ROM I RAM Memorija

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:

: R R

723/2011

R R
, 2012.

1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.1 ---------------------------------------------------7
2. R ---------------------------------------------------------------------10
3. R ---------------------------------------------------------------------14
3.1 R - --------------------------------------------------------------14
3.1.1 R (DR)--------------------------------------------14
3.1.2 R (SR)-----------------------------------------------21
3.2 --------------------------------------------------24
3.3 R --------------------------------------------------25
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------28

.. 723/2011

R R

1.

ENIAC 18 000 1 500


. 10
30 . 140 W
6 000 .

ENIAC - Don fon Nojman


,
.
. Fon
Nojmanov , fon Nojmanova ,
EDSAC,
.

1.

.. 723/2011

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1. [4]

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.. 723/2011

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2. [4]

XX
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.. 723/2011

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3. [4]

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, (hard)
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: MOS, , CCD. XX
(CD),
.

1.1

.. 723/2011

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:
-

( = )
.
, .

:
-


,
-
(nonvolatile memory).


- R (Random Access Memory ,
).
R
(. , volatile memory)
[5].
R (Read Only Memory, ),
.
.. 723/2011

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PC
,
.

4. [5]
:
1. -
2. -

3. -
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4. - , .
;

5. -

6. / -
.. 723/2011

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2. R

.. 723/2011

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: R ()
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5. R
R 2 n m . n
0, 1, 2, ..., n-1.

.. 723/2011

10

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(w) ,
D0, D1, ..., Dm-1.

R : .
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. BIOS ,
R - -
PC
( ,
).

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Mask

sk R read - only

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.

.. 723/2011

11

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PROM

PROM, R (Prograable ROM) R

- ,
.
R - ,
PROM - o
.
EPROM

EPROM (Erasable Prograable R - R


) R

.
R ,
. EPROM

(UV)
20 - . .
EEPROM

EEPROM (Electroically
Erasable Prograable R - R
),
. EEPROM
- ()
(). ,
,
.

Flash

Flash ,
(eg. Flash - a)
. Flash
, EPROM - a EEPROM
- .

.. 723/2011

12

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EEPROM, Flash
. Flash
, EEPROM - a.
R ,
BIOS .
Flash BIOS - a
BIOS - a
[4].

3. R

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13

R R
R PC . PC
R - . ( )
- . ,
.

PC R 64 KB, 256 KB, 512 KB i


oao 1 MB. , Windows,
. PC .
R - .

3.1 R -
PC :
-

R (DR)
MOS .

R (SRAM)
.

3.1.1 R (DR)
DR , RDR
(Rmus), DDR SDRAM, SDR DR, HSDR (High Speed SDRAM),
SDR, VC SDRAM (Virtual Channel SDRAM), DRDR (Direct Rambus DRAM)
. .
FPM

R - D R - .
SIMM 2, 4, 8, 16 32 B.
60 70 ns.

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14

R R

D (Extended Data Out) R FPM R - .


72 SIMM e . D
83,
100 MHz,
66 MHz
Intelov Pentium.

ECC RAM

R -
.

SDRAM

SDRAM CPU ,
:
CPU, .
64 168 DI .
6 - 12 ns. SDRAM
-
133 MHz
.

DDR R

DDR R SDRAM - . DDR


168 DIMM .

Rus

DR

(RDR)

. Rabus

Rabus DR, RDR.

SDRAM

200 MHz, RDR


800 MHz [2].

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15

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SDRAM

SDRAM 32

DDR400

Corsair
6. SRAM [2]


. .

.. 723/2011

16

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7. DR [3]

7 DR 1
.
. (
) , ( )
.

, (B),
1, 0.
, [3].

, ,
, , .

1 0. ,
.

.. 723/2011

17

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DRAM -
.
, 1 0.

DR
( 8).
: ,
.
DR
DR / DR - .

8. DR
[5]

DR ,
.

.
, .
.
.. 723/2011

18

R R

DR
,
. latency
DR
.
,
.
, DR
, .

[5].

DR
.
.

DR .

(a 9).

.

.
.

.

.. 723/2011

19

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9. DRAM - [5]
SDRAM ( R)
Intel
100 MHz,

.

- DR,
SDRAM.

SDRAM .
(. brst )
. ,
,
.

-
,
.

.. 723/2011

20

R R
3.1.2 R (SRAM)

R
. ,
, ,
R .
R , R ,


. SR R
. , ,
.
, R
, [1].

RAM flip - flop,


, . () ,
( ""
, RAM -
""
).

.. 723/2011

21

R R

10. RAM [1]

RAM ,
,
.
X .
/U, ,

UL X = 1 /U = 1.
X = 1 /U = 0.
SR le .
SR le D flip - flop .
SRAM (MC),
X [1].

.. 723/2011

22

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11. SR - [4]


, .
PC
. /
,

. ,
.
/ ,
.


,

. ,
( )
-
[4].

12. [4]
.. 723/2011

23

R R

,
.
R - .

,
.
, .
,
R - .
[4].

3.2

SR - DR :
-

SR DR -

SR -

SR - DR :
-

SR DR -

SR DR - (
)

,
, SR DR,
SR . ,
32 B SRAM - ,
.. 723/2011

24

R R
DR . SRAM

, .

SR DR , R ,
, FR (ferroelectric random access memory). FR
.

, R
.

3.3 R

R .
, R
Kb , Gb
- . R
64 1024 b. ,

.
,
.

, , ,
.
, ,
mA . ,
, DR
.. 723/2011

25

R R
j .
DR
SR .

DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchrounus DRAM)


DDR 184 n
DDR2 ( 240 pinova) DDR3.

, ,
. , .

. ,
.

PC -
PC . ,
,
.
,
.

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26

R R
.


.

1. , ., , ., " ",
, / , 1997.
2. w w w. t e k t r o n i x . c o m / m e m o r y, 2012.
3. William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, 2003.
4. http://www.seinarskirad.biz/seinarski/istorija-racunara.pdf, 2011.
5. ., . , ,
, 2005.

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