enady). What time bbws vosGtichsG nage. (the post / arrive) this morning? It. Covent (Come) while 1 s0t5..\wow!Bions.. (have) breakfast ‘Was Margaret at work today? 4 No, she ing dd 2. 96... (net/go) to work, She was ill. How fast yeah (you/drive) when the police Mee te we eae eee Sloved. _.... stop) you? I don't know exactly but IS 20.4 don. (not/drive) very fast. . : (your team / win) the football match yesterday? No, the weather was very bad, so we 200 siimsitnenne (NOL PHY). = How..did Yow. ib (you/break) the window? ; We ‘ (play) foorball. 1 . (hit) the window. (you/see} Jenny last night? (wear) a very nice jacket. (you/do) at 2 o'clock this morning? (kick) he ball and it. ww is Yes, she A: What Be I wasaslecp. eI ose) my key last night. B: How (you/ get) into your room? 1 z (climb) in through a window.Chis si =| have done (present perfect 1) He has cleaned his shoes. { his shoes are clean now) They are going out. They have gone out. ( they are not at home now) B has cleaned / have gone etc is the present perfec (have + past participle) past participle ty 5 cleaned leaned? we | have ('ve) finished, finished? | } mgular verbs you [ have not (haven't) | started er ceeds se ce __| lost lost? done done? © | has 0) ors ma invegelar verbs SHEP hhas not hasn’s) 5 x not (hasn't) | gone oe Regular verbs: The pase participle is -ed (the same as the past simple): clean Ihave leaned — finish > we have finished start — she has started ' Irregular verbs: The past participle is sometimes the same as the past simple and sometimes diffzrent (=) Appendix 2-3). For example: thesame: bay > | bought / I have bought have > he had / he has had different: break > L broke / I have broken see + you saw / you have seen fall + ic fell / it has fallen go — they went / they have gone C We asethe present perfect for am action in the past with a result now © Pve lost my passport. (= I can’t find my passport now) @ ‘Where's Linda’ “She’s gone to bed. (= she is in bed now) © We've bonght 2 new car. (= we have a new car now) @ Ics Rachel’ birthday tomorrow and I haven't bought her 2 present. @ ‘Bob ison holiday! “Oh, where has he gone?” @ Can] take this newspaper? Have you finished with it [38] proent perect = BEERS] preene perfect and pax imple = . ferogular verbsictures. What has happened? Ghose from: fe the sentences with a verb from the list. bay decide fmish forget go go invite see mnot/see take tell wis newspaper?’ “Yes, 1'¥e finished: with it’ A. _ some new shoes. Do you want to see them? --. out? poking for Paula. Sein YOR ei Somebody that window. ses Lisa know that you're going away?” "Yes, 1 find my umbrella. Somebody ...'~« . ByET I've just... l'vealready... [ haven’t... yet (present perfect 2) just =a short time ago © A: Are Jane and David here? B: Yes, they've just arrived. © A: Are you hungry? B: No, I’ve just bad dinner. © A: Is Tom here? B: No, I'maffaid he’s just gone. They have just arrived. (E he has just gone) B rveatready ... already = before you expected / before 1 expected © A: What time are Diane and Paul coming? B: They've already arrived. (= before you expected) © Ik only nine o'clock and Ann has alread g: to bed, (= before I expected) © A: John, this is Mary B: Yes, | know. We've already met. yet / Have you ... yet? yet = until now ‘You can use yet in negative setomees and questions. Yet is usually at the end. yet in negative semtences: @ A: Are Diane and Paul here? B: No, they haven’t arrived yet. (but B expects Diane and Paul to arrive soon) © A: Does John know that you're going away? B: No, Thaven’t told him yet © (but Bis going to tell him soon) © Margarct has bought a new dress but she hasn’t worn it yet. yet in questions: © A: Have Diane and Paul arrived yet? B: No, not yet. We're still waiting for them, © A: Has Linda started her new job yet? B: No, she starts next week. This is my new dres. Oh, it’s nice. Have you worn it yet? [40] present fect EXEEEWEET) word order=> BIER] still, yet and alceady >& the sentences. Use already + present perfect. ‘What time is Paul arriving? ‘Sue and Bill want to see the film? Don't forget to phone Tom. ‘When is Martin going away? B you want to read the newspaper? ni does Linda start her new job? ice with just (They've just ... / She's just ... etc.) or a negative sentence with yet {They (hey / finish /their dines) with yet. adhas got anew job, Peshaps | 3. Your friend must write a letter. Perhaps ted it. You ask her: she has written it now. You ask her: started. your mem job yet? eae has some new neighbours 4 ‘Tom was trying to sell his car. Perhaps he tbe has met them, You ask him: has sold it now. You ask a friend about Tom: youL (2) prosene perfect => EERTREREIRERET present perfec and past simple => Cried SWas Have you ever ... ? (present perfect 3) “Have you been A moe “Yes, Ihave. Many times. “Have you ever been fo pan? No, Pve never been to Japan. ‘We use the present perfect (have been / have had / have played etc.) when we talk about a time from the past until now — for example, a person's life: HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO JAPAN? time from the past untilnow prUNE Seibel ieee ae past Now © ‘Have you been to France?" (in your lifé) “No, | haven’t @ Pye been to Canada but { haven’t been to the United States. @ Mary is an interesting person. She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places. ®@ Pve seen that woman before but I can’t remember where. How many times has Brazil won the World Cup? @ ‘Have you read this book?” “Yes, I've read it twice! ( twice = two times) B__ present perfect + ever (in questions) and never: @ ‘Has Ann ever been to Australia?’ “Yes, once’ (once © ‘Have you ever played gol’ “Yes, I often play golf” © My mother has never travelled by air. @ I've never ridden a horse. © ‘Who is that man?” ‘I don't know. Pve never seen him before. ne time) C gone andbeen Where’ Bil? two weeks sea ya (Sa ee I gp | He's gone ‘on holiday. I've coe A Bam \_beem to Spain. / Bill has gone to Spain. Bill has been to Spain. ane 4 heis in Spain now) (he went to Spain but mow he is back) Compare: t '@ can’t find Susan. Where has she gosie? (= Where is she now?) @ bh, hello Susan! I was looking for you. Where have you been?Helen questions beginning Have you ever ... 7 Write the questions. Prorleg) 12s about Helen. (Look ther answers in Exercise 17.1.) York) Helen nas been to New York twice. ) Helen food) alloverthe world a Jot of interesting things many-differentjebs a lot of interesting people ten books married three times or heen. ‘on holiday at the moment. He's 90M... to Spain. gre Jill” ‘She's not here. I think she’s Se ‘Sue. Where have you ~....? Have you yyou ever to Mexico?’ °No, neve nis aren't at home this evening. They've - $a new restaurant in town. Have nows Paris well. She's... =2>.S“there many tim ‘was here earlier but I think she’s 2 now. tothe bank? toi? cS. to the bank?(4a) Jillis on holiday in Ireland. She is there now. She arrived in Ireland on Monday. Today is Thursday. How long has she been in Ireland? She has been in Ireland { poo ‘Compare is and has been: has been = present perfect now Thursday Compare: present simple present perfect simple (have been/have lived/have known ci) ‘Mark and Liz are married. They have been married for five years. (not "They are married for five years.) ‘Are you married? How long have you been marries (not “How long are you martied?’) Do you know Sarah? How long have you known her? (not “How long do you know her?’) Lnow Sarah. Pye known her for along time. (not “I know her for ..”) Linda lives in London. How long has she lived in London? She has lived ther: all her life. Ihave a car. How long have you had your car? Pye had it since April. preseut continous present perfect continuous (have been + ing) I'm learaing German. ‘How long have you been karning G (not ‘How long are you learning German?) Pye been learning German for two vears. Davidis watching TV. How long has he been watching TV? He’s been (= He has been) watching TV since 5 «'clach. 1's maining, It’s been (= Ic has been) raining all day for an since = ESSEese sentences, m hospital. She Was been. in hospital since Monday. Sanh, | have known. her for along time. di Frank are married. They J30.6.2 on. Mattied since 1989. fil. He ~~ ill for the last few days. BScott Road. We... \ ue - there for ten years. works ina bank. She swoon a bank for five years. BSaheadache. He {cise 1 headache since he got up this morning. English. [1.4 {English for six months. stions with How long Jill is on holiday. How long has she. been b= and Judy are in Brazil How long Tknow Margaret ina is learning Italian. brother lives in Canada. I'ma teacher. Ieis raining, hhas been in Canada since April. hasbeen isright od friend of mine. I know / have known her very well. ood friend of mine. Lknow / have known her fora long time. m late. How long are-you /have you been waiting?” “Not long, Only five minutes: s / has-workedin a hotel now. He likes his job very much. ig the newspaper. Shei / has been reading it for two hours edo-yeu live / have you lived in this house? ‘About ten years’ €oat” “No, [have /Fve had this coat for a long time? {has been in Spain at the moment. He is / has been there for the last three days.rg 19 He) for since ago for and since ‘We use for and since to say tow long: for three days. ¢@ Jillis in Ireland. She has been there { pee ‘We use for +aperiod of time (three days / | We use since + the start of the period two years etc) (Monday / 9 o’clock etc): start of Monday —> Tuesday —> Wednesday | ‘the period ! ~<—— for three days —| ie — since Monday —> i past now past now for since three days ten minutes Monday Wednesday an hour two hours 9 o'clock 12.30 aweek four weeks 24 July ‘Christmas amonth six months January [was ten years old five years a long time 1985 ‘we arrived @ Richard has been in Canada for six ‘© Richard has been in Canada since months. (not ‘since six months’) January. (= from January to now) © We've been waiting for two hours. © We've been waiting since 9 o'clock. (not ‘since two hours’) {= from 9 o'clock to now) @ I've lived in London for a long time @ I've lived in London since I was ten ‘years old, ago ago = before now: ‘@ Susan started her new job three weeks ago. (= three weeks before now) ‘When did Tom go out?’ “Ten minutes ago! (= ten minutes before now) ‘@ [had dinner an hour ago. ‘e Life was very different a hundeed years ago. ‘We use ago with the past (started/did/hnad/was etc). ‘Compare ago and for: (© When did Jill arrive in Ireland? She arrived in Ireland three days ago. © How long has she been in Ireland? She has been in Ireland for three days. present perfect + for/sinee => [ISIY from/until/since/for => for and during > EEEbeen in Ireland Since. Monday. pbeen in Ireland {9r.... three days, nt has lived in Australia . et is in her office. She has been been an independent country is late. We've been waiting... lives in those houses. They have been empty... many yeats. beenill _ along time. He has been in hospital son October. se questions. Use ago. “was yout last meal? Three. hours ago. ‘was the last time you were ill? did you last go to the cinema? was the last time you were in a car? was the lait time you went on holiday? he sentences. Use the words in brackets (...) +far or ago. din Ireland three days ago. (three days) been in Ireland for, Hore deus. (three days) gand Erank have been married 20 years) Band Frank got maried 20 years) (ten minutes) eee - (an hour) xs been learning English a (Gx months) Beciswals 2 (long time) be these shoes : ape (afew days) e sentences with for or since, m Ireland now. She arrived there three days ago. She. has been there for three days. . Hé arrived here on Tuesday. He has ing. It started an hour ago. It’s been .. Sue. I first met Sue two years ago. I've © 2 camera. | bought it in 1989. T've ge married. They got married six months ago. 1g medicine at university. She started three years ago. the piano. He started when he was seven years old.rd I I did (past simple) a done (present perfect) and “With a finished time (yesterday / last week etc), we use the past (arrived/saw/was et.): past simple + finished time yesterday. last week. a3 o'clock. in 1991. six months ago. We arrived finished time yesterday last week six months 2g0 past Now Do not use the present perfect (have arrived / have done / have been etc) with a finished time: I saw Paula yesterday. (nat ‘I have seen’) @ Where were you on Stinday afternoon? (no! “Where have you been’) © We didn’t have a holiday last year. (not “We haven't had’) ‘@ ‘What did you do last might?” ‘I stayed at home’ ‘© William Shakespeare lived from 1564 to 1616. He was a writer. He wrote many plays and poems. Use the past simple to ask When ..? or What time © When did they arrive? (not ‘When have they arrived?’) Compare: resent perfect @ Ihave lost my key. I can’t find it naw) © Bill has gone home. (© he isn't here now) © Have you seen Ann? (= where is she now?) time until now past simple @ {lost my key last week. © Bill went home ten minutes ago. @ Did you see Ann on Saturday? finished time past Now © Have you ever been to Spain? (= in your life, until now) © My fricnd is a writer. He has written many books. © The letter hasn’t arrived yet © We've lived in Singapore for six years. (= we live there now) past simple > (SIRT present perfect => past ® Did you go to Spain last year? © Shakespeare wrote many plays and poems. © The letter didn’t arrive yesterday. We lived in Glasgow for six years but now we live in Singapore.brackets (...) to answer the questions. AA Have you seen Ai (S minutes ago) | Yes: Lsaw her 5 minutes ago. "you started your new job? {last week) | Yes, I lacané- cv last week. Have your friends arrived? (atS o'clock) | Yes, they Has Sarah gone away? (on Friday) | Yes, ce you worn your new shoes? (yesterday) | Yes, ong? Correct the verbs that are wrong. (The verbs are underlined.) bst my key. I can't find it. RIGHT. mu seen Ann yesterday? WRONG: Did you s2e ished my work at 2 o'clock. Se Th Se tthe time have you finished your work? ait here. She’ gone out. randmother has died in 1989_ have you been last night? serb in the present perfect or past simple iend is a writer. He has written. (write) many books. didn't haxe.. (not/have) a holiday last year? - ln) tennis yesterday afternoon. _.. (you/go) to bed lase night? (you/ever/meet) a famous person? nov/be) very good yesterday, L Gjust/wash) it = : (wa) my hair before breakfast this morning, travels lor. She (visit) many countries. here?" ‘No, she ..(not/come) yet Din the present perfect or past simple. HHisre, you. ever. been (yourever/boe) | 3. Rose works in factory She B Florida? » . (work) there for six fs, we Went. (go) there on holiday oats Before that she 5 (be) a waitress in a restaurant. She (you/have) vane (WER) there for two years Bor she (be) great. | (not/enjoy) it very much. Where's Alan? oe 2) < 4 A: Do you know Martins sister? B: E.... 2.2 ¥ (see) her a few (go) outa times but I baft-s.< g. (never/speak) to her. sun (you/ever/speak) to her? A: Yes. Ln (meet) her ata party last week. She's very nice.unr ri (50) is done was done (passive 1) The office is cleaned every day. The office was cleaned yesterday. Compare active and passive: Somebody cleans the office everyday. (active) ee The office is cleaned every day (passive) Somebody cleaned the office yesterday. active) Bese ‘The office was cleaned yesterday. (passive) The passives past participle " : deaned_ done present simple | am/is/are (| + | invented built eure) [rees/ ee a [ured 5 eee ‘The past participle of regular verbs is ~ed (cleaned /damaged ete). For alist of regular past participles (done/built/taken etc}, see Appendix 2-3. © Butter is made from milk. Oranges are imported into Britain, How often are these rooms cleaned? 1am never invited to partics. ° ° e © This house was built 100 years ago. @ These houses were built 100 years ago. e . ° ‘When was the telephone invented? ‘We weren’t invited to the party last week ‘Was anybody injured in the accident?” "Yes, two people were taken to hospital” was/were born 8 [was born in London in 1962. (not ‘I am born’) © Where were you born? Passive + by @ We were woken up by a lond noise. (= The noise woke us up) The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876. @ My brother was bitten by a dog last week. is being done / has bren done > EQ incpelrvets = EE ty > EE acuve and passive => ESTEEfrom the words in brackets (...). Sentences 1-7 are present. / dean / every day) The office: is cleaned. every day: srooms / clean / every day) _ Are these rooms cleaned every day? Pmmake / from sand) Glass = a Zell / in a post office) room / not / use / very often) k Ppa BEE) 6 rere ane this word / pronounce?) a 6-15 are past. se / clean / yesterday) 7h pas deaned yesterday. use / paint / last month) The house i = s ple / injure / in the accident) icle / steal / a few days ago) 2 / this bridge / build?) tein aia ae ee “anvite / to the party last week?) ¥ ‘these windows / break jor / wake up / by the noise) sentences. jplays in most countries of the world, aes the letter send to the wrong address? aoe 4s a place where cars repair. youborn? be languages are speaking in Switzerland? ee E dy broke into our house but nothing stolen. L aaa Bepevented the Bicycle? meee neem A sentences, Use the passive (present or past) of these verbs: mage find give invite make make show steal take m is deaned.. every day. accident yesterday. Two people Were. taken... co hospital. from wood. a fire at che hotel last week. Twwo ofthe rooms neem = d you get this picture?” “It. veunnnrnnnnn tome by a friend of mine” rican programmes _.. on British television, land Sue go to the wedding?” ‘No. They __.. but they didn’t go” fsthis film?” ‘Ic in 1965! last week but the next day it by the police. born? agham) sewed ante sas Ss /Iecland) : Kk byunit ry is being done has been done (passive 2) A isfare being ... (present continuous passive) Somebody is painting the door . (active) The door is being (passive) © My car is at the garage. It is being repaired. (= somebody is repairing it) © Some new houses are being built opposite the park. (= somebody is building them) Compare the present continous and present simple: © The office is being cleaned at the mom The office is cleaned every day. (simple) © In Britain football matches are usually played on Saturday, but no matches are being played next Saturday. (continuons) For the present continous and present simple, see Units 8 and 26. B has/have been (present perflt passive) Somebody hhas painted thedoor (active) eet ek — ‘The door has been painted. (passive) BEFORE NOW © My key has been stolen. (= somebody has stolen it) © My Keys have been stol somebody has stolen them) © ['m not going to the party. I haven’t been invited. (= nobody has invited me) © Has this shirt been washed? (= Has somebody washed it?) Compare the present perfect and past simple: '® The room is clean now. It has been cleaned. (present perfect) The room was cleaned yesterday. (past simple) ‘© I cant find my keys. [think they've been stolen. (present perfec) My keys were stolen last week. (past simple) For the present perfect and past simple, see Unit 20. [52] is done / was done => active and passive =>3. The windows 4 The grass clures. What is happening or what has happened? Use the present continuous corthe present perfect (has/have been ...) Bec /clean) The office is being cleaned. ss/iron) _ The shirts have been ironed. sedow / break) The window gef/repait) The roof ef damage) fre Lou, 7 knock / down) Bes / cut / down) ite / to a party) in brackets (...) to complete the sentences. (Units 21 and 22) ‘ase my office at che moment, Ir: ls being painted” (paint) Sdn go to the party, We .weren't invited (not/inwvite). nara g machine was broken but its OK now. It cS OE EN repair) thnachine WshS. eC o-ceck (repaiz) yesterday afternoon, asa phe where things \ — (make). Gare these houses? When... Mead. by (they/build): {the computer / use) at the moment? cick seen these flowers before. What (chey/call)? (blow) down in the storm last night. ie is closed at the moment. It (damage) last week (not/repair) yee. byers >kw be/have/do in present and past tenses x A be ( Unit 21 ‘© Oranges are imported into Britain. © The room was cleaned yesterday. © These houses were built 100 years ago. ese pe ere) © How was the window broken? © Where were you born? -was/were + past participle GC haveshas + past participle (cleaned/lost/eaten/been etc) © I've cleaned my oom, ‘© Tom has lost his passport. re ‘@ Barbara hasn’t been to Canada. a, @ Where have Paul and Linda gone? hhave/has + past participle D do/does/did + infinitive (clean/like/eat/go «tc: 2 do/does + infinitive © like coffee but don't like tea (present simple negative © Chris doesn’t go out very often. and questions) © What do you usmally do at weekends? + | = Unis6-7 © Does Barbara live alone? ag ee © I didn’t watch TV yesterday. {past simple negative and Siiadetes baa questions) Saree : S aD ‘What time did Paul and Linda go out 54) sreogular verbs => REESE eee‘you work in the evenings? 6 the simn shining? are. they going? 7 What time the shops close? you looking at me? 8... Ann working today? _. Bill ive near you? 9 What this word mean? _..you like cooking? 10 you feeling all right? not /isn't/aren’t/ don’t doesn't. All these sentences are negative doesn't. work in the evenings. avery tired. I _... Want to go out this evening, i _... going out this evening. vn, Working this week. He's on holiday. fy parents are usvally at home. They ss 0 out very often, ara has travelled alot but she... speak any foreign languages. g can turn off the television. I ‘watching it. bere'sa party next week bu we going. vas/were/did/nave/has. Were your shoes made? 6 What time she go? you go out last night? 7 When... ove these houses built? _.. you doing at 103028 Jim arrived yer? _--- your mother born? 9 Why... ‘you go home early? __.-. Barbara gone home? 10 How long they been married? re/was/were/have/has. = Has. lost his passpore. 61 just made some coffee. Would bridge ......... built cen years ago. you like some? ‘you finished your work yet? 7 Gass _made from sand. town is always clean, The strcets 8 Thisis a very old photograph. It cleaned every day. taken along ime ago. you born? 9 Joc ........... bought a new car. the sentences. Choose from the list and put the verb into the correct form. eat enjoy ge goaway listen open pronounce rein stand use going to take an umbrella with me. It's rauning are youso tired? Did you .9@... co bed late last night? fhere are the chocolates? Have you them all? is your new job? Are you ome year was badly inthe accident but I was OK. eis hnas got a car but she doesn't it very often. y isn’t at home. She has = for a few days. the problem. Can you explain itagain? nis in his room. He’ to music. at know how to say this viord. How is it 2 PO YOR nonnnssnsnsnnan this Window? Can you show me?rind 24 G4) Regular and irregular verbs Regular verbs ‘The past simple and past participle of regular verbs is ~ed: clean —> cleaned live —>lived paint painted study — studied Past simple (=> Unit { 1) © I cleaned my shoes yesterday. © Charlie studied engineering at university. Past participle ‘Present perfect = lhave/has + past participle (=> Units 15-18) © I have cleaned my shoes. © Jane hhas lived in London for ten years. sine = be (is / are / were / has been etc.) + past participle (=> Units 21-22): © These rooms are cleaned every day. © My car has been repaired. Ps Ireegular verbs The past simple and past participle of freglar verbs are not ~ed: make break cut parsimple made broke cut past participle made broken. Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same. For example make find buy cut past siople pe ee | made found bought cut © I made a cake yesterday. (past simple) © Ihave made some coffee. (past participle ~ present perfect) © Butter is made from milk. (past participle — passive present) Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different. For example: break know = begin. «go pastsimple broke knew began went. parparicipe broken known __begun__ gone eee @ Somebody broke this window last night. (past simple) @ Somebouly has broken this window. (past participle — present perfect) © This window was broken last night. (past participle ~ passive past) lie ofimewabr verbs => QQRIMEEY spelling (regular verbs => EENEXERCISES Write the past simple / past participle of these-verbs. (The past simple and past participle are the same tor ail the verbs in this exercise.) Write the east simple and past participle of these verbs. 1 break broke, broken = 6 run. sie 2 begin PEGe~ bRgse~ 7 speak Silvee. 3 eat She. SEAR 8 write sted 4 drink drome dae 9 come S drive Aine .dcive~ 10 know Putthe verb in the right form. 1 1 washed. my hands because they were dirty: (wash) 2 Somebody has bréken this window. (break) 3 [feel good. 1.5) $43 ome Very well lastnight, (Sleep) 4 We... Seer... very good film yesterday. (see) 3k alot while we were on holiday. (rain) 6 Ive my bag. (lose) Have you. nuit? (see) 7 Rosa’ bicycle was last week. (steal) oe woot bed early because I was tired. (go) 9 Have you your work yet? (finish) 10) The shopping centre was “pons ABOUt 20 years ago. (build) 11 Ann uns fo drive when she was 18. (learn) 12 I've never _. shorse. (ride) 13 Julia is a good friend of mine. I've soon. her for along time. (know) 14 Yesterday I .. ww and . my leg. (all / hurt) Complete these sentences. Choose from the lst and put the verb into the correct form. cost drive fly meke meet sell speak . swim tell think wakeup win 1 [have M@de__ some coffee. Would you like some? Have you oun John about your new job? ‘We played basketball on Sunday. We didn’t play very well but we 2 3 4 [know Gary but I'VE ne¥er sensunscnnn nnn bis wifes 5 Wewere by loud mas inthe middle of the night. 6 7 8 9 Stephinie jumped into the river and... to the other side “Did you like the film?” “Yes, 1 cvnmenm it Was very good? Many different languages are... __...in the Philippines. ‘Our holiday a lot of money because we stayed in an expensive hotel. 10 Have you ever . “a very fast car? 11 All the tickets for the concert were .... sna WEFY quickly. 12 Abird _..in through the open window while we were having our dinner.rod yo tusedto Bok A ave nrew vans aco Amana EC Factory Dave used to work in a factory. Now he works in a supermarker. Dave used to work in a fictory = he worked in a factory before but he doesn’ work there now he used to work he works ~ = = past a Now B Youcansay Iused to work ... / she used'to have ... / they used to be ... er. Vyou/we/they | he/she/it | @ When I wasa child, T used to like chocolate. ® used to read a lot of books but I don't read much these days © Liz has got short hair now but it used to be very long. . © They used €o live in the same street as us, so we often used to see them. Bur we don't see them very offen these days. © Ann used to have 2 piano but she sold ita few years ago. The negative is I didn’t use to © When I was a child didn’t use to like tomatoes. ‘The question is did you use to ® Where did you use te live before you came here? GC Weuse used to... only for the past. You cannot say “I use 10... (present: © Lused to play tennis. These days | play golf. (not ‘I use to play gol) © We usually get up early, (uot “We use to get up early!) (58)EXERCISES = Look at the pictures. Complete the sentences with used to... - ‘A FEW YEARS a taxi driver. AO ‘LONG Fie 4m the country, Karen works very hard and has very little free time. A few years ago, things were different. KAREN A FEW YEARS AGO KAREN NOW Do you do any sport? | { Yes, I go swimming every day and I play volleyball. [Do you go out im the evenings? |] Yes, most evenings. Do-you play a musical || Yes, the guitar. iastrument?: Do you like reading? || Yes, 1 read a lor. Do you eravel much? || Yes, I go away two or three times a year. Write sentences about Karen with used to ... 1 She used. to go snimming every day. 4 phe ued Jo ~eo 2 She ..-Sedh._ r - 5 Slee a steal Complete these sentences. Use used to or the present simple (1 play /he lives etc.) BL 1 sed. fo ola connie. | stopped playing.a (ew years 250. 2 Doyoudoany sport?” “Yes, 1 Play _ basketball. 3 “Have you gota car?” ‘No, ».4s0.Jo..|ec% one but Isold it? 4 George x8 @.l_Jn. he... a waiter. Now he’s the manager of a hotel. 5 “Do you go to work by car?” “Sometimes but most days I... _ by train? 6 When I wasa child, Inever_.\!6-0-h.2 meat, but I eat it now. T Mary loves watching TV. She ..Wbie. tos sults"PV every evening, 8 We near the airport but we moved to the city centre a few years ago. 9 Normally I start work at 7 o'clock, so I... up very early 10 What games you ‘ when you were a child? Byrod yim =©What are you doing tomorrow? See ZA They are playing tennis (now). He is playing tennis tomorrow. ‘We use atta/is/ate + -ing (present continous) for something happening now: © “Where are Sue and Caroline?” ‘They're playing tennis in the park” © Please be quiet. I'm working. We also use am/is/are + ~ing for the future (tomorrow /-next week ¢tt.): © Andrew is playing tennis tomorrow. © I’m not working next week. B 1am doing something tomorrow = | have ariariged to do it, [have a plan to do it: © Alice is going to the dentist on Fri © she has an appointment to see the dentist) © We're having a party next weekend ® Are you meeting Bill this evening? © What are you doing tomorrow evening? © I’m not going out tonight. I’m staying at home. You can also say ‘im going to do something’ (=> Unit 27). C Do not use the present simple (I stay / do you go etc) for plans and arrangements: © I'm staying ac home this evening. (not stay’) © Are you going out tonight? (not ‘Do you go’) © Ann isn't coming to the party next week. (not “Ann doesn’t come’) But we use the present simple for timetables, programmes, trains, buses et. @ The train arrives 2¢ 7.30. © What time does the film fimish? Compare: present continuous— usually for people ‘present simple - timetables, programmes etc © The concert starts at 7.30. © Pm going to a concert tomorrow. © What time does your train leave ? © What time are you leaving? I'm going to ... =| present continuous = (ITER present simple =|playing tennis on Friday. ‘eu / go / out / tonight?) “you / work / next week?) ‘(what / you / do / tomorrow evening?) what time / your friends / arrive?) hen / Liz / go / on holiday?) ate sentences about yourself. What are you doing in the next few days? ithe verb in the present continuous (he is leaving etc.) or present simple (the train leaves etc.) “Are, you. goina _ (you/go) out this evening? ‘No, I’m too tired” We're going. (we/go) toa concert thisevening. 1 Starts. (ie/staxt) at 7.30. Do you know about Sally? -..(She/get) married next month! “A; My parents... eae (Go) on holiday next week. B: Oh, that’s nice. Where ete OT they gos? ‘Silvia is doing an English course at the moment. The course (Ginish} on Friday. here's a football match tomorrow but...... +. (U/not/go). -- (1/g6) out with some friends tonight. Why don’t you come a _--» (we/meet) at John's house at 8 o’clock. How = - (you/get) home after the party tomorrow? By taxi? No, I can ge by bus. The last bus... seen (lea) at midnight. Do you want to go-to the cinema tonight? ‘Yes, what time S Whar ... t00? sevennne (Che fils / begin)? --- (you/do) on Monday afternoon? (work).rs rym |’mgoingto... en THIS EVENING She is going to watch TV this evening. We use am/is/are going to... for the future | 1 am do he/she/it is | (not) goimgto | drink ... we/you/they are | | watch... am | buy ...? | is he/she/it going to | cat [ate we/yourthey | | wear? Ihave decided to do it, my intention is to do it: B 1am going to do something I decided to do it _——. ’m going todo it|§ ————______»> past naw future @ I'm going to buy some books tomorrow, @ Sarah is going to sell her car. @ I'm not going to have breakfast this morning, I'm not hungry © What are you going to wear to the party tonight? © ‘Your hands are dirty’ “Yes, I know. I’m going to wash them. © Are you going to invite John to your party? We also use the present continuous (I am doing) for the fature, usually for arrangements (= Unit 26): © [am playing tennis with Jul a tomorrow. C Somethingis going to happen Somethingis going to happen = itis clear now that : it is sure to happen: © Look at the sky! It’s going to rain. (black ciouds mow — rain) @ Oh dear! [rs 9 o'clock and I’m not ready. I'm going to be late. (9. o'clock now and not ready —> late) 162} preentfor the furore => ITE wall >hat are these people saying? Complete the sentenges. Use going to + one of these verbs: t do give liedown stay walk wash watch weer ‘My hands are di Nm going to wash them, ‘What .2F. uu. going to wear to che party tonight Idon’t want to go home by bus. Lo. 05-. ‘John is going to London next week. He ee Tm hongry. Foi. gat. AD 2 GAS}... with some friends, this sandwich. Its Sharon's birthday next week. We . Geot..je\=\ \B.9ue hera present. Sue says she's feeling very tired. She acu utd for an hour. There's good film on TV this evening, you Rk AR. acikehic? Whar. 3S. Rachel ... olin, 0 when she leaves school? Qok at the pictures. What is going to happen? It's. going to.rain The shelf hat are you going to do today or tomorrow? Write three sentences, tm 0Phas 28 {64] will/shall (1) Sarah:goes to work every day. She is always there from 8.30 until 4.30. It is 11 o'clock now. Sarah is at work ‘Aril o'clock yesterday, she was at Work At 11 o'clock tomorrow, she will be at wor will + infinitive (will be / will win / will come etc): be | be? Uwe: eae will (1) win ay | Vsve/you/they | win? he/she/it | | will not (won't) | eat ne he/she/it | eat? come etc. come? ett. "UL = will: PH (will) / you'll / she'll ec won't = will not: I won't (= I will not) / you won’t / she won't et ‘We use will for the fete (tomorrow / next week et.) ‘© Sue travels 2 lot. Today she is in Madrid. Tomorrow she'll be in Rome. Next week she'll be in Tokyo. You can phone me this evening. I'll be at home. Leave the old bread in the garden. The birds will eat it We'll probably go out this evening, Will you be at home this evening? I-won’t be here tomorrow. (= I will not be here) © Don't drink coffee before you go to bed. You won’e sleep. We often say T think ... will ... . © I think Diana will pass the exam. © I don’t think it will raim this afternoon. © Do you think the exam will be difficult? We do not use will for things we have arranged or decided to do. (= Units 26-27) ‘© We're going to the cinema on Saturday. (jor “We will go") © I'm not working tomorrow. (not ‘I won't work’) © Are you going to do the exam? (not “Will you do’) Shall ‘You can say I shall (= | will) and we shall (= we will) @ shall be late tomorrow. or | will (T'l) be late tomorrow. © I think we shall win, or [think we will (we'll) win. But do not use shall with you/they/he/she/it: © Tom will be late. (jot “Tom shall be’) ‘What are you doing tomorrow? > Pm goingte =>) will/shal @) > ETEERCISES Helen is travelling in Europe. Complete the sentences with she was, she’s or she'll be. 1 Yesterday She WAS... in Paris, HELEN 2 Tomorrow . bs Le. in Amsterdam. 3 Last week Se set. in Barcelona. = 4 Next week Shs.» €... in London. 5 Atthe moment in Brussels. rset) dice 6 Three days.ago. Sut... in Munich. oe wen 7 Atthe end ofher trip Sie. nail... very tired. Where will you be? Write sentences about yourself Use: oat oS \ Tbe... or T'll probably be... or Idon’t know where I'll be. 1 G10 o'clock tomorrow) 'U probably be on the beach. OR I'l be at work. OR | don’t know where I'U, be. | 2 (one hour from now) ... oe 3 (at midnight tonight)... ze aa 3 4 (at 3 o'clock tomorrow afternoon) 5 (cwo years from now) Putin will ("1l) or won't 1 Don't drink coffee before you go to bed, You WON’ YE... sleep. 2 ‘Are you ready yet?" “Not yet. I...) fey ae mee 3 I'm going away fora few days, I'm leaving tonight, so I ___._.\o!s\_2.0 be at home tomorrow. A fe. salon... rain, so you don't need to take an umbrella. 5 A: [don't feel very well this evening. B: Well, go to bed carly and you 6 Ie’ Bill’ birchday next Monday. He 7 I'm sorry I was late this morning. It __ feel beter in the morning. be 25. Stan. happen again, ite sentences beginning I think... or don't think (Diana won't piss the exam) (we'll win the game) {won't be here tomorrow) (Sue will like her present) (they won't get married). (you won't enjoy the film) lich is right? (Study Unit 26 before you do this exercise.) We'll-ge/ We're going to the theatre tonight. We've got tickets. We're going is right ‘What will you do / are you doing tomorrow evening? ‘Nothing. I’m free? “Il go / They're going away tomorrow morning, Their train is at 8.40. Pim sure she'lllend / she's lending us some money. She’ very rich. “Why are you putting on your coat?” ‘I'll go / I'm going out? Do you think Claire will phone / is phoning us tonight? Steve can’t meet us on Seturday. He'll work / He's working. ‘Will / Shall you be at home tomorrow evening?Pra PLB will/shall (2) 2 0 raf) WO ‘You can use PM... (C will) when you offer or decide to do something ts bag is very heavy! “P'll carry it for you Tl phone you tomorrow, OK? “OK, goodbye’ We often say T think Pll... /I don’t think Pl... when we decide to do something: I'm tired. I think Pll go to bed early tonight. © Its anice day. I think I'll sit in the garden. @ Its raining. I don’t think PD go out. Do not use the present simple (I go /I phone atc) in sentences ike these: © I'll phone you tomorrow, OK? (not ‘I phone you") @ I think Pl go to bed early, (not “I go to bed’) B Do not use Pl... for something you decided before (=> Units 26-27): © T'm working tomorrow: (or ‘Tl work’) © There’s a good film on TV tonight. ’m going to watch it. (not ‘Tl watch’) © Whar are you doing at the weekend? (stot What will you do’) _ Shall L/we .,. ? = Do you think thisis a good thing to do? De you think this is a good idea? © Its very warm in this room. Shall I open the window? © ‘Shall I phone you this evening?” “Yes, please! @ I'm going to a party tonight. What shall I wear? @ Tes a nice day. Shall we go for a walk? © Where shall we go for our holidays this year? © ‘Let go out this evening’ ‘OK, what time shall we meet?’ ‘What are you doing tomorrow? = Tm going to... = [IE] will/shall (1) 1% [66] Lets >TASES bs iplete the sentences. Use I'll (1 witl) + one of these verbs: sey do eat send show sit stay i 5 4 ) (fears i for you My bag is very heavy. Enjoy your holiday. | |Thankyou. —--~- Youa postcard. Tdont want this banana. | |Well I'm bungry. Se ‘Do you wanta chair? | |No, its OK. ovnnnvn OM the floor. Did you phone Jenny? | |Ohno, Iforgot. _itnow. Are you coming with me? | |No,I don’® think $0. on ene How do you use this camera? | [Give i¢to me and crime you | plete the sentences. Use Ithimk'll... or! den’tthink I'll... + one of these verbs: ry ge fave play Its cold today, |. don't. think go out. Pm bungry. I FT: something to eat. tech ed ee tennis. This camera is too expensive. ey oa Sir ich is right? Ephone / I'll phone you tomorrow, OK? I'll phone is right Thaven’t done the shopping yet. I do / I'll do it later. B Tlike sport. I watch / I'l watch a lot of sport on TV. Ineed some exercise. I think I go / ll go for a walk, Jim is going to buy / will buy 2 new car. He told me last week. “This lever is for Rose. ‘OK. I give / ll give / I'm going to give it to her! ‘A: Are you doing / Will you do anything this evening? B: Yes, I'm going /T'l go out with some friends, ‘sentences with Shall ... ? Choose words from Box A and Box B. tum on make yp some sandwiches the television turn off open Hae sesteelecee the light J Ie very warm in this room. ‘Shall, | open “he. window? This programme isn’t very good. i I'm hungry. It's dark in this room, ite sentences with Shall we ... ? Choose words from Box A and Box 8. what where B buy invite swhattime who go meet Let’ go out tonight. | {OK, whak time shall we meet? Let’ have a holiday. OK ctletee Mbell et 4 Let’ spend some money, OK meni eo Letshaveaparty. | [ OK, = ton,He might go to New York. [tmight rain. (= itis possibleghat he will goto New York) (= it is possible that it will rain) might + inyinitive (might go / might be / might cain etc): ] be Lwweryousthey | go hefsbeft | ™BBE (OD | slay | come ét Imight ... = i is posible chat I will ...: ‘© I might go to the cinema this evening. (= it is possible that I will go) © A: When is Barbara going to phone you? B: I don't know. She might phone this afternoon. Take an umbrella with you. Iemighe rain. Buy a lonery ticket. You might be lucky. © “Are you going out tonight?” ‘I might Study the differe © I’m playing tennis tomorrow. (sure) Imight play tennis tomorrow: (posible) © Barbara is going to phone later. (sure) Barbara might phone later. (possible) = perhaps you will be lucky) might go out) The negative is might not © I might not go to work tomorrow © Sue might not come to the party. ( it is possible that T will not go) it is possible that she will not come) may ‘You can use may in the same way. I may ... = Imight © I may go to the cinema this evening. (= I might go) © Sue may not come to the party. (= Sue might not come) May I... ?=IsitOK to... /CanI © May Task a question? (= Can I ask?)’ © “May Isit here?” ‘Yes, of course! wil= EEE] con = EE{G's possible that I'll go to the cinema) | might go to the cinema. {it's possible that I'll see you tomorrow) I. {Ge’s possible that Ann-will forget to phone) (iv' possible that it will snow today) {it's possible thae I'l be late toni ght) e sentences with might not. {at's possible that Mary wall not be here) : (it's possible that I won't have time to meet you) iebody is asking you about your plans. You have some ideas but you are not sure. Choose from the list write sentences with I might. q fish geraway Tealy Monday newcar taxi {Where are you going for your holidays? | [Tm norsure, Sei ne | Whatare you doing at the weekend? | | tdontknove I | ‘When will you see Ann again? Tm not sure. ee C : | What are you going to have for din Tdon'tknow. fe | Howare you going to gethome tonight? |_| Pit not sure. me a Thear you won some money. What are | | [haven't decided yer you going to do with it? J J ask Bill questions about his plans. Sometimes he is sure but uswally he is not sure, ~ ‘Are you playing tennis tomorrow? | { Yes, in the afternoon. ) Are you going outin the evening? | | Possibly Are you going to getup early? | Perhaps. Are you working tomorro No, I'm not Will you be at home tomorrow mornin, Maybe. Are you yoing to watch television? | | I might. Are vou going outin the afternoon? | | Yes, 1am, Are you going shopping? | | Perhaps. write about Bill. Use might where necessary. He's playing tennis tomorrow afternoon. He might oo out this evening He three'things that you might do tommorrow.Prd 31 (70) can and could He can play the piano. can + infinitive (can do / can play / can come atc): do do? ae can play an | U/we/you/they | play? he/she/it cannot (can’t) | see : he/she/it | see? come etc. | come? T can do something = I know how to do it or itis possible for me to-do it: © ican play the piano. My brother can play the piano too. Sarah can speak Italian but she can’t speak Spanish. © ‘Can you swim? ‘Yes, but I'm not a very good swimmer? ® ‘Can you change twenty pounds?” ‘I'm sorry, I can’t ‘© I'm having a party next week but Paul and Jenny can’t come. For the past (yesterday / last week ete), we use could/couldn’t: © When I was young, I could run very fist. @ Before Anna came to Britain, she couldn’e understand much English. Now she understand cverything. © I was tired last night but | couldn't sleep. ‘© Thad a party last week but Paul and Jenny couldn't come. Can you ...? Could you ...? CanI...? Gould... ? We use Can you ... ? or Could you .., ? when we ask people to do things: © Can you open the door, please? or Could you open the door, please? © Can you wait a moment, please? or Could you wait ... ? We use Can I have ... ?or Could I have ... ? to ask for something: © (in @ shop) Can I bave these postcards, please? or Could I have... ? Can I... ? or Could I... ? =isit OK to do something?: ‘© ‘Tom, can I borrow your umbrella? or Tom, could E borrow your umbrella? © (ou the phonc) Hello, can I speak to Gerry: please? or ... could L speak -.. *EXERCISES Steve if he can do these things: 2 3 : g Ry “CHESS : 5 6 KILOMETRES fe ‘i you do these things? Write sentences about yourself. Use | can or Ican't. (Seen go ee: esha [mene mpiete these sentences. Use can or can't + one of these verbs: find hear see speak Tmnsorry but we ant come. to your parry next Saturday. Tike this hotel room. You el the mountains from the window. jon are speaking very quietly. 1 t you. ‘you seen my bag? [.... ait itherine got the job because she vanusnnu five languages. mplete these sentences. Use ean'tor couldn't + one ofthese verbs: decide find go go _ sleep tired but | couldn't steep. asn't hungry yesterday. 5 my dinner. ; doesa’t know what todo. She ited to speak to Martin yesterday but I. ‘ him, vvvnnewemene 00 the Concert next Saturday. He has to work. e ~~ to the meeting list week. She was ill do you say in these situations? Use cam or could. Use the words in brackets (...)To ees Pras kya 6omust = musin’t needn't do ‘Vwe/you/they stop he/she/it Z0 write etc B Use must when you think it is necessary to do something: © ‘The windows are very dirty. I must clean them @ Ics a fantastic film. You must see it. © We must go co the bank today. We haven't got any money. For the pist (yesterday / last week ete), we use had to .... (nor must}: ‘© We bad to go to the bank yesterday. (not ‘We must go ... yesterday’) © Thad to walk home last night, There were no buses. (not I must walk’) © nnstn'e (= must not) Imustn’t (do something) = it is necessary motto do it, itis the wrong thing ¢» do: must hurry. | miusta’t be late. © I mustn’e forget to phone Julia (=I must remember to phone her) ‘© Be happy! You mustn't be sad. (= don't be sad) © You mustn’t couch the pictures. (& don’t touch the pictures) D needn't (= need noi) I needn’t (do something) = it is not secessary to do it, I don’t need to do it? @ I needn't clean the windows. They aren't very dirty. You needn't go to the bank today. I can give you some money. You can ako say don’t need to ... (: I don’t need to: clean the © You don’t need to go to the bank today. ‘Compare needn’t and musta’t @ You needn’t go. You can stay here if you want © You mustn’t yo. You inust stay here. 72] thaveto.. > EEGEXERCISES a "Complete the sentences. Use must + one of these verbs: be ge go learn meet wash win 1 We must 90, to the bank today. We haven't got any money. 2 Marilyn isa very interesting person You tsb eed _ her. 3 My hands are dirty. I on them. 4 You <4... Ses... 10 drive, Irwill be very usefal Beth. Yn tolls sftee Vices wae aes 6 The game tomorrow is very important for us. We! s 7 You can't always have things immediately. You cvs scene Putin tmust or! had to, 1 Lhad. to. go to the bank yesterday to get some money. 2 Wslte. Leth... gonow 3 I dont usually work on Saturdays but last Saturday -..\e-. °work. | EE Ee ee, 5 I went to London by train last week, The train was full and .. 6 I was nearly late for my appointment this morning. ..2-'~=-.1 run to get there on time. 7 forgot to phone David yesterday... %-~*-""* .. phone him later today. Complete the sentences. Use mustn't or needn't + one of these verbs: cleen forget hurry lose wait write ‘The windows aren't very ditty. You needm’t dean. them. ‘We have alot of time. We 7S Acme). —\ ‘ Keep these documents in a safe place, You . Looe dca them. Tm not ready yet butyou . swells: Joi... forme. You can go now and I'll come later. We worth k to turn off the lights before we leave. iz the letter now. I can do jt tomorrow. CU RUN Find the sentences with the same meaning. 1 We can leave the meeting early. A We must stay until the end. dBi. 2 We must leave the meeting early. B Wecouldn’t stay unul theend. | 2%. 3 We mustn't leave the meeting early. © We can’t stay until the end. Bye 4 We needn't leave the meeting early. D We needn't stay untiltheend. | 4 = 5 We had to leave the meeting early E We can stay until the’end. 5 Put in must/ had to / mustn't /needn't. 4 You needn't. go, You can stay here if you want. 2 Irsafantastic film. You MSE. see it. 3 We've got enough food, so we... G0 shopping. 4 We didn « have any food yesterday, so we... go shopping. 5 [want to know what happened. You tell me. 6 You “tell Sue what happened. I don't want her to know. 7 hurry of Ul be late. B ‘Why were you so late? Pcie Wait half'an hour for a bus.” 9 We decide now. We can decide later.unit 33 (al should + infinitive (should do / should watch cic): 1 Twe/you/they | he/she/it J (You) should do something = it is a good thing to do, itis the right thing to do ‘© “Toi should go to bed earlier. He goes to bed very late and he's always tired. Ita good film. You should go and see it, © When you play tennis, you should always watch the ball. (You) shouldn’t do something = it is not a good thing to do. Shouldn’t = should not: © Tom shouldn't go ta bed so late. @ You watch TV all the time. You shouldn’t watch TV so much. We often use think with should: I think ... should © I think Carol should buy some new clothes. (I think itis a good idea.) © Its late. I think I should go home now © A; Shall I buy this coat? B: Yes, I think you should. Idon’t think ... should ... : © Tdon’t think you should work vo hard. (I don’t think it is 2 good idea.) © 1 don’t think we should go yet. Its too early Do you think ... should ...?: © Do you think | should buy this hat? @ What time de you think we should go home? ‘Must is stronger than should: ® Its. good film. You should go and see it. © tsa fantastic film. You must go and see it Another way to say should ... is ought to ...: © Its a good film. You ought to go and sec it. (= you should go) © [think Carol ought to buy some new clothes. (= Carol should buy) shall = EOE ot EEISES e the sentences. Use you should + one of these verbs: go take visit watch wear hen you play tennis, you should watch the ball. Ps late and you're very tired. . to bed. ; your teeth twace a day, fyou have ime, oncnnoes the Science Museum. It very interesting. When you're driving, E a seat belt Hts too 131 to walk from here to the station. ‘She shouldn't watch TV so much. 2 He fou ask a friend for advice. Write questions with Do you think I should ... ? You are in a shop. You are trying on 3 jacket You ak your frend: DO you tink | Soca bay ais jacket You can’t drive, (learn?) ‘You ask vour friend: Do you think You don’: like your job. (get anather job ‘You ask your friend: .p.c..2f.she.... Se ‘You are going to have a party. (invite Gary?) ‘You ask your friend: a ‘i Write sentences with tthink ... should ... or! don’t think ... should... Irslate. (go home now) _ | think we. should go home now That coat is too big for vou. (buy it) ..! dove bik you should, buy tt. You don'tneed your car, (Cli) uk Merman 3 Shertid Se. ‘Diane needs a rest. {have a holiday) Sally and Colin are too young. (get married) ‘You re not well this morning. (go to work) ‘ James isn’t well today. (go 10 the dOctOE) wenewn jet The hotel is too expensive for us. (stay there) 1, a 2 3 4 6 7 8 What de you think? Write sentences with should, 1 Ichink everybody should Learn another language. 2 Tthink evervbody 3 Uchmk 4 Idont think “y 5 IchinkI shouldrd RtLMDEr The KT Thave to do something = itis necessary for me to do it, I am obliged to do it T/we/you/they have | todo | to work aa he/shesit has | OE (0 Wear «fé © I'll be late for work tomorrow, I have to go to the dentist ¢ Jill starts work at 7 o'clock, so she has to get up at 6. You have to pass a test before you can get a driving licence. B The past (yesterday / last week ef) is had to... © [was late for work yesterday. IIhad to go to the dentist. © We had to walk home last night. There were no buses © in questions and negatives we use do/does (present) and did (past): present do I/we/you/they Vwe/you/the don’t | NEOUS | have to... ? pilose ets SON aver does he/she/it he/she/it doesn’t) | past I/we/you/they Tawe/you/they | as arre hav | he/she/it pester | en enese oe © What time do you have to go to the dentist tomorte © Does Jill have to work on Sunday? © Why did they have to leave the party carly? I don’t have to (do something) = itis nor necessary to do it: I'm not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early. @ Ian doesn’t have to work very hard. He's got an easy job. © We didn’t have to wait very long for the bus. DD mmust and have to Use must or have to when you say what you think is necessary, when you give your opinion © [esa fantastic film. You must see it. or You have to see it ‘When you are not giving your personal opinion. use have to (no! must) @ Jill won't be at work this afternoon. She has to go to tiie doctor. (this is not mw [personal opinion — it is a fact) © In many countries, men ave to do military service. (chis is not mv opinion ~ it iy th Jaw in those countries) [76] must / mustn"t /needa’t > BEYGomplete the sentences. Use have to or has to + one of these verbs: do read speak «travel © weer 1 My eyes are not very good. 1 have to wear. glasses. 2 At the end of the course all the students > Mary is studying literature, She... 4 Albert doesn’t understand much English. You 5. Kate is not often at home, She ls ‘Complete the sentences. Use have to or had to + one of these verbs: answer buy change go wale 1 We had. to walk. home last night, There were no buses. 2 Welate. [Jha AG. S005 now. TL see You tomorToM. allot in her job. 3. went to the supermarket after work yesterday. I . |. some food. 4 This train doesn't go ll the wayto London. You {eat Bristol. 5. We did an exam yeste lo six questions out of ten. Gomplete the questions. Some are present and some are past. Thave to get up early tomorrow. George had to wait a long time, Liz has to go somewhere. ‘We had to pay alot ofmoney, l have to do some work. weune ‘Write sentences with don'/doesn'/dldn’t have to Why are you going out? You Why is Ann waiting? She Why did you get up carly? You 4 Why is Paul working so hard? He .. 5. Why do you want to leave now? We Which is correct? Sometimes must and have te aré both correct. Tes a great film, You must see / have to see it. _ both are correct In many countries, men-mustde / have to do military service, have to do is correct ‘You can't park your car here for nothing. You mustpay / have to pay. wee Feat too much chocolate. I really must stop / have to sto} “Why is Paula going now?’ “She musf'meet / has to meet somebody! What’ wrong? You mustcéll / have fo tell me. I want to help you. Write some things that you (or your friends or family) have to do or had to do. 1 (every diy) _U Rane to travel ten miles every day, 2 (every day) -Lohed to... ee \ 3 (tomorrow) nde m2 Pin. 4 (yesterday) ....Is daorune I didn't have any money with mé last night, so I Thad toborrow some,rnd Riye Would you like A Would you like . “We use Would you like ... ?to of things: © A: Would you like some coffee? B: No, thank you. © A: Would you like a chocolate? B: Yes, please. What would you like, tea or coffee? B: Tea, please. De you want. We use Would you like to ... ?to invite somebody: 1a ‘© Would you like to go for a walk? @ A: Would you like to have dinner with us on Sunday? B: Yes, Pd love to. (= 1 would love to have dinner with you) © What would you like to do this evening? B Pallike ... isa polite way to say ‘I want’. Td like = I would like: © I'm thirsty. I'd Bke a drink. © (in a tourist offic) Va like some information about hotels, please. © Td like to see the film on television this evening, C Would you like ... ? and Do you like ...? Would you like ...?/ Vd like ... “Would you like somie tea? =Do you want | De you like tea? = Do you think tea some tea? is nice? @ A: Would you like to go tothe cinema | @ A: Do you like going to the cinema? tonight? (= Do you want to go tonight) (én general) B: Yes, P'd love to. B: Yes, I go to the cinema a lot. © Yd like an orange, please. (= Can Ihave | @ Tike oranges. (in general) an orange?) © What would you like to do next weekend?| © What do you like to do at weekendst a) would do something if. =EXERCISES ‘What are the people in the pictures saying? Use Would you like ... 7 ‘What do you say to Sue in these situations? Use Would you like to... ? 1 You want to go vo the cinema tonight, Perhaps Sue will go with you. Ges "Wonld: you Uke to ote the, conemes tone aE Oe 2 You want to play tennis tomorrow. Perhaps Sue will play coo. (play) You say: ‘i as eu 3 You've gor some holiday photographs. Sue hasn't seen them yet. (sce) ‘You say: i ss al Bs 4 You have an extra ticket for a concert next week. Perhaps Sue will go. (go) You say: 5 2 z ae ee 5 Ic3 raining and Sue is going out. She hasn't got an umbrella but you have one. You say: g Soke z Whieh is right? 1 ‘De-youlike / Would you like a chocolate?” "Yes, please’ Would you like is right 2 ‘Bo you like / Would you like bananas? "Yes, Hove them? 3 ‘Do you like /‘Would you like an ice-cream? ‘No, thank you. 4 ‘What do you like / would you like to drink?” ‘A glass of water, please’ 5 ‘Do you like / Would you like to go out for a walk?” ‘Not now. Pethaps later! 6 Like / 1d like tomatoes but I don’t eat them very often 7 What time do you like / would you like to have dinner this evening? 8 ‘Do you like /"Would you like something to eat?” ‘No, thanks. I'm not hungry’ 9 ‘Do you like / Would you like your new job?” ‘Yes, I'm enjoying it’ like to go to sleep now. 10 Tm tired. [ike / 1Pras [80] there is there are ‘There’s a man on the roof. singular there is (there’s) is there ...? there is mot... (there isn’t : or there’s not) ee Re plural there are. are there ...? there are not... _ (there aren't) there is aind it is STATION ‘There’s a train at 10.30. SUNDAY) MONDAY | TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY saturpay } ‘There are seven days ina week. A @ There's a big tree in the garden. © There's a good film on TV tonight. @ A: Have you got any money? B: Yes, there's some in my bag. Excuse me, is there a hotel near here? B: Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. © We can't go skiing. There isn’t any snow. There are some big trees in the garden. © There area lot of accidents on this road ‘@ A: Are there any letters forme today? B: Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t. fe This reseaurant is very quiet. There aren”t m: people here. © How many players are there in a football tear?) © There are 11 players in a foorball team. = FE there is 2 ea There’s a book on the table. (not ‘Ie a book on the table’) Compare: ‘@ What’ that noise” © There's 2 lor of salt in this soup. I don’t like this soup. It's too salty there was (were has been ccc. > (EH “Its a train? ‘There's a train at 10.30. Ie a fast train. itand there > (ED itis — = | like [this book}. It’s interesting. it = this book) (it = that noise) Git = the 10.30 train) {it = this soup) some indany = [EHEXERCISES Kenham is a small town. Look at the information in the box and write sentences about Kenham wath There is/are or There isn’t/aren’t nese No 1 There isnt o castle. anyretaunns? © Yes(@log | 2 There area lob of resteurants, a hospital? Yes 3, Teens. aswimming pool? No $ Ta any cinemas? Yes (ewo) | 3.e a universin? No 6 ‘ any bighoteh? No 7 Ae Secu at, z ‘Write sentences about your town (ora town that you know). Use There is/are/isn'Yaren't, 1 There are a fen restaurants a 2 There’s a big park. 5 ne 3 Ture ig mn clue 6 Atel... meter: enki eS Put in there is/ there isn’t /is there / there are / there aren’t/ are there. 1 Kenham isn'tan old town. There aren’t any old buildings. 2 Look! dle-e. ts a photograph of your brother in the newspaper! 3 “Excuse me, 19 Wher@.. a bank near here?’ “Yes, at the end of the street. 4 ‘Kart= G-@ — five people in my family: my parents, my two sisters and me. “How many studens o-e. ae. im the dase?” "Twenty? 6 “Can we takea photograph? ‘No, CA-%..\4= *...a film in the camera? 7° 36 Week. abusffom the city centre to the airport” “Yes. Every 20 minutes? 8° cee Ast. any problems? “No, everything is OK ‘ nowhere to sitdown, Gres \-in8.. any chairs, Write sentences with There are .... Choose from the boxes. seven twenty-six letters days September the solar system nine thirey players days the USA eweeke fifteen fifty planets states arugby team _ the English alphabet 1 There are sexen days in a week, Put in there’s /is there /it's /isit, 1\Tere’s aeain at 10.30" “1s a fast train? 2. Im not going to buy this shire, (AS... very expensive. 3 ‘Whats wrong?” * “Lene 5... something:m my eye? + os idethe house.) G5 youre anything on television tonight? ‘Yes, 2h JUS. a film ac 8.45? aschoo! “No, I'm afraid not! siding? arevtiurant mn this hotel “What's thatEy there was/were _ there has/have been there willbe < A there was / there were (past) ‘There is a train every hour. The time now is 11.15. Compaie: there is/are (present) there was/were (past) © There is a good film on TV tonight. © There was 2 good filin on TV last night © We are staying ata very bighotel. There | @ We stayed ata very big hotel. There were are 250 rooms. 250 rooms. © Are there any letters forme this morning? | © Were there any letters for me yesterday? © ['m hungry but there isn’t anything to | @ When I got home, I was hungry but there. cat. ‘wasn’t anything to eat. B there has been / there have been (present perfect) @ Look! There’s been an accident. (there’s been = there has been) © This road is very dangerous. There have been many accidents Compare there was (pas!) © There was an accident last night. (not “There has been an accident last night.) For past simple and present perfec see Unit 20. © Do you think there will be alot of people at th party on Saturilay? © The manager of the company is leaving, so there will be a new manager soon. © I'm going away tomorrow. I'll do my packing today because there won't be time tomorrow. (there won’t be = there will not be) was/wore —> PURE) hav/have been = SETS will SBME there are = (82) there andie => (RETIN some and any = ETREctures. Now the room s empty but what was inthe roont ast week? White sentences . or There were ... + the words in the list. acarpet some flowers on the floor. see, on the wall near the door. ‘\e... in the middle of the room. < A<_onthe able. um OM the shelves. in the corner near the door. ‘opposite the door. Put inthere was /there wasn't/ was there /there were / there weren't/ were there. 1 twas hungry but ere wasn't anything to eat. 2 Were there. any letters for me yesterday? 3 Keine, a foottall march on TV 4 ‘We stayed ata very nice hotel’ "Did you? Wik. 5 ‘Did you buy any eggs?” ‘No, ‘ *.... any in the shop’ 6 The wallet was empty. any money in it. Tx iStee@ A etint_...... many people at the mecting?” ‘No, very few! $ We didn’t visit the museum Sonne COUGH time. 9 I'msorry I'mlate. alot of trafic. 10 Twenty years ago ... many tourists here. Now there are a lot. “Putin there + is/are /was /were / has been /have been / will be. 1 There 45. good film on TV yesterday evening. night. Did you see it? nn ronnsvsonncns 2 Swimming pool?” 2 Aieae€ erecta... 24 hours in a day. 3 cb--.\eet Seopa parcy at the club last Friday but I didn't go. 4 ‘Where can I buy a newspaper?” a shop at the end of the street! 5 ‘Why are those policemen outside the bank?” renee a FObDERY.” 6 When we artived atthe cinema, ~~ along queue to see the film. 7 When you arrive tomorrow, _... somebody at the station to meet you. 8 Ten years ago..... 500 children at the school. Now e--. more than a thousand. 9 Last week I went back to the town where I was born. Its very different now. iS _...alot of changes. 10 | think everything willbe OK. { don’t ehink: coneunnenene any problems.fsa] rod Rt) A c We use it for time/day/distance weather: oe What time is it? Tes half past ten. Ieslate, Its time to go home. What day is it? It’s Thursday. Its 16 March, Tt was my birthday yesterday. Its three miles fom our house to the city centre. How fir is it from London to Bristol? sive ® Jt32 long way from here to the station, (ON @ “We can walk home. I isn’t far. ‘We use far in questions (is it far?) and negatives (it isn’t far). ‘We usc a long way in positive sentences (it’s a long way), weather Itsmiining. Itisn'training. Is it snowing? © Itrainsalothere. It didn’t rain yesterday: Does it snow very often? © It warm/hot/cold/fine/cloudy/windy/sunny/fogey/datk ete us @ Itsa nice day today. 90 ‘ ‘Compare it and there: © It rains a lot in winter. There is a lot of rain in winter. © It was very windy. There was a strong wind yesterday. It’s nice to... etc, easy / difficult / impossible / dangerous / safe Tes | expensive / interesting / nice / wonderful / terrible «ic Gosia ico 2 © It Snice to see you again. (it = tose you again) © Its imposible to understand her. (it = 10 understand her) © It wasn’ easy to find your house. (it = to find your house) Don't forgerit: + © Its raining again. (not “Is raining again’) © Isit true that you are going away? (nor ‘Is true thatEXERCISES ‘Write about the weather in the pictures. Use i's .... Put in itis (it’s) or is: it. 1 What time 6.7 2 Wemustgonow. —2....\S.. very late. Jc... true that Bill can fy a helicopter? 4 ‘What day .i% _. today? Tuesday?” ‘No, 1...) 3... Wednesday” 5 2A. Sten kilometres from the airport to the city centre. ei possible to phone you at your office? ; 7 ‘Do you want to walk to the restaurant?” ‘I don’t know. How far ....2.5. 4?" BS 435. Linda’s birthday today. ‘She’s 27. 9 don't believeit! 2 35. impossible Write questions with How far... ? 1. (here / the station) How far is ib from here to the. station? "2 (the hotel / the beach) How 3 (New York / Washington) os 4 (your house / the airport) Put in itor there. rains alot in winter. 6 Twas afraid because “1 VM¢~2was very dark. .. was a strong wind yesterday. 7 sk... was a storm last night. Dan ~ was a nice day yesterday. hear i? 4 We can't go skiing. Units 6-7) © [don’t like hot weather but Sue does. (= Suc likes hot weather) © Sue works hard but I don"t. (= I don't work hard) © ‘Do you enjoy your work?’ “Yes, 1do! We use did for the past simple: (=> Unit 12) © A: Did you and John enjoy the film? B: {did bur John didn’t. (= I enjoyed ic but John didn’t enjoy it) © ‘Ienjoyed the film? ‘I did too! (= I enjoyed it too) © ‘Did it rain yesterday?” ‘No, it didn’t? have you? / don't you? cx. =»[EJZI] so am / neither do I cic =|XERCISES plete these sentences. Use only one verb (is/have/eamete.) each time. 1 Kate wasn't hungry but we Were. 4 Uhaven't seen the film but Tom 2 Pmnot married but my brother 5... 5 Diane won't be here but. Chris <4 3 Bill cant help you but I Fast. 6 You weren't late but I ...2035 ‘Complete these sentences with a negative verb (isn’Whaven’tcan't etc). 1 ‘My sister can play the piano but | can’t. . 4, Richard has got acar but I 2. Ann is working today but I.0@-0.-.c\ 5 I’mready to go but Tom ...).5. 3 Iwas working but my friends s1G:ce.> S 6 I've gota key but Sally ...ks@-S. <)> ‘Complete these sentences with da/does/did or dan't/doesn'/didn"t Idon’t like hot weather but Sue does Sue likes bot weather but I 4on't.., ‘My mother wears glasses bur my father .doe$-2%_ You don’ know Paul very well boeT.... yesterday 3 The post office isn't open yet but ehe shops .... 4 [haven't gota video camera but | know somebody who 5 Lwouldlike to help you bus I'm afraid | : 6 Idon't usually go to work by car but | yesterday 7 A: Have you ever been to the United States? : B; No, but Sandra She went there on holiday last year 8 ‘Do youand Ann watch TV alo?” ‘I but Ann doesn’t! 9 I've been invited to the party but Kate : 10 “Do you think Diane will pass her exams?” ‘Yes, I'm sure she 11 “Are you going out this evening?” ‘I don’t know for sure” “Answer these questions about yourself. Use Yes, Inave./No, I'm nat. etc, 1 Are you British? Ne,,t'm not. 6 Do you like classical music? 2 Have you gota car? a 7 Will you be in Paris tomorrow? 3 Do you feel well? 8 Have you ever been in hospital? 4 [sit snowing? 9 Did you buy anything yesterday? 3 Are you hungry? 10 Were you asleep at 3am?rn tH 188) Yo: can say have you? / is it? / can’t he? etc. to show that you are interested or surprised: Have you? Areyou? Don’t you? etc. “You're late? ‘Oh, am P? I'm son ‘L was illlast week.’ “Were you? I didn't know that! Te’s raining again’ ‘Is it? [t was sunny ten miriutes ago” © “There's a letter for you? ‘Is there? Where is it?” *Can’t he? I didn’t know that! ’'m not hungry’ ‘Aren't you? am! ‘Sue isn’t at work today? ‘Ism’t she? Is she ill?” Use do/does for the present simple and did for the past simple: © ‘Tspeak four languages’ “Do you? Which ones?” ° “Tom doesn’t cat meat’ ‘Doesn't he? Does he ext fish?” ® ‘Linda got married last week’ ‘Did she? Really” Question rags You can usc have you? / is it? / can’s she? cic, at the end of sentence. These ‘mini-questions” are question tags. a positive sentence > a negative question tag a negative sentence —> a positive question tag positive —> negative Te’s abeautiful day, isn'ta? its lovely Sally lives in London, doesn’t she? Yes, chat’ right. ‘You closed the window, didn’t you? Yes, I think so. Those shoes are nice, aren’t they? Yes, very nice. ‘Tom will be here'soon, won't he? 5 probably. negative —> No, my car is white. No, Ihaven't. No, she doesn't. No, I'm never late. ‘That isn’t your car, is i You haven’t met my mother, have you? Sally doesn’t smoke, ‘You won’t be late, dam /1doa't «cc. SEDERCISES r with De you? / Doesn't she? / Did they? etc. Ispeak four languages. 2 Which ones? I work in a bank. 2? [work in a bank too. I didn’t go to work yesterday. 2. Were you ill? Jill doesn’t like me. G Why not? You look tired. oe 2 Lfeel fine. Julia phoned me last night, 2 What did she say? OU T've bought a new car. Tim doesn't eat meat. T’ve lost my key. 2 What make isit? I 2? Does he eat fish? oe -? When did you last have it? Sue can't drive. | | She should learn. Twas born in Iealy. oie I didn’t know that, I didn’t dleep well last night. a 2? Was the bed uncomfortable? There’sa film on TV tonight! 2 Are you going to watch it? Tim not happy. So? Whynot Imet Paula lastweek. | | __ You can ako use Nor - eA: I'm not murried. B: Nor am L or Neither am I Neither ...): Note that we sav: So am I {not ‘So I am’), Neither have I (not “Neither I awe") Tam /I don’t ere. = NEOEXERCISES . "Putin toa or either. I'm happy. | [ I'm happy 00 Tmnothungry. | | I'm not hungry Fmgoing out, | | I'm going out Itrained on Saturday. Itrained on Sunday Jenny éan't drive a car. |_| She can’tride a bicycle I don’t like shopping. I don’t like shopping Jane’s mother is a teacher. Her father is a teacher dansones Answer with So... (So am1/So dol /So ean etc.) I went to bed late last night. T'm thirsty. ve just had dinner. Tnecd a holiday. Tbe late tomorrow. Twas very tired this morning. our Ene Answer with Neither. Tean’t go to the party Ididn’e phone Alex last night. Thaven’t got any money. T'm not going out tomorrow. Idon’e know what to do. You are talking to Maria. Write true sentences about yourself. Where possible, use So Look at these examples carefully: {Tm tred.) — youcananswer, © (Seamiy” ot —=(aaewnre hard) yousanarswer. (Gether bo LYS re eo a : or Neither 12 Toften go to the cinema 1 Va learning English.) [ 2 I can ride a bicycle. : : 3 I'm nor American. Eh 4 like cooking. ee a 34 T don't like cold weather. 2 6) I slept well last night. . 7 Fve never been to Scotland. e | Idon't write leuers very offen. : 9 | Pm going out tomorrow evening. = 10 Thavenrt got a headache. | 1 1 didn'r watch TV ase night. |Cra Uy 92] isn’t haven't don’t etc. (negatives) ‘We use not {n’t) in negative sentences: positive —> negative am am not (‘m not) Tm not tired. is isnot (isn’tor’s not) Itisn’t (orlt’s not) raining. are arenot (aren't or'remot) They aren’t (or They're not) here. ‘was was not (wasn"t) Julian wasn’t hungry. were Were not (weren’t) ‘The shops weren’t open. have have not (haven't) Thaven't finished my work. has has not (hasn’s) Sue hasn’t got a car, will will not (won't) ‘We won’t be here tomorrow. can _ camnot (can’t) George can’t drive. could could not (couldnt) Teouldn’t sleep last night. must must not (mustn't) I mustn’t forget to phone Ann. should should not (shouldn’s) ‘You shouldn’t work so hard. would — would not (wouldn’t) Iwouldn’t like to be an actor. don’t/doesn’t/didn’t I/we/you/they do not (don’t) he/she/it does not (doesn’t) Past simple negative: U/they/he/she (etc.) did not (didn’t). work/live/go etc. Present siniple negative: \ work/live/go ete. positive —> negative Iwant to go out. — I don’t want to go out. They work hard. + They don’t work hard. Liz plays the guitar. — Liz doesn’t play the guitar My father Hikes his job. —> My father doesn't like his job. I got up early this morning. — I didn’e get up early this morning They worked hard yesterday. > They didn’t work hard yesterday. ‘We played tennis, —> We didn’t play tennis, Diane had a bath. — Diane didn’t have a bath. Don’t... Look! — Don’t look! Wait for me, —> Don't wait forme. Sometimes do is the main verb (don’t do / doesn’t do. / didn’t do): Do.something! > Don’t do anything! Sue does a lot at weekends. —> Sue doesn’t do much at weekends. I did what you aid. — I didn’t do what you said. presentsimple negative => QE past simple negative = NBER] Why ism’t/don’..? => SEEDEXERCISES Make these sentences negative. : He's gone away, He hasn't gone away. 4 Ie cold today. . 2 They'e married... 5 We'll be late 3 Tvehad dinner... 6 You should go. Make these sentences negative, Use don't'doesn't/didn't. 1 Shesawme, She didn't see me. 4 He lives here. 2 Lhke cheese. 5 Goaway! 3 They understood. 6 I did the shopping. Make these sentences negative. 1 Shecanswim. Se. can't swim. 6 He'll be pleased. ... 2 They've arrived. i 7 Phone me tonight. 3 Twent to the bank. o a 8 Itrained yesterday. 4 He speaks German. = ot 9 I could bear them. 5 We were angry. thecetnmine 80 believe: ors eee Complete these sentences with a negative verb (isn'Vhaven'Udon't etc.). 1 They aren'trich. They got much money. 2 ‘Would you like something to eat?” “No, thark you. I. ~~ hungry’ 21: find my glasses. Have you seen them? 4 George write letters very often. He prefers to use the phone. 5 We can walk to the station from here. [every fat. 6 “Where's?” ‘1 svnva Seen her today” 7 Be carefull 8 We went to the cinema last night. I. like the film very much, 9 I've been to Spain many times but I : been to Portugal. 10 Julia be here tomorrow: She's going away. 11 "Who broke that window? ‘Not meV eeccevcenemnn do it? 12. We didn’t see what happened, We .. looking at the time, You ask Gary some questions. His answers are always ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. Write sentences about Gary, positive or negative. Are you married? Do you live in London? ‘Were you born in London? Do you like London? ‘Would you like to live in the country? Can you drive? Have you got a car? Do you read newspapers? s oe ‘Are you interested in politics? . aS re Do you watch TV most evenings? Did you watch TV last night? . es Did you go out last night? a 4 3 Lea. Aye:' re isit...? have you.. do they ... ? etc. (questions 1) ee = eee >< question: are you Are you cating? Whatare you cating? In questions, the first verb (is /are/have etc) is before the subject: question subject + verb verb + subject Am I late? Is thatseat free! Why was she angry? Where has David gone? Have you gota car? When will they be here? Can Paula swim? tetdbed Be careful with word order: the subject is after the first verb: © Where has David gone? (not ‘Where has gone David?’) @ Are those people waiting for something? (not ‘Are waiting ... ”) © When was the telephone invented? (nos “When was invented ... ??) B do... ? / does ...?/ did ...? do /we/you/they does he/she/it Present simple questions i work/live/ go et Past simple questions did_you/she/they fe.) work/live/go ett. positive question They work hard. De they work hard? You watch television How often do you watch television? Chris works hard Does Chris work hard? She gets up early. What time does she get up? They worked hard. Did they work hard? You had dinner. What did you have for dinner? She got up carly. What time did she get up? bob diss Sometimes do is the main verb (do you do / did he do etc): @ What do you usually de at weekends? @ ‘What does your brother do” ‘He works in a bank” @ ‘Ibroke my finger last week! ‘How did you do that2”” (hot ‘How did you that?’) Co Why isn’t. 2? / Why don’t... ? etc. (Why + negative) @ Where's John? Why isn’t he here? (not ‘Why he isn’t here?’) @ Why can’t Paula come to the meeting tomorrow? (not “Why Paula can't -.. ”) @ Why didn’t you phone me last night? presene simple questions = pastsimple questions => BRE] questions 23—> 4 what/which/ow .. ?=>Tcan swim. (and you?) T work hard. (and Jim?) Twas late this morning. (and you?) Tve gota key. (and Ann?) 5 I'll be here tomorrow. (and you?) si a I'm going out this evening. (and Paul?) enn Like my job. Gand you) ee Tiive near here. (and Linda?) d = My 8 Tenjoyed my holiday. (anti you?) Thad a shower this morning. (and you?) are talking toa friend about driving. Write the full questions. Q & (have / a car?) Have you gob a. car? ‘Yes, I have. (056 / $1002) emma ieee es ae || Yes nearly every day: (use / yesterday?) ee ‘Yes, to go to work. {enjoy driving?) =a a earn Not very much. (a good driver?) eel e _ | | Uthink Tam. (ever / have / am accident?) .. eee No, never. ‘Put the words in the right order. Allthe sentences are questions. 1 (has / gone / where / Davide) Where, has David. gone? 2 (working / Rachel / is / today?) _!s Rachel working 3 (the children / what / are / doing?) What athe otipeealt ee a 4 (made / is / how ? cheese?) ee 5 (fo the party / coming / is / your sister?) se 6 (you / the truth / tell / don’t / why?) eee 2 7 (your guests / have / yet / arrived?) su 8 (leave / what time / your train / does?) a i ss satectcls 9 (your car / in the accident / was / damaged?) ...... en ae 10 (to work / Ann / why / go / didn’) ound Complete the.questions, 1 Iwantto go out. | [Where ..42 you want to go?, 2| Ann and Paul aren't going to the party. | |Why ore" Ge! 3 T'mreading. | | What .. 4 ‘Sue went to bed early. | What time 5 My parents are going on holiday. | | When .. ae 6 Imet Toma few days ago. | | Where meee 7 ‘Tina has gone away. | | Where co 8 I can’t come to the party. a 9 Ineed some money. 10 Angela doesn’t like me. it Te rains sometimes. 12 I did the shopping.BB rv * Who saw you? Who did you see? (questions 2) Sylvia saw Paul Who saw Paul? Sylvia. (Sylvia saw him.) ‘Who did Sylvia see? Paul. (She saw Paul.) i) a [Sita se Peal ———— subject : object | I Somebody saw Paul Sylviasaw somebody | | Who saw Paul? Who did Sylvia see? Sylvia. (Sylvia saw him.) Paul, (She saw Paull) ‘who’ is the subject ‘who’ is the objet ‘Paul’ is the object ‘Sylvia’ is the subject B _inthese questions, who/what is the subject © Who lives in this house? (= somebody lives in it ~ who?) (not Who does live?”) © What happened? (= something happened — what?) (not ‘What did happen?) © What’s happening? (What's © Who's got my key? (Who's In these questions, who/what is the object: © Who did you meet yesterday? (= you met somebody — who?) @ What did Paul say? (= Paul said something — what?) Who are you phoning? © What was Sylvia wearing? Compare: © George likes oranges. —> Who likes oranges? — George. ‘What does George like? — Oranges. © Jill won some money. —> Who won some money? — jill. ‘What did jill win? - A hundred pounds. © Use who forpeople (somebody). Use what for things, ideas ec. (something): © Who is your favourite singer? © What is your favourite song? (96) what/which/how =>RCISES ‘questions with who or what. In these questions, who/what is the subject. Somebody broke the window. Something fell off the shelf Somebody wants to see you. Somebody took my umbrella. Something made me ill. Somebody is coming. ke questions with who or what (sibject or object). 1 I bought something. What did, you buy? 2| Somebody lives in this house. 3 Iphoned somebody. 4 | Something happened last night. 5 | Somebody knows the answer. 6 7 8 Somebody did the washing-up. Jil did something. Something woke me up. 9 | Somebody saw the accident. 10 Tsaw somebody. 1 Somebody has got my pen. 12 | This word means something. ‘You want the missing information (000). Write questions with whe or what. What did you lose? 1 | Host X00 yesterday but fortunately e 30000 found it and gave it back to me. 2. { 30000K phoned me last night. She wanted 000 3 | Ineeded some advice, so I asked 10000. ‘He said XOX, 4 | Thear that 00M got married last week. 00M told me. evening. She told me XXXXX. Steve and I played tennis yesterday. WOOK won. After the game we KXKXX, met X000K on my way home this | | Te was my birthday last week and I had some presents. XX0OXK gave me a book and Catherine gave me XXXXX.yea =6Whoisshetalkingto? What is it like? 45 (questions 3) In questions beginning Who ...? / What ... 2, Where ...? / Which ... ?, prepositions (to/froma/with ec) usually go at the end: © ‘Where are you from? ‘I'm from Thailand! ‘John was afraid’ “What was he afraid off” 2 © “Who do these books belong to? _ ‘They're mine? © ‘Tom's father is in hospital’ “Which hospital is he in? © “Kate is going on holiday’ ‘Who with?’ / “Who is she going with?” © ‘Iwant to alk to you! ‘What about?’ / ‘What do you want to talk to me about?” B whatis it like? / What are they like? ei ‘What's (= What is) it like? = cell me something about it— is it good or bad, big or small, old or mew? etc. ‘When we say ‘What is it like?’, like is a preposition. It is not the’verb like (Do you like your new house?" etc) @ A: There's a new restaurant in our street, ‘What's it like? Is it good? I don't know: [ haven't eaten there yet What’s your new teacher like? She's very good. We learn a lot. I met Lind:’s parents yesterday. Did you? What are they like? ‘They're very friendly. : Did you have a nice holiday? What was the weather lke? : It was lovely. The sun shone every day. e ° Ur PoP BP po 198) sehat/which/how = prepositionsEXERCISES 3 ‘You want the missing information (OOO). Write questions with whe or what. Lt Faces (are i Bee tear Front } 2 [Pm looking for 20000 ) (hae you a ey 3 [went to the cinema wich oon, } [ ee 4 (“The film was about 000K. a 5 { Tgave the money to XOOK. ee 6 [The book was written by 00K, Complete the questions for the pictures: Use one of these verbs +a preposition: listen ook talk tee © wait «write ee ee Write questions beginning Which... 2 ‘Tom's father is in hospital. ‘We stayed at a hotel. Jack plays for a foorball team. {went to school in this town. aORe ‘You want some information about another country, You ask somebody who has bean there. ‘Ask questions with What is/are ... like? 1 (the roads) What are the roads like? 3 (the people) 2 che fod) es ss 4 (theweshen — Ask questions with What wasiwere ... lice? 1. Your friend has just come back from holiday. Ask about the weather. 5 What wos the weather like? 2. Your friend has just come back from the cinema. Ask about the film. 3 Your friend has jure finished an English course. Ack about the lessons, 4 Your fiend has just come back fiom holiday, Ask about the hotel.UNIT Clg) =What...?2 Which...? How.. A What + nown (What colour ... ? / What kind ... ? cic) © What colour is your car? @ What colour are your eyes? © What size is this shirt? What make is your TV se? © What tithe is i? © What day is it today? © What kind of job do you want? (or What type of job ... ? / What sort of job ... 2) What without a noun: © What’ your favourite colour? @ What do you want to do this evening? B Which + noun (chings ot people): © Which train did you catch ~ the 9.50 or the 10.302 © Which doctor did you see ~ Doctor Ellis, Doctor Gray er Doctor Hill? We use which without a noun for things, not people: 3 © Which is bigger - Canada of Australia? We use who for people (without a nown): © Who is taller — Bill or Gerry? (Hot ‘Which is taller?’) C what or which? We use which when we are thinking about a small number of possibilities (perhaps 2, 3 or 4): © We can go this way or that way. Which way shall we go? © There are four umbrellas here. > or 2 or or, Which is yours? s e ‘What is more general: WHICH ? © What is the capital of Argentina? © What sort of music do you like? ‘Compare: © What colour are his eyes? (not ‘Which colour?’) Which colour do you prefer, pink or yellow? © What is the longest river in the worl Which is the longest river ~ the Mississippi, the Amazon or the Nile? © ‘How was the party last night?” ‘Ie was great? © ‘How do you usually go to work?” “By bus! ‘You can use how + adjective /adverb (how tall / how old / how often etc): tall are you?” ‘I'm 1 mene 70. bigs the house?” ‘Not very big” old is yourmother?” ‘She's 45. “How { far isit from hereto the airport?’ “Five kilometres. ‘often do you use your car?” ‘Every day” Jong have they been married?” “Ten years’ imuch vas the meal?” “Twenty pounds’ [100] questions = IERETY How long does it take ..?=> FIERTJ which one(s) => [ETE]EXERCISES Write questions with what. 1 V've got anew TV se. | { (make?) 2 Twantajob. | | (kind?) £ 3 T've gotanew sweater. | | (colour?) What .. 4.| Igotup early this morning. | | (cime?) 5 Mike music. | | (cype?) 6 Iwant to buy acar. | | (kind?) Complete the questions. Use Which ... ? Putin what/whieh/who. 1 What ic thar man’s name? 6 is your favourite sport? 2 Which way shall we go? Left or right? 2 is more expensive, meat or fish? 3, You can have tea or coffee. on do an is older, Ann or George? you prefer? ae kind of camera have you got? 4 day is itcoday? ‘Friday’ 10 A: Mary has got three cameras. 5 Thisisa nice howe... oomis B; _.......... camera does she use most? yours? 11... nationality are you? Complete the questions with Haw +adjective or adverb (high/long etc.). 1 How high. is Mount Everest? Nearly 9000 metres. 2 = is itto the station? | | It's about two kilometres from here. 3 _isHelen? |_| Shes 26. 4 do the buses run? Every ten minutes. 5 _-is the waterin the pool? |_| Two meues. 6 have you lived here? |_| Nearly three years. Write questions with Haw ...? 1 Are you 1 metre 70? 1.75? 1.80? OKS, 2. Isthis box one kilogram? Two? Three? ener 3 Are you 20 years old? 22? 25? ao 4 5 Did you spend £10? £15? £20? ate Do you watch TV every day? Once a week? Never? 6 Isit 1000 miles from Paris to Moscow? 1500? 2000?UNIT iy §6©How long does it take ... ? How long does it take | Swohous | by train Heeakes | con minutes | by car along time How long does it take by plane from London to Madrid? Ittakes two hours. @ How long does it take by train from London to Manchester? © It takes two hours by train from London to Manchester. © How long does it take by car from. your house to the station? It takes ten minutes by car from my house to the station. I started reading the book on Monday. I finished it on Wednesday evening. Ittook me three dzys to read it. How long does it take to fly from London to Madrid? It takes 2 long time to learm a language. Tt doesn’t take long to cook an omelette It cakes me 20 minutes to get to work. ‘Icame by train? ‘Did you? How long did it take (to get here)?" It took Tom an hour to do his shopping. © Did it take you along time to find a job? How long will it take me to learn to drive? It will take us an hour to cook the dinner. eeee {102}EXERCISES . Look at the pictures and write questions with How fong ... 2 How tong does it take to do these things? Write full sentences. 1 ty Gm eee ee to London Ib bakes two hours to fly from Madrid. to London 2. fly from your city/country to New York 3. study to be a doctor in your country 4 walk from your home to the nearest shop 5 get fiom your home to the nearest airport ‘Write questions with How long did ittake ...? 1 (She found a place to live.) How long did, it take her to find. a. place to’ love? 2 (Lwalked to the station) : ce YOU 3. (He cleaned the windows) 4 (Learnt to ski.) i 5S (They repaired the car.) Read the situations and write sentences with it took ... 1 Tread abook last week I stared reading it on cet I finished it three days later It book me three days to read Un 2. We walked home last night, We left at ae cofelock and we arrived home ar 10.20 3 Tlearnt to drive las year. I had my first driving lesson in January. I passed my driving test six months later. 4 Mark drove to London yenerday, He lef home at 8 o'clock and gor to London at 10. 5 Linda been looking for ajob a tong time ago. She got a = last week 6 (oie 4 true senience abou revel)Do you know where . I don’t know what ... etc. A Wey: ‘Where Il Paula? but: Do you'know where Paula ioe Dog Lise GREET) are re eae where Paula is Can you tell me who those people are Do you know | how old Linda is i Can you tell me | what time it is Where can I go? where I can go How muchis this camera? F how much this camera is When are yout going away? Tdone aoe | when you're going away ‘Where have they gone? pene = where they have gone ‘What was Ann wearing? what Ann was wearing B Questions with do/does/did (present simple and past simple): Where Do you know whese 2 (woe“Do you know where does he live?) ‘Compare: How de aeroplanes fly? ut Do you know | how aeroplanes fy |? ‘What does Jane want? Tdont know | whatJane wants Why did she go home? I don’t remember | why she went home Where did I put the key? Tknow | where I put the key 1 D0 ve? / Cam vas? ele (yes/no questions): C . Questions beginning Is ‘Compare: Is Jack at home? but Jack is at home Havadeas om Bs yon Keowee eee ae Can Brian swim? or Brian can swim De they live near here? Idon’t know | whether | they live near here Did anybody see you? anybody saw you ‘You can use if or whether in these sentences: © Do you know if they've got 2 car? or Do you know whether they've got 2 car? [104]EXERCISES ‘Answer these questions with I don't know where/when/why ... etc. 1 [ Have your friends gone home? 2 Is Kate in her office? 3 Is the castle very old? 4 ‘Will Paul be here soon? 5 | Washe angry because I was late? 6 | Has Sally lived lrere a long time? Complete the sentences. 1 (How do aeroplanes fy?) 2 (Where does Susan work?) 3. (What did Pecer say?) 4 (Why did he go homie early?) 5. (What time does the film begin?) 6 (How did the accident happen?) Which is right? (where) [don’t know where they’. (where) Idon't know (how old) .. (when) oui: (why) mane . (how long) zs Do you know How deroplanes fly? I don't know ... Do you remember I don’t know .. Do you know I don’t remember ... Do you know what time isit / itis? ‘Why are you / you are going away? I don't know where are they / they are going. Can you tell me where is the museum / the museum is? Where do you want / you want to go for your holidays? Do you know what do elephants eat / elephants eat? Write questions with Da you know if 1. (Have they got a car?) Do. you know if they've got @. car? 2 (Are they married?) Do you know i a ae 3 (Does Sue know Bill?) S cateet 4 (Will George be here tomorrow?) 5 (Did he pass his exam?) Write questions beginning De you know... ? 41 (What does Ann want?) Do you know what Ann wants? 2 (Where is Paula?) Do 3. (isshe working today?) 4 (What time does she start work?) 5 (Are the shops open tomorrow?) 6 (Where do Sarah and Tim live?) 7 (Did they go to Ann's party?) Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. 1 De you know why the bus was late, 2 Do you know what time. & 3. Excuse me, can you tell me where 4 don't know what .. 5. Doyou know if ... Do you know what time iti? is right {5}Pred rH Shesaidthat... He told me that... A | racweck youremtoapary Alovot ‘Today you meet Paul. You tell him your friends were there. Here are some about the party. You tell Paul whax things they said to you: your friends said: pune [(Gmenjoying my new job) aay Diane said that she was enjoying i} 2 Was hernewjob. She id that her fase waa very well. sana We're goingto) are —> were Sarah and Tim said that they buy a house were going to buy ahouse. z TM Peter said that he had to go carly. paren, have} _, bad ae) el Hie said that bis sister had gone gone to Australia to Australia. a Eb Teas"tfndajob) cam -> could Ansaid that she couldn’ find m a job. Lat stevt_(Filphoneyou) will > would Steve said chat he would phone as : Angel id harsh dae eh > did _ herjob. ANGELA (My son doemit) does She said that her som didnt like like school. school. look —> looked Mike said that I looked tired. feel felt YOO ec ete, ~——Tsaid chat I felt fine. MIKE, (present) (past) B say and tol say (> said) tel (> told) © He said that he was tired. @ He told me that he was tired. (not "He said me') (not ‘He told that ...’) @ What did she say to you? @ What did she tell you? (not ‘say you’) (not ‘cell to you’) Do not say: ‘he said me’, ‘Isaid Ann” ef. Do not say: ‘he told to me’, ‘I told to Ann’ ete, © You cansay: He said that he was tired. or He said he was tired, (without ‘that’) © Ann told me that she didn't like her job. or Ann told me she didn’t like her job. 106] Etold him to => EEEXERCISES * Read what these people say and write sentences with He/She /They said (that) ... 1Q . = (eaten He said he had. lost his watch. 29) 3G Lrantervotie pay) + @ Lticopon) Use the pictures to complete the sentences. e ww (Mts Ws 1 Tmet Diane last week. She'said _She.was. enjoying her new job. 2 Berry didn’t want anything to eat. She said 3. Lwanted to borrow Mike’ ladder but he said ee 4 Sally was invited to the party but she said s 5 Sharon told me she didn’t want the picture. She said 6 7 8 9 ‘Martin has just gone away on holiday. He said ide tel Iwas looking for Robert, Linda said “Wihy did Steve stay at home?’ ‘He said “Has Mary gone out?” ‘Think so. She said Put in say/sald or tellfold. 1 He Sid. he was tired. 2 The woman ... she was a reporter. 2 What did she tel you? 8 The woman us she was a reporter. 3 Ann she didn’t like Peter. 9 They asked me alot of questions but T 4 Jack me that you were ill didn’t them anything. 5 Please don’t... Jim what happened. 10 They asked me a lot of questions but I 6 Did Lucy she would be late? didn’t anything. [107]ns EAI §=work/working go/going do/doing A work/go/be etc (infinitive) ‘We use the infinitive with will/can/must etc: Ann will be here soon. } Shall | open the window? Sentences I might: shone you later. a See } => Unie30 [ean’t meet you tomorrov. ‘Could you pose the ale please? | Its late. must go now. => Unit 32 You shouldn't worksohand. © => Unit 33 Would you like some coffee? = Unit 35 => Unit 31 Do you work? They don’t work very hard. Tina doesn’t know many people. How much does it cost? ‘What time did the tain leave? => Unit 12 We didn’t sleep well. B to work / to go / to be eta (to + infinitive) (I'm) going to... I'm going to play tennis tomorrow, = Unit27 ‘What are you going to do? @ have to... Lhave to go now. => Unit34 Everybody has to eat. @ want to... Do you want to go out? => Unit 51 They don’t want to conse with us. 0) would like to... Vd like to talk to you. => Unit 35 ‘Would you like to go out? () used to... Dave used to workin afactory. = Unit 25 G working/going/playing at ‘am/is/are +-ing Please be quict. I'm working. = Units 3-4, 8, 26 (present continuous) ‘Tom isn’t working today. ‘Whar time are you going out? was/were +-ing It was raining, so we didn’t go out. = Units 13-14 (pase continuous) ‘What were you doing when the phone rang? [108] verbe+ to... and ing (F want to do /T enjoy doing) => EES] “ee +-ing —|EXERCISES ‘Complete the sentences. Write: ... phone Paul or ... to phone Paul. 6 Do you have 7 Youshould Poul? 8 I want 2, 9 Imight 10. You must ee ere ‘Sometimes you need -ing (working/going etc.). do/doing get/ getting deepHleeping watch/watching cat/eating g0/going stay/staying wear/weating fly/fiying listen/listening -wait/waiting a 1 pee ee working __ 7 You can tum off the 8 They didn’. 9. My friends were . 10 ‘Does Sharon always 11 ‘What are you ..... Put the verb in the correct form. Choose: the infinitive (work/goetc.) or to... (to work/to geste.) or -Ing (werking/gaing ete.) 1 Shall .9P€_ the window? (open) 2 IeSlate. Ihave 4.90 now. (go) 3 Annisn't Sane ee (work) 4 I'm tired. I don’t want. 5 lemight 6 7, 8 9 My brother is a student. He Would you like so eee By 10 When you ssw Janet, what was she 11 When you go to London, where are you going ... 12 I'm hungry. [ must Idon't know what he said. I-wasn' . 18 I'msorry I’m late. I had ... 19 Lwant 20 May Iunir Fai to... (Il want to do) and -ing {I enjoy doing) Aves +20... (want to do) want plan decade try hope expect offer forget 4+to... (todo / to work / to be etc.) need promise refuse learn © What do you want to do this evening? © Irs not very late. We don't need to go home yet. © Tina has decided to sell her car. © You forgot to switch off the light when you went out. © My brother is learning to dri © I fried to read my book but I was too tired. B verbs + -ing (enjoy doing) a eel suggest +-ing (doing / working / being etc) © Lenjoy dancing, (not ‘enjoy to dance’) © I don't mind getting up carly © Has it stopped raining? © Sonia suggested going to the cinema Certs + -ing or to... Penk 2S bce continue + ning (doing cic) or to -.. (to do et) Do youlike getting up early? or Do you like to get up eatly? travelling by car. or [prefer to travel by car. © Ann loves dancing. or Ann loves to dance. © hate being late, or I hate to be late. ® Iestarted maining. or Ie started to rain. D would like to ... etc.) ‘would like would love ald vice eer fee + to... (to do / to work / to be etc.) @ Julia would Hike to meet you. (not “would like meeting’) © Td love to go to Australia. ("d= I would) “Would you like to sit down?’ ‘No, I'd prefer to stand, thank you’ © I wouldn't like to be a teacher. would Ike => EER) Iwantyonto..=> ME so+-ing > BEE (110) preposition + ~ing => ETTETESEXERCISES Putthe verb in the rightform, to... or-ing. 1 Lenjoy dancing” (dance). 9 Where's Bill? He promised ____ (be) here on time, 10 I'm not ina hurzy. I don't mind = _~ (wait). 11 What have you decided. sone: (OY? 12 George was very angry and refused 5S Haye you finished (lean) the (speak) to me. kitchen? 13 Where’ Ann? Ineed.._____ (ak) 6 I'm tired. I want (go) to bed. her something. 7 Do you enjoy —...... (visit) other ‘14 L was very upset and started ... ~ (ery). countries? 15 Laas - (work). Please stop 8 The weather was nice, so I suggested (all). naman (G0) for a walk by the river. Complete the sentences using to... or ing, Use one of these verbs: go help lve lose rain read see send take wait walk watch 1 like London but I wouldn’s like £0 live. there. 2 Llike taking (OR te take) photographs when I'm on holiday 3. Linda has alot of books. She enjoys 4 I'm surprised that you're here. I didn’t expect ss 5 Don'eforget ............. us.a postcard when you're on holiday. 6 ‘Shall we get a taxi to the cinema?’ ‘Ifyou like, but it isn't far. I don’t mind 7 This ring is very beautiful, I'd hate ee 8 Julia hada lot to do, so I offered... her. 9 10 11 12 ‘What shall we do this afternoon? Would you like ‘When I'm tired in the evenings, [like ‘Shall we go now?” ‘No, I'd prefer I'm not going out until it stops Complete the answers to the questions. Do you usually get up early ? Do you ever go to museums? Do you often write letters? Have you ever been to New York? Do you often travel by train? Shall we eat at home or go toa festaurant? DORON 3 fit’ a nice day tomorrow, Pd like 4 a eero iy 1112) Iwantyouto... | told you to ... ‘The woman wants to £0 ‘The man doesn’t want the woman to go. He wants her to stay. We sy: you Iwant { somebody } to do something Ann © Iwant you to be happy. (not ‘I want that you are happy’) @ They didn’t want anybody to know their secret. @ Do you want me to lend you some money? ‘We use would like in the same way: @ Would you like me to lend you some money? “We also use this structuze (verb + somebody + to...) with: veh + somebody + to... ask Sue asked afiend tolend — hersome money. tell I told you to be careful. advise ‘What do you advise me to do? expect Tdidn't expect them tobe here. persuade We persuaded George tocome withus. teach T taught —_mybrother_te swim. Itold you to ... / Iteld you not to ... B= <5 Asaresla ae eete e ie = q 4 Daatwariorm) - — Paul told Sue not to wait for him. ae sn ca : make and let ‘After make and let, we do not use to: © He’ very fanny. He makes'me laugh. (not ‘makes me to laugh’) At school our teacher made us work very hard. © Suc let me use her computer because mine wasn't working (not ‘let me to use’) ‘You can say Let'sEXERCISES Write sentences beginning I want you ... /I'don't want you ... / Do you want me 1 (you mustcome with me) _| Want you to come: with me. 2 (Gsten carefully) Twane 3 (please don't be angry) I don't 4 (hall I wait for you2) D0 YOU - nn : 5 (don't phone me tonight) : iL on 6 (you must meet Sarah) 3 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Come. on! Let's 90°) to the cinema! Tm non. Come. ’ You you y x = HM A Dan persuaded . me. to, go.to the. cinema. I wanted to get to the station. A woman told aoe Brian wasn't well. advised 5.0.0 Sram cat Ae Linda had a lot of luggage. She asked Twas busy. [old I wanted to make a phone call. Paul let Suc is going to phone later. Itold ae ‘Ann’ mother taught ] DIAM koe Complete these sentences with the verbs in the list. Sometimes to is necessary (to go /to wait etc.); ‘sometimes ta is not necessary (go/wait etc.). arrive borrow get go go make repeat tell © think wait 1 Please stay here. I don’t want you $2.99. 2 didn’t hear what she said, so Lasked her it 3 ‘Shall we begin?” “No 1et$ oe-ceenng—-—-----~ a few minutes! 4 Are they already here? I expected them much later. 5 Kevin’ parents didn’t want him _ married 6 Lwant to stay here. You can’t make me with you 7 ‘Is that your bicycle?’ ‘No, it’s John’s. He let me... 8 Mary cant cometto the party. She told me you. 9 Would you like a drink? Would you like me some coffee? 10 ‘Ann doesn'tlikeme! ‘What makes you. that?”(114) I went to the shop to... Paula wanted a newspaper, so she went to the shop. ‘Why did she go to the shop? To buy a newspaper. She went to the shop to buy a newspaper. to... (to buy / to see etc) tells us wy a person does something: © ‘Why are you going out?” “To get some bread” @ Ann went to the station to meet her friend. © Sue tured on the television to watch the news. © Td like to go to Spain to learn Spanish. money/time to (do something): ‘We need some money to buy food. © [ haven’t got time to watch television. to ... and for... 0 + verb for + nown (to buy / to see etc.) (for a newspaper / for food ct.) © [went to the shop to buy anewspaper. @ ‘[ went to the shop for a newspaper. (not for buy’) © Theyre going to Scotland to see their @ They're going to Scotland for a holiday. friends, [& Weneed some money to buy food. © We nced some money for food. wait for © Please wait for me. © Are you waiting for the bus? wait to (do something): ® Hurry up! I'm waiting to go. © Are you waiting to see the doctor? wait for (somebody/something) t0 ... © Tcan't go out yet. I'm waiting for John to phone. © Are you waiting for the doctor to come? 0 to... and go for... => [IRE] something to eat / nothing co do ccc. = FEEL cnough to/for...=> ETE 100. to/for.. = EETEXERCISES Write sentences beginning I went to... . Choose from the boxes. thesation the post office buy some food get some stamps the café the supermarket eteharerenn, meet a friend Uwe T went 1 3 4 Finish the sentences. Choose fram the box. xo openthisdoor to wake him up tose who it was towaichthenews tread the newspaper to get some fresh air 1 [rurned on the television #2 watch the. news . 2. Alice sat down in an armchair 3 Do need 2 key ener 4° Levent fora walk by the 18¥e ene neeneeen Iknocked on the door of David's room 6 The doorbell rang, x0 I looked out of the window Use your own ideas to finish these sentences, Use to .. 1 Ewentto the diop #0 bay @ newspaper. 2 Tm very busy. I haven't got time weno z 3 I phoned Ann ... 4 Tm going out Iborrowed some money. Pat in to or for. 1 Paula went to the shop.£2.. buy some bread. 2 We went t0 a restaurantenonnchave dinner. 3 Robert wants to go to university. tudy economics, 4 ['mgoing to London..........an interview next week. 5 'm going to London.........visit some friends of mine 6 Have you gor time..----2 cup of coffe 7 I got up late this morning. I didn’t have time.......Wwash. 8 Everybody needs money live. 9 The office is very small, There’ space only...-a desk and chair. 10 A: Excuse me, are you waiting ...-tse the phone? B: No, I'm waiting. somebody: Finish these sentences. Choose from: Johniphone —it/to arrive you /tellme the film / begin 1 Tcan’t go ouryet. I'm waiang for vohwn to phone. 2 Isat down in the cinema and waite 3. We called an ambulance and waited 4 “Do you know whatto do” “No, I'm waiung. 13}rod br D goto... goon... gofor... go-ing g0 to ... (go to work / go to London / go to a concert i.) ‘What time do you usually go to work? V'm going to France next week Tom didn't want to go to the concert. ———— £09 ‘Where’: Ann?” ‘She’ gone:to bed’ Lwent to the dentist lise week. go to sleep = stare to steep: © I was very tired and went to sleep quickly. go home (wiliout to) © I'm going home now: (nor ge ng to home’) goon... © We're going on holiday nexe week. © Children often go on school trips. @ When we were in Scotland, we went on a lot of excursions co different places. holiday ateap a tour goon an excursion eine © The workers have gone on strike: (= they are refusing to soe work) go for... lec © ‘Where’ Ann?” “She's gone for 2 walk’ 1a ran ® 1Do you go for a run every day? Rel sacri © The sca looks nice, Lev’s go for a swim. Ge (eomewhere) (05 sink © We went for a drink alter work yesterday. Sea © Shall we go out for a meal? I know a gond restaurant choliday | ® They've gone to Scotland for a holiday. (We say ‘on holiday” but “for a holiday’) go + -ing We we go + ~ing for many sports (ewimming / skiing etc) and ako shopping: ee | shopping. heis going | SV'7"PS ae they have gone ae she wants t ae OB? | opging «tc. Are you going shopping this afternoon? Its a nice day. Lecs go swimming. (or Lets go for a swim.) Rachel has a small boat and she often goes sailing. I went jogging before breakfast this morningEXERCISES < Put in to/on/for where necessary. 1 I'm going #8. France next week. 2 Rachel often goes. sailing 3 Sue went Mexico last year. 4 Would you like to go the cinema this evening? 5 Jack goes jogging every morning. 6 I'm going out awalk. Do you want to come? 7 I'm Gired because I went to a party last night and went bed very late. 8 Martin is going holiday Tealy next week. 9 The weather was warm and the river was clean, so we went a swim 10 There will be no buses next week because the bus drivers are going strike, 11 I need some stamps, so I'm going the post office 12. Ir’ late. I must go home now. 13. Would you like co go a tour of the city? 14 Shall we go out meal this evening? 15 My parents are going acruise this summer. Use the pictures to complete the Sentences. Use go/goes/aoing/went + -ing 1 often 2 last Saturday [3 everyday [4 wextmonth [5 tater 1 Rachel hasa boat. She often goes sailing 2 Last Saturday Diane went 3 George every day 4 Linda is going on holiday next month. She is 5. Peter is going out later. Hle has to 6 Sheila fier work yesterday evening. Use the wordsin the box to finish these sentences. Use to‘on/for if necessary. home shopping holiday slow sleep awalk Portugal riding the bank skiing 1 The sea looks mee: Let's go for a swim 2 ‘IsAnnat home?” ‘No, she’ gone to get some money: 3 Fm going now. I have to buy some presents. 4 Lwas very tired lase night, I sat down in an armichaur and went 5. 1 wasnt enjoying the party, so T went early. 6. We live near the nioonuins. Inwinter we go every weekend. 7 Richard has got « horse, He offen goes ice: Shall we go eunepaee 8 The weathers 9. A:Are you goin B: Ye Hest isch. We're goin nycs : 55 Bia A geta letter / get.ajob ci. (get ~ oie) = receiveybuy few tind = eee eee you don’t have something x have ic © “Did you get my leer? “Yes. I got it yesterday” (= veave) © I like your pullover. Where did you get 1 © (on the plone) “Hello, can 1 speak to Ann © Ics difficult to get 2 job at the moment. ( = bie plea finn) ‘One moment. FE get her’ (= ferch ako get a bus / a train / a taxi (= ake a bus/train ete.) © ‘Did you come here on foot?” “No. I got the bus. B gechungry / get cold / get tired cre (get + adurire) = become J you get hungry —— you're not hungry youare hungry © Ifyou don't eat, you get hungry © Drink your coffee. Irs getting cold © I'm sorry your mother is all. | hope she gets better soon © We got very wet because we didn't have an umbrella ake get married © Linda and Frank are getting married soon get dressed (= put yourclotheson) © I got upand got dressed quickly get lost (= lose your way) © We went fora walk and got lost C get toa place = arrive: © | usually get to work before 8.30. (= arrive at work) oer © We left London at 10 o'clock and got to Manchester , ae 12.45, Vi © How did you get hhere? By bus? get home (without to) © What time did you get home last night? D getin/out/on/off ‘get on get off (bus /a train /a planed Kate got im the car and drove away, (You can also say: Kate got into the car...) © Acar stopped and a man got out. (but A man got out of the car.) © We got on the bus outside the hotel and got off in Church Street [118] getto = EEE in/our/on/off > EEEMT eet op = ERT et on = BESTEEXERCISES Complete these sentences. Use get(s) and choose from the box. and sayener some milk adoetor yourjacket agoodsalary —_aticket thejob 1 Lwrote to you last week. Did you get my etter > 2 Where did you .. 2 It’s very nice. 3° Quick! This man is ill. We must 4 Idon't want to walk home, Let's ....0 “. paces . 5 I had an interview with the manager but I didn't - 6 When you go out, can you 2 7 ‘Are you going to the concert?” “Yes, if I can 8 Margaret has got a well-paid job. She... - ‘ A ; ‘Campiete these sentences. Use getting + one of these words: dark late sold ready —married 1 Drink your coffee. Ir's. geéting cold. 2 Turn on the light. Ics PV ce be next week’ ‘Oh, really? Congratulations!’ 4 ‘Where's Sally?” “She's eae to go out” 5 kes ~ It’s time to. go home. ‘Complete the sentences. Use get/got + one of these words: angry better hungry lost’ ~—smarried nervous old wet 1 Ifyou don’t eat, you .ge+ hungry. 2 Don't go out in the rain. You'll 3. My brother last year. His wife's name is Julia. 4 Why did you with me? I didn't do anything wrong. 5 We tried to find the hotel but we 6 Everybody wants to stay young but we all 7. The beginning of the film wasn't very good butit 8 Most people before examinations, ‘Write sentences with I left... and gotta... 1 home /7.30 > work /8.15 | left home. at 7.30 and, got to work at 8.15 2 London / 10.15 Bristol / 11.45 Heft London at 10.15 and on... 3 the party / 11.15 + home / midnight 4 Write a true sentence about yourselt Tefe Putin gotin/ got out af/ gat on / got off, 1 Kare 9° che carand drove away, 21 the bus and walked to my house from the bus stop. 3 Ann the car, shut ehe door and went into a shop. 4 Imade a scupid mistake. 1 the wrong train. (yPd Kit §=6do and make A Do wa general word for actions © What are you doing this evening? {nor ‘What are vou making”) © “Shall [open the window? “No, its OK. Fil do it! © Julia’ job is very boring. She does the s © I did a lot of things yesterday. ve thing every dav What do you do? = What's your job%: © ‘What do youdo?” ‘I work in a bank? Bo Make = produce /create. For example: lies yaar) She’s making coffee. He has madeacake. They make umbrellas twas made in France. (Coe ckes ea Veceal © [did a lot of things yesterday. I cleaned my room. I wrote some lewers and T made a cake, © A: Whar do you do in your free time? Sport? Reading? Hobbies? B: I make clothes, I make dresses and jackets. | also make toys for children C Expressions with do an exam (examination) /atex | © I'mdoing my driving test nest week acourse © John has just done a training course. homework @ Have the children done their homework? do B ° ° (somebody) a favour | exercises housework als do the shopping / the washing / the washing-up / the ironing / the cooking «ic: © I did the washing but I didn't do the shopping Ann, could you do me a favour? I go fora run and do exercises every morning. Thate doing housework, especially deaning. D Expressions with make mistake a ® I'msorry, | made a mistake an appointment | © I must make an appointment to see the doctor. make } #phone call ccuse me, I have to make a phone call alist © Have you made a shopping list? a noise ® I’slace. We mustn't make a noise. | abed ‘© Sometimes | forget to make my bed in the morning. ‘We say make a film but take a photograph: © When was this film made? hur When was this photograph taken? [120] dordoes/id (oegativesand questions) = make sontebouy do something =>EXERCISES Putin make/making/made or do/doing/did/done. ‘Shall I open the window?" ‘No, its OK. 11 40 it s 2 What did you at the weekend? Did you go away 3 Do you know how £0 one bread? 4 Paper is from wood 5 Richard didn’t help me, He sat in an armehair and nothing 6 ‘Whar do you P ‘Ymadoctor” 7 Tasked you to clean the bathroom. Have you itt 8 ‘What do they in that factory? “Shoes” 9 I'm some coffee. Would you like some? 10. Why are you angry wath me? I didn't anything wrong LE "What are you tomorrow afternoon?” “I'm working” What are these people doing? = * 1 He's making a. cake. 7 7 2 They 8 3 He 9 4 0 5 a 6 : 12 Putin make or do in the correct form, 1 Thate 400g _ housework, especially cleaning, 2 Why do you always the same mistake? 3 °Can you mea favour?” ‘It depends whatitis! 4 “Have yo. your homework?” ‘Not yer" 5 Inced to see the denust but I haven't an appointment 6 tm a course in photography at the moment. Irs very good. 7 The last time I an exam was ten years ago. 8 When you've finished Exercise 4, you can Exercise 2 : © There’s something wrong with the car. The engine is asange noise 10 It was a bad mistake It was che worst mistake I've ever 11 Let's alist of all the things we have to today (23Cas Kym have A have and have got (=> Unit 9) T've got (something) or Thave (something) = itis mine: © I've got anew car. or I have a new car. Sue has got long hair. or Suc has long hair. Have they got any children? or Do they have any children? ‘im hasn't got a job. or Tim doesn’t have a job How much time have you got? or How much time do you have§ also [Ree © I've gota headache, or I have 2 headache. © Have you gota cold? or Do you haye a cold? aheadache /(@ toothache /astomach ache /a pain (in my leg ete) | acold /a cough / a sore throat /a temperature / flu ct The past is: I had (withow“gor) / I didn’t have / Did you have? ets ‘© When I first met Sue, she had short hair. © He didn’t have any money because he didn’t have a job. © How much time did you have? B have breakfast / have a shower «t. In these expressions have = eat/drink/take etc. You umot use ‘have gor’ breakfast / lunch / dinner @ ‘Where's Ann?” ‘She’ having funch." ave: ameal / a sandwich / a pizza etc. ®@ | don’t usually have breakfast. | acup of coffee / a glass of milk cte. @ Thad three cups of coffee this morning. | something to eat/drink © “Have a biscuit!” “Oh, thank you! ‘We abo use have (or have got’) in these expressions: abath /ashower Thad a shower this morning, c 122) arest /a holiday / a party nice time / a good journey ete We're having « party next week. You must come. have | awalk /a swim /a-game (of tenms cte)| _@ Enjoy your hohday. Have a nice time! adream / an accident ®@ Did you have a good time in London? ababy © Sandra has just had a baby. alook (at...) © Can have a look at your newspaper? ‘Compare I've got and I have © [I've got /T have 2 new shower. Its very good. (You can use Prve got or have dn this sentence.) © have ashower every morning. (not ‘Pve got’) © A: Where’ Paul? B: He’s having a shower. (= he’s washing now) Ihave 1 ve got = EE) Pve (done) fpresent perfect) CERES Lhave coEXERCISES Put in the correct form of have or have got. 1 | didn’t have... ime to do the shopping yesterday. (L/ not / have) 2 Has Lisa. got (OR Does Lisa have) 2 car?” ‘No, she can't drive! (Lisa / have?) 3. He can't open the door, 2 akey. the / not / have) 4 acold lst week. He’ better now. (George / have) 5 Whats wrong? aheadache? (you / have?) 6 We wanted 10 go by taxi but we =... enough money. (we / not / have) 7 Lizis very busy much free time. ‘he / not / have) 8 any problems when you were on holiday? (you / have?) ‘What are these people doing? Choose from the list: arest acupoftea abath breakfast dinner _—anice time 5 1 Theyre having breakfast. 2 She 3 He What do you say in these situations? 1 Ann is going om holiday, What do you say to her before she goes? Have @ vice holiday! 2 You mect Clamre atche airport. She has just got off her plane. Ask her about the flight. Did you hawe a good Hight? 3 Tom is going on x long journey. What do you say to him before he leaves? 4 Its Monday morning, You are at work. Ask Paula about her weekend. 5 Paul hasjust come home after playing tennis with a friend, Ask him about the game. 6 Rachel is going out for a meal tonight. What do you say to her before she goes? ‘Complete the sentences. Use have/had and choose from the list. anaccident a glassof water alook walk party something to eat 1 We had @ party afew weeks ago. We invited fifty people. 2 ‘Shall we ? *No, I'm not hungry’ 3 twas thirsty. so T 4 Hike to get up early and before breakfast. 5 Tina isa very good driver. She has never 6 There's something wrong with the engine of my car. Can you ati? 025rrr tg 6 I/me he/him they/them etc. 124 subject object subject ] I Tknow Ann we We know Ann. you You know Ann. Ann knows you. you be “He knows Ann, | Ann knowshim, him j she She knows Ann. |, Ann knowsher. her they They know Ann. | Annknowsthem. them | Annknowsme. me Ann knows us, us ‘Things subject object © I don’t want this book. You can have it © I don't want these books. You can have them, @ Diane never drinks milk. She doesn’t like it. © I never go to parties, I don't like them We use me/ber/them exc. fabjec) after a preposition (for/to/with x: © This letter isn’t for me. Its for you. © Who is that woman? Why are you looking at her? © We're going to the cinema. Do you want to come with us? © Sue and Kevin are going to the cinema. Do you © ‘Where’ the newspaper” “You're situng on it? give it/them to © [want thar book. Please give it to me ant to go with them? © Robert wants these books. Can you give them to him, plesse? my/his/their etc <> (IE Give me that book ” Give it to me -> EEEEXERCISES Finish the sentences with him/her/them. 1 L don't know these girls, Do you know .tem...2 2 I dont know that man. Do you know eu? 3 I don't know those people. Do you know 2 4 [don't know David's wife. Do you know 5 [don't know Mr Stevens. Do you know -»... 6 I don’t know Sarah’ parents. Do you know ‘ ? 7 Idon't kr v the woman with the black coat. Do you know 2 Complete the sentences. Use l/me/you/sha/er etc. 1 Ewantro see her but $M€. doesn't want to see ME. 2 They want to see me but Tn PORE WANE 10 $06 eee = 3. She wants to see him but doesn’t want to see a 4 We want to see them but en don't want to see... 5. He wants to see us but don’t want to see .. oe 6 They want to see her but : _ doesn’t want to see a ‘ 7 Lwantto see them but .... don’t want to see ae 8 You want to sec her but --. doesn't want to sce... ei) Write sentences beginning | like ... ,! don'tlike ... or Do you like 1 Edon'teat tomatoes, | don’t like them... George isa very nice man. I like . ul a ; This jacket isn’t very nice. Tdon’t This is my New C26, DO vrmnnecnn 2 Mrs Clark is not very friendly. 1 ieee These are my new shoes. _ ee Complete the sentences. Use time/he/him etc, Who is that woman? Why are you looking at Her. ? 1 2 ‘Do you know that man?” “Yes, I work with : 3 Where are the tickets? I can’t find . 4 Lean't find my keys. Where are cs 5. We're going out. You can come with a 6 Margaret likes music. plays the piano. 7 [don't like dogs. I'm afraid of Le $ Tm talking to you. Please listen t0 es « 9 Where is Ann? 1 want to talk to 10 My brother has a new jb. oo. Complete the sentences. 1 I want that book, Can you give it to me? He wants the key. Can you give a i She wants the keys. Can you oe ? 4 Twantthat letter. Can you ete =e 5 They want the moncy. Can you : ge 6 We want the photographs. Can you eae ?Ord i = my/his/their etc. A ae oe (your that} fis = (her nat) PES & ae 2% 1 > my I like my job, we + our We like our jobs, you your You like your job he — his He likes his job she > her She likes her job they — their They like their jobs, it its Oxford (- it) is famous tor its university We-use my/your/his etc. + a now my hands his mother her new car ourhouse your best fend their room his‘her/their ‘S a her car his bicycle Diane’s car) her husband d bP his sister their daughter (= Diane’ husband) her children, e their children (= Diane’ children) its and it’s its Oxford is famous for its university. its{= itis) Tike Oxford. It's a nice city. (= Iris a mice city.) mine/yours etc. > Lme/my/mine =EXERCISES Finish these sentences. 1 I'm going to wash ™y hands. 2 She's going to. wash 3 We're going to wash 3 Finish these sentences. 1 He lives with his parents. 2 They live with 3 We 4 Julia lives parents. parents. 4 He's going to wash 5 They're going to wash 6 Are you going to wash > See ‘parents, 6 John 7 Do you live ? 8 Most children Look at the family tree.and complete the sentences with his/her/their. 1 Lsaw Liz with her husband, Philip. 2 Tsaw Ann and Ted with children. 3 [saw Ted with wife, Ann 4 Taw George with brother, Bill 5 [saw Ann with brother, Bill 6 [saw Liz and Philip with son, Bill, 7 saw Ann with parents, 8 [saw Diana and Robert with parents Put in my/our/your/his/herfheirits. 3 1 Do you like Yur. job? 2 Tknow Mr Watson but I don’t know wife 3. Mrand Mrs Baker ive in London. son lives in Australia. 4 We're going to have a party, We're going to invite all friends, 5 Annis going out with friends this evening 6 [like tennis. It's favourite sport. 7 ‘sthae car” ‘No, [ haven't gota car’ 8 I want to phone Ann, Do you know phone number 9 Do you think most people are happy in jobs? 10 P'm going to wash hair before I go out. 11 This is a beautiful tree. leaves are a beautiful colour 12 John has a brother and a sister, brother is 25 and sister is 21 Complete the sentences. Use my/hisitheir etc. with one of these words: homework house coat 1 3 4 5 6 7 Jim doesn’t enjoy Mig job T can’t open the door. I haven't got Sally as married, Irs very cold today. Put on ‘Do you know that man?” ‘We live in Barton Street. husband, “What are the children doing?” They're doing “Yes, but I don't know - : job key les not very interesting. works in a bank. when you go out 1s at the end on the lefYours) a bt im: & Be my money our money, your money: his money. her-moncy. their money. you he she they gduddd Ul ey We use my/your cic. +a nowt (my hands / your book cic): @ My hands are cold ‘@ Is this your book? © Ann gave me her umbrella. @ {ti their problem, not our ptoblem. We use mine/yours etc. withour « noun: @ Is this book mine or yours? (= my book or your book) @ I didn’t have an umbrella, so Ann gave me hers. {= her umbrella) © Ics their problem, not ours. (= not our problem) © We went in our car and they went in theirs, (= their car) You can use his with er without a now: @ ‘Isthishis camera or hers?’ ‘It’ his.” a friend ofmine /a friend of his / some friends of yours ew. @ [went out to mect a friend of mine. (not “a friend of me’) © Tom was with a friend of his. (not ‘a friend of bith’) @ ‘Are those people friends of yours? (nor ‘friends of you") Whose ...? © Whose book is this? (= Is it your book? his book? my book? te) You can use whose with or without 4 nous: © Whose money is this? Whose is this? @ Whose shoes are these? Whose are these? } tesmine, } They're John’. my/his/their ccc. = [IEE] W/me/my/mine => BGGY Ann's camera / my brother's car =]EXERCISES Finish the sentences with mine/yours etc. 1 Its your money, It's Yours. 5 Iestheir house. It's : 2 Ivs my bag, Irs Sot 6 They're your books. They're 3 Its our car. It's ceecnesene 7 They're my gases. Theyre 4 They're her shoes. They uuu 8 Is his coat. Its + Choose the right word. Ics their/theizs problem, noteus/ours, theirand ours are right This is a nice camera. Is it your/yours? ‘That's not my/mine umbrella. My/Mine is black. Whose books are these? Your/Yours or my/mine? Catherine is going out with her/hers friends this evening. My/Mine room is bigger than her/hers. ‘They've got two children but I don't know theit/theirs names. Can we use your washing machine? Qur/Ours is broken, eds seRe Finish these sentences. Use friend(s) of mine/yours etc. 1 Lwent to the cinema with a friend. of mine. They went on holiday with some friends of theirs. She’ going out with a friend eS We had dinner with some _.. : aii [played tennis with a “Tom is going to meet a . ae Do you know those people? Are they aya RN Look at the pictures. What are the people saying?rid [ym I/me/my/mine (can see zm You sive me brim but he can't _ address "ypu reine. me ¢ic my «i mine (= Unit 38) <= Unk en | eased sa eae tas omen Jism We ki Tom ke I is | } We know Tom. fom knows us eS our car ies ours 2) | | | e | | Ale You know Tom. | Tomknowsyou. | Its yourcar. | ley yours. | | Heknows Tom. | Tomknowshimn | [t5 his car | Wes his. | | | > | | | fh | ‘ | She knows Tom. | Tomknowsher, » | lesher-car | Irv hers, ae | | | | | | They know Tom. | Tomknows them. | [e theix car. | i | | © ‘Do you know that man?” “Yes, I know him but E can't remember his mame! © She was very pleased because we invited her re stay with ws at our house. © A: Where are the children? Have you seen then? B: Yes, they are playing with their friends in che park. ‘That's my pen, Can you give it to me, please? Is this your umbrella?’ “No, its yours” He didn't have an umbrella, so she gave him hers. (= she gave her umbrella to hint) T'm meeting a friend of mine this evening. (vot ‘a friend of me’) 130] myself'yourselcr. > [EIEY Give me that book “Give itto me > PIE1 EXERCISES ‘Answer the questions in the same way. > you know tha mas?) (Bo you know | aR we ee oes eae Ae Sy but I can't eee Go ie ve but] names Finish these sentences in the same way. We invited her to stay with us at our house. 1 2. He invited vs to stay with house. 3. They invited me to stay: with cons Rowse. 4 Linwited them 5 She invited us 6 Did you invite him : > Complete the sentences in the same way. Leave him my address and he gave me his. I gave her address and she gave m He gave me address and I gave Wee gave them address and they gave She gave him address and You gave us address and = They gave you address and & im/her/yours etc. Where's Ann? Have you seen MEF 2 Where are my keys? Where did I pur This letter is for Bill. Can you give it to We wrote to John but he didn't answer letter. 1 cai't find my pen.Cantuse......_ 7 ‘Yes, of course! We're going to the cinema, Why dou't you come with Did your sister pass exams? Some people talk about jobs aff the time, 1c] went out for a meal with a friend of : eV eUN Last (134)! myself/yourself/themselves etc. ae They're enjoying themselves. 13 me 3 myself © Llooked at myself in the mirror. he > him > himself © He cut himself with a kx she > her > herself © She fell off her bike but she didn't hurt herself: es ee 5, pomenale © Please help yourself. (ox person) 7 yourselves | © Please help yourselves. (110 or more people) ; we > us — ourselves @ We had a good holiday. We enjoyed ourselves. they — them—> themselves | © They hadanice ume. They enjoyed themselves. Bo Compare: me/bim/them cz mnyself/himself/themselves BIE] whore... > EE. 7s he's / Maryse) > EEEEXERCISES Look at the family tree. Write sentences about the peopie in the family. , (Brian/husband) Brian ig Mary's husband. “fo (ulia/mother) Jalia is Daniel's mother. (Mary/wife) Marys wife, (James/brothe:) James : As 7 eo ames/uncle) 5 ome = (julia/wife) Julia CA bwnet (Mary/grandmother) Mary and Brian are married. oe eae They have a son, James, and a (julia/siscer) daughter, Julia (Paul/husband) Julia is married to Paul. (Paul/father) Jolia and Paul have a son, Daniel. (Danicl/nephew) ‘DAW 1 Whose is this? ‘And this? 5 ‘And this? Nice BP 2 q Whose is this? eo 6_ gy Andthese? Are these sentences OK? Correct the sentences where necessary. Istayed + (Gelens tarsiae) my sister's house ‘What is the name of this village’ OK i 2 3 Do you like the colour of this coat? 4 Do you know the phone number of Bill? 5. The job of my brother is very interesting. 6 Write your name at the top of the page. 7 For me the morning is the best part of the day. 8 The favourite colour of Paula is blue. 9. When is the birchday of your mother? a 10 ‘The house of my parents isn’t very big. 11. The walls of this house are very thin. 12 The car stopped at the end of the street. 13 Ace you going to the party of Silvia next week? 14 ‘The manager of the hotel is on holiday at the moment (135)rind rem a/an... He's got a camera, She's waiting for a taxi. Tea beaunful day. a... = one thing or person: © Alice works in a bank. (not “in bank’) © Can Lask a question? (not ‘ask question’) © I haven't got a car, © There’s 2 woman at the bus stop. Ban (not's') before a/e//o/w: © Do you want am apple or a banana? © I'm going to buy a hat and an umbrella © There was an interesting programme on TV last also an hour (h is not pronounced: an (hour) but a university (pronounced yuniversity) a European country (pronounced yuropcan) another (= an + other) is ote word: © Can I have another cup of tea? CC Weuse a/an ... when we say whata thing ora person is. F © The sun is a star, © Football is a game. © Dulas isa city in Texas © A mouse is am animal. It a small animal. © Joc is'a very nice person. We use a/an ... for jobs etc © A; What’ your job? B: I'm a dentist. (nor ‘I'm denust.) “What does Mark do?” "He's an engineer” Would you hike to be a teacher? Becthoven was a composer. Picasso was a famous painter. Are you a student? [136] sear /some money (counrable/uncountble) -° PEEEEGE = and he = EETEXERCISES Write a or am. 1 an. old book Ot ai 7 £5. universiey 2 Gs... window 8 ac. hour 3 G..... horse “ 9 Gs... economic problem ‘What are these things? Choose from the list. ‘bind fruit mountain river musical instrument flower game phnet tool vegetable 1 Aduckis.@bird 6 Jupiter is 2 Acarroris 12 aee5) sass iA peace 3 Tenmisis a. Qe=e:— 8 The Amazon is . 4 Ahammeris 01.40% - 9 Arose is : is 5 Everestis.+ Be + 10 Acumpetis What are their jobs? Choose from the lst and finish the sentences, dentist electrician nurse photographer private detective shop assistant taxi driver 8 Andyou?I'm Make sentences. Ghoose from Box A and Box, Use aan where necessary. A Br Twaneto-ase-you Batbara works in oldhouse artist Tom never wears* Ann wants to learn party ances Teanteride Jim lives in bookshop foreign language My brother is This evening I'm going w at Bicycle J want to ask you a question,rod iis 6 flower(s) bus(es) (singular and plural) A The plural ofa noun is usvally -s: singular (= one) > aflower aweek — anice place > many nice places thisshop —> these shops a flower some flowers ‘Spelling (= Appendix 5) ve [ei -shy-ch/-x > -es — bus—>bues dish dishes church — churches box — boxes potato + potatoes _comato —> tomatoes baby > babies dictionary — dictionaries, party — parties day days monkey—> monkeys _ bey —> boys shelf shelves knife > knives wife > wives B These things are plural in English 2% (Bf % scissors glasses. «trousers «jeans, shorts © Do you wear glasses @ Where are the scissors? I need them, ‘You can also say a pair of scissors / a pair of trousers / a pair of pyjamas ct © I need a new pair of jeans. or | need some new jeans. (rot ‘a new jeans’) © Some plurals do not end in -s: thisman — these men cone foot — two feet that sheep — those sheep awoman— some women a tooth —allmyteeth a fish > a lot of fish achild many children _2 mouse—> some mice also: 2 person —> two people / some people / a lot of people et: She's a nice person. but @ They are nice people. (not ‘nice persons’) D _ People is plural (= they), so we say people are / people have et: © A lot of people speak English. (not “speaks") © I like the people here. They are very friendly Police is plural: @ “The police are here’ ‘Why? What do they ant?" [38]EXERCISES ‘Write the plural. 1 flower floners 5 umbrella ree 2 boat % address 10 3 woman 7 knife u 4 city 8 sandwich 12 Look at the pictures and compiete the sentences. family foot i holiday potato : 1 There are alotof Sheep in the field 4 Jill has got ewo 2 George is cleaning his... 5 5 There are a lor of in the river. 3. There are three atthe bus stop. 6 The are falling from the tree. ‘Some of these sentences are right but most are wrong. Correct the sentences that are wrong. Vm goingte buy some flowers, OK Ineed@new jeans) | need a new pair of jeans. OR . | need some new, jeans 1 2 3 Irs a lovely park with a lot of beautiful tree. 4 There was a wornan in the car with two mens. 5 Sheep eat grass. 6 David is married and has three childs. 7 Most of my friend are stedent. $ He pat on his pyjama and went to bed. 9 We went fishing but we didn’t catch many fish. 10 Do you know many persons in this town? Il Tlike your trouser. Where did you get ie 12 The cown centre is usually full of tourist, 13 [dont like mice. I'm aftaid of them. 14 ‘This sciscor isn't very sharp. Which is right? Complete the sentences. Isa nice place. Many people $° there fora holiday. 2 Some people always late. 3. The president s not popular. The people like him. 4 Alot of people television every day. 5 Three people injured in the accident. 6 How many people... in chat house? 7 the police carry guns in your country? 8 The police looking for the stolen car. 9 Inced my glasses but can’t find 10 T'm going to buy new jeans today. (go or goes?) Gs or are?) (don’t ordoesn’e?) (watch or watches?) (was or were?) Give or lives?) (Do or Does?) (is orare?) {Gt or therm?) (a orsome?) 0139]acar/somemoney ““ _(" " ° (countable/uncountable 1) Announ can be countable or uncountable A Countable nouns For example: (@)car ()man (2) key (2) house (2) flower (an) idea (an) accident “You can use one/two/three (eic.) + countable nouns (you can count err: fone car two cars four eee Countable nouns can be singular (= one) or plural (= owo or singulat: acar my car the car ex plural: cars twocars the cars = some cars. many cars. FEEL] counnibie/uncouneable 2 FETEEXERCISES What are these things? Some are countable and some are uncountable, Write a/an if necessary. ‘The names of these things are: bucket envelope — milk jug money res 20% lies ons} lies Be —* tes oteene ‘Some of these serttences are right, but some of them need a/an. Put in a/an where necessary. Thaven’t gor{watch) @ watch 9 Jamaica is island. Ann never wears Rat, 8% poucuminnnn 11 Everybody needs food, Are you looking for job? 12 T've got good ides, 5 Mary doesn't eat meat. 13. Can you drive « e 6 Mary eats apple every day 3 14 Do you want cup of coffee? 1 2 Do youlike cheese? OK 10 Idon'tneed key. 3 T'm going to parry tonight, 15 Idon'tlike coffee without milk. ...o%.... 8 Music is wonderful ching. 16 Don't go out without umbrella. 299. ‘What are the things in the pictures? Write a... of... for each picture. Use the words in the boxes.Cris iyi A c [142] a car / some money (countable/uncountable 2) a/an and some afan + singular cowutable nun (ear/apple/shoe et): @ Inced.a new car. @ Would you like an apple? an apple some + plural coruitable nous (cars/apples/shoes et): @ I need some new shoes. ‘@ Would you like some apples? &) some apples some + uncountable nouns (water/money/music et) @ I need some money. © Would you like some cheese? Key @ f5 some cheese or '@ (or Would you like a piece of cheese?) Ee piece of cheese Compare a and some: @ Linda bought a hat, some shoes and some perfume. © [read a newspaper. wrote some letters and listened to some music Many nouns are sometimes countable and sometinies uncountable. For example: acake EG a chicken some chickens some chicken ora piece of chicken Compare a paper (= a newspaper) and some paper: ‘e I want something to read. I'm going to buy a paper. but @ 1 want to make a list, I need some paper / a piece of paper. (neta paper) Be careful with these nouns ~ they are usually uncountable: information advice _ weather‘ news bread hair furniture work @ I nced somé information about hotels in London. (not “informations’) Its nice weather today. (not ‘a nice weather) : : @ Listen! I've just had some good news. (jot ‘a good news) © I'm going to buy some bread. (noi 'a bread’) © Sue has got very long hair. (not hairs’) @ They've got some very nice furniture in their house. (not “furnitures’) © ‘Do you like your job? “Yes, but its hard work (not ‘a hard work’) We say a job (but not ‘a work’) @ I've got a new job. (not ’a new work’) countable/ncovntable 1 => some and any =EXERCISES ‘What did you buy? Use the pictures to make sentences (I bought 1 Would, you like some. cheese? 4 2 Would you like 28 3 Would =o 6 Putin a/an orsome. Iread @ book and listened to .$2M®. music Ineed so “money. I want to buy ..5ox=#fo0d ‘We met." interesting people at the party. I'm going to open ... &... window to get sic fresh air. She didn’t eat much for lunch ~ only apple and . ‘Welive in... big house. There's nice garden with So. I'm going to make a table. Firse need Sis. wood. Listen to me carefully. I'm going to give you ......... advice. T want to write a letter. Ineed ‘paper and pen. Which is right? I'm going to buy some new shee/shoes. shoes is right ‘Martin has got brown eve/eyes. Paula has got short black hair/Iseir: “The tourist guide gave us some information/informations about the town, ‘We're going to buy some new chair/chairs. ‘We're going to buy some new furniture/furniowres. (An (oY Is difficule to get a work/job at the moment. “We had lovely weather / a lovely weather when we were on holiday. wevoneune ey KubuNe [143]a/an and the Can you open the window?, There are three windows here. There is only one window here— the a window = window I or 2 or 3. window. @ I've got a ear. @ I'm going to clean the car tomorrow. (there are mary cars and I've got one} (= my car) © Can I ask a question? © Can you repeat the question, please? (there are many questions — can I ask one?) (the question that you asked) @ Ss there a hotel near here? (there are © We enjoyed our holiday. The hotel was many hotels ~ is there one near here?) very nice. (= our hotel) Paris is an interesting city. (thee are | @ Paris is the capital of France. many interesting ties and Paris i one) (there is only one capital of France) Lisa isa student. © Lisa is the youngest student in her class. (cheve are many students and Lisa is one) {there is only one youngest student in her class) Compare a and the: © I bought a jacket and a shirt. The jacket was cheap but the shirt was expensive. the jacket and the shirt that I bought) We say the ... when itis clear which thing or person we meant, For example: the door / the ceiling / the floor / the carpet / the light etc (of rooms) the roof / the garden / the kitchen / the bathroom ete (of 4 house) the centre / the station / the airport / the town halll étc. (of a town) © ‘Where's Tom?” ‘In the kitchen” (= the kitchen in this house or flat) ® Tum off the light and close the deor. (= the light and the door of the room) ® Do you live far from the centre? (= the centre of your town) @ [I'd like to speak to the manager, please. (= the manager of this shop et) (44) sane EE] he = EEEXERCISES , Put ina/an or the. 1 We enjoyed our holiday. The. hotel was very nice. 2 ‘Can I ask @. question?” ‘Of course. What do you want to ask?” 3. You look very tired. You need 4 ‘Where's Tom?” ‘He's in 5 Jane is cy... interesting person. You must meet her. 6 A: Excuse me, can you tell me how to get to. |... city centre? B: Yes, go straight on and then take ..<.... next turning left. 7 Az Shall we go out for .G..... meal this evening? B: Yes, that’s... good idea. Its ..2.... nice morning. Lee's go for =... walk. Amanda is ... Ss... student. When she finishes her studies, she wants to be ... journalist, She lives with two friends in ce. flatnear.jl.e. college where she is studying. ef. flat is small but she likes it. 10. Peter and Mary have got two children, .... boy and... |. “Ba.boy is seven years ‘old and (IEEIEZ] the oldest / che most expensive cic. =EXERCISES 1 Putin the where necessary. Write OK if the sentence is already correct. i ofthis steer? the name 2 ision tonight? _O€ 3. Qur apartment is orisecond floor ae 4 Would you like to go toymoon? “i i . 5. Which best hotel in this own? . ry Bees 6 z 8 What time is lunch? 4 e How faris ito city centre? - Ln We're going away at énd of May. plies if 9 Whatare you doing next weekend? \.. : ; ee 10. 1 didn’t like her first time I met her. 11 ['n going out after dinner. i 12. What’ biggest city in world? Bek 13. My sister got married last month. 14 My dictionary is on top shelf on right. 15, We hve in country about five miles from nearest village. Complete the sentences. Use: thesame + age colour problem street time, | live in North Street and you live in North Street. We live in the same street. | arrived at 8.30 and you arrived at 8.30. We arrived at Jim is 25 and Sue is 25. Jim and Sue are - My shirt is dark blue and so is my jacket. My shirt and jacket are I've got no money and you've got no money. We've got Vaune 3 Lookat the pictures and cemplete the sentences. Use the if necessary. 1 The sun is shining. 4 He's listening to 2 She’ playing 5. They're watching 3 They're having was: 6 They're swimming in }4 Complete these sentences. Choose trom the list. Use the if necessary. capital dimmer police lunch middle name sky _ television 1 We had dimer. ata restaurant last night. 2 We stayed ata very nice hotel but [ don't remember 3 4s very clear tonight. You can see all the stars. 4 Did you see the film on last night? 5. Somebody was trying to break into the shop so I called 6 Tokyo is of Japan. 7 “What did you have for 7 ‘Asalad’ 8 LEwoke up in = of the night. 147)cra 70 [148] gotowork gohome goto the cinema She's at work They're going to school We say: (go) to work, (be) at work, start work, finisfi work: Goodbye! I'm going to work now: (x01 ‘to the work’) © I finish work at 5 o'clock every day. (go) to school, (be) at school, start school, leave school «ti © What did you learn at sehool today? (riot “at the school”) ‘© Some children don’t like school (go) to university/college, (bc) at university college: @ Helen wants to go to university when she leaves school, © What did you study at college? (go) to hospital, (be) im hospital: ‘@ Jack was in an accident, He had to go to hospital. (go) to prison, (be) in prison: © Why is he in prison? What did he do? (go) to church, (be) in/at church: © David usually goes to church on Sundays, (go) to bed, (be) in bed: @ I'mtired. I'm going to bed. (not to the bed’) © ‘Where’ Jil?” ‘She’ in bed’ (Go) horne, (be) at home etc: © I'm tired. I'm going home. (no! ‘to home") © Are you going out tonight or are you staying at home? We say: (go to) the cinema / the theatre / the bank / the post office: ‘@ I never go to the theatre but! often go to the cinema. © "Are you going o the bank?’ ‘No, the post office” (go to) the doctor, the dentist: @ You're not well. Why don’t you go to the doctor? @ I'm going to the dentist tomorrow. also the station / the airport / the city centre (= Unit 68) Thle he> TEA ive CE ovine = Yd home =EXERCISES ‘Where are these people? Complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the. 1 He’ in bed... 3 She’sin 2 Theyre at 4 SheSar 6 Hein -» 5 They'eat Complete the sentences. Choose from the list. Use the if necessary. bank bed ehureh home postoffice school station 1 Inced some money. I must go to She bank... 2 David usually goes to rl on Snes. 3 In Britain, children go to from the age of five. 4 There were a lot of people at ite _. waiting for the train. 5 Iphoned you last night but you weren't at... 2 5 6 ['mgoingto now. Goodnight! 7 I'm going to to get some stamps. Complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the, If you want to catch a plane, you go te the. airport. Ifyou want to see a film, you go t0 Ifyou are tired and you want to sleep, you Ifyou rob a bank and the police catch you, you .. Ifyou have a problem with your teeth, you: Ifyou want to study after you leave school, you Ifyou are injured in an accident, you Naukona Putin tha where necessary. Write OK ifthe sentence is complete. 1 We went (6 cinema last night. to the cinema. 2 1 finish work at 5 o'clock every day. OK... 3 Mary wane feeling well yesterday, s0 she went £0 doctor. 4 [wasn't feeling well chis morning, so I stayed in bed. pe 5 Why is Angela always late for woth? een 6 ‘Where are the children?” “They're at school’ — 7 We've got no money in bank. 8. When I was younger, I went to church every Sunday. 9 What time do you usually gethome from work? — 10. Do you live far from city centre? .. es 11 ‘Where shall we meet?” “At statio 12 Jimis ill. He's in hospital. _ ne 13, Margaret takes her children to school every day. 14 Would you like to go to university? 15 Would you like to go to theatre this evening? bagcond a (159) llike music | hate exams Do not use the for general ideas: © [like music, especially classical music {nor ‘the music ... the classical music’) © We don’t eat meat very often. (not ‘the meat’) © Life is not possible without water. (not ‘The life ... the water’) © Thate exams, (not'the exams’) © Do you know shop that sells foreign newspapers? © T'mnot very good at writing letters. Do not use the for games and sports: © My fivourite sports are tennis and skiing. (or ‘the tennis ... the skiing’) De not use the for languages or academic subjects (history/geography/physics/biology © Do you think English is difficak? (nor ‘the English’) © Tom’ brother is studying physics and chemistry. flowers or the flowers? Compare: © Flowers are beautiful © This is lovely garden (€ fiowers in general) The flowers are beautiful. (E the flowers i this garden) @ I don't like cold weather. @ The weather isn‘ very (=cold weather in general) good today. the weather today) We had a very nice meal ast night. The fish was very good. E the fish we ate lasé night) © We don't cat fish very often. ( fish in general) © “Are you interested in © Are you interested in the history? history of your country? (= history in general) he > EREDEXERCISES 4 1 Whatdoyou think about these things? dogs bigates mororracing TV quiz shows exams parties museums tea basketball computer games loudmusic hard work Choose seven of these things and write sentences beginning: Wlike -.. .. Idon’tlike... Tlove... Thate... I don’t mind ... (= its OK) 1 Lhate exams. 3 : ‘ 4 5 pomeee = 6 ss 7 ss 8 f ‘ ‘Are you interested in these things? Write sentences with I'm (very) interested in... ‘I kngwa lotabout ... Tdon't know much about I'm not interested in ... Tknowa litde about... I don't know anything about ... 1 (history) .’m very interested. in history. (polities) T % (port) si (art) = (astronomy) s (economics) 7 - ae Care) ‘Whici sight? 1 My favourite sport is tennis /ehe-tennia, tennis is tight 2 like this hotel. -Reoome/ The rooms are very nice. ‘The roomsis right 3. Everybody needs friends / the friends. 4 Jane doesn’t go to parties / the parties very often. 5 I went shopping this morning. Shops / The shops were very busy. 6 ‘Where's milk /the milk" “Ics in the fridge’ 7 Idon’t like milk / the milk. I never drink it. 8 “Do you do any sports?” ‘Yes, | play football / the football’ 9. These days. lot of people use computers / the computers. 10. We went for a swim in tne river, Water / The water was very cold, 11 [don't like swimming in cold water J the cold water. 12. Exeuse me, can you pass salt / the silt, please? 13 [like this town. Ilike people / the people here. 14 Vegetables / The vegetables are good for you, "Where.are children / the children?” “Theyre in the garden 16 I can‘tsing this song. I don't know words / the words. 17 Lenjoy aking photographs / the photographs. It’s my hobby. 18 Lmustshow you photographs / the photographs that I took when I was on holiday. 19 Enghsh / The English is used a lot in internarional business / the international business. 20 Money / The _mioney doesn’t always bring happiness / the happiness (53uit rr A Cc [152] the ... (names of places) Places (continents, countries, states, islands, towns etc.) In general we do not use the + names of places: © France is a very large country. (not ‘the France’) pag & Cairo isthe capital of Egypt. © Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean. © Peru is in South America. But we use the in names with ‘republic’ /‘states'/“kingdom': THR the Republic of ireland (or the Irish Republic) the United States of America (the USA) _ the United Kingdom (the UK) the -s (plural names) ‘We use the + plural names of countries/islands ‘mountains: THE the Netherlands the Canary Islands the Philippines__ the Andes Seas, rivers etc. We use the + names of oceans/seas/rivers /canals Teng the Atlantic (Ocean) the Mediterranean (Sea) the Amazon the (River) Nile the Suez Canal the Black Sea Places in towns (streets, buildings etc.) In general we do not use the + names of streets, squares etc:: © Kevin lives in Newton Street. THE © Where is Highfield Road, please? © Times Square is in New York. We do not use the + name of place (or person) + airport/station/university caste ete:: Tag Kennedy Airport Victoria Station Cambridge University Westminster Abbey Edinburgh Castle London Zoo Bur usually we use the + names of hotels, restaurants, pubs, cinemas, theatres, museums the Hilton (Hotel) the Star of India (restaurant) THE the Science Museum _the Odcon (cinema) the National Theatre the Tate Gallery (art gallerv) the ... of... ‘We use the + names with ... of ... : Tue the Republicoflreland the Bank of England the Great Wall of China the Tower of London ‘We say: the north / the south / the east / the west / the middle (of ...): © I've been to the north of Italy but not to the south oe > EEJ These are geography questions. Choose your answer from the box. Sometimes you need The. EXERCISES aoe oe m2 a 2 8 el? i w fr Gast =F isthe capital of Es 2 The Atlantic isberween aed America Res 3 is a country in northern Europe. Andes 4 vo ia river in South America. Asia 5 is the largest continent in the world. Adande 6 is the largest ocean. Bahamas 7 isa river in Europe Caro 8 voonow nnn 382 COUNMEY in East Africa. Kenya oe fs beeween Canada and Mexico. Malta 10 are mountains in South América. Paafic Li is the capital of Japan. Red Sea 12 _ are mountains in central Europe. Rhine B _... is between Saudi Arabia and Africa. Sweden 4 é is an island in the Mediterranean. Tokyo 15 Uncen are a group of islands near Florsda. United States Put in the where necessary. If the sentence is already correct, write OK, | Kevin lives in Newton Street, OK 2 We went to see a play(at National Theatre. ot the. National. Theatre, 3. Have you ever been to China? Stree 4 Have you ever been to Philippines? a 5 Have you ever been to south of France? 6 Can you tell me where Regal Cinema is? ooo 7 8 ° Can you tell me where Merrion Street is? See. Can you tell me where Museum of Modern Artis? ae ee Surope is bigger than Australia. ee, a 10 Belgiurn is smaller thar: Netherlands. 11 Which river is longer — Mississippi or Nile? ae 12, Did you go to National Gallery when you were in London? Boy 13 ‘Where ¢ d you stay?’ ‘At Park Hotel in Hudson ROI? own 1 How farisit from Trafalgar Square to Victoria Station (in Landon)? nem 15 Rocky Mountains are in North America. ta A 16 Texas is famous for oil and cowboys. .... : 2 17 Panama Canal joins Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. *. 7 18 [hope to go to United States next year. i 19 Mary comes from a small town in west of freland. ci ssi 20 Alan studied physics at Manchester University, 0 cethis/that/these/those Af this Ginguter) these (plual) that Gingular) those (plural) | (DoyouTike Do you like (Who ate those o These flowers | this picture that picture this (= this picture hire) that (= that piccure ther) these these flowers those those people (= these flowers ler) (those people tlie) is/that/these/those with a nown (this picture / that girl ere) or withior & now © This hotel is expensive but is very nice. © Whod chat girl?” ‘Idon'tknow? \ 7 ® Lo you like these stioes? | bought them last week. ( Ea ® Those apples look nice. Can I have one? J © This iva nice hotel burit’s very expensive. ) © ‘Excuse me, isthis yourbag? ‘Oh yes, thank you.’ : © Who's that? (= Who is that person?) seleoap role © Which shoes do you like most? These or those? that = something that has happened: © ‘I'm sorry I forgot to phone you! “That's all right’ © That was a really nice meal. Thank you very much that = what somebody has juss sai: © “Yourea teacher, arent you?” ‘Martin hasigot a new job: T'm going on holiday nexs week” “Yes, that’s right? “Has he? | didn’t know that” “Oh, that’s nice! . We use this is .., andis that © Hello, this is David @ Is that Sarah? ? on the telephone: (this = the speaker) (that = the other person} We use this is... fntraduce people: © A: Brian, this is Chr. 8: Hello, Chris ~ pleased to meet you. C: Hello, this one / that ene =>EXERCISES 28. Use this/that/Ihese/those + these words’ plates postcards seat shes ‘Complete the sentences with this is or that’s or that. 1 A: Maisopry I'm late, 3 A: Jill plays the piano very well 1 That’s ail ight I didirt know —— I can’t come to th sister (lie) cua pity: Wi 3 donthe telephone Sue: Hello. Ann... ® Ann: Oh, hello, Sue AAS Youre lazy: B: my sister, Ann. Mark: Hello, Aun. Av Frvsorry Lowasamgr low aRita 14 one/ones 2 {a chocolate / an apple etc) © need a pen. Have you got one? (one = a pen) © A; Istherea bank near here? B: Yes, there’s one at the end of this street. (ome = a bank) B oneand ones one (singular) this one / that one @ Which car is yours? This one or that one? (= this car or that car) ‘the one ... © A: Which hotel did you stay at? B: The one opposite the station. the.... one © I don’t like the black coat but I like the brown one. © Dont buy that camera. Buy the other one. a/an ... one © This cup is dirty. Can I have a clean one? © That biscuit was nice. 'm going to have |_mother one. [156] which... ?=> IRTY another = BEY thie/that ec. = ET ‘ones (plural) these/those (usually without ‘ones’): @ Which flowers do you want? These or those? (not usually ‘these ones/those ones’) B: The ones on the table. the ... ones © I don’ like the red shoes but I like the green ones. © Don't buy those apples. Buy the other ones. some ... ones © These cups are dirty. Can we have some clean ones? © My shoes are very old. I’m going to buy some new ones. ‘EXERCISES A.asks B some questions. Use the information in the box to write B's answers. Use ane (not the answers. B doesn't needa car B has just had a cup of coffee there’ 2 chemist in Mill Road Bis going to buy a bicycle Bharegorepen B hasn't got an umbrella 1 A: Can you lend mea pen? B: I'msorry, | haxen’t gob one. 2A: Would you like to have a car? B: No, don't 3 A: Have you got a bicycle? B: No, but. 4 A: Can you lend me an umbrella? B: I'msorry but ... 5 A: Would you likea cup of coffee? _B: No, thank you. 6 A: Is there a chemist near here? FE Fes oe Complete the sentences. Use a/an ... ome. Use the words inthe lis. better big eleam different new old 1 This cup is dirty. Can Ihave. clean one. > 2 I'm going to sell my car and-buy er 3. That's not a very good photograph but this is 4 want today’s newspaper. This is 5. This box is too small. I need . oe & Why do we always go to the same restaurant? Lets go to See Use the information inthe box to complete these conversations, Use one/anes. the coat is black Ttook the photographs on the beach last week the girls call with long hair the shoes are green thehoteliseppositethestetion the pictures are on the wall the house has gota red door the books are on the top shelf the flowers are yellow the man has got a moustache and glasses 1 A: We stayed at a hotel, 6 A; Are those your books? B; Which one, 2 col ee EO) A: The one opposite the. station. oo ee Fees ee 2. A: Those shoes are nice. Th Deven kien eect Br see a Kes A: cae 3. A: Thats anice house. B Br Aris 4 A; Like that coat, B: 2 A SA: B: Be : Ae get Ws A i us7]Cad yi some and any | | j lao ale | < Thaven't got >) fod Tee got som “ t “ie = AS fl | Use some in positive sentences | Use any sn negative sentences: @ I'm going to buy some clothes. © Pm not going to buy any clothes © There's some ice in the fridge @ There isn’t any orange juice in the fridge. @ We did some exercises. © We didn’t do any exercises, Bo any andsome in questions In mast questions (but not all) we use any: © Is there any ice in che fridgs NG @ Has he got any friends? 1, @ Why didn't you buy any food? 3 We normally use some (ot any) when we offer { things (Would you like ... 2): © A: Would you like some coffee? - ~ B: Yes, plea ET (Wola. you te) or when We ask for things (Can have ... ? ete): Ly fake Cont ht coine ee oleae: BE Ve Hel ounce ps ea @ A: Can you lend me some money? ( ae B: Sure. How much do you need? 7 SS. IS C€ some and any without a nown © [didn’t take any photographs but Ann took some. (= some photographs) © You can have some coffee but [ don’t want any. (= any coffee) @ I've just made some coffee. Would you like some? (= some coffée) ° e “Where’ your luggage?’ ‘Thaven't got any,’ (= any luggage) “Are there any biscuits? “Yes, there are some in the kitchen’ (= some biscuits) [ something / somebody (orsomeone) | anything / anybody (er anyone) She said something © She didn’t say anything. @ [saw somebody (oy someone). @ {didn’t see anybody (or anyone) @ Would you like something to cat? | @ Ar you doing anything this evenir @ Quick! Somebody's coming. | @ Where's Ann? Has anybody seen her? (158]° aandsome > somebody anything ctc—> BEEREXERCISES 75 Putin some or any, 1 Lboughr $M cheese bur I didn’t buy. 2... bread. 2 Lm going to the post office. Ineed stamps. 3 There aren't... shops in this part of town, 4 George and Alice haven't got children. 5. Have You got nn. brothers or sisters? © There are... beautiful flowers in the garden. 7 Do you know ...... good hotels in London? 8 “Would you like tea? “Yes, please! 9 When we were on holiday, we visited very interesting places, 10 Dont buy rice. We don’t need 11 Twent out to buy milk but they didn’t have in the shop. 12 Tim thirsty: Can I have water, please? Complete the sentences. Use some or any + one of these words: air cheese help letters photographs batteries friends. languages mili 1 want to wash my hair. Is there 271y shampoo, 2 This evening I'm going to write 3 [haven't got my camera, so I can’t take 4 Do you speak foreign ? 5: Yesterday evening I went to a restaurant with of mine 6 3 van Thave in my coffe, please? The radio isn't working. There aren't init, Ies hot in this office. I'm going out for fresh “Would you like 2 ‘No, thank you. I've had enough to ear 10 I can do thisob alone. I don't need Complete the sentences. Use some or any. 1 Ann didn’t take any photographs but! took some (/eake) 2 ‘Where's your luggage?* ‘haven't gob any (1/not/have) 3 ‘Do you need any money?" ‘No, thank you 2 (have) 4 °Can you lend me some money?” ‘I'm sorry but 2 {Ufnor/have} 5. The tomatoes in the shop didn't look very good, so (not/bu 6 There were some nice oranges in the shop, so ~ (buy) Put in something/somebody/anything/anybody. 1 She said SemethiNg. to me but I didn't understand ic. 2 ‘Whats wrong?” “There's in my eye! 3. Do you know about politics? 4 I went to the shop but I didn't buy 5 has broken the window. I don't know who. 6 There isnt in the bag, Irs empty. 7 I'm looking for my keys. Has seen them? 8 Would you like to drink? 9 Ididn'c eat because 1 wasn't hungry. 10 This is a secret, Please don’t tellThe car park is empty. ‘There aren't any cars oes } in the car park. How many cars are there in the car park? None. not (n°) + any © There aren’t any cars in the car park. © Sally and Steve haven’t got any children. @ You can have some coffee but I don’t want any, no + noun (no cars / no garden ¢tc) nO not + any ormot + a: @ There are no ears in the car park. (= there aren't any cars) © We've gotne coffee. (= we haven’t got any coffee) @ Itsanice house but theres no garden. (= there isn’t a garden) We use no ... especially after have (got) and there is/are. negative verb + any = positive verb + no: © They haven't got any children. or They've got mo children (not ‘They haven't got no children’) © There isnt any sugarin your coffee. or There’s no sugar in your€offte. mo and none + Use no + nour (no money / no children et) © We've got no money. © Everything was OK. There were no problems Use none alone (without’a noun): © ‘How much money have you go@” ‘None! (= no money) © ‘Were there any problems?’ ‘No, none’ (= no problems) none and no-one none = 0 (zero) ‘None is an answer for How much?/ How many? (things or people: © ‘How much money have you got?’ ‘None’ (= no money) © ‘How many people did you meet?” ‘None.’ (= no people) no-one = nobody (= Unit 77) No-one is an answer for Who?: ‘© ‘Who did you meet?” ‘No-one’ (or Nobody.) negatives => some and any IEEE anybody/nobody/nothing et: =EXERCISES Write these sentences again with no, 1 We haven't got any money. We've got no money. 2 There aren’tany shops nearhere. There are 3. Carol hasn't got any free time. 4. There isn'ta light in this room. ave Se Write these sentences again with any. 5. We'xe got no money We haven't got any money. 6 There’ no teain the pot 7 There are no buses today. es 8 Tom has got no brothers or sisters. b Putin no or any. 1 Theres "© sugar in your coffee. ‘My brother is married but he hasn't got Sue doesn't speak foreign languages, Vn aftaid chere’s coffee. Would you like some tea? “Birds? Where? I can't see birds” “No, I've got idea. children. 3 + 5 ‘Look at those binds!” 6 “Do you know where Jane is?” Putin, any ornone 7 There arent pictures on the wall, 8 ‘The weather was cold but there was _- wind. 9 T wanted to buy some oranges but they didn't have 10 Everything was correct. There were mistakes. LL “How much luggage have you gor?” 12 “How much luggage have you gor” in the shop. “Thaven't got Bi ‘Complete the sentences. Use any or no + one of these words: answer difference film friends —_ furniture photographs problems questions 1 Everything was OK. There were ne problems. They want (© go on holiday but they've got I'm not going to answer He’ always alone. He} got 5 Theres There wasn't 7 Ltried to phone you yesterday but there was ; ‘The house is cold because there isn't Tean't ake heating There acess 9 ‘Write short answers (one or two words) to these questions. Use none where necessary. How many letters did you wriee yesterday? Two. .OR.A lot, OR. None. How many sixters have you go? How much coffee did you drink yesterday? How many photographs have you taken today? oe How many legs has a snake gor money berween these two machines. They're exactly the same. in the room. It was completely empty. in the camera. {161}, a not + anybody/anyone/anything LU nobody/no-one/nothing A not + anybody/anyone not + anything nobody/no-one nothing | thor people) x | (for things) £ c F ere isn’e f MVPODY | i, the room, here isn’t anything in the bag, © Th ae | ch © There isn’t anything in the bag © “Thercas fuer jm the room. © ‘There is nothing in the bag. ® A. Who is in the room? © A: What’ in the bag? B: Nobody. / No-one. |B: Nothing. anybody = anyone nobody = no-one (-body and -one are the same) | = B not + anybody/anyone not + anything © [don’t know anybody (oranyone) here. | @ | can’t remember anything, nobody = not + anybody j no-one = not + anyone nothing = not + anything @ I'm lonely. I've got nobody to talk to. © She said nothing. Ihaven’e got anybedy) (= She didn’t say anything.) © The house is empty: There ismo-one in it. | @ There’ nothing to eat (= There isn’t anyone in it) There asm’t anything to cat.) C | You can use nobody/no-one/nothing at the beginning ofasentence oralone (co answer a question} © The house is empty. Nobody lives there. | @ Nothing happened. (not Anybody lives there’) (not Anything happened’) © “Who did you speak to?” “No-one! @ “What did you say?’ ‘Nothing’ D Remember: negative verb + anybody/anyone/anything posttive verb + nobody /n0-one/nothing © He docsn’t know anything. (not ‘He doesn't know nothing’) © Don't tell anybody. (nof ‘Don't tell nobody’) © There is nothing to do in this town. (not “There isn't nothing’) 162] some andany > (EEF any andne=QTETE somebody/anything/nowhere exc. = EEREEXERCISES 77 Write these sentences again with nobdy/no-one or nothing. 1 There isn’t anything in the bag, There's nothing in the bag. 2 There isn't anybody in the office, ‘There’ 3 [haven't got anything to do. 1 4 There isn't anything on TV. 5 There wasn't anyone at home. 6 We didn't find anything. Write these sentences again with anybody/anyone or anything, 1 There's nothing in the bag. There isn't anything in the bag. 2 There wasnobody on the bus. There wasn't 3 I've got nothing to read. 4 T've gor no-one to help me. w She heard nothing. 6 We've got nothing for dinner. Answer these questions with nobody/no-one or nothing 1a What did you say? _ Nothing. 3a Who knows the answer? 2a Who saw you? ody. 6a What did you buy? 3a What do you want? Ja What happened? 4a Who did you meet? a Who was atc? Now answer the same questions with full sentences, Use nobody/no-one/nothing or anybady/anyone/anything. 1b | didn’t say anything. 5b the answer, 2 Nobody saa me., 6b 3b I don't 7 4b1 8b Complete the sentences, Use nobody/no-one/nothing/anybody/anyone/anything, 1 That house isempry, Nobody lives there. 2 Jack has a bad memory. He can’t remember anything 3 Be quiet! Don't say 4 I didn’t know about the meeting. told me. 5 ‘What did you have tocat?” * I wasn't hungry: 6 didn’t ext = Twasn't hungry. 7 Jenny was sitting alone. She wasn’t with 8 I'm affaid I can'thelp you. There’s Ican do. 9 Idon't know about car engines. 10 The museum is free. It doesn't cost to go in 11 [heard a knock on the door bur when I opened it there was there. 12 She spoke very fast. I didn’t understand, 13 ‘Whatare you doing this evening?’ »* Why? 14 Helen has gone away. knows where she is. She didn't tell where she was going. |rd vi: somebody/anything/nowhere etc. A ehie j 2 @ Yi 2 LONDON —7 As x _- Somebody (orsomeone) She has got something in Tom lives somewhere near has broken the window, her mouth. London. somebody/someone =a something = ashing butwe somewhere = in/to a place but person but we don't know who dent know what we don’t mow awhere B people (-body or-one) © There is somebody (or someone) in the gurden. © Isthere anybody (cranyone) in the garden? There isn’t anybody (or anyone) in the garden: There is mobody (ermo~one) in the garden. somebody orsomeone anybody or anyone nobody orno-one ~body and -one arc the same: somebody = someone, nobody = no-one «tc things (-thing) something © She said something but I didn't understand her, a ® Are you doing anything at the weekend? eyeing: © was angry but didn’t say anything. * nothing “What did you sy?" ‘Nothing’ places (-where) somewhere ® They live somewhere in the south of England. az © Did you go anywhere interesting for your holidays? ey rehiere: © I'm staying here. I'm not going anywhere. nowhere * I don't like this cown, There is nowhere f0 go. C something/anybody cia + adjective (big/ cheap /interesting tc) © Did you meet anybody interesting at the party? © We always go to the same place. Lets go somewhere different. © “Whats that letter” ‘Irs nothing important, D something/anybody ete + t0 ... © I'm hungry. I want something to eat. (= something that f can eat) © He hasn't got anybody to talk to. (— anybody that he can tlk to) © There is nowhere to go in this town. (= nowhere where people can go) soni snd aay = any and 90 = anybody/nothing etc. > EEE [164] everything/-body where = FSET)EXERCISES Put in somebody (ar someone} / something / somewhere. oi 1 She said something. ‘What did che say? 2 Tye ost. 2 ‘What have you lost? 3 They went Where did they go? 4 Who are you going to phone? la ‘What did you say? 2a ‘Where are you going? What do you want? Who are you looking for? Now answer the same questions with full sentences. Use not + anybody/anything/anywhere. 1b | didm't say anything. 3b 2b P'mnot 4b nino in = Put in somebody/anything/nowhere etc. 1 Is dark. I can't see anything, 2 Tom lives somewhere “near London 3 Do you know about computers? 4 ‘Listen!” ‘What? I can't hear : 5 “What are you doing here?’ ‘I'm waiting for 2 i 6 Please listen carefully. There’s T want to tell you. 7 ‘Did see the accident?” ‘No, 2 8 We weren't hungry, so we didn’t eat 9 ‘What’ going to happen” “I don't know. knows? 10 ‘Do you know in London?” “Yes, a few people” 11 ‘Whar’sin thar cupboard?” * les empty? 12. I'm looking for my glasses. I can’t find them ia : ‘ 13 [don't like cold weather. I want to live warm. 14 Is there interes" ng on television tonight? 15 Have you ever met... famous? Complete the sentences. Chaose from Box A and Box B. A B something anything nothing do drink eat ge somewhere anywhere _ nowhere phy read sit stay You cam ace there words more thun once T 1 We don’t go out very much because there's nowhere to go, 2 There isn't any food in the house, We haven't got : 3 I'm bored. I've got 4 ‘Why are you stariding?” “Because there isn’t : 5 “Would you like ? "Yes, please — a glass of orange juice? 6 All the hotels were full. There was 7 Lwant T'm going to buy a magazine, 8 Children need [165]UNIT every and all Every house in the street is the same every house in the street = all the houses in the sereet We use every + singular rota: (every house / every country er): © Alice has been to every country in Europe. © Every summer we have a holiday by the sea, © She looks different every time I see her. Use a singular verb after every .. © Every house in the street is the same. (no! ‘are the same’) © Every country has a national fag. (not have’) Compare every and all: @ All the students in the class passed the exam © All countries have 2 national fiag. © Every student in the class passed the © Every country has 2 national flag B every day and all day every day = on all days how often? ‘sun | +[ wow] [Tue ]+[weo ]-[rH08]+[ ret ]+{ sar oo ie EVERY DAY all day = the complete day: how long? is| ALL DAY Begicing oreo © A: How often do you read a newspaper? B: Every day. © Bill watches TV for about two hours every evening. (= on all evenings) alse every morning/night/summer « © The weather was bad yesterday, It rained all day. © Iwas tired after work yesterday, so I watched TV all evening, (= the complete evening) also all morning/night/summer ctc exer body orcveryone) / evecuilaing ceecy whee everybody or everyone © Everybody (or Everyone) needs friends. (= all people (people) need friends) everything © Have you got everything you need? (= all the things (ings) you need) everywhere @ Ive lost my watch. I've looked everywhere for it (places) ve looked in all places) Use a singular verb after everybody /everyone/everything: @ Everybody has problems. (wor ‘Everybody have’) [166] > EoEXERCISES Complete the sentences. Use avery + one of these words: day room student = time = word, 1 Every student. in the clase pased the exam. 2 Myjob is very boring. se is the same. 3. Kate isa very good tennis player. When we play, she wins 4 vou in the hotel has a private bathroom. 5 ‘Did you understand what she said?” “Most of it but not Complete the sentences with every day'or all day. Yesterday itrained A day. buy a newspaper but sometimes I don’t read i I'm not going out tomorrow. I'l be at home Tusually drink about four cups of coffee Paula was ill yesterday, so she stayed in bed Last year we went to the seaside for a week and it rained _. Ymtired now because I've been working hard Vausone Putin every or all. Bill watches TV for about two hours YY _ evening. Barbara gets up at 6.30 morning. ‘The weather was nice yesterday, so we sat in the garden afternoon. I'm going away on Monday. P11 be away ence Week. “How often do you go skiing?” * year. Usually in March’ A: Were you at home at 10 o'clock yesterday? B: Yes, Iwas at home ........... morning, I went out after lunch. 7 My sister likes cars. She buys a new one year. 8 I saw Jack at the party: He wasn't very friendly. He didn't speak to me evening. 9. We go away on holiday for two or three weeks _.. summer, Putin everybody/everything/everywhere. 1 Everybody... needs friends. ouRUNe 27 Chris knows about computers. 3. [like the people here. is very friendly. 4 Thisis a nice hotel. It’s comfortable and ..... a is very clean. J 5 Kevin never uses his car. He goes eae by motor-bike. 6 Let’s have dinner. _ is hungry, 7 Sue's house is full of books. There are books 8) You sre aghe pet ay ute | Putina verb (one word) | 1 Everybody Ma. problems. 2 Are you ready yet? Everybody soos Waiting for you. 3. The house is empty. Evervone a gone out, 4. George is very popular Everybody co. Bien. 5. This town is complecely different. Everything changed, 6 Larrived home very late. I came in quietly because everyone asleep. 7 Everybody... mistakes!rr £168} all most some Compare: any no/none children/money/books ci. (in general) Children like playing. (= chuldren in general) © Money isn't everything, general) © [enjoy reading books. © Everybody needs friends. = money in the children /‘the money / these books ew © Where are the children? (~ our children) © I want to buy a car but I haven't got the money. (= the money fora car) © Have you read these books? © [often go out with my friends maost/most of ... , some/some of ... tic most/some etc. + noun; most of/some of cic, + the/this/my ... «w. all [(of most | the. this/that some of | these/those pa n ar. te none en ie, © Most children like playing. (= children in general) © [don't want any money. ® Some books are better than others © He's got no friends © All cities have the same problems. (© cities in general) ‘Do not use of in these sentences: © Most people drive too fast. (not ‘Most of | people’) | © Some birds can’ fly (not ‘Some of birds’) | any no / mone / not + any © Most of the children at this school are under 11 years-old, © I don't want any of this money. © Some of these books are very old. © None of my friends live near me. We say all the... / alll my . without of}: © All the students im our class passed the © Silvia has lived m London all her life. ete. (osually all of it / most of them / none of vs et the ._ (children / the children etc.) => all and every = some.nd any > ESET @ You can have some of this cake but not all of it. © A: Do you know those people? B: Most of them, bur not all of them. © Some of us are going out tonight. Why don't you come with us? T've gota lot of books but I haven't read any of them, © ‘How many of these books have you read? ‘None of them. no/none/any —> EYEXERCISES Complete the sentences, Use the word in brackets (some/most etc.). Sometimes you need of (some of f mast of etc) Most. children like play ig. (most) 1 2 Sowe.cf this money is yours. (some) 3 people never stop talking. (come) 4 the shops in the city centre close at 6.30. (most) 5 You can change your money in banks. (most) 6 Idon't like the pictures in the living room. (any) 7 He’ lose his money. (all) 8 “ my friends are married, (none) 9 Do you know the people in this photograph? (any} 10 birds can fly: (ost) 11 Lenjoyed the film bue I didn't like the ending, (most) 2 sports are very dangerous, (ome) 13. We can‘ find anywhere to stay. the hotels are full. (all) 14 You must have this cheese. It delicious. (some) 15. The weather was bad when we were on holiday, It rained the time. (most) Look at the pictures and answer the questions, Use all/most/some/none-+ of them / of it. Te TR ATRRERE 1 How many of the people are women? Most of them 2. How many of the boxes are on the table? 3. How many of the men are wearing hats? 4 How many of the windows are open? 5 How many of the people are standing? 6 How much of the money is Ben’? Right or wrong? Correct the sentences that are wrong? Write OKif the sentence is correct. 1 (Biowof chikiren) like playing. Mest children 2 All the students failed the exam. OK Some of people work too hard. Some of questions in the exam were very easy. Lhaven’t seen any of those people before Al of insects have six legs Have you read all these books? Most of students in our class are very nice. 9 Most of my triends are goiig to the party 10 Tm very tited this morning-— | was awake most of night BI suers rH both either neither A We ase both/either/neither to talk about tuo things or people: i: both eiteee Pane ce ale) © Rosemary has two children. Both are married. (Both = the two children) @ Would you like tea or coffee? You can have either. (= tea or coffee) © A: Do you want (0 go fo the cinema or the theatr=? B: Neither. I want co stay at home. (Neither = sot the cinema orthe theatre) ‘Compare either and neither: { ‘Either. | don't mind. (= tea orcoffee) © ‘Would you like tea or coffee?” | “Idon’t want either. (nor ‘I don’t want neither’) ‘Neither. (= not tea or coffee) B _ both/either/neither + noun both + plural: both windows/books/ children et either neither either + singular: ete neither } window/book/child etc © Last year I went to Paris and Rome. liked both cities very much First | worked in an office, and later in a shop. Neither job was very interesting. © There are two ways from here to the station. You can go either way, C bothof.... either of... / neither of ... both | | the - either | of | these / those neither || my / your / Ann's i @ Neither of my parents is English. @ [haven't read either of these books. You can say both (of) the ... / both (of), those ... / both (of) my ... ete. {with or without of): © like both of those pictures. or like both those pictures. @ Both of Ann's sisters are married. or Both Amn’s sisters are married. D both of them / neither of us et + noun both | | them ‘e Ann has got owo sisters, Both of them are married. either [of | us ‘e Tomand | didn't eat anything. Neither of us was hungry. neither | | you -@ Who are those two people? I don’t know either of them. [170] Vean'e either / neitner ean I >EXERCISES Put in bottveither/neither. Use of where necessary. 1. Last year I went to Parisand Rome. | liked bot. cities very mud. 2 There were two pictures on the wall. I didn’t like @#Mer of | them. 3 twas a good football match. teams played well 4 It-wasn'ta good foorball match- team played well 5 ‘Is your friend English or American?” *...-~ She’ Australian” 6 We went away for two days but the weather wasn't good. [trained om... ays 7 A:T boughe two newspapers. Which one do you want? B _... It doesn’t matter which one. 8 invited Diana and Mike to the party but sn.msnano, hem came: 9 ‘Do you go to work by car or by bus?” * coos Lalweays walk? 10 *Which jacker do you prefer, this one or that one? “I don’t like : them! 11: Do you work or are you student?” * I've gota job and I study too” 12 Paula and I didn't know the time because us had a watch. 13. Ann has got two sisters anda brother. sisters are married. 14 Ann has got two sisters anda brother. I've met her brother but I haven't met her sisters, Complete the sentences forthe pictures. Use Both ... and Neither ... 6 ANSWER x Fe=13 PS =16 cameras. areopen. 5 to the airport, wearingahat 6 enn Bight ‘Aman and a wornan answered some questions. Their answers were the same. Write sentences with Both/Neither of them ... Neither of them is married. Both of them are 21. Are you married? How old are you? Are you a student? Have you gota car? Where do. you live? Do you like cooking? “Can you play the piano? No No Do you tead newspapers? Yes Yes. students. SAAN ne 9 Are you imerested in sport? No No 9 Bsalot much alotofmoney not much money many not many books We use much + uncountable nown much food / much money ef: © Did you buy much food? | © We haven't gor much luggage. | © How much money do you want2 © A: Have you got any money? B: I've got some but not much. We use many + plural noun: many books / many people ets: © Did you buy many books? ‘We don’t know many people. © How many photographs did you take? © A: Did you take any photographs? B: Itook some but not many. ‘We use'a lor of + all ypes of nowt © We bought a lot of food. © Paula hasn't got a lot of free time. Note that we say: © Thereis alot of food/money/water ... (singular vet) © We boughta lot of books. © Did they ask you a lot of questions? @ There are a lot of trees/shops/people .. (plural verb) © A lor of people speak English. (not ‘speaks! We use much in questions and negative sentences, but nor usually in positive sentences: @ Do you drink much coffee / a lot of coffee? @ I don’t drink much coffee / a lot of coffee but @ I drink a lot of coffee. (no ‘I drink much coffee.) © ‘Do you drink much coffee?” "Yes, a lot. (nor “much’) We use many and a lot of in all types of sentences: © Have vou yor many friends / a lot of friends? @ We haven’ got many friends / a lot of friends © We've got many friends / a lot of friends. much anda lot witowa noun @ Diane spoke to me but she didn’t say much, ® ‘Do you watch TV much’ “No, not much’ (= not often) Wie like films, so we go to the cinema lot. (o:" much’ ~ See section B) @ I don’t like him very much. ountable/tncuuntable =>EXERCISES Putin much or maniy. 1 Did you buy MUCH, food? 5 Did students fail the examination? 2 There aren't hotels in this town. 6 Paula hasn't got money. 3 We haven't £0 menmnenn petrol. 7 I wasn't very hungry, I dicin' cat 4 Were there people on thetrain? 8 I haven'tseen George for years. Putin How much or How many 9 people are coming to the party? 10 seme nsnrnr~innn neon Mille dO you want in your coffee? tere bread did you buy? 12 players are there in a football team? Complete the sentences. Use much or many with one of these words: beoks countries Inggage people time _times 1 [don’t read very much. I haven't got .™aay. books 2 Quick! We must hurry. We haven't got “i 3. Do you travel a lot? Have you been to : 2 4 Tina hasn't lived here very long, so she doesn't know i H 5 ‘Have you got ? ‘No, only this bag? 6 I know Paris very well. I've been there... ¥ Complete the sentences with a lot of + one of these: accidents beeks fun _ interesting things _ traffic 1 [like reading. [have .@.lot. of books. 2. We enjoyed our visit to the museum. Wesaw : 3. This road is very dangerous. There are ee Z 4. We enjoyed our holiday. We had 5 Ietook mea long time to drive here. There was ... aula “ In some of these sentences much is not natural. Change the sentences or write OK. 1 Do you drink much coffee? Ok 2 I drink(much tea) a lok of tea. 3 Ie was a cold winter. We had much snow. 4 There wasn’t much snow last winter. 5 It costs much money to travel around the world. : 6 We had a cheap holiday. Ie didn't cost much. 7 Do you know much about computers? 8 ‘Have you got any luggage?” “Yes, much.) Write sentences about these people. Use much and a lot. 1 Jim loves films. (go to the cinema) He goes to the cinema. a Lob 2. Linda thinks TV is boring. (watch TV) ‘She doesn’t watch TY much. 3. Tina isa good tennis player. (play tennis) She 4 Martin doesn’ like driving. (use his car) He 5 Paul spends most of the time at home. (go out) 2 6 Sue has been all over the world. (travel) aCe 83 74 (a) little (a) few S (@) liedle + uncountable nown: (a)little water (a) little money (a)liede time (a) litle soup alittle water a few books (@) few + plural nowrr a) few books (@) few people (@) few questions (a) few days alittle = some but not much: © She didn’t eat anything but she drank a little water. © [speak a little Spanish. (= some Spanish bur not much) @ A: Can you speak Spanish? B: A little a few = some but not many © Law night I wrow a few letters © We'e going away for a few days. @ I speak a few words of Spanish. © A: Are there any shops in the village? B: Yes, a few. little (without a) = nearly no nothing © There was little food in the fridge. Ie was, nearly empry orneatly You can say very little: © Danis very thin because he eats very little. (= nearly nothing) {few (without a) = nearly no. © There were few people in the park. It was nearly empry. ‘You can say very few: © Your English is very correct, You make very few mistakes, little and a little: a little isa poste idea: © They have a little money, so they're not poor. (= they have some money) wlittle is a megarive idea: © They have little money. They are very poor. {= nearly no money) jot a. little rane (aeV ( Tre qe 15 \ Se few and a few: a few isa positive idea @ I've got a few Friends, so I'm not lonely. (= I've got some friends) A few ssa mgative idex sad and I'm lonely, I've got few is. (= nearly no friends) EEG] something/anybody + adyeccive => EETEXERCISES Put the words in the right order. 1 {new / live in / house / they /a) They live in a new house. : 2 (ike / jacket /1/ that / green) I 3 (enusic /like / do / elasical / you?) Do 4 (had / wonderful /a/1/ holiday) 5 (went to / restaurant /'a / Chinese / we) The words in the box are adjectives (blackforeign etc) or nouns (air/jab etc). Use an adjective and a ‘noun to complete each sentence, air clouds foreign holiday job damguages. sharp black dangerous. fresh hot ‘knife long water 1 Do you speak any foreign languages 2 2 Look at those Its goingto rain, 3. Sue works very hard and she’s very tired. She nerds a 4 Lwant to have a bath but there’sno 5 Can you open the window? We need some : 6 Inced a to cut these onions. 7 Fire-fighting is a Write sentences for the pictures. Choose from Box A and Box B. feel() joakeenmzeuna | * © [apes ill nice Jook(s) —_smell(s)_—_tastels) horrible new surprised ma You Sound happy) (@ Ie } eS. re “€ we i ae G - Nou 3 They ay oe ‘Brak A.and B don't agree. Complete B's sentences. Use the word in brackets (..). A B N Aes 1 You look tired, Dol? I don't feel tired. (feel) 2 This isanew coat. | | si? Ten» bas (look) 3 I'm American. ‘Are you? You (ound) 4 You look cold. DoR I Gel) 3 | These bagsare heavy. | | Are they? They 4 ook} © | That soup looks good. Does it? It (taste) iyCs iw quickly/badly/suddenly etc. (adverbs) A [30 | jae | 715 He ate his dinner very quickly. Suddenly the shelf fell down. Quickly and suddenly are adverbs adjective + Ly — udvedb: adjecive quick bad sudden careful heavy adverb quickly badly suddenly carefully heavily etc Spelling (= Appendix 5): easy easily heavy — heavily, B Adverbs tell you how something happens or hw somebody docs something: The train stopped suddenly. © | opened the door slowly. © Please listen carefully. ® | understand you perfectly. £ Its raining heavily: Compare: adjective (= Unie 84) adver © Suc is very quiet, © Sue speaks very quietly. (vot ‘speaks very quiet’) Be careful! © Listen carefully! (not listen careful’) © Itwasa bad game. © Ourteam played badly. (wot ‘played bad’) © [feel nervous. (= |amnervous) | © I waited nervously. C hard fast late early These wordsare adjectives and adverbs: © Sue's job is very hard. © Sue works very hard. (uot ‘haedly’) © Ben isa fast runner. © Ben can run fast. @ The bus was late/early. © I went co bed late/early D g00¢ (adjeitive) > well (adverb) © Your English is very good | © You speak English very well. (not ‘very good’) © Irwasa good game. © Ourteam played well. But well is also an adjecive (= not ill, in good health): © “How are you?” ‘I'm very well, thank you. And you?" ma [178] adjecaves =EXERGISES Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with one of these adverbs: angrily badly dangerously fast heavily quietly 1 Ics raining . heady. 4 She shouted at me 2 He sings very 5. She can run very 3. They came in 6 He was driving Choose a verb (Box A) + an adverb (Box B) to complete the sentences, Alcome know sleep win |’ 2 [carefully clady bard well exphin listen think work carefully exsily quickly well T'm going to tell you something very important, so please listen carefully unl Ineed your help. ! They ‘At the end of the day they're always tired. I'm tired this morning, I didn’t last night. You're a much better tennis player than me. When we play, you always before you answer the question. Tye met Alice a few times but don’t her very Our teacher isn’t very good. Sometimes he doesn’t Which is right? Don't eat so-qaiek/ quickly. Its not good foryou. ——_quicklyis right Why are you angry/angrily? I haven't done anything. in you speak slow/slowly, please? Come on, Dave! Why are you always so slow/slowly? Bill ig a very careful/carefully driver Jane is studying hard/hardly for her examinations. “Where's Diane?” “She was here but she left wudden/suddenly Please be quict/quietly. I'm studying, 9 Some companies pay their workers very bad/badly. 10. These oranges look nice/ nicely. Can I have one? Putin good or wel. 4 Your English is very 9004... You speak English very Mell. 2 Jackie did very 0... in her exams. 3 The party was very Lenjoyed it very much, 4 Marcin has a difficult job but he does it 5. How are your parents? Are they 2 6 Did you havea holiday? Was the weatherrid ‘iim § ald/older + expensive/more expensive old older heavy heavier expensive. more expensive Older / heavier / more expensive arc comparative forms The comparative is-er (older) or more ... (more expensive) B cr (older/heavier cic) Shore words (1 syllable) — -er: old older slow—+slower cheap cheaper nice nicer late —> later big — bigger Spelling (=> Appendix 5): big bigger hot >horter thin — thinner Words ending in-y — ~ier: easy easier heavy > heavier —_ early —> earlier Rome is old but Athens is older. (nor ‘more old’) Is it cheaper to go by car or by train? (nor “more cheap’) Helen wants bigger car. ‘This coat is OK but think the other one is nicer. Don't write a letter. Its easier to phone. (not ‘more easy") eosce far — further: ; © ‘How farisit to the station? A mile?’ “No, its further. About two miles. C more... Long words (2/3/+ syllables) > more ... careful > more careful polite > more polite expensive > more expensive interesting + more interesting © You must be more careful © I don’t like my job, 1 want to do something more interesting, ® Isit more expensive to go by car or by train? D gosd/rell better bad worse © The weather wasn't very good yesterday but it’ better today. © ‘Do-you feel better today? “No, I feel worse’ © Which is worse —a headache or a toothache? [180] older than... /more expensive chan ..-> REED the oldest the most expensive => EEE)A EXERCISES Look at the’pictures and write the comparative (older / more interesting etc.) Cay expensive dangerous White the comparative, 1 old older 6 good 2 strong 7 large 3 happy 8 serious 4 modern 9 pretty 5 important 10 crowded Write the opposite. 1 younger older, 4 better 2 colder 5 nearer 3 cheaper 6 easier Compiete the sentences. Use a comparative. 1 Helen's car isn't very big, She wants a .bigge one. 2 My job isn't very interesting. I want to do something More interesting | 3 Youre not very tall. Your brother is 4 David doesn’t work very hard. I work 5. My chair isn’t very comfortable. Yours is 6 Your plan isn't very good. My plan is 7 These flowers aren't very nice. The blue ones are 8 My bag isnt very heavy. Your bag is 9 I'm not very interested in art, I'm. in history. 10 Icisn’t very warm today. IWS. occas so yesterchy, {1 These tomatoes don’t taste very good. The other ones tasted 12 Britain isn’t very big. France is 13. London isn’t very beautiful. Paris is 14 This knife isn’t very sharp. Have you gota one? 15 People today arent very polite. In the past they were (8qolderthan... more expensive than ... She's taller than him. ‘The Europa Horel is more expensive than the Grand, We use than after comparatives (older than ... / more expensive than ... etc): © Athens is older than Rome. © Arc oranges more expensive than bananas? Ie easier to phone than to write a letter. © ‘How are you today” ‘Not bad. Better than yesterday’ @ The restaurant is more crowded than usual, Bo Wesay: than me / than him / than her / than us / than them. You can say Tcan run faster than him. or I can run faster than he can. © You are abettersingerthan me. or You are a better singer than I am. © I gotup carlier than her. or Igot up earlier than she did. C more/tess than ... ‘@ A: How much did your shoes cost? £307 7] eke 20 B: No, more than that. (= more than £30) © The film was very shore— less than an hour. © They've got more money than they need. » © You go out more than me. LESS THAN 30 z D abit older / much older etc. By ib Box A isa bit bigger than Box B. Box Cis much bigger than Box D. esl © Canada smuch bigger than France Z Sl relace © Jillisa bit older than Gary ~she's 25 and he's a bit | better thin. 24 Se oe dificate © The hotel was much more expensive than I more expensive expected, © You go out much more than me. {U82]__—_ old > older, expensive more expensive > EIGEY not ss (old) s= EETot 3 EXERCISES Write sentences about Liz and Ben. Use than. 1 rm 26. | ge 1 Vm 24 e 2 Pm nota very good swimmer. 2 V'ma very good swimmer. 3 I'm 1 metre 68 tall, Ma | 3 I'm 1 metre 63 tall. ae 4 [start work at 8 o'clock. 4 [start work at 8.30. | 8 [don't work very hard 5. Lwork very hard. 6 Thaven’t got much money. 6 I've gota lot of money. 7 Vm very good driver. 7 I'm nota very good driver. 8 I'mnot very patient 8 I'm very patient. 9 Tmnota very good dancer. 9 I'ma good dancer 10. I'm very intelligent. 10 I'm not very intelligent 11. Ispeak French very well. 11. I don’t speak French very well. 12. Idon't goto the cinema very much. 12. Igo tothe cinema alot i liz is older than Ben. 7 Lizisa : 2 Ben is a better swimmer than Liz. 8 Ben ; 3 Lizis 9 Ben ‘ 4 Liz starts Ben. 10 Liz 5 Ben : 11 Liz 6 Ben has got 12 Ben Complete the sentences. Use than. Heisn’tvery tall, You ‘re taller than him... (OR ... than he is.) She isn't very old. You're Idon't work very hard. You work He doesn't watch TV very much. You I'm nota very good cock. You 2 We don’t know many people. You : ‘ They haven't got much money, You Tean't run very fast. You can She hasn't been here very long. You 10 They didn’t get up very early. You 11 He wasn't very surprised. You wean Complete the sentences with a bit or much + a comparative (older/better etc.) 1 Jills 25. Gary is 244 Jill is a. bik older than Gary. 2 Jack’s mother is 54. His father is 69. Jack’s mother 3 My camera cost £100. Yours cost £96. My camera : 4 Yesterday I feltcerrible. Today | feel OK. Teel ‘ 5 Today the temperature is 12 degrees. Yesterday it was ten degrees. Its ws 6 Ann is an excellent tennis player. I'm not very good Ann = nh - (e3frd i =onotas... as She's old but she’s not as old as he is. Box A isn’t as big as Box B. © Rome is not as old as Athens. (= Athens is older) © The Grand Hotel isn’t as expensive as the Europa. (= the Europa is more expensive) © I don't phy tennis as often as you. (= you play more often) © The weather is better than it was yesterday: Ir isn’t as cold, (= as coldas it was yesterday) B not as muchas ... / not as many as © haven't got as much money as you. (= you've got more money) © I don't kiow as many people as you. (= you know more people) © Idon't go outas much as you. (= you go out more) C Compare not as ... as and than: © Rome isnot as old as Athens. Athens is older than Rome. (not “older as Rome’) © Tennisisn’t as popular as football, Foatball is more popular than tennis. ® I don’t go out as much as you ‘You go out more than me. D Wesay: asme /ashim /asher er. You can sy © She'snotas old ashim. or She’snotas old as he is. © You don't work ashard as me, or You don't work as hard as I do. E Wesiy the same as. © The weather today is the same as yesterday: © My hair isthe same colour as yours. © Jarrived at the same time as Tim. (184) much/many = EGF] older than... (more expensive than. = ESET]EXERCISES Lookat the pictures and write sentences about A, Band C. Ais bigger than C but. not as big as B. 1 2 Ais cone But not - c. 3 Cis Abut 4 Ais but 5. Bhas got 6 Cworks Write sentences with as... as... 1 Athens is older than Rome. Rome dén’t. as old. as Athens. 2. My room is bigger than yours. ‘Your room isn't a 3. You got up earlier chan me. didn : a 4 We played better than them. They 5 ['vebeen here longer than you. You 6 She's more nervous than him. He Put in as or than, 1 Athens is older #42 Rome. 5 Jim isn’t as clever he thinks. 2 I don't watch TV as much you. 6 Belgium is smaller Switzerland. 3. You eat more ae. 7 Brazil isn'tas big Canada 4 {feel better felt yesterday. 8 Ican't wait longer an hour. Use the information to complete the sentences about Julia, Andrew and Caroline. Use the same age /the same street etc. ANDREW CAROLINE yuuia {live in Baker ‘Street. | got up ab 7.15. Sr dalble Rea) Andrew is the same age as Caroline. 2 (street) Julia lives 3 {timme) Julia got up + (colour) “Andrews (185}rons ri the oldest the most expensive ROTEL PRICES I KINTOM A (pe pevten per night) Exeops Hotel £95 Graorenor Gant Heel £3550 Bemetis Royal 183 Carlton Asteria, £70 Star, Palace 465 Station Box A is bigger than Box B. ‘The Europa Hotel is more expensive than the Grand. Box A is bigger than all the other boxes. ‘The Europa Hotel is more expensive than all the other hotels in the town. Box A is the biggest box. The Europa Hotel is the most expensive hotcl in the town. Bigger / older / more expensive etc. are comparative forms (=> Unit 86). Biggest / oldest / most expensive etc. are superlative forms. B The superlative form is -est (oldest) armost ... (most expensive) ‘Short words (old/cheap/nice etc) > the -est: old the oldest cheap— the cheapest, nice — the nicest but good—>the best bad > the worst Spelling (= Appendix 5): big — the biggest hot = the hottest Spcling (3 Apeenth)): eee Words ending in -y (easy /heavy etc) — the ~iest: easy > the easiest heavy theheaviest pretty + the prettiest ‘Long words (careful/expensive/interesting etc) —> the most ...: careful + the most careful _ interesting —> the most interesting C — Wesay; the oldest ... / the most expensive ... etc. (with the) @ The church is very old. It the oldest building in the town. is older than all the other buildings) @ What is the longest river in the world? © Money is important but itisn’t the most important thing in life. © Excuse me, where is the nearest bank? D You can use the oldest / the best / the most expensive efc. without a noun: @ Ken is a good player but he isn’t the best in the team. (the best = che best player) Eee eee eee @ The film was very bad. | think it’s the worst film I’ve ever seen. @ Whatis the most unusual thing you've ever done? [186] presene perfect + ever = older / more expensive =EXERCISES 1 Write sentences with comparatives {older etc.) and superlatives (the oldest etc.) 1 (big/small) (A/D) A ts bigger than D. (A) A ts. the biggest. (B) Bis the smallest. M 7 (long/short) 3 (young/old) M/E) 1 (B) © ‘ (expensive/cheap) ‘A) >| RESTAURAVT. A excellent (good/bad) PESTAURANT B not bad arc RESTAURANT C — gooot butsnot wonderful | (A) RESTAURANT DP duoful >) Complete the sentences, Use a superlative (the oldestetc.) tie oldest building in che cown 1 They building is very old, 105 2 Hewasa very happy day, Ie 3 Itbavery good til. Ir, + Shedavery popularsinger. She 3 tewasa very bad mistake. ft was, 6 [savery pretty village. Ir. 7 Trwasa very cold dis. It was « 8. HeSa very boring penon. Hes. country: ever made of the wear, o Pye ever met. Write sentences with a superiative (the longest etc.) Sydnee Brazil Everese J spite Alaska the Nile the USA the solar systems ee seate Africa South America Fer mountin | | theworld — Auserslie Sydney is the largest city in Australia country planer[183] t, \ Ba 5 She can’t buy a sandwich. He can't reach the shelf, She hasnt got eough money. He isn‘ctall enough, enough + noun (enough money / enough people vic) @ ‘Is there enough sugar in your colfec?” “Yes, thank you” © We wanted to play football bur we didn’t have enough players. @ Why don’ you buy a car? You've got enough money. (jiot ‘money enough’) enough without a nou @ Te got some money but not enough to buy a car. (=I need more money to buy a car) @ ‘Would you like some more to eat?” ‘No, thanks. I've had enough! @ You're always at home. You don't go out enough. adjective + enough (good enough / tall enough evs.) © ‘Shall we sit outside?’ “No, it isn't warm enough. (iat ‘enough warm’) ® Can you hear the radio? Is it loud enough for vou? @ Don't buy that coat. Ics mice bucit isn'tlong enough. (= it’s too short) Remember: enough + noun but adjective + enough enough money tallenough enough time good enough enough people old enough We say This pullover isnt big enough for me. enough for Gomebody/something) | § | havent got enough money for a cat. @ [haven't got enough money to buy a car. {not “for buy a.car’) @ Is your English good enough to havea conversation? (wot “for have") enough to (do something) enough for (omebody/something) | © ‘There aren't enough chairs for everybody to (do something) to sit down, to..andfor..> [I o> [EE4 EXERCISES Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use enough + one of these words: chairs money paint — wind 1 She hasn't gor 3 She hasn't got .. 2 There aren't s 4 There isn’t Lookat the pictures and compete the sentences. Use one of these adjectives + enough: big long strong _ tall i et A 1" He isn't tall enough 3 His legs aren't 5 2 The car * 4 He ‘Complete the sentences. Use enough with one of these words: big eat fruit 4ewd old practise suger time _ tired ‘Isthere @n0Ugh SUgar_ in your coffee?” “Yes, thank you! 1 2 Can you hear the radio? Isic oud enough for you? 3. He can leave school ifhe wants — he’s i 4. Did you have to answer all the questions in the exam? 5. This house isn’t «-». for a large family. 6 Tina is very thin. She doesn’t 7 You dont eat i You should eat more ~ it’ good for you, 8 Ie’ late bur | don’t want to go to bed now. I'm not Z Lee 9 Lisa isn't a very good tennis player because she doesn’t. Complete the sentences. Use enough with the words in brackets (...) 1 We haven’ got enough money to buy a car (money / buy) 2 This knife isn’t tomatoes, (harp / ext) 3. The water wasn't 2 a bath, (warm / have) 4 Have we got ~ sandwiches? (bread / make) 5 We played well but not He the game. (well / win) 6 Idon'thave newspapers. (Gime / read) (189)Prod Eyl too His shoes are too big for him. There is too much sugar in ic B too + adjective / adverb (too big / too hard et) — i) ® Can you turn the radio down? a It’s too loud. louder than I want) ae ok. © [cant work. I'm too tired. os Bal os ® [think you work too hard. CEE AN 3 C too much / too many = more than you want, more than is good: “@ I don'elike the weather here. There is too mach rain, (= more rsin than is good) © Let's go to another restaurant. There are too many people here. © Emily studies all the time. I think she studies too much, © ‘Traffic isa problem in this town. There are too many cars. D Compare too and not enough 2 (© The hitis too big for him. | © The hat isn’t big enough | for him, (=irs too small) i © The radio is too loud. | © The radio isn’t loud Can you turn it down, enough, Can you curn it please? up, please? © Theres too much sugar Th © Theres not enough in my coffee. (= more ! sugar in my coffee. sugar than I want) t00 big Tneed more sugar) © [don't feel very well. latetoo much. | @ You're very thin. You don’t eat enough. Ewes These shoes ate too big for me. fe er oe nana Itsa small house — too small for a large family, Tm toe tired to go out. (not “for go out’) pee sate (de sometlang) © Irs too cold to sit outside too ... for Gomebody/something) Te(assenecine) © She speaks too fast for me to understand. [190] to and for > much /many = esough=> [TEDur EXERCISES 91 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use tao + one of these words: big crowded fast heavy loud low 6 ve =, |RESTAURANT-| 1 The radio is #90 loud. 4 She's driving 2 The box is _. 5 The ballis 3. The nevis 6 The restaurant is, : aes Put in too / too much /too many, enough, 1 You're always at home. You don’t go our enough. , 2 [don't like the weather here. There’ 400 much _ rain 3 Lean’t wait for them. I haven't got time. 4 There was nowhere to sit on the beach. There were people. 5. You're always tired. I think you work hard. 6 ‘Did you have toeat?” “Yes, thank you. 7 You drink coffee: Irs not good for you. 8 You don't eat vegetables. You should eat more. 9 I don't like the weather here. It’ cold 10 Our team didn’t play well. We made mistakes 11. ‘Would you like some milk in your tea?” “Yes, but not Complete the sentences. Use too or enough with the words in brackets. 1 Leouldn'e work 166s 400 Hired. aed 2 Can you turn the radio up, please? Ir isn’t Loud enough. (loud) 3 I don’t want to walk home. It’s...” (far) 4 Don't buy anything in that shop. It (expensive) 5. Yor can't put all your things in this bag, It : ema (big) 6. I couldn't do the exercise. It E (difficule) 7 Your work needs to be better. It (good) 8 Ican'ttalk to you now. 1 (busy) 9 I thought the film was boring. Ir ae =a wm» (long) Complete the sentences. Use tao (+ adjective) + to (do something). 1 (mnot going out / cold) It's too cold. te go ont. 2. ('m not going to bed / early) Its x 3 (they're not getting married / young) They're 4 (nobody goes Sut at night / dangerous) It’s 5 (don't phone Ann now / late) Its a 6 (Ididn' sdy anything /suzprised) Twas [usmpg He speaks English very well (word order 1) A verb + object cmpape’ Se Suc reads a newspaper every day subject vers object ‘The verb (reads) and the object (a mewspaper) are usually together. We say: © Sue reads very day. ue reads a newspaper every day. (not ‘Sue reads every day a newspaper’) EE svt (sumECT) A NewseabeR (oREET verb + object He speaks English very well. (not“He speaks very well English.) Ilike Italian food very much. Did you watch television all evening? (ior Did you watch all evening ... 7) We invited a lot of people to the party. Paul often wears a black hat. {not ‘ike very mach ...") (wot We invited to the party ...°) (not ‘Paul wears often ...°) [192] lopened ‘Why do you always make T'm going to borrow the door quietly the same mistake? some money from the bank place and time ‘We went to a party last night. t place time Place (to a party) is usually before time (last night). We say: @ We went toa last night. (nor “We went |: ght to a party.) party last night. (nor “We went last night to 2 party”) place’ time (where?) (when? how long? how often?) Lizwalks to work every day. (not Will you be at home this evening? (wot ... this evening at home?’)| lusually go to bed early. (not* ... early to bed’) Wearrived atthe airport at 7 o’clock. They've lived im the same house for 20 years. Jim’s father has been im hospital every day to work’) since June. word order in questions => EIIEEEEA! always/usually/often etc. =EXERCISES Right or wrong? Gortect the sentences that are wrong, 1 Did you pele a Did os ante tetevision ath. ing? 2 Sue reads a newspaper eu 3 like very much this piceure. 4 Tom started last week his new job. 5 I want to speak English fuently. 6 Jane bought for her friend a present. 7 Idrink every day three cups of coffee. & Don’t eat your dinner too quickly! 9 Tborrowed from my brother fifty pounds. . 2 Put the words in order. 1 (the door / opened / I / quietly) | opened. the door quietly. 2 (ewo letters /1/ this morning / wrote) I 3. (passed / Paul / easily / the exam) 3 a 4 (Ann / very well / French / doesn’t speak) 5 (alot of work / did /T/ yesterday) 6 (London / do you know / well?) 7 8 9 (we / enjoyed / very much / the party) - (the problem / carefully / 1 / explained) ee (we / at the airport / some friends / met) 10 (did you buy / in England / that jacker2) 11 (every day / do / the same thing / we) x = 12 (football / don'tlike / very much /1) x Put the words in order. 1 (to work / every day / walks / Liz) Lic wate. ry da. 2 at the hotel /1/ early / arrived) i : 3 (goes / every year / to lealy / Julia) Julia 4 (we/ since 1988 / here / have lived) “We worm 5 (in London / Sue / in 1960 /-was born) Sue 6 (didn’t go / yesterday / Paul /to'work) Paul 7 (co the bank / yesterday afternoon / went / Ann) Ann 8 (1/ inbed / this morning / my breakfast / had) 1 9 (in October / Barbara / to university / is going) Barbara 10 (1/ a beau bind / his morning inthe garden / a) I sae 11 (enany times / have been / my parents / to the United Seates) My 12 (ey umbrella / 1 ast ght ef / nthe reer) i a 13. (@o the cinema / tomorsow evening / are you going?) 14 (the children / 1 / took / this morning / to school) ti ~ ~ ~ - = os is = [193]always/usually/often etc. (word order 2) always often ever rarely also already all usually someti never seldom just These words (always/never ct.) are often with the verb in the middle of sentence: © My brother never speaks to me. She's always late Do you often go to restaurants? Isometimes eat too much. (or Sometimes I eat too much.) I don’t want to go to the cinema. I’ve already seen the film, ve got three sisters. They're all married. eccee B atways/never etc go before the verb: as © J always go to work by car. (not ‘I go always’) ard ies © Ann often plays tennis. (not ‘Ann plays often tennis’) epee cy © You sometimes look unhappy. i Nae ee © They usually have dinner at 7 o'clock. = ae © We rarely (or seldom) watch television. © Richard is a good footballer. He also plays tennis and volleyball (not "He plays also tennis’) © Te got three sisters. They all live in London. but always/never ee. go afier am/is/are/was/ were: am. © Lam never ill. (oI never am il’) ee leraee © They are usually at home in the evenings pas ae © Icis often very cold here in winter. a nese © When I was a child, Iwas always late for school, | were ‘ae| © ‘Where's Linda?” ‘She's still in bed. © I've got two brothers. They’re both doctors GC adways/never ete 20 between two verbs (have... beem / can... find ett): ae © Lwill always remember you. os © It doesn't often rain here. a ® Do you usually go to work by car? Mears ieee © Ican never find my keys. oaee ee “© Have you ever been o Rome? ae © A: Where’ Linda? alee B; She’s just gone out. (she’s = she has) dean © A: Where are your friends? oe B: They've all gone to the cinema. always/never + present simple = {just/alreadly + present perfect => l= (EE) {194} both EEEY ill =EXERCISES Look at Paul's answers to the questions and write sentences with often/naver etc. Do you ever play tennis? | { Yes, often. Paul, often plays. tennis... Do you get up earl Yes, always i LE Are you ever late for wor No, never Do you ever get angry? | | Sometimes. Do you ever go swimming? | | Yes, often. ‘Are'you athome in the | | Yes, usually. evenings? \Write these sentences with the words in brackets (...). My brotherspesks tome. (never) .My brother never speaks to me. 1 2 Susanis polite. abways) Susan 3 [finish work if 5 o'clock, (asually) 1 _ 4 Jill has started a new job. (just) Jill 5 goto bed before midnight. (rarely) 6 The bus isn’t late. (usually) 7 [don't eat fish. (often) 8 Iwill forget what you said. (never) 9. Have you lost your passpor? (ever) 10 Do you work in the same place? (still) 11 They stay in the same hotel. (always) 12 Diane doesn’t work on Saturdays. (usually) 13 Is Tina here? (already) 14 What do you have for breakfast? (usually) 15. [can remember his name. (never) ‘Write sentences with alsa. Use the words in brackets (...). 1 Do you play football? (tennis) Yes, and. | also play tennis... 2 Do you speak Italian? (French) Yes, and I 3 Are you tired? (hungry) Yes, and 4 Have you been to England? (Ireland) Yes, 5 Did you buy any clothes? (some books) Write sentences with both and al. G A Tm married. was born in England, Ilive in New York. Tlive in London. Hive in London. V V I play football Iplay football. = Tma student. m a student. fp s Tve gota cat. Tve gota car. ..- married.os Lc’ still yet already ‘An hour ago it was raining. I is still raining now. still = something is the same as before: © Thada lotto cat but I’m still hungry. (= I was hungry before and I'm hungry now) © ‘Did you sell your car?” ‘No, I've still got it” © ‘Do you still live in Barcelona?” ‘No, Ilive in Madrid now? B ‘Twenty minutes ago they were They are still waiting for Bill. waiting for Bil. Bill hasn’t come yet. yet = until now: ‘We use yet in negative sentences (He hasn't come yet.) and in questions (Has he come yet?) ‘Yet is usually at the end of a sentence: @ A: Where's Diane? B: She isn’t here yet. (= she will be here but until now she hasn't come) © A: Whatare you doing this evening? B: I don't know yet. (= I will know later but I don't kniow at the moment) © A: Are you ready to go yet? B: Not yet. Waita moment. (= [will be ready but I'm not ready at the moment) © A: Hive you finished with the newspaper yet? B: No, I'm still reading it. Compare yet and still: © She hasn't gone yet. = She's still here. (not ‘She is yet here’) © Thaven't finished eating yet. = I'm still eating. © already = earlier than expected: © “What time is John arriving?” ‘He's alzeady here. (= carlier than we expected) © ‘I'm going to tell you what happened’ “That's not necessary. | already know’ © Ann doesn’t want to go to the cinema. She his already seen the film, [196] alrendy/yer + present perfect'=> FEUEEY word order (sil/already) =EXERCISES You meet Lisa. The last time you saw her was two years ago. You askher some questions with sil. LISA ~ TWO YEARS AGO before 1 > Before) Gall) = a eS — | (ye 2 > (before) Ger) | Ge | eas és Oe) 3 + (before) Sa) wale ny (yet) 4 orn =) Ni ) ae = yar (p29 S | Ged Write questions with yet. 1 You and Sue are going our together. You are waiting for her to get ready. Perhaps she is ready now. You ask her: Are. you ready ye: 2. You are waiting for Ann to arrive. She wasn’t here ten minutes ago. Perhaps she is here now. ou ask somebody: Annee 1 3. Mary did an exam and is waiting for the results. Perhaps she has her results now. Yow ask her: YOU ns 4. A few daysago you spoke to Tom. He wasn't sure where to go on nhl. Perhaps he bas decided now: You ask him: salt Complete the sentences. Use already. 1 ‘What time is John arriving? He's already here, 2 Does Ann want to see the film? No, she as already seen it. 3| Fmustsee Julia before she goes. Tes too late, She nee 4 Do you need a pen? Nowianks tivneeor ee 5 Shall [pay the bill? |_| No, its OK. 1 6 | Shall tell Paul about the meeting? | _[No, he f 97]Pid Ei (198) Give me that book! Give it to me! give lend pass send show 1———the keys —— Liz ‘After these verbs (give/lend cic), chere arc two a possible structures: 0%) (give) something to somebody: ‘© Igave the keys to Liz = ak ; (give) somebody something: = © I gave Liz the keys. We Ce Q ive) something to somebody ER eee ieee Binpebed dls something | to somebody Thats my book, Give | it | tome. These are Sue’s keys. Can you give them | to her? Can you give | these flowers | to your mother? I ent my car | to a friend of mine. Didyou send | apostcard | to Kate? ‘We've seen these photos. You showed | them to us. (give) somebody something somebody | something Give | me that book. Its mine. Tom gave | his mother | some flowers. Tent | John somtie money. How much money did you lend | him? Isent | you «a posteard. Did you receive it? Linda showed | us her holiday photos. Ez Canyou pass | me the salt, please? | You can ako say “buy /get somebody something’: © [bought my mother some flowers. (= I bought some flowers for my mother.) © Can you get mea newspaper when you go out? (= get a newspaper for me) Compare: @ 1 gave the keys to Liz. I gave Liz the keys. (but not I gave to Liz the keys’) © Thar's my book. Can you give it to me? Gan you give me that book? (but not “give to me that book’) We prefer the first structure (give something to somebody) when the thing is it or therm: © I gave it to her. (not I gave her it’) © Here are the keys. Give them to your father. (not ‘Give vour father them’) it/hion/them etc. => TSE}EXERCISES ‘Mark had some ‘things that he didn't want. He ‘gave them to different people. Write sentences beginning He gave ... 1 What did Mark do with the armchair? He gave it to his brother. 2. What did he do with the tennis racked He gave 3. What happened to the books? He 4 4 What about the lamp? 5 What did he do with the pictures? 6 And the ladder? You wanted to give presents to your friends. You decided to give them the things in the pictures. Write a sentence foreach person. t p aD i i ( PacueL 6 Write questions beginning Can you give me ...?/Can you pass me ... ? etc. 1 (you want the salt) (pass) Can you pass me the salt? 2. (younced an umbrella) flend) Can you 3. (you want my address) give) Can your 4 (you need ten pounds) (lend) 5 (you wantsome information) (send) 6 (youwant 10 sce the letter) (show) 7 (you want some stamps) (get) Which is right? / J gave Liz the keys. PiHend to you some money if you want. / Tlllend Did you send the letter me? / Did you send the letter to m 1 che keysis right 2 3 4 Lwant to buy for you a present. / I want «o buy you a present 6 7 me money if' you want. Can you pass to me the sugar, please?/ Can you pass me the sugar, please? This is Ann's bag, Can you give ito her? / Can you give her it I showed to-the policeman my identity card. / I showed the policeman ay identity card. 899]Cid | =6atSo’clock onMonday in April at A B o'clock @ I start work at 8 o’clock. at | 10.30 © The shops close at 5.30. midnight ‘et on ni Sundays) / Monday(s) etc. © Goodbye! See you on Friday. Ww com | 25 April / 6 June etc © I don't work on Sundays. New Year's Day etc. © The concert is on 22 November. in APR | April/June etc. © I'mgoing on holiday in October. fAICwalerge| | in | 1985/1750 etc. ‘© Emma left school in 1993. summer/spring et © The garden is lovely in spring, J BB wesy: at the weekend © Are you going away at the weekend? at night © Icant sleep at night. at Christmas / at Easter © Where will you be at Christmas? (tur on Christmas Day) at the end of ... © I’m going on holiday at the end of October. at the moment © Are you busy at the moment? C inthe morning / in the afternoon / in the evening © [always feel good in the mornin, © Do you offen go out in the evening? but on Monday morning / on Tuesday afternoon / on Friday evening / on Saturday night etc: © I'm mecting Jill on Monday morning. @ Are you doing anything on Saturday evening? D We do mor use at/on/in before: (this morning / this week cic) © Are you going out this evening? (last August / last week etc) © The garden was lovely last summer. next ... (next Monday / next week et.) ® I'm going on holiday next Monday. every ... (every day / every week etc) (rot ‘on next Monday’) E infive minutes / in a few days / in six weeks /in two years et © Hurry! The train leaves in five minutes. ES (G it leaves five minutes from now) © Goodbye! I'l sce you in a few days. in five minutes (© 2 few days from now) (200) in/at/on (places =>EXERCISES 66 Write atvonsin. 1 on... 6June 24 September 13... Friday morning 2 inthe evening _. Thursday 14... Saturday night 3 half past ewo Dee MLAS 15 night 4. 10 ~~ Christmas Day 16 -w-- the end of the day 5 1 Christmas 17... the weekend 6. 12 _.... the morning 18 winter 1 Goodbye! See you .0M.. Friday. 11 Toften go away... the weekend. 2. Where were you 28 February? 12 I’'mstarting my new job 3 I gotup ....... 8 o’clock this morning. 13. We often go to the beach 4 [like getting up early the morning. 14 George isn’there ..:._.. the moment. 5. My sister got married May. 15. Julia's birthday is... January. 6 Diane and I first met 1979. 16 Do you work. Saturdays? 7 Did you go out. Tuesday? 17 The company started 8 Didyougoont........ Tuesday evening? 18 I like to look at the stars 9 Do you often go out... the evening? 19 [’l send you the money ... 10 Let's meet ....... 7.30 tomorrow evening. of the month. Lookat Lisa's diary for next week and complete the sentences. 1 Lisa is goingto the cinema on Wednesday evening. 2 She has to phone Chris Dae Ee 3 She isn't doing anything special ee 4 She's got a driving lesson 5 She's going toa party. a 6 She's meeting Sam ‘ : Write sentences with it 1 Its 17,25 now. The train leaves at 17.30. The train leaves. in five minubes... 2. Its Monday today, I'll phone you.on Thursday. 1" oewurornresroennnn - days. 3. Today is 14 June. My exam is on 28 June. My 2am 4 Wrs3 o'clock now. Tom willbe here at 3.30. Tom cea Write at/on/in if necessary. Sometimes there is no preposition. 1 T'mleaving 2" Friday. 7 What are you doing........ the weekend? 2 Tmleaving <=. next Friday. (xo preposition) 8 I phone Robert... every Sunday. 3 always feel tired... the evening. 9 Shall we play tennis oon 4 Willyou be athome this evening?) 10 T can't go to the party ...... Sundzy. 5 WewenttoFrance.... istsummez, —‘11_‘I'mgoing out.I'llbe back... an hour. © Laura was born 1975. 12. 1 don’ often go out... night.rnd CT {202} from...to until since for from ... to .. We lived in Canada until 1990. © Now we live in France. We came to France in 1990, ‘We have lived in France since 1990. (= from 1990 until now) ‘We use for (not since) + a period of time (three days / ten years presenc perlect (have lived) apd pis (lived) = © We lived in Canada from 1982 to 1990, © I work from Monday to Frid: bom aonéaysc ERIE || You can also say from ... until | @ We lived in Canada from 1982 until 1990. Monday Friday until + the end of a period until Friday until December until 3 o’clock _ until come back | © Theyre going away tomorrow. They'll be away until Friday. © I went to bed early but | wasn't tired. Itead a book until 3 o’clock. @ Whir here until I come back | You can also say till (= until): until Friday | © Wait here till T come back | Compare: Friday © ‘How long will you be away?’ “Until Monday? © "When are you coming back?” ‘On Monday! since + a time in the past (to now) since Monday since 1968 since 2.30 since I arrived ‘We use since after the present perfect (have been / have done etc): @ John is in hospital. He has been in hospital ‘since Monday. (= from Monday to now) © Mrand Mrs Kelly have been married since since Sunday | 1968. (from 1968 to now) 1 @ Ichas been raining since I arrived. Sunday. now ‘Compare: © We lived in Canada from 1982 to 1990. ® They've been married for ten years. Monday — Tuesday ~ Wednesday |EXERCISES Read the information about these people and complete the sentences. Use from... to /until /since. ALEX AucE CAROL GERRY (Alex / Canada / 1982-1990, Alex lived im Canada. from 1982. ta, 1990. (Alex /- Canada / 1990) Alex lived in Canada 1990. (Alex / England /°1990 ) Alex has lived in England (Alice / France /-> 1991) Alice lived in (Alice / Switzerland / 1991) Alice has lived in (Carol / a hotel 1990-1993) Carol worked 1990 (Carol / a restaurant /1993 >) Carol has worked (Gerry /a teacher / 1983 ~ 1989) Gerry was a Hs a (Gerry /a salesman / 1989-3) Gerry has been ...... Now write sentences with for. 10 (Alex / Canada) Alex lived, in Canada. for eight years. 11 (Alex / England) *Alex has lived in England 12 (Alice / Switzerland) Alice has : 13 (Carol / a hotel) Carol worked 14 (Carol /restaurant) Carol 13 (Gerry /ateacher) Gerry... zl 16 (Gerry /a salesman) Gerry, Putin unti'sincevfor. 1 Mrand Mrs Kelly have been married #1968. 2 Twas tired this morning. I stayed in bed 10 o'clock. 3 We waited for Sue half an hour but she didn’t come. 4 “Have you justamrived?” “No, I've been here half past seven, 5 “How long did you stay atthe party lastnight? ~ midnight? 6 David and | are good friends. We have known each other ten years 7 Tmured. I'm going to lie down a few minutes 8 Don't open the door of the train the train stops. 9 This is my Howse. I've lived heie was seven years old. 10 Jack has gone away. He'll be away Wednesday. M1 Next week I'm going to Paris three days. 12. Tusually finish work at 5.30), but sometimes | work six. 13 “How long have you known Ann?” * we were at school together’ 14. Where have you been? I've been waiting for you ‘oventy minutes p5od Eh} c (204) before after during while © Everybody is nervous before exams ‘went to sleep during the film. © We were tired after our visit to the museum. while © KES while we were playing ‘© Don't forget to close the window before you go out. ‘@ Loften go to sleep while Pm watching tclevision. e They went home after they did the shopping. during, while and for ‘We use during + noun (during the film). We use while + verb (while P'm watching): © We didn’t speak during the meal. ut @ We didn't speak while we were eating, (not ‘during we were cating’) Use for (not ‘during’) + a period of time (three days / two hours /a year etc): © ‘We played tenris for two hours. (not ‘during two hours’) © lived in London for a year. (vo! ‘during a year’) ‘You can use before/after + ~ing (before going / after eating ei): © [always have breakfast before going to work. (= before I go to work) @ After doing the shopping, they went home. (= after they did) Do not say ‘before to go’, ‘after to do! etc: Before eating the apple, I washed ie carefully. (not ‘before to et’) @ I started work after reading the newspaper. (not ‘after to read") Past continuous (was-ing) => BREERETE fr = EN prepositions + ~ing => ETT before /after/while/when = FSETEXERCISES iz Complete the sentences. Choose from the boxes, eon | ae the concert. theese they went to Australia + | the course lunch ‘you are waiting ee the end the night 1 Everybody wasnervous before the exam _ 2. [usually work four hours in the morning, and another two hours ...... 3 The film was very boring. We left ee EN: 4. Ann went to evening classes to learn German. She learnt 2ot . 5. My aunt and uncle lived in London 6... 6 A: Somebody broke a window «0... B: No. Iwas asleep all the time. 7 Would you like to sit down 8 ‘Are you going home ... Put in during/while/tor. i 1 We didn't speak While. we were eating. 2 Wedidn'e speak & the meal. 3. George phoned... You were out. 4 Isayed in Rome... five days. 5 Sally wrote alor ofletters she was on holiday. 6 The students looked very bored nnu-u the lesson. 7 [fell out of bed... Twas asleep. 8 Yesterday evening I watched TV .................three hours. 9 don't usually watch TV... the day 10. Do you ever watch TV...» you are having dinner? i Complete the sentences. Use -ing (doing etc:). 1 After 40ing _ the shopping, they went home. 2 I felr sick after... .-. to much chocolate. 3 I'm going to ask you a question. Think carefully before it. 4 [felt awful when I got up this morning. I felt better after... ashower. 5 After —_.-.----» my work, [eft the office and went home. ~ovnaue €0 a foreign country, it's good idea to learn a few words of the a oe oe eee the shopping. Thea they went home 2 [se Then ro ms opr Jobn worked 3 Tread a few pages of my book. Then I went to sleep. Before = ae soak daeen Aes 4 We valid forces hous. We wee vr ied After Sew Sisson ta 5 Lets havea cup of coffee. Then we'll go out Lesin at on _ (places 1) A in a room ina garden in a shop ina town inacar im the city centre ) “in the water in France ‘Where's David?’ “In the kitchen. /In the garden. / In London’ What’sin that box / in that bag / in that cupboard? Angela works in a shop / in a bank / in a factory. Thad a swim in the river / in the sea. Milan is in the north of Italy. Live in a town but I want ro live in the councry, eoooee atthe busstop at the door at the traffic lights at her desk © There's somebody at the bus stop / at the door. at the top (of the page) © The car is waiting at the traffic lights. © Julia is working at her desk. at the top / at the bottom / at the end (of...): © Write your name at the top of the page. © My house is at the end of the street. on ashelf on aplate on a balcony ‘on the floor ete. la ona wall ona door on the ceiling etc © There are some books on the shelf and some pictures on the wall. © There are a ot of apples on those trees. © Won't siton the grass. It’s wet. = eet, © Thereis stamp on the envelope. pete aio.on a horse / ona bicycle / on a motor-bike: = @ Who is that man on the motor-bike? ‘envelope. [206] in/atron (places 2) => the top / the bottom etc. > EE] st/on/in im) = EEEXERCISES Look atthe pictures and answer the questions. Use infat/an + the words in brackets (... | f SSS (the window) (che ceiling) | (the table) Gheubig © u 1 Where is he? In the kitchen 7 Where are they standing? © ~g.. 2m. °° 2 Where are the shoes? ie took 8 Where is she swimming? 3. Where isthe pen? ... 2.8 9. Where is he standing? le 4 Where is the clock? 5 Where is the bus? 6 Where are the horses? 10 Whereis the spider? f 11 Where is he sitein; 12 Where is she sitting? Putin in/atjon_ 1 Don'tsic 0%. the grass, Its wer. 2. What have you got ..... your bag? 3 Look! There's aman the roof. What's he doing? 4 There are a lot of fish this river. 5. Our house is number 45 the number is ......... the door, © ‘Isthe cinema near here?” ‘Yes, turn left che traffic lights” 7 usually do my shopping the city centre. 8 Mysister lives... Brussels. 9 There's a small park ...... the top of the hill. 10 I think I heard the doorbell. There's somebody the door. 11 Munich isa large city... the south of Germany. 12 There are a few shops the end of the street. 13. Ie’ difficul to.carry alot of things ........ a bicycle. 14 [looked at the list of names. My name was the bottom of the list. 15 There is a mirror the wall the living room, Po7jrd stilt) in at on (places 2) in bed “Where's Kate?” ‘She’ in bed’ im hospital / in prison David’s father is ill. He's in hospital. ima street Iliveiin a small street near the station in the sky like to look at the stars in the sky at night. in the world What's the largest city im the world? ima newspaper / in a book Tread about the accident in the newspaper. ima photograph / in a picture You look sad in this photograph. ima car /in a taxi Did you come here im your car? in the middle (of ...) There’sa big tree in the middle of the garden. athome Will you be at home this evening? at work / at school “Where's Kate?” “She's at work! at university / at college Helen is studying law at university. at the station / at the airport Do you want me to meet you at the station? at Jane’s (house) / at my sister's (house) / at the doctor's / at the hairdresser's etc. © ‘Where were you yesterday?” “At my sister's! © [saw Tom at the doctor's. ata concert / ata party’/ at a football match etc, @ There weren't many people at the party Often it is possible to use in or at for buildings (hotels, restaurants etc}: © We stayed at anice hotel, or We stayed in a nice hotel. on the first oor ‘on the way from Ato B on abus / omatmin / on2 plane / om aship © Did you come here on the bus? on the ground floor / on the firs floor er © The office is om the first floor. (not ‘in the first floor’) on the way (0...) / on the way home ‘@ Imet Ann on the way to work / on the way home. in/at/on (place!) => tofin/at = ESIETT) on the left/right => (ESETUNIT EXERCISES 100 1 (work) , @ux) (a wedding) 1 Where is she? Ir hospital 7 Where is Brian? 2 Where are they? 8 Where is che restaurant? 3 Where wh 9 Where + Where ave they? 10 Where ane they? 3. Where are the stars? 11 Where ane they? 6 Where ate they? 12 Where are they? Put in infat/on 1 Helen is studying law @ university 2 There was a big table the middle of the room. 3) What is the longest river the work 4 Were chere many people the concert Last night? 5 Will you be home tomorrow afternoon? 6 Who is that man this photograph? 120 you know him? 7 Where are your children? Are they school? 8 George 1s coming by train, ['m going to meet him the station. 9 Charhe is hospital. Hes going ro have an operation tomorrow: 10 How many pages are there this book? 11 ‘Are you hungry after yourjourney?” ‘No, | had a meal the train 12 'msorry I'm late. My car broke down the way here. 13 ‘Is Tom here?" 'No, he’s his brother’ 14 Don't believe everything you see the newspaper! 15. [walked to work but { came home the bus.rad att c [210] to in at (places 3) to im/at (= Units 99-100) ee Se GE ae TN a a = a —— To london —> a a votes | oe : | ee © We're going to London next week. © Piccadilly Ciscusis in London © [anevo go tol © My brother lives in Italy © We walked from my house to the city | The main shops are in the city centre centre ‘Whit time do you go to bed? © The busis at the airport. © Sally didn’t go to work yesterday [© Ann wasn’t at work yesterday © [went to a party last might ‘© I mer her at a party. You niust come to our house. © Aan stayed at her brother’s house. home go/come/walk (ef) home (without ‘to'): | be/stay/do something (cic) at home: @ (mired. I'm going home. (no! 'to home’}| @ I'm staying at home this evening, ® Did you walk home? © ‘Wheres Ann? “At home. L arrive and get arrive in country or town (arrive in Italy / arrive in Paris etc.) © ‘They arrived in England last week, (uot ‘arrived to England?) arrive at other places (arrive at the station / arrive at work ct: ): © What time did you arrive at the hotel? (nor'arrive to the hotel’) get to (a place): ss © What time did you get to the hotel? © What time did you get to Paris? get home / arrive home (no preposition) © I wastired when I got home. or I was tired when | arrived home. bento = (TE set(o.)> BEER ins: EEE]EXERCISES 1 writete or in. 1 Tike reading 2” bed. 5. fw: tired, so I stayed bed late 2 We're gong Italy nexe mouth. 6 What time do you usually go bed? 3 Sue is on holiday Italy at the 7 Does this bus go the centre? moment. 8 Would you like to live another - 4 Limust go the bank today country? 2 Write ta or at if necessary. Sometimes there is no preposition. Paula didn't go *. work yesterday. Vm tired. I'm going ..... home. (no preposition! Ann is not very well, She has gone the doctor, Would you like to-come a party on Saturday? ‘Is Liz home?” ‘No, she’s gone work. ‘There were 20,000 people the football match Why did you go home early last night? (A boy jumped into the river and swam the other side There were alot of people waiting... the bus stop. 10. We had a good meal aresturant and then we went back the hotel. wewsMtene 3 Write to, at orin if necessary. Sometimes there is no preposition 1 I’m not going out this afternoon. I'm staying @ home. 2 We're going 4 concert tomorrow evening, 3. Fwent New York last year. 4 How long did you stay New York? 5. Next year we hope to go Canada to visi: some friends, 6 Shall we go the cinema this evening? 7 Isthere a restaurant the station? 8 After the aceident three people were taken hospital. 9. How often do you go the dentist? 10 ‘Is Diane here?" “No, she’s ‘Annis! 11 My house is the end of the street on the left 12 Twent Mary’ house but she wasn't home 13. There were no taxis, so we had to walk home. 14 "What did you study universiey?” “I didn’t go university’ 14 Write ta, at or init necessary. Sometimes there is no preposition. 1 What time do you usually get work? 4 When did you arrive London? 2 What time do you usually get home? 5 What time does the tram get Paris? 3. What time did you arrive the party? 6 We arrived home very late 5 Complete these sentences about yourself. Use to/iniat 1 Atthree o'clock this morning I was i bed. 2 Yesterday I went 3 At 11 o'clock yesterday morning I was 4 One day Flike to go : 5 Idon't like going é 6 At o'clock yesterday evening I w:rity under behind opposite etc. (prepositions) A next to (or beside) ’ between / in front of / behind Ais next to B. or Axs beside B. B is between A and C. Dis in front of B Eis behind B. also A is om the left. Cis on the right Bis in the middle (ofthe group). Aissitting in front of B. Aissixting opposite C. Cis sicting opposite A ® Ourhouse is by the sea. (= beside the sea) © Who is that man by the window? © “Isthere a public phone here?” “Yes, by the door! by che window Dunder © The catis under the table © The girl is sanding under a tree. © I'm wearing a jacket under my coat. E above and below q Aisabove the line. The piccures are above a (= higher tnan the line) the shelves, Bis below the line The shelves are below 5 : (= lower than the line) the pictures. 212) eploversthrough cc = EET oy = ETEEXERCISES 102 Where are the people in the picture? Complete the sentences, 1 Colin is standing behind. Frank, 2 Frank is sitting Emma. Barbara. Donna and Frank. 5 Donna is sitting Emm. 6 Frank is sitting Colin. 7 Alanis standing Donna. $ Alanis sanding left 9 Barbara is standing son-etmiddle, Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. me 1 Thecatis UNder. the ble 7 Theswitch is the window. 2 There is a big tree. the house. 8 The cupboard is the sink, 3. The plane is lying the clouds. 9 There are some shoes she bed. 4 She is standing the piano. 10 The plane is the prane. 5 The cinema is the right. 11 Paulis sitting Fiona 6 She's sieang the phone. 12 In Britain wedrive the left. Write sentences about the picture. Use the words in brackets (...). TEAST a] 1 (nextto) ‘The bank is next to the booksinop. surupmnnser Val 2 Gin front of) The €} 3. (opposice) (next t6) (above) (berween) PBISika up over through etc. (prepositions) @ Jane is going to France next week, We walked from the hotel to the station @ A lor af English words come from Latin. @ We jumped into the water © A man came out of the house and got into a car. ° ° Wihy are you looking out of the windo: Tcook the old batteries out of the radio. We say put something in ... (not usually into’): @ [ put che new batceries in the radio, @ Don't put your feet om the table. ee @ Please ake your feet off the table. . nt I'm going to hang some pictures on the wall. a N\ ty Be careful! Don’ fall off your bicycle. ~ “ =) @ We got on the bus in Princes Street. u > t © We walked up the bill to the house. » | @ Be carefull Don't fall down the stairs The plane flew over the mountains WO jumped over the wall into the garden. NWN < aNG Some people say it is unlucky to walk mete under a ladder under A bird flew into the room through 2 window. The old road goes through the village. © @®- = ‘The new road goes round the village The bus stop is just round the corner. round I walked round the town and took some el photographs \ You can also use around (= round}: @ We walked around the town. ee ¢ Tatlin slong eros witimy dog, Reed @ Let's go fora walk along the river. mene © The dog swam across the river © They walked past ne without speaking. reoeat S ys © A: Excuse me, how do I get to the hospital? ~ ad B: Go along this road, past the cinema, ony ff) under the bridge and the hospital on past the let (214) eetinonec,-> EEEY invon > EEE co 3 ER lof run away ev => ETEXERCISES 1 Somebody asks you the way to apace. You say which way to go. Look at the pictures and write sentences beginning Go... L The dog swam @2r055 ¢ 6 Suddealy 2 car came noth Comer, 2 A book fell the shel They dr0VE oo nonenntte village. 3A plane flew the village 8 They got 4 A woman got whe ra 9) The Moon travels. 5 A gislran the roaci ioe eee ee Putin a preposition (over/fromfinte etc j. 1 Hooked... the window and watched the people im the sttec My house is very near here Its }ust the corner Do you know how to put a filit « thy camera How £208 nee MOR coomenctiaes the aurport? Wes d mn for ate Our ate ot oPinteresting things You can put ocethe back of the Incennis, you have te fut the ball ih Silvia took a Key her bug and opened ¢ eI AUB(216) on at by with about (prepositions) on holiday (@ Jane isn't at work this week. She’ on holiday. on television © We watched the news on television on the radio, We listened to the news on the radio. onthe phone @ I spoke to Carol on the phone last night. on fire ‘© The house is on fire! Call the fire brigade. ontime(=notlate) @ “Was the train late” ‘No, it was on time.” at (the age of) 21 / at 50 kilometres an hour / at 100 degrees ew. © Lisa got married at 21. (or... at the age of 21.) © The car was travelling at 50 kilometres an hour when the accident happened. © Wuter boils at 100 degrees celsius by car/ by bus / by plane (orby air) / by bike ci: © Do you like travelling by train? to fame eran pats coor by bike; iby bas but on foot: © She goes to work on foot. (= she walks) a book by ... / a painting by ... / a piece of music by ... et © Have you read any books by Chacles Dickens? © Who is that painting by? Picasso “ by after the passive ( Unit 21): (the writer) © I was bitten by a dog. with/without: @ Did you stay at a hote! or with friends? © Wait for me. Please don’t go without me. © Do you like your coffee with or without milk? © I cut the paper with a pair of scissors. a man with a beard / a woman with glasses etc © Do you know that man with the beard? aman with © Id like to have a house with a big garden, abestd talk/speak/think/hear/know about . © Some people talk about their work all che ame. @ 1 don't know much about cars. a book / a question / a programme (cic.) about , Did you see the programme about computers on TV list night? by ERAT son = CEE rerostion + ing =EXERCISES ‘Complete the sentences. Use on + one of these: holiday the phone = theradio _ television We listened to the news on the radio. Please don't be late. Try to be here I won tbe here next week. I'm going 7 ‘Did you see Linda?’ ‘No, but | talked to her y 5 "Whats this evening?’ “There's a film at 9 o'clock! Rune Look at the pictures. Complete the sentences with a preposition (at/by etc.). 1 Tout the paper WM. pair of scissors. 6 She's listening to some music Mozart. 2. She usually goes to work ‘ar, 7. The plane is fiying .... 600 miles an hour. 3. Who is the woman short hai 8 Theyre holiday. 4 They are talking the weather. 9 Do you know the man sunglasses? 5. The caris fire, 10. He’ reading a book grammar Vera P. Bull Complete the sentences with a preposition (at/by/with etc.). 1 Intennis, you hie the ball aracket. 2 Its cold today. Don’t go out a coat. 3. Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth are plays ‘William Shakespeare 4 Do you know anything computers? 5 My grandmother died ....... the age of 98. © How long does it take from New York to Los Angeles plane? 7 Ididn’t go to the football match, but I watched it television. 8 My house is the one the red door on the right 9 These trains are very fast. They can travel ‘very high speeds. 10 I don'e use my car very often_ 1 prefer to-go bike 11 Can you give me some information hotels in this town? 12 Iwas arrested two policemen and taken to the police station, 13. The buses here are very good. They're nearly always cme. 14 What would you like to drink ‘your meal? 15. We travelled from Paris to Moscow tain, 16 One of the mose famous paintings in the world is the Moma Lisa Leonardo da Vinei 2071Pond 105 (218) afraid of . good at... etc. preposition + -ing (good at -ing etc.) =e. (adjective + preposition) afraid of angry with somebody ° angry about something different from fed up with . fall of ° good at... / bad at ° ° interested in o married to .. ° nice/kind ofsomebody to... & (be) nice/kind to (somebody) © sorry about (somethivig) . sorry for (doingsomething) Why are you angry with me? What have i done’ Are you angry about list night? (= something that happened last night) © Anh is very different from her sister. I'm fed up with my job. | wane to do something different, (= I've had enough of may job) ‘The room was full of people. Are you good at maths? Tina is very bad at writing letters I'm not interested in sport. Sue is married toa dentist. (= her husband is a dentist) Itwas kkind of you to help us. Thank you very much. David is very friendly. He's always very nice to me U'm afraid Lean’ help you. I’nt'serry about that I'm sorry for not phoning you yesterday. (or I'm sorry I didn’t phone you) preposition + ~ing cel doing m not very good at ‘Are you fed up with Pmsorry for Mark isthinking of buying ‘Tom left without saying f After doing ‘After a preposition (at/with/for est), not phoning you yesterday. averb ends in ~ing: the same thing every day? anew car goodbye. (= he didn’t say goodbye} the shopping, they went home. Storer -ing— EEE think about/of =>EXERCISES 105 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with a preposition {ot/in etc). 1 He’ afraid CF dogs. 4 She's very good languages. 2 She’ interested science > He’ fed up the weather. 3. She’ marreed viootballer, 6 “Can help you?’ “Oh, that’s very kind you! Put in the right preposition (of/in/with etc,). 1 Paenocuterested & spore 2 manor very good sport 3 [ like Sursh. Shes always very kind me. ; 4 Tm sorry vour broken window: Ie was an ace 5. He’ very Brave: He isn’t afraid anyth 6 Teway veryinice Julia to Jet us stay in her flat 7 Lite today is very different life 50 years ago. S Are vou mrereted polite? 9 Some peaple are atiaad spiders Hy Chris way angry what happened These boxes are very heavy. They are fall books, E: 12 Pmsorry getting angry you yesterday. Complete the sentences. 1 Tonnotvery ged at telling swories. (good / telly 2 [wanted to go to the cinema bur Paula wasn't {interested / go) 3 Sue nn very up in the mornmg, (good / yet) 4 Tet\ go! Pm ted up / wan) 5 1m you up in the nnddle of the night. (sorry / wake) Complete the sentences. Us* without -ing. 1 Com lett / he didn’ ay goodbye} Tom left without saying goodbye. 2 (Sue walked paste (she didn’t ypeak) Sue walked 3. (Don't de anvehing / ask me first) Don't 4 (Lawwent our / [didn’t lock the door} T Wnite sentences about yourself. Use the words in brackets (...). 4 Gnterested) V'm interested. in sport. 2 (afraid tm 3 (not cers good) in not : souot nserested ss 5 (ted up) = p19}Ton 106 (220) listento... lookat... etc. (verb + preposition) ask (somebody) for ... @ Aman stopped me and asked me for money. belong to © Does this book belong to you? (= Is this your book?) happen to © [can't find my pen, What's happened to it? listen to ... @ Listen to this music. It’s beautiful. speak/talk to somebody about © Did you talk to Paul about the problem? something © (en the phone) Can I speak to Chris, please? thank somebody for © Thank you very much for your help, ° ° ° think about ... or think of ... He never thinks about (or of) other people, Mark is thinking of (or about) buying 2 new car. wait for Don't go yet. Wait for me. write to somebody I never get letters, Nobody writes to me, but (tele)phone somebody (no _@ | must phone my parents. (not ‘phone to my parents’) (preposition) look at / look for / look after look at... She’ looking at her watch. Look at these flowers! They're beautiful. Why are you looking at me like that? He's lost his key. He’ looking for it. I'm looking for Sarah, Have you seen her? look after @ When Barbara is at work, a friend of hers looks after (take care of, keep safe) her children © Dont lose this book. Look after it. (= Keep it safe.) depend ‘We say depend on @ A: Do you like eating in restaurants? B: Sometimes. It depends om the restaurant, (not “it depends of”) You can say it depends what/where/how (et) with or withowt on: © A: Do you want to come out with us? B: Ic depends where you're going, or [t depends on where... For word order (It depends where you're going.), see Unit 48, wait == ENE prepositionI EXERCISES ‘Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with a preposition (to/lor etc). 1 She's looking 4... her watch. 4 Paul is talking ........ Jane. 2 Het listening .... 5 They're looking a picture. 3. They're waiting 6 Sue is looking Tom. Complete the sentences with a preposition (toforfabout etc.) if necessary. 1 Thank you very much 0F_. your help. 2 Thisis not my umbrella. Itbelongs.........a friend of mine. 3 (om the phone) Can I speak non, Mr Davis, pleasc? 4 (on the phone) Thank you phoning. Goodbye. 5 What happened... Mary last night? Why didn’t she come to the party? 6 We're thinking going to Australia next year. 7 We asked the waiter ..._. coffee but he brought us tea. 8 ‘Do you like reading books?” ‘It depends the book’ 9 John was talking but nobody was listening... what he was saying. 10 We-waited Karen until 2 o'clock but she didn’t come. 11 ‘Are you writing aletter? “Yes, I"m writing ....... Diane? 12 Don't forget to phone ........ your mother this evening. 13 He’salone all day. He never talks ...... anybody. 14 “How much does it cost to:stay at this hotel?” “It depends........ the type of room? 15 Catherine is thinking.......... changing her job. Complete these sentences. Use at/lorfatter. 1 Tooked ....... the newspaper but I didn’t read it carefully. 2. When you are ill, you need somebody to look... you. 3 Excuse me, I'm looking. Hill Street. Can you tell me where itis? 4 Goodbye! Have a nice holiday and looky... yourself, 5 I'm going to take a photograph of you. Please look ...... the camera and smile. 6 Barry is looking. ajob. He wants to work in a hotel Answer these questions with Itdepends .... 1 [Do you wane to go out with us? ie depends where you're going. ) 2-| Do you like eating in restaurants? Jt depends on the restaurant, 3 Do you enjoy watching TV? | _ | It depends 4 | Canyoudo something forme? | [It 5 | Are you going away this weekend? % |__Canyoulend me some money? |(222) goin fall off (phrasal verbs 1) run away etc. A phrasal verb is verb (go/look /be vic) + in/out/up/down a Ann open the door of the car and got in. (= into the car) © Fated ourside the house. I didn’ go in 4 oe on cur oN A © The bus arnved and I got on. oo four © The carstopped and a woman got out out of the car) @ 1 went to the window and looked out “ d-- © Be carefull Don tfall off. eas = up Posse AL © He stood up and left the room. © L usually gee up carly. (= get out of bed) © We looked up at the stars. ) away or off | — Be | © The thicfran away. (or... ran off) © Ann got into che car and drove away. (or. dove off) be/go away (= in/'to another place) © Ann has gone away for a few days, © Would you like to sit down? © The picture fell down. © Lie down on the floor. back i> Be ona) ACK © We went out for dinner and then went back to our hotel. © Go away and don’t come back! be back: © Ann is away. She over oven SSS © The wall wasn't very high, so we climbed © Turn over and look at the next page. “Ml be back on Monday. round (oraround) O- nae © Somebody shouted my name, s0 looked | round (or around) © We went fora long walk. After six miles we earned round (or axound) and went back. o> 0 put on / take offer. (phrasal verbs 2) SERED ofphrasl vets > SEEDA 3 EXERCISES ‘Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use the verbs in the lst + in/aut/up ete. got got leeked looked rode sat © turmed ~— went 1 Iwent to the window and 5 Isaid hello and he 2 The door was open, so we 6 The bus stopped and she 3 He heard a plane, so he 7 ‘There was a free seat, so she 4 She got on her bike and 8. A car stopped and two men Complete the sentences. Use aulvaway/back etc 1 ‘What happened to the picture on the wall?” ‘It fell 2own + 2 Please don't go ! Stay here with me. 3 She heard a noise behind her, so she looked : 4 I'm going now to do some shopping. I'll be a5 o'clock 5 I'm feeling very tired, I'm going to lie on the sofa. When you have read this page, turn aid read the other side. 7 Jim is from Canada, He lives in London now but he wants to go to Canada 8 We haven't got a key to the house, so we can't get 9 1 was very tired this morning. I couldn't get 10. Ann is going on holiday nexe month. She's going ‘on the 5th and c on the 24th, Complete the sentences: Use-2 verb trom the box + on/etflup etc. Hf necessary, put the verb into the correct form, All these phrasal verbs (wake up etc.) are in Appendix 6, break fall slow take carry get hold speak wake piece ce oe oes 1 Lwent to sleep at 10 oclock and Woke 4p. at cight o'clock the next morning. 2 ‘Itstime to go? * a minute. I'm not ready yet! 3 The cain and finally stopped. 4 like flying but I'm always rervous when the plane 5. How was your exam? How did you 2 6 Its difficult to hear you. Can you a litde? 7 This carisn’t very good. It has eo aM tires. §& When babies try to walk, they sometimes 9 told him to stop but he . Perhaps he didn't hear me. 10 Ltried to find a job but! Iwas impossible[224] put on your shoes put your shoes on (phrasal verbs 2) Sometimes a phrasal verb (put on / take off etc.) has an object. For example verb objedt web objet put on your coat take off yourshoes aes “ ee a= You can say pat on your coat take off your shoes or put your coaton or take your shoes of hu it/them (pronouns) always go before on/off ex pucit on (Hor ‘put on it) take them off (not ‘take off them’) © Ik was cold, so I put om my coat. © I'm going to take off my shoes. (or [put my coat on) (or take my shoes off) © Here’ your coat. Put it on © Your shoes are dirty. Take then off Some more phrasal verbs + abject: turn on / turn off (lights. machines, taps etc.) Ie "© Ic was dark, so [ turned on the light 2) ae (orl tarned the light on) J Q) Rear Far or © [don't want to watch this programme You can turn it off. ako switch on / switch off (lights, machines ete.) 2B] ee ‘© I switched on the light and switched off the television. =“ =) pick up / put down is ‘@ Those are my keys on the floor. Can you Oh pick them up forme? © I stopped reading and put my book down. si +" (orput down my book) bring back / take back / give back / put back: ® You can take my umbrella but please stake bring it back Se ®@ [took my new sweater back to the shop. Itwas too small for me. @ ['ve got Diane's keys. I must give f Pe them back to her. ‘© I read the letter and then put it back BRING in the envelope. iE 50 in / Gall off exc. (phrasal verbs 1) => UME more phrasal verbs + object =A EXERCISES Look at the pictures: What did these people do? 1 He tarned on tei (OR tryed eight 0) 4 She 2 She 5 He 3) Hee 6 She ‘You can write these sentences in three different ways. Complete the table. 1 | Inurned on the radio. | turned. the radio on. | turned, i& on. 2 | He pur on his jacket He He SB [SRS nese - ‘She took her glasses off. 4 | Puc down your pens. 5 5 | They gave back the money: tae 6 E Leurned the lights off. j - Complete the sentences, Use one ofthe verbs in the lst + Iuthem. bring pick switch take © eum (+ on/off/up/back) 1 Twanted to watch something on television, so 1 tamed. i& on. 2 Tbought a lamp but it doesn't work. I'm going to... on t0 the shop. 3 There were some gloves on the floor, soT and put them on the table. 4 When I finished working on the computer, I : 5. Thank you for lending me these books. I-won't forget £0 even nenmm— ‘Complete the sentences. Choose from the boxes. All these verbs are in Appendix 7. your cigarene —aghas. van| [2 2 ot ow paees feeawese ae out dewn over round ‘They knocked ten. houses. down (OR down ten houses) when they built the new road. ‘That music is very loud. Can you turn. 40Wm._. > Uknocked and broke it. Ifyou want to know what a word means, you can 1OOK ee in a dictionary. Lwant to keep these magazines, Please don't throw ae Somebody gave me a form and told me to fll raat Ttried = in de shop but Ida buy them I visited the school. One of the teachers showed sane “Do you play the piano?” ‘No, Isard toleaen but gve i nonens after a month? 10 ‘You're not allowed to smoke here. Please put ene ear anaENerng a) [226] and but or so because and but or sa __ because We use these words (onjunctions)c0 join two sentences. They make one longer sentence fiom two shorter sentences sentence A [The car stopped. { The driver gor out] sentence B The car stopped and the driver got out. and /but/or sentence A sentence B We stayed athome and (we)* watched television. | * Iris not necessary to repeat My-sister is married amd — (he)* lives in London, “we and ‘she’ He docsn’tlike her and she doesn't like him Tbought anewspaper but | didn’t read it Its nice house But it hasn't gota garden, Do you wanttogo out or are you too tired? Study these sentences. We use and between the last two things ‘@ 1 got home, had something to eat, sat down in an armchair and fell asleep. Js fa ‘© Ann is at work, Sue has gone shopping and Chris is playing football. $0 (the result of something) sentence A sentence B Itwasveryhot, so opened the window. ‘The water wasn't clean, so we didn't go swimming. They like films, 0 they often go to the cinema. because (che reason for something) sentence A sentence B Lopened the window because it was very hot “We didn’t go swimming because the water wasn't clean. Lisaishungry because she didn't have breakfast. Because is also possible at the beginning: © Because the water wasn't clean, we didn’t go swimming. In these examples there is more than one conjunction: @ Ie was late and I was tired, so I went to bed. © I always enjoy visiting London, but I wouldn't like to live there because its too big. when/while/before exc. =>EXERCISES Write sentences. Choose from the boxes and use and/but/ar. Tomyedatkome: [didn’t have your number. Hhoughte newspaper ‘Shall I wait here? T went to the window dedidrtteadite: I wanted to phone you. I went by bus this morning. 1 jumped inte the river. J watched-televsion: Tusually drive to work. Tswam to the otizer side. ‘Do you want me to come with you? Llooked out. | stayed. a& home. and. watched. television. Ubought «newspaper but | didn’t read ib, doauseRe Iewas very hot, $0 he opened. the window. They didn't play tennis .... As They went to the muscum Bill wasn't hungry, ‘Ann was late : Sue said _.. Write sentences about what you did yesterday. Use andbut etc. 1 (and) In Ure, evening | stayed. at home and. studied. 2 (because) |. Wer J 3 (but) 4 (and) 5 (60) 6 (because) aueonernd ait) When... A when t went out, it was raining. This sentence has two parts: pan A iE part B when I went out it was raining You can begin with part A or part B. 6 { ‘When I went out, it was raining. It was raining when I went out. We write a comma (,) if part A (When ...) is before part B: o { When youre urd, dont drive Don’t drive when you're tired o { Ann wssvery happy when she paced hes exam See eee se ae We do the same in sentences with before/while/after: 7 { Always look both ways before you cross the road. Before you cross the road, alviays look both ways. Eee) | While 1 was waidng forthe bus, itbogan to mun, It began to rain while I was waiting for the bus. o {Hg aever payed football agsn afer he broke his eg After he broke his leg, he never played football again. Bo Wheat am... / When go ... etc. Next week Jills going to New York, She has a friend, Barbara, who lives in New York but Barbara is also going away ~ to Mexico. So they won't meet in New York. Barbara will be in Mexico when Jill is in New York. “The time is future (next week) but we say: «.. When Jill is in New York. (not ‘when Jill will be’) mu ‘We use the present (Iam / I go etc) with a future meaning after when: h © When I get home this evening, I'm going to have ashower. @@ oS Su 30. (not ‘When I will get home’) a © can’t ik to you now. I'll talk to you later when I have more time, @9 a. °C ar 2 We do thé same after before/while/after/until: © Please close the window before you go out. (rot ‘before you will go’) Julia is going to live in our flat while we are away. (not ‘while we will be’) © Tilstay here until you come back. (not ‘until you will come back’) ifandwhen => SEIT (228) until = EEE] before/white/after = BEEXERCISES ‘Make sentences beginning with when, Choose from the boxes. twentout Iswitched off the TV Tmured Lalways go to the same place phoned her there were no rooms ‘When * | jg0.0n holiday * | iewvesraining che programme ended there was no answer Tarrived at the hotel Like to watch TV When | went out, ib was, raining... Complete the sentences. Choose from the box. somebody broke into the house before they came here when they heard the news while they were away __ they didn’t believe me before they erened the read they went tolive in New Zealand They looked both ways before. they crossed. the road. They were very Surprised eemennnnmnme-nee After they got marricd, i ee The leteer arrived tier Where did they live While they were asleep, When I told them the news, ..... ‘Which is right? Choose the correct form. 1 Lstay: / Til stay here until you come /yow'l-come back. ll stay and you come are right. 2. Tm going to bed when | finish /T'll finish my work. 3. We must do something before its / it will be too late. Waukone 4 Juliaiis going away soon. I'm / T'll be very sad when she leaves / she'll leave. 5 Don't go out yet. Wait until the main stops / will stop. 6 We come /'We'll come and visit you when we're / we'll be in England again. 7 Wien Leome /T'll come to see you tomorrow, Lbring / Tl bring the photographs. 8 I'm going to Paris next week. [hope to see some friends of mine while I'm / T'l be there. 9 ‘Don't fergetto give me your address’ “OK, Igive / I'll give it to you before I go / I'll go’ Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. 1 Can you close the window before you 90. out? 2. What are you going to do when ....... . . ake cee 3. When [have more time, 4 Til wait foryou while . " 5. When I start my new job, a stented ate 6 Will you be here when Bee : NT eSPrd 111 Bia ee : Sciccou) (1f-we goby bus, it) A buona? willbe cheaper. 4, 4 i We'll getthere ee AUP ( siose quickly € we go by taxi If you see ... eic. If-can be at the begiraning of a sentence or in the middle: TE... (ifat the beginning) Ifwe go by bus, it will be cheaper Ifyou don’t hurry, you'll miss the train. If you're hungry, have something to cat If the phone rings, can you answer it, please? if... (Gf in the middle) Ie will be cheaper if we go by bus. You'll miss the train if you don't hurry. Ym going to the concert if { can geta ticket. ‘Do you mind if [ use your phone? (= Is it OK if L use it?) In conversation, we often use the if-part of the sentence alone: © “Are you going to the concert?” "Yes, if I can get a ticket’ B ifyou see Ann tomorrow ... ct After if, we use the present (not will’), We say: if you see ..- (not if you will see’): © If you see Ann tomorrow, can you atk her to phone me? © If Tm late this evening, don't waie for me. (not "wll be’) © What shall we do if it rains? (nor if it will rain’) © If I don’t feel well tomorrow, I'l'stay at home. C itand when IE go out = itis possible that I will go out, but I'm not sure © A: Are you going out later? © B: Perhaps. IFT go out, I'll dose the window. When | go out = I'm going out (for sure): © A; Are you going out later? @ B: Yes, fam. When I go out, I'll close the window. © When I gethome this evening, I'm going to havé a shower. If T'm late this evening, don’t wait for me. (nor “When I'm late’) © We're going to play tennis if it doesn’t rain. (not “when it doesn't rain’) (230) when + MIRE] ifthad /ifwe went... ecEXERCISES Make sentences beginning with it. Choose from the boxes. youdon’therry ‘we can have lunch now ‘you pass the exam ‘you can have ther you fail the exam T can lend you some re+ | youdon't want this magazine |, | you'll get a certificate ‘you want those pictures owl beats ‘you're busy now Tl throw it away you're hungry we can talk later you need money you can do it again Which is right? ~ 1 If P'm /FLbe late this evening, don't wait forme. I'm is right 2. Will you write to meif I give / Tl give you my addres? 3 Ifthere is /will be a fire, the alarm will ring, 4 I£I don’tsee you tomorrow morning, I phone / I'll phone you in the evening. 5 ['m/'llbe surprised if Marcin and Julia get /-will get married. 6 Do you go / Will you go to the party if they invite / they'll invite you? ee going to the concert if | can get a ticket. oe don't hurry . youl miss, the train, T don’t want to go swimming if Sis Bs Ifyou go to bed early tonight, a =. Tarn the television off if i : oe Tina won't pass her exams if If] have time tomorrow, 8 We can goto the beach tomozrow if. Choe Putin if or when. 1 I'm late this evening, don’t wait for me. Fm going to do some shopping now. Tcome back, we can have lunch. T’m thinking of going to see Tim. 1 go, will you come with me? you don’t want to go out tonighe, we can stay at home. Do you mind............ close the window? Johan is still at school. ow Ihe leaves school, he wants to go to university: ‘Shall we have a picnic tomorrow .............. the weather is good? ‘We're going to Madrid next week. We haven't got anywhere to stay ~ we hope to firid a hotel we arrive. I don’t know what we'll do... we don't find anywhere. (231)Coin 112 (232) If | had ‘Dan likes fast cars but he doesn’t have one. He doesn't have enough money. If he had the money, he would buy a fast car- Usually had is past, but in this sentence had is not past. If he had the money = if he had the money now (but he doesn’t have it). I had/knew/lived/went (ew)... |I wouldiary) [EY 1p| yu didn’t have/know/go (ee)... |you | | be it was/were ..., it ould(n’s) have they etc. | could ..., they ete, [SOMAA | oa... ete You can say: @ Ifhe had the money, he would buy a car. (If... at the beginning) or He would buy a car iffhe had the money. (... if. in the middle) Td / she'd / they'd et = | would / she would / they would et © [don’t know the answer. IF knew the answer, F' tell you @ [csraining , so we're not going out, We'd get wet if we went out, © Jane lives in a city. She likes cities. She wouldn’t be happy if she lived in the country. © Ifyou didn’t have a job, what would you do? (but you have a job) © ['msorryl can’thelp you. I'd help you if | could. (but I can’) ®@ If we had a car, we could travel more. (but we haven't got a car, so we can't travel muck IE () was/were ... You can say: if (I/h8/she/‘t) was or were © Ic5cold. If1 were you, 4 put your coat on, (orf was you ...) @ Iesnova very nice place. I wouldn’t go there if | was you. (or... if | were you) @ Ic would be nice ifthe weather were (or was) better. if | have / if it is ex. if had / if it was etc. © I must go and see Ann. le I must go and see Ann. IfT have time, | will go today. IE had time, I would go today. (= pethaps I'll have time, so perhaps li go)| (= I don’thave time today so I will not go) © like that jacks Je [like that jacket but it’s very expensive. Pil buy it ifit isn’t too expensive. Pd buy it ifit wasn’t so expensive. (= perhaps it will not be too expensive) (= it is expensive, so I'm nor going to buy it) © Tl help youifl can. (= perhaps! can help) |@ Pd help you if I could but can‘. ifwe go /ifThave /iflcancic. = EEE24 2.2, 2.3 EXERCISES Complete the sentences. 1 Idon't know the answer. If knew the answer, I'd tell you. 2 Uhaveacar I couldn't travel very much iff didnt Mave. a car 3 don't want to go out. HT e to go out, I'd go. 4 We haven't gota key. Ifwe.... i “fS SosTE EE line 5 Tm not hungry. [ would have something to eat if. hungry, 6 Sue enjoys her work. She wouldn't do it ifshe 2 at 7 You can't drive. Ifyou drive, I would lend you my car. 8 He speaks too fast. I could understand him better if he ... - more slowly. 9 Thavealot to do today. IfT...... suisse $9 CH to do, we could go out. Put the verb in the correct form. 1 wfhe had the money, he would buy.a fast car. (he/have) 2 Jane likes living in a city. Se, wouldn't, be: happy if che lived in the country. (she/not/be) 3 fl wanted to learn Italian, _.t0 Italy. (I/go) 4 Thaven'ttold Ann what happened, She'd be angry if... {ghe/know) 5 foe a map, I could show you where [ live. (we/have) 6 What would you do if... alot ofmoney? (you/win) 7 Iesnotavery good hotel... there if | were you. ({/not/stay) 8 If ae ~~ nearer London, we would go there more often, (we/live) 9 Isa pity you have to go now. nice if you had more time. (it/be) 10 I'mnor going to take the job. I'd take it if better. (the salary/be) 11 I don’t know anything about cars. Ifthe car broke down, what to do. (I/not/know) 12 Ifyou could change one thing in the world, what ose? (you/change) ‘Complete the sentences. Choose from the box and put the verb in the correct form. ‘we (have) a bigger house T (watch) it vefbere biccheuper wwe (buy) a bigger house every day (be) the same 1 (be) bored we (have) some pictures on the wall the air (be) cleaner 1 Pd buy that jacker if # was a bit cheaper. 2 If there was good film on TV tonight, 3. This room would be nicer if 4 Ifthere wasn’t so much traffic, 5 Life would be boring if 6 Thad nothing to do, 5 7 We could invite all our friends to stay if ee : L 8 [fwe had more mOmey, rec wnanrsnminrmnnnne ‘ 7 : | Complete the sentences. Use your own ideas. 1 Td goto the dentist if | had. a toothache. 2 IFT could go anywhere in the world, can 5 s ee 3 Lwonldn'be very happy if. i : # 4 Td buy a house if. or Se = i 5. If saw an accident in the street, 6 The world would be a bener place if (233)ee aperson who... a thing that/which ... (relative clauses 1) z= Tmet a woman who can speak six languages. Jim was wearing a hat. It was too big for him. ea ~ 2 sentences. ~ T it that orwhich 1 r ~—-n--= sentence — o Jj was wearing a hat that was too big for him| or Jim was wearing a hat which was too big for him. B who is for people (nor things) Atthicfisa person | who steals things. | Do you know anybody | who can play the piano? The man | who phoned idn’t give his name. ‘The people | who work in the office | are very friendly. © that is tor chings or people: Anseroplanéis a machine |] hat fic Emma lives in a house | that is 300 years old. ‘The people | that work in the office | are very friendly. You can use that for people, but whe is more usual. D which is forchings (not people): Anaeroplane is a machine | which flies. (not ‘a machine who ...’) Emma lives ina house | which is 500 years old Do not use which for people: © Do you remember the woman who was playing the piano at the party? (rot ‘che wornan which ...”) [234] who and which in questions —s mma the people we met (relative clauses 2) amma13.1 EXERCISES 113 Choose from the boxes and write sentences: A... Is aperson who ... .Use a dictionary it necessary. doesn‘ tell the teuth ‘sill in hospital looks after your teeth stealethings is very intelligent is very stupid plays.a musical instrument sells meat ed sMrere ‘Make one sentence from two. 1 (A man phoned. He didn't give his name.) “he man who phoned. didi’ ge his ame, 2 (A woman opened the door. She was wearing a yellow dress.) ‘The women 2 si Seah so au. a'yellow dress. 3 (Some students took the exam. Most of them passed ) Most of the students ca Re = 4 (A policeman xopped our car. He wasn't very friendly.) The isu Z a Set Put in who or which, 1 [meta woman ¥h°. can speak six languages. 2 What’ the name of the woman lives next door? 3. What’ the name of the river flows through the town? 4 Where is the picture ec eomonom Was hanging on the wall? 5 Do you know anybody... wants to buy a car? 6 You always ask questions are difficult to answer. 7 Uhavea friend _ is very good at repairing cars. 8 I think everybody went to the party enjoyed it very much. 9. Why does he always wear clothes ‘are too small for him? Right or wrong? Correct the mistakes. 1 A thiefis a person{ Which )steale things 6. person. who steals 2. An aeroplane is a machine that Alcs. 3A coffee maker is a machine who makes coffee. 4. Have you seen the money that was on the table? 5 I don’tlike people which never stop talking. 6 I know somebody that can help you. a 7 8 I know somebody who works in tliat shop. Correct the sentences who are wrong. * (235)iow «=the people we met the hotel you stayed at 114 (relative clauses 2) ‘The man is carrying a bag: It's very heavy. 4} 2 sentences ‘The bag (that) he is carrying is very heavy. c 1 sentence ‘Ann took some photographs. Have you seen them? } Caden Have you seen the photographs (that) Ann took? Bee === 1 sentence ~ — ‘You can say: © The bag that he is carrying ... or The bag he is carrying... (with or without chat) ©... the photographs that Ann took? or ... the photographs Ann took? You do not need that/who/which when itis the object: ‘subject | verb object The man | was carrying | abag > the bag (that) the man was carrying ‘Ann | took some photographs |» the photographs (that) Ann took You | wanted the book > the book (that) you wanted We | met some people — the people (who) we met © Did you find the book you wanted? (or ... the book that you wanted?) ® The people we met were very nice. (or The people who we met ...) © Everything I said was true. (or Everything that I said ...) Note that we say: © The film we saw was very good. (not “The film we saw it was...) B Sometimes there is a preposition (to/in/at etc) after the verb: Jillis talking toa man. —> Doyou know the man Jill is talking to? ‘We stayed at ahotel. —> The hotel we stayed at was near the station. Itold you about some books: —> Theseare the books I told you about. Note that we say: «+ the books I told you about (not ‘the books I told you about them’) ‘You can say: (a place) where .. © The hotel where we stayed was near the station. (= The hotel we stayed at ...) CC Yourmust use who/that/which when it is the subject (= Unit 113): @ [meta woman who can speak six languages. (who is the subjed) © Jim was wearing a hat that was too big for him. (that is the subject) [236] a person who ..a thing that/which .. (ebtive cause: 2) => ESSTE6 Qostogheneenngs Petey raed were 7) tw Siena eee Make one sentence from two. 1 a carrying was very Rea. 2 (You cooked a meal. It was excellent.) ne 3 ('m wearing shoes. They arent very comfortable.) _ ‘The shoes Le 4 (We ised some people to dinner. They didnt come.) The _— ie a Complete the sentences. Use the information in the box. Tooked ata map they live in a house you were looking for some keys Twassitting on 2chair we were waiting for abus _ you spoke to some people youstayedeteherd Linda is dancing with aman 1 What's the name of He hotel you stayed. ab > 2 Who are the people 3. Did you find the .... 4 The See <8 t00 small for them. 5 the ee ‘ cans wasn’t very clear. 6 L fel off 4 oes ee ee eo on, was very late. 8 Whois ... a bs Beanies Read the situations and complete the questions. Use ... where ... . 1. Joban stayed at a hotel. You ask him: eeu you stayed? 2 Sue had dinner in a restaurant. You ask her: ‘What's the name of the restaurant 3. Sarah lives in a village. You ask her: Do you like Retr =k 4 Richard works in a factory. You ask him: How big aie (71 1.2 Appendix1 Active and passive Present and past: active passive present | We make butter from milk. Butter is made from milk. 1 simple | Somebody cleans these rooms every day. | These rooms are cleaned every day. People never invite me to parties. Jam never invited to parties. How do they make butter? How is butter made? past ‘Somebody stole my car last week. My car was stolen last week. simple | Somebody stole my keys yesterday. My keys were stolen yesterday. | They didn’t invite me to the party I wasn’t invited to the party ‘When did they build these houses? When were these houses built? present | They are building a new airport at the being built at the continuous | moment. (= it isn't finished) moment They are building some new houses _| Some new houses are being built [ear the river. near the river. pase ‘When I was here a few years ago, they _| When I was here a few years ago. a continuous | were building a new airport. new airport was being built (= it wasn't finished at that time) ee present | Look! They have painted the door. _| Look! The door has been painted. pefict | These shirts are clean. Somebody has _| These shirts are clean. They have washed them. been washed. Somebody has stolen my car. My carhas been stolen, ‘past pefect| Ann said that somebody jnad stolen her | Ann said that her car had been car. stolen. Will / can / must / have to etc active passive ‘Somebody will clean the office tomorrow. _| The office will be cleaned tomorrow. Somebody must clean the office The office must be cleaned. I think they'll invite you to the party. I think you'll be invited to the party. They can’t repair my watch. My watch can't be repaired ‘You should wash this sweater by hand. This sweater should be washed by hand. They are going to build a new airport. Anew airport is going to be built Somebody has to wash these clothes. ‘These clothes have to be washed. ‘They had to take the injured man to hospital. | The injured man had to be taken to hospital (239)Appendix 2 List of irregular verbs > uniexs ‘nfmitive past simple past participle infinitive past simple- past portidple be was/were been lee jet let beae beat Beaten lie lay lain become _beearne beeome lighe ie Lit hbegin began begun lose ose lose bite bit bitten make made made blow blew blown mean meant meant break broke broken meet met met bring. brought brought pay paid paid” build built built put put put buy bought Bought read /risd/* read /red/* read /red/* catch caught caught ride rode ridden ; choose ‘chose chosen og rang rung cox cost cost run ran ran cut € cue sy said said do done see saw seen draw drew drawn sel sold sold drink drank drunk send sent sent drive drove driven shine shone shone eat ate eaten shoot shot shot &l fell fallen show showed shown, feel fele fele shut shat shut fight fought fought sing sang sung find found found sic sat sat fy flew flown sleep slept slept forget forgot forgotten speak spoke spoken get got got spend spent spent give gave given stand stood stood g0 went gone steal stole stolen grow grew grown swim swam swam hang, hung bung take took taken have ad had teach taught taught hear beard heard tear tore torn hide hid hidden tell told told hit hit hit think thought thought hold held held throw threw thrown hurt ort hurt understand understood understood keep kept kept wake woke woken know knew known weir wore worn leave left eft win won won lend lent lent write wrote written * pronunciation The following verbs can be regular (-ed) or irregular (+t): infinitive past simple J past participle infinitive pat simple / past parti bum burned or burnt Jean learned or learnt dream dreamed ordreamt smell smelled or smelt “ (240)Appendix3 Irregular verbs in groups past simple / past partcigle are the same: (pest imple / past participle ae diferent: ‘ 1 [oreak > broke broken chaoie > chose chosen speak > spoke spoken Seal > stole stolen wike 3 woke woken 2 = Joe > Tost y = eS) shoot + shot Give > drove driven S cet ride > rode ridden sec Be : 2 tox | [Be 3 ee > bure bet > beat beaten S learnt | [Ree > kept : . smell > smelt | |sleep — slept ee bitten hide > hid hidden fed > felt leave > left = mect > met cao ate eaten dream dreamt /dremt/* fl fll fallen meant /ment/* forget > forgot forgosten ve > gave given ke o> mw seen ake > took taken 3 [ering > broughe /brox/* buy > bought /bo:t/* fight > fought /ton/* a think > thonghe /O>x/* aS ay ‘atch > caught Akon/* know > knew known teach > taughe /toxt/* throw — threw — thrown fy > flew flown daw > drew drawn 4 Ta > sold show > showed shown tl > told = find > found ot ie : ee 1S ae donk > drank drone on > keel swim > wam swum read > read /red/* sag scene = sing > sang rang. nn ran make Sn stand = stood. © [come 3 came come understand —> understood become —+ became become [a1]Appendix4 Short forms (he’s /I’d/ don’t etc.) In spoken English we usually pronounce ‘I am’ as one word. The short form (?'m) isa way of writing thi Iam > Pm I’m feeling tired this morning, itis — it’s © ‘Do you like this jacket” “Yes, it’s wery nice. theyhave — they've © ‘Where are your friend?” “They've gone home! ete Wien we write short forms, we use * (an apostrophe): 1m > Pen he fs + he’s you have + you've she ygll + she" 42 We use these forms with I/he/she etc: © I've got some new shoes. © We'll probably go out this evening, © IPs 10 o'clock. You're late again, 3 = is orhas: © She's going out this evening. (she’s going = she is going) © She's gone out. (6he’s gone = she has gone) 4 = would orhad: © A: What would you like to ex? B: I'd like a salad, please. (I'd like = 1 would like) @ [told the police that I'd lost my passport. (I'd lost = I had lost) Do not use ’mn/"s/'d ete. at the end of a sentence (= Unit 39): © “Are you tired?” “Yes, I am.’ (not “Yes, I'm!) 43 We use short forms with Vyou/he/she etc. but you can use short forms (especially °) wich other words too: © Who's your favourite singer? (= who is) ‘© What’s the time? (= what is) © There's abig tree in the garden. (= there is) © My sister’s working in London, (= my sister is working) © Paui’s gone out. (= Paul has gone out) © What colour’s your car? (= What colour is your car?) (242)4A. Negative short forms (= Unit 42): isn’t (isnot) don’t (= donot) can’t (= cannot) aren’t (atenot) | doesn’t (=doesnot) | couldn't (= could not) wam’t (=vasnof) | didn’t (= did not) won't (= will not) weren't (= were not) wouldn't (= would not) hasn't (=hasnot) shouldn't (= should not) haven't (= hzve not) mustn't (= must not) hadn't (=hadnot) needn't (= need not) © We went to her house but she wasn’t at home. “Where's David? ‘I don’t know I haven’t seen him? ‘You work all the time. You shouldn’t work so hard. won't be here tomorrow. (= I will not) 45s (apostrophe +s) ’s can mean diferent things: (1) *8 = is orkass (=> section 4.2 of this appendix) (2) let's =let us = Unit 52) © The weathers nice. Let's go out. (= Let us go out) @) Ann's camera (© her camera) / my brother's car (= his car) / the manager’s office (his/her office) ete. (= Unit 63) ‘Compare: @ Anm’s camera was very expensive. (Amn’s camera = her camera) © Ann’s 2 very good photographer. (Ann’s = Ann is) © Ann's gota new camera. (Ann's got = Ann has got)Appendix 5 Spelling Se) Words + -5 andes (birds/watches et) noun + s (plural) (=> Unit 65) bird + birds mistake mistakes hotel = hotels verb +s (he/she/it -s) (=> Unit 5) think + thinks live — lives remember — remembers but OO es afters /-sh / ch / x: bus > buses pass > passes address + addresses dish — dishes wash > washes finish — finishes wateh — watches teach — teaches sandwich — sandwiches box — boxes abo potato potatoes tomato —> tomatoes do > does. go—> goes ae ae es “£/ he ves: shelf—>shelves knife —> knives but roof roofs 5.2 Words ending in -y (baby — babies / study. > studied etc.) -y > ies: seudy studies (not ‘studys’) family > families (not familys’) story stories city cities baby — babies try ules marry marries fly —> flies “¥ > -ied (= Unit 11): study — studied (not ‘studyed’) try > tried marry} married copy —> copied ~y > -ier/-iest (= Units 86 and 89): easy ~9 easier/casiest (not ‘easyer/easyest’) happy — happier/happiest Jucky —> Juckier/luckiest heavy —> heavier/heaviest funny + fannier/finniest -y > “ily (= Unit 85): easy —? casily (not ‘casyiy’) happy happily — lucky luckily heavy > hewvily ¥ does not change to i ifthe ending is -ay/-ey/-oy/-ay. holiday — holidays (not holidaies’) enjoy— cnjoys/enjoyed stay >stays/stayed buy buys key > keys say said pay > paid fimegular vers) but a4Verbs that end ine (make/write/drive etc.) > -ging: make making wrte—>writing © come >coming _ dance ~+ dancing’ Verbs that end in ie -ying: Heine die Sdying de > ying stop > stopped bag bigger etc. ‘Vowels and consonants: Vowel letters: aeci u Consmnamtiemss be dfgkimnprstwy ‘Sometimes 2 word ends in a vse! + a consonant. For example: stop, big, get. ‘Before happeming/happened (not ‘happenned’) ‘visit VIS-it > visiting/visited remember re-MEM-ber — remembering/remembered ut prefer pre-FER (stress the end) —> preferring/preferred begin be-GIN — (stress.at theend) —> beginning (@) ifthe word ends in -y or -w. (At the end of words, y and W are not consonants.) enjoy enjoying/enjoyed snow/snowing/snowed —_few/fewer/fewest [245]Appendix6 Phrasal verbs (lock out / take off etc.) ‘This is a list of some important phrasal. verbs (=> Unit 107). out look out / watch out = be careful: © Look ont! There’s a car coming! > tome on = be quick / hurry: © Come on! Everybody is waiting for you. hold on = wait: © Can you hold on a minute? (= can you wait?) ‘carry on = continue: ‘® Don't stop working. Carry on. (= continue working) © A: Excuse me, where is the station, please? B: Carry om along this road and tum right at the lights. (= Continue along ...) abo go om / walk on / drive om tc. = continue going etc. © Don't stop here. Drive on. ‘get on = manage (in a job. at school, in an exam ete) © How are you getting on in your new job? (= are you doing OK?) off take off = leave the ground (for planes) © Theplne took off 20 minuteslate Taxa or? Se but landed on time. it vp wake ap = stop sleeping: WaKe Ue '@ often wake up in the middle of the night. speak up = speak more loudly ‘@ [can't hear you. Gan you speak up a bit? hurry up = do something more quickly: '@ Hurry up! We haven'e got much ume. ‘wash up = wash the plates ete. afters meal: © Do you want me to wash up? (or... t0 do the washing-up?) grow up = become an adult © What does your son want to do when he grows up? give up = stop trying: © Tknow it's difficule but don't give up. (= don’t stop trying) down slow down = go more slowly: BREAK DOWN @ You're driving too fast. Slow down. break down = stop working (for cars/machines et) © Sue was very late because her car broke down. © fell over because my shocs were too big for me. (HR fall over = lore your balance: Yap xy" over [246]Appendix? Phrasal verbs + object (fill in a form / put out a fire etc.) This is a list of some important phrasal verbs + object (= Unit 108). to lief) = complere (form) IS Ganyoe ai is or, plese? ea ut put out (a fire / a cigarette) ¢ © The fire brigade arrived and put the fire out. (cross ont (2 mistake /a word etc): @ Ifyou make a mistake, cross it out. ae eROSS OUT om —_teyon (clothes) = put on clothes to see if they fit you: "© (im ashop) This is nice jacket. Shall I try it on? up _give up =stop something that you do: ‘© Tom gave up smoking five years ago. (= he stopped smoking) '@ “Arc you stil larming Italian?” “No, 1 gave it up.” ring up = (tele)phone: = © Sue rang me up last night. (also “Sue rang me last night.’ without ‘up’) Jook up (2 word in a dictionary etc) ‘© [ didn't know the meaning of the word, so looked it up in a dictionary. turn up = make louder (TV, radio, music etc.) © Can you turn the radio up? I can’t hearit. down knock down {a building) = demolish knock @ They are going to knock down the school 5 DOWN and build a new one ie = 5 arn down = make more quict (TV, radio, music etc). ar © The music is t00 loud. Can you turn it down? way ‘throw away (rubbish, things you don’t want) THROW (©. These apples are bad. Shull | throw therm away? oY © Don't throw away that pict. Twantic. ae put away = put something in the place where you usually keep ie: ame (© After they finished playing, the children put their toys away: back pay somebody back {monry that you borrowed) © Thank you for lending me the money. Ill pay you back next week, over knock over (a cup / a glass a person etc.): © Be careful. Don't knock your cup over. © There was an accident atthe end of the f road, Aman was knocked over by a car. roe) for Aman was knocked down by acar) © <> [E 1 KNOCK DOWN 1 rounds show Gomebody} round/ around = take somebody on a tour of a place: around — @ We visited a factory Jistweek. The manager showed us round,Additional exercises List of exercises: 12 am/is/are 3 Present continuous re 4 present simple 57 present simple, ama/is/are and bave (gor) EEREQETAD 89 present continuous and present simple Ta 10-13 was/were and past simple 14 past simple and past continuous 15 present and past 16-18 present perfect 19-22 present perfect and past simple 23 present, past and present perfect 24.27 passive 28 future 29 past, present and future 30 ~ing and infinitive 31-32 aand the 33 prepositions am/is/are Write sentences for the pictures. Use the words in the boxes + is/isn’tare/aren’t. . Zz PY |S A | 7 8, io a Ss 2 sTaTio} Ss je, = Tr L i we Fhewindews | | on the uble 1 The windows are: open. Ane hungry 2. Ann isn’t happy. Kate asleep 3 Kate The children ‘open: 4 Bill full 5 The books near the station | 6 The hovel décor 7 The bus happy 8‘Complete the sentences. 1 ‘Areyou hung “No, bur 2 *How are your parenn?” 3 “Is Linda at home” atwork? in the kitchen! American o British? ~ hot today. The temperature is 35 degrees. , astudent. 7 iAseyouateecheee No, ‘ . _. your umbrella?” ‘Green! ee sovn-nesin the car park? jo, I'm fine” 10. x these oranges?” “Thirty pence each! 1 present continuous (I'm working / are you working? etc.) Ez Use the words in brackets to write sentences. 1 A: Where are your parents? Tnegre nalching TV. (chey/watch/TV) 2 Az Paula ie going out. ‘B: Where's she going? (where/she/go?) 3 A: Where's David? ae = ---_ (he/have/a bath) ‘see ae 2 (the children/play2) B: No, they're asleep, Smee sown? (Gt/rain?) B: No, not at the moment. A: Where are Sue and Steve? : sbi oc (they/come/now) (why/you/stand/here?) (1/wait/for somebody) 6 7 present simple (I work / she doesn’t work/ do you work? etc.) Complete the sentences. Use the present simple 1. Sue alsoays arvives at work early. (Suc/always/arrive) 2 We don’t watch TV very offen. (we/not/watch) ee How often do you wash SES (you/wash} 4 want to go to the cinema but... oto go. (Chris/not/vant) 5 s to. go out this evening? (you/want) 6 neat here? (Ann/live) 7 ee -sNerofpenple: Garh/Enaw) 8 Lenjoy travelling but. 2 very much. (I/not/travel) 9 Whar time... ae in the morning? {you/aialy/eremp) 10 My parents are usually at home in the evening. very often. (they /not/go out) i Sue Sek _.. work at five o'clock. (Tim/always/finish) 12 AL Whats ae ? Gill/do) B: 4 in ahotel. Ghe/work) (249)present simple, am/is/are and have (gat) E Read the questions and Claire's answers. Then write sentences about Claire. 1f ‘Ave you married? 1 She ion't married. 2 ‘Do you live in London? 2 She loves in London. 3 ‘Are you astudent? 3 4 Have you got a car? - 4 5 Dosey geen soe 2) wy 5 6 | Have you gota lot of friends? = 6 ee Do you like London? z 7 8 Do you like dancing? 8 9 | Are you interested in sport? 9 Complete the questions. 1 ‘What's your name 2 Brian. married? Yes, { am. ae ‘Where 2 |_| In Barton Road. mi | any children? | | Yes, a daughter (How 2 She's three. Ss w I'm 29. Iwork in a supermarket. No, [ hate it. Yes, have. No, I usually go by bus. ‘your job? acar? to work by car? 3 Who is this man? That's my brother. Michael. He's a rravel agent, No, in Manchester. in London? Vs ‘Make sentences from these words. 1 Sarah often / tennis T/anew car * ny shoes / dirty Somia / 32 years old 1 / wwo sisters we often / TV in the evening Ann never / a hat abieyele / two wheels these flowers / beautifal Mary / German very well Scen sueypresent continuous (I'm working) and present simple (1 work) Complete the sentences. Do_you. often. go. (you/often/go) to |e (you/cook) 2 the cinema? oe 5 a Git/rain) the piano very well Can I take this umbrella? fa BA real AR INS oe now. Goodbye! a 8 SS YWhats this word? How (I/not/watch) TV ‘much, Sa0e: cre pve: the museum. ee enecene Whiohiis right? 1 “Areyouspeaking / Do you speak English?” “Yes, alittle? Do you speak isright 2 Sometimes we're going / we go away at weekends. 3 Ita nice day today. The sun is shining / shines 4 (You meet Artn in the street.) Hello, Ann. Where are you going / do you go? 5. How ofien are you going / do you go on holiday? 6 Emily isa writer, She’ writing / She writes books for children. 7 Um never redding / I never read newspapers 8 “Where are Michael and Jane?” “Theyre watching / They watch TV in the living room! 9 Helen is in her office. She’ talking / She talks co somebody. 10 What time are you usually having / lo you usually have dinner? 11 John isnt « home at the moment. He's visiting / He visits some friends 12 “Would you like some tes?” *No, thank you. Pm not drinking / 1 don’t drink tea” psywas/were and past simple (| worked / did you work? etc.) 10 Complete the sentences. Use one word only. {got up early and had. a shower. 1 2 Tom was tired last night, so he to bed early. 31 this pen on the floor. Is it yours? 4 Kate got married when she 23. 5 Helen is learning to drive. She her first lesson yesterday. 6 “Tve gota new job! "Yes, Tknow. David me” 7 ‘Where did you buy that book?” ‘It wasa present. Ann _. it tome! & We hungry, so we had something to eat. 9 “Did you enjoy the film?” “Yes, I ssumanan it Was Very good? 10 ‘Did Mary come to your party?” “No, we her, but she didn’t come” 11 Look at the questions and Kevin's answers. e Write sentences about Kevin when he was a child. When you were a child Were you tall? Did you like schoo?” Were you good at sport? Did you play football? Did you work hard at school: Did you have a lot of friends Did you have a bicycle: Were you a quiet child? 12 Complete the questions. 3 _ Pid, you haxe: a nice holiday? | | Yes, it was great, thanks. 1 Where did. you go? | | To Amsterdam. there? | | Five days. “Amsterdam? | | Yes, very much 2 | | Thave friends in Amsterdam, so I stayed with them. good? | | Yes, it was warm and sunny. ‘back? J | Yesterday. Mousens 13 Putthe verb in the right form (positive, negative or question). 1 Itwasagood parry. | enjoyed. it. (L/enjoy) 2 “Did, you do, the shopping?” (you/do) “No, didn't. have. time’ (L/have) 3 ‘Did you phone Alan” ‘No, I'm afraid... oe 9 Gerry has bem a salesman | 3 Before going to sleep, lead a 3 in 10 in since 1989. few pages of my book. 4a 11 on 4. After walking for three hours, Sat 12 on Tee ele eae 22 ue for... years. 5 Let's havea cup of coffee before | 7 a 14 in 12 Alice has lived in Switzerland going out. Bat 45cm Bcc ian Sees PUNTA a 14 Carol has worked in a a SA restaurant for ...... years. | 94 101.1 15. Gerry was a teacher for six | 2 Imthebox. 20 6 00 years. {3 On the box. 3in Tto 16 Gerry has been a salesman for 4 On the wall ene 6 an: ‘years. 5 At the bus stop. 5 in 6 Inthe field. ef te ; 7 On the balcony. Wi Pelee ee b tatiegoa 75 3 for 10 neil 9 Atthe window, 40 4 since AI for 10 On the ceiling. 5 at home ... to work 5 Until 12 ee 11 On the table. 6 at 6 for 13 Since 12 At the table, Sy séton 7 for 14 for aa 8 undl 98.2 9 at z in 10 at arestaurant ... to the hotel ihe 4 in 101.3 Son 20 ot 8.4 6 at 3 to 10 at 2 after lunch. 1 7 in 4a Vat 3 before the end 1 8 in te 12 to Mary's house { Ginmetiecome | oa Be ee 5. before they went to Australia 10 at Tx 13 - (no ssition) 6 dunng the night 1 in : 8 3 14 ae 14 at 98.2 15 on the wall in the living room 3114 te 2 — (no preposition) 5 to 6 — (ro preposition) 101.5 Example answers: 2 to work, 3 arwork 4 to Canada 5 to parties. 6 aca fiends house. UNIT 102 102.1 2 nextto / beside /by in front of between next to / beside / by in front of behind on the lef in the middle 3 above 4 in font of 5 on 6 by /nextto / beside 7 below / under 8 above $ under 10 by / nextto / beside 11 opposite 12 on 123 2 The fountain isin font of the theatre. 3 The bank/bookshop is ‘opposite the theatre. or Paul's office is opposite the theatre, or The theatre is opposite 4 The bank/bookshop/ supermarket is next to ... 5 Paul's office isabove the bookshop. 6 The bookshop is between the bank and the supermarket. 103.1 2 Cound biter 3 Goup the hill Go down the steps. Go along this sereet. Go into the hotel. Go past the hotel. Go out of the hotel Go overthe bridge 10 Go through the park m3.2 2 off out of across round/around through on round/around: into the house through 2 window 103.3 1 ourof 2 round/around 3 in 4 Geom here to the airport 5 round/around 6 on/over 7 over 8 ourof, Ll 1084 2 on cme: 3 on holiday 4 on the phone 5 on television 104.2 KEY TO EXERCISES 14.3 ‘with 9a without 10 by by 11 about about 12 by xt 1B on by 14 with en 15 by wath 16 by eau kona ars 105.1 2 io 3 4a 5 with 6 of 105.2 2a 3 t0 4 about 5 of 6 of 7 from 8 in 9 of 30 abour 11 of 12 for getting angry with you 105.3 2 interested in going 3. good at getting 4 fed up with waiting 5 sony for waking 1054 2, Sue walked past me without speaking, 3 Don't do anything without asking me fist 4. Towent out without locking the door. 105.5 Example answers: 2 I'm afraid of the dark 3 'm not very good at drawing, 4 I'm notinterested in can. 5. I'm fed up with living in London. [289]KEY TO EXERCISES 106.1 3 foc 6 for 4% 106.2 200 30 4 for 5 te 6 offabour 7 for 8 on 90 10 for ito 12 ~ (no preposition) io 14 on 15 offabout 106.3 Lat 4 after Qaker 5 x 3 for 6 for 106.4 Example answers 3 It depends om the programme. 4 Tedepends fon) what iti 5 Iedepends on the weather. 6 I depends (on) how much you ete 107.1 2 wentin 3 looked up 4 5 rode of tumed round/around or looked round/around get oF sat down # got out 107.2 away/out round/around going out ... beback down back in <= 9 up 10 going away 101.3 2 Hold on 3 slowed down 4 takes off 5 geton © speak up 7 broken down 8 fall over / fall down 9 camed on 10 gave up coming back Ue} 108.1 2. She took offher hat. or She kook her hat off, 3 He put down his bag. or He pur his bag down. 4 She picked up the magazine. or She picked the magazine up. 5 He puton his sunglasses. or He put his sunglasses on. 6 She turned off the tap. oF She turned the tap off. 108.2 2 He put his jacket on He put iton. 3 She took off her glasses. She took them off 4 Pur your pens down. Put them down. 5 They gave the money back. ‘They gave it back, © Ttumed off the lights, Ttumed them off. 108.3 2 take it back 3 picked them up 4 switched itoff 5 bring them back 108.4. 3 Tknocked over a glass / knocked a glass over look st up throw chem away Allein tied on a pair of shoes / tried a pair of shoes on Showed me round (or around) t 9. gave it up orgave up (withoutit) 10. put our your cigarette 7 ut your cigarette out 103.4 3 Twent to the window and (0) looked out 4 Ewanted to phone you but | didn't have your number. 5 L jumped into the river and (1) swam to the other side 6 Lusually drive to work but 1 ‘went by bus this morning, 7 Do you want me to come with ‘you or shall I wait here? 109.2 Example answer 2 because it was raining, / because the weather was bad 3 bur it was closed. 4 so he didn’t eat anything. /s0 he didn't want anythang to eat. 5 because there was a lor of traffic. (because the traffic was bad 6 Sue said goodbye, got mte ner carand drove off/away. 109.8 Example answer 3 I went co the cinema but the film wasn't very good, 4 [went ro a café and met some friends of mine. 5. There was: film on television, $0 I watched it 6 I got up in the middle of the night because { couldn'tsieep CEE 10.1 2 When I'm tired. I like to watch TV. 3 When I phoned her, there was 4 When Igo on holiday, I always go to the same place 5 When the programme ended, 1 switched off the TW. 6 When I amived at the hotel, there were no room.102 2 when they heard the news 3 they went to live in New Zealand 4, while they were away 5 Before they came here 6 somebody broke into the howe 7 they didn’t believe me 1103 2 Tfinish 3 it's 4 Tbe... she leaves 5 stops 6 We'llcome 7 Leome....1'l bring 80m 9 Tgive..Ig0 Example answers 2. you Gnish your work? 3. Pll write some letter. 4 you get ready. 5 [won't have mach free time. 6 I come back? ma 2 Ifyou past the exam, you'll get certificate. 3 Ifyou fail the exam, you can do 4 Ieyou don't wane this ‘you don’t want this magazine, ee 5 lEyou want those pictures, you can have them. 6 Ifyou're busy now, we can talk later. 7 If you're hungry, we can have lunch now: 8 Ifyou need money, I can lend you some. 1112 2 Tgive 3 is 4 I'll phone 5 PDbe get 6 Will you go - Ha Example answers: 3 vy. the water is diry 44... you'll fee better in the moming, they invite 5... you're not watching it. 6... she doesn’t study. 7... Vilgo and see Chris. 8 ... the weather is good. m1 2 When 3 aif 5 if 6 When Tit 8 when... if ieee 124 3 wanted 4 had 5 -was/were 6 didn’t enjoy 7 could B spoke 9 didn'chave 1122 3 Vd go / I would go 4 she knew 5 we had 6 you won 7 I wouldn't say 8 we lived 9 Iewould be 10 the salary was/ were 11 wouldn't know 12 would you change 123 2 Tid watch it / L would watch ix 3 we had some pictures on the wall the air would be cleaner every day was/were the same I'd be bored / I would be bored wwe had a bigger house / we bought a bigger house 8 we would/could buy a bigger house 1124 Example ansuer: 2 I'd go to Antarctica 3 I didn'e have any friends 4 had enough money § I'd call che police 6 there were no guns 11841 2 Abutcherisa person who selle meat. 3. Amusician is a person who plays a musical instrument. 4 A patientis 2 person who is il im hospital. 5: Addentistis a person who looks afier your teeth 6 A fool isa person who is very stupid. 7. A genius is 2 person who is very intelligent & Alaris a person who doesn’ tell the truth. 113.2 2 The woman who opened the door was wearing 2 yellow dress 3. Most of the stadents who took the exam passed (i 4 The policeman who stopped out ccar wasn't very fiendly. 1138 2 who 3 winch 4 which 5 who 6 which 7 who 8 who 9 which that és also comect in all these sentences. 113.4 ‘ 3... amachine chat/which makes coffee. 4 OK {which is also comect) 5... people who/shat never stop. alking. 6 OK (who is also torect) 7 OK (that is also comert) 8 ... the sentences that/which 2re wrong. fomKEY TO EXERCISES, 144 2 Lye lost the pen you gave me. 3 ke the jacket Sue is wearing. 4 Where are the flowers I gave ‘you? 5 Ididn'e believe the story he told 6 How much were the oranges you bought? 142 2 The meal you cooked was excellent. 3 The shoes I'm wearing aren't ‘very comfortable. 4 The people we invited to dinner dida't come. 143 2 Who are the people you spoke co? 3 Did you find the keys you were Tooking for? 4 The house they live in is too small for them. 5 The map U looked 2t wasn’t very clear. 6 Tell off the chair I was sitting 7 The bus we were waiting for ‘was very late. 8 Whois the man Linda is dancing with? 1164 2 Whit'sthe name of the restaurant where you had dinner? 3 Do you like the village where you live? 4 How bigis the ficeory where you work?Key to Additional exercises 1 3 Kate isa doctor. 4 The children are asleep. 5 Bill isn't hungry 6 The books aren’t on the table. 7 The hotel is near the station. 8 The bus isn't full 2 3 she's/she is 4 Where are 5 Ishe 6 Its/Ieis, 7 Vm/lam or No, I'm not. I'm a student. 8 What colour is 9 Isit 10 Are you 11 How much are 3 3 He's/Heis_having a bath. 4 Are the children playing? 5 Isicraining? 6 They'te/They are comming now. 7 Why are you standing here? Pm/lam waiting for somebody, 4 4 Chris doesn’t want 5 Doyou want 6 Does Ann live 7 Sarah knows 8 [don’t travel 9 do you usually get up 10 They don't go out 11 Tim always finishes 12 docs jill do ... She works 5 3 She's/She is2 student. 4 She hasn't got a car. 5. She goes out a lor. 6 She's got / She has por alot of friends 7 She doesn’t ike London. 6 She likes dancing, 9 She isn'e / She's not interested in sport. 6 1 Are you married? ‘Where do you live? Have you got / Do you have ‘What do you do? / Where do ‘you work? / What's your job? De you like/enjoy your job? Have you got /'Do you have a car? Do you (usually) go to work by ar 3 What's his name? / What's he called? ‘What does he do? / What's his job? Does he live/work in London? 7 4 Sonia is 32 years old. 5 Pye got/Thave two sisters. 6 We often watch TV in the evening. 7 Ann never wearsa hat. 8 A bicycle has got ewo wheels 9 These flowers are beautiful. 10 Mary speaks German very well 8 3 are you cooking? 4 plays 5 I'mgoing 6 Ws raining 7 Idon't watch 8 we're looking 9 do you pronounce 8 2 we go 3 isshining 4 are you going, 5 do you go 6 She writes 7 Inever read 8 They're watching 9 She's talking 10 do you usually have 11 He's visiting 12 L don’t drink 10 2 went 3 found 4 was 5 had 6 told 7 gave 8 were 9. choughe 10 invited W 3. He was good at spor. 4 He played footbal. 5. He didn’t work hard at school. 6 He hada lot of friends. 7 He didn’t have a bicycle. 8 Hee wasn’t quiet child 12 3. How long were you there? / How long did you stay there? 4 Did you like/enjoy Amsterdam? 5. Where did you stay? 6 Was the weather good? 7 When did you get/come back? 8 3 Mforgot 4 did you get 5 Ididn’'t speak 6 Did you have 7 he didn’t go 8 she arrived 9 did Robert live 10 ‘The meal didn’t cost = were working opened rang ... was cooking heard ... looked vwas looking ... happened wasn't reading ... was watching didn'tread finished ... paid .. left saw... was walking waiting, was Somvoms un [293]6 3 isplying 4 gave 5 doesn‘ like © did your parents go 7 saw... was driving 8 Do you watch 9 were you doing 10 goes 41. "m/am eying 12 didn’tsleep 16 3 its/ic has just finished/ended. 4 Fve/Thave found them. 5 Whaven’t read it, § Have you se her? 7 Tve/Thave had enough. 8 Have you (ever) been to Sweden? 9 We've/Wehave (just) been to the cinema 10 They've/They have gone toa party. 11 He's/He has just woken up. 12 How long have you lived here? or... have you been living here? 13 We've/Wehave known each other fora long time. 14 Tes/Ithas_ been raining all day. or it has rained all day. or It has been horrible/bad all day. 7 3 hasbeen 4 for 5 since 6 has he lived / has he been / has he been living 7 for 8 have been 8 Example answers: 3 Pve just started this exercise 4 I've met Julia a few times. 5 thaven't had dinner yet. 6 I've never been to Australia 7 I've lived here since I was born, 8 T've lived here for three year. bought went °verhave read or “verhave finished with haven'tstarted G) orhaven't begun, didn’t see left 10 ‘s/has been 11 was a 3 He's/He has already gone. 4 the went at 40'clock. 5 How many times have you been there? 6 Thaven’e decided yer, 7 Iewas on the table lastnight. 8 I've just eaten. ‘9 ‘What time did they arrive? a 1. When was the last time? or ‘When did you go the last 2 How long have you had it? T bought it yesterday. 3 How long have you lived / have ‘you been / have you been living there? [Before that we lived in Mill Road How long did you live in Mill Road? 4 How long have you worked / have you been working there? ‘What did you do before that? Twas a tax driver. or worked as ataxi driver. 2 Example answers: 2 I didn’t go outlast night. 3 Lwas at work yesterday afternoon. 4 Lwent to a pany a few days ago. 5 Ie was my birthday last week. 6 Twent to America last year. rou ® sau ou> 8B 12 9c BB 10D 4c nA 15 A a 1 was damaged ... be knocked down 2 was buile is used painted 3 isealled ... be called ... was fs being changed 4 have been made ... are produced a 2 is visited 3 were 4 be buile 5 is being cleaned 6 be forgonten 7 has already been done 8 be kept 9 Have you ever been bitten 10 wasstolen 2% 2 My car was stolen la week. 3 You're/Youare wanted on the phone. 4 The bananas have been eaten, 5 The machine will be repaired. 6 We're/Weare being watched. 7 The food has to be boughe. a 3 pushed ‘was pushed 5 has taken 6 is being repaired 7 invented 8 was the camera invented 9 did they send / have they sent 10 besene a 2B 8B 3A 2B 4c 104 5B OB oe 12€ 7¢a 1 Lsayed did you do Twatched Are you going I'm going are you going to see I don’ know. I haven't decided 2 have you been ‘We amived are you staying / are you going tosny do you like ‘we're having 3 ve just remembered ~ Jill phoned She always phones ... Did she leave she wants Tll phone ... Do you know Tiiget 4 I'm going... Do you want are you going Have you ever eaten Tye been ... Twent 5 Tvelost... Have you seen ‘You were wearing... came I'm not wearing, Have you looked / Did you look ruge eousueon 8 >PaOrwQeoe> wasas® nB A BC 4B re 16 A 7e 8B aear the fridge ateacher school the einem the piano: computer thesame a hone The sky a tourist for lunch () the first Prenident of the United States watch remember names (-) KEY TO ADDITIC \L EXERCISES 1 the next train 12 writes lercers () 13 the garden 44 the Majestic Hotel 15 ill lase week () ... to work () 16 the highest mountain in the world 17 to the radio -.. having,breakfast oO 3 like sport (-) ... is basketball (-) 9 a doctor... an art teacher 20 thesccond Moar. doe cop of the stairs .. on the right 21. After dinner (-).... watched. television) 22 a wonderful holiday m the south of France (-) 8 2 in 12 at 3 on 13 at Sat 14 in Son 15 at 6 in 16 on Tsince 17 by 8 on 18 for..0n 9 by 19 0. in 10 in 20 at... in [295]A self-study reference and practice book for elementary students of English SECOND EDITION Essential English Grammar is a grammar reference and practice book for elementary learners. Modelled on Raymond Murphy's highly successful intermediate level Intermediate English Grammar, it concentrates on areas of grammar normally taught at elementary level Easy to set on each left-hand page @/grammar point is explained and on the: facing pages there are exercises to check understanding. Clear explanations: grammar for elementary learners is explained in simple language with many examples and attractive illustrations. Accessible: the clear contents list and index of grammatical items make it easy for learners to Select the units they need to study, Additional exercises: these offer extra practice of grammar points from) different units. Appendices: thesé useful references deal with tenses, irregular verbs, short forms, spelling and phrasal verbs. Self-study: the book can be used by leamners working independently or as Supplementary course material Key: this contains the answers to all exercises. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS