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Chisholm Lightning101
Chisholm Lightning101
Presented to the IEEE Towers, Poles and Conductors Subcommittee by members of the IEEE Lightning and Insulator Subcommittee IEEE/PES Technical Committee Meeting, Orlando January 11, 2010
Section A Introduction
Presented by William A. Chisholm, Kinectrics / UQAC Secretary, IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee Presented to the IEEE Towers, Poles and Conductors Subcommittee IEEE/PES Technical Committee Meeting, Orlando January 11, 2010
IEEE T&D Lightning 101
Lightning 101
What Is Lightning?
A Conducting Channel of Air Plasma!
Electrical energy as equivalent to gasoline
1 US Gallon gasoline = 132 MJoule = 33.56 kWh Negative Lightning Flash I2t = 6,000 to 550,000 A2s 6,000 A2s x 20 = 120 kJoule Global Lightning energy = 1 transmission line
Power
Energy is concentrated into100 s 120 kJoule / 100 s 1.21 GW
What Is Lightning?
A Powerful Source of Transient Current! - Concave front observed on flashes to towers - 2 s Ramp Approximation at Peak of Wave
What Is Lightning?
A Powerful Source of Transient Current! - Concave front observed on flashes to towers - 2 s Ramp Approximation at Peak of Wave
What Is Lightning?
Widely Variable Source of Current! - First strokes range from 2 to 200 kA - Subsequent Strokes smaller, faster - Logarithm of distribution is normally distributed
P(a ) =
1 a 1+ a
n
95% >5.00 10 kA
10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 95.00 98.00 99.00 99.50 99.90 99.95 99.99 1.00
P(IP I ) =
* P
IEEE:
1 + (I / 31)
* P
2.6
5% > 96 kA
100.00
1000.00
[kA]
Telegraphers Equations
Heaviside Transmission Line Model Wave propagation, impedance Z=60 ln (2h/r)
IEEE T&D Lightning 101
Damage to aircraft from charge ablation sets metal skin thickness Experiments initiated with concrete-encased foundation (Ufer) electrodes
Ability to track lightning from its electromagnetic pulse using wide area networks (Krider, Noggle, Uman) Characterization of downward lightning flashes to instrumented towers (Berger, Anderson and Eriksson)
Lightning 101
P=1/(1+(Icrit/31 kA)2.6)
10 5 3 2 1 0.3
0.2
http://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/images/HRFC)AnnualFlashRate_0.5.png Units: Flashes per km2 per year. Recommend: N101 IEEE T&D Lightning g=0.33
Ntotal
Ng
Da is attractive width to each side of the line (m); L is line length (km); Ng is ground flash density 2/year). (flashes/km IEEE T&D Lightning 101
L 2 Da
Da is attractive width to each side of the line (m); L is line length (km); Ng is ground flash density 2/year). (flashes/km IEEE T&D Lightning 101
D a = 19 h 0.45
Da is attractive width to each side of the line (m); L is line length (km); Ng is ground flash density (flashes/km2/year).
If # normalized to L=100 km, denominator becomes 10.
IEEE T&D Lightning 101
Insulator Types
For simplicity will discuss lightning protection in terms of three broad applications: Distribution lines (thru 69 kV) Transmission lines (69 kV and up) Substations (all voltages)
Line post insulators porcelain, polymeric Dead end insulators polymeric, porcelain, glass Spool and Strain insulators porcelain, polymeric Fiberglass Standoffs Wood Crossarm or Pole, not shorted out by bond to insulator base
Suspension insulators
NCIs (primarily), ceramic
An insulator is a mechanical support! Its primary function is to support the line mechanically Electrical Characteristics are an afterthought. Will the insulator support your line? Determine The Maximum Load the Insulator Will Ever See Including NESC Overload Factors.
IEEE T&D Lightning 101
electrical electrically
An insulator is a mechanical support! Its primary function is to support the line mechanically
Mechanical
Electrical Characteristics are an afterthought. Will the insulator support your line? Determine the Critical Current that will cause Electrical Flashover of the insulator based on its CFO
IEEE T&D Lightning 101
Higher insulation levels required in areas where severe lightning, high atmospheric contamination, or other unfavorable conditions exist IEEE T&D Lightning 101
Lightning
U max
h Height of phase over ground (m) Io = Peak Current (kA) Z 1 / 4 / 0 0 o = 30 v return stroke velocity, c/3
Z 0 I 0h 1 v = + 1 y 2 c
1 2 1v 1 2c
Assumptions: a. Single conductor, Infinitely long line b. Perfect (zero resistivity) ground c. Step current waveshape Model is simple and correct, but assumptions are weak.
IEEE T&D Lightning 101
h h=h
h>h
Higher Insulation (> 300 kV CFO) needed for Design Resistant to Induced Overvoltage with 1 mS/m
Arresters every 200 m (650) equivalent to 420 kV for Design Resistant to Induced Overvoltage
IEEE T&D Lightning 101
Lightning 101
RGeometric + RContact
= 2
1 11.8 g 2 1 A ln + L ln FA g A Wire
Typically towers with four foundations have base radius rx, ry, rz of 3 m, g=5.2 m, A = 108 m2, Rgeom=/30 Resistivity varies from tower to tower Central US, =100 m; Appalachians 1000 m In Central US, critical current for two OHGW (Cn=0.3) is well above 200 kA and probability of failure is low In Appalachians, Icrit=35 kA; P(I>Icrit) = 41%
IEEE T&D Lightning 101
Two, rather than four, foundations (H-frame), 3 m deep, 7 m apart, 0.5 m radius, will have a resistance of /17 rather than /30
115-kV line performance still excellent for =100 m, P(I>Icrit) <1% 115-kV line performance poor for =1000 m, P(I>Icrit) =76% 230-kV line performance degrades from 11% to 35% in 1000 m
IEEE T&D Lightning 101
Section E Standards
Lightning 101
Presented to the IEEE Towers, Poles and Conductors Subcommittee IEEE/PES Technical Committee Meeting, Orlando January 11, 2010
IEEE T&D Lightning 101
Public review
Anybody may comment. Comments must be evaluated, responded to, and if found to be appropriate, included in the standard .
Right to appeal
By anyone believing due process lacking.
Objective is generally to ensure that Standards are developed in an environment that is equitable, accessible, and responsive to the requirements of various stakeholders*.
* The American National Standards Process, ANSI March 24, 2005
Questions?
A long-standing tradition of technical committee meetings is that the TPC Chair buys a free beverage for everyone who asks a question that can be answered by the presenters, so ..
Ask Away!