Σχολικό βοήθημα Βιολογίας Γενικής Παιδείας Γ΄ Λυκείου (Ηλιάσκος Φροντιστήρια)

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e-mail: info@iliaskos.gr www.iliaskos.gr

Icokoio 1
Tccfo 0cookvfo-8iokoyo
1
kEIAAAIO 1
ANOP(DOZ & Y|EIA

1.1 DAPA|ONTEZ DOY EDHPEAZOYN THN Y|EIA TOY
ANOP(DOY

Jiopku cfookkocvo cpiokkov
Avoykoo q opq cfo0cpo ccufcpiko cpiokkovfo

Oootuoq : q ikovofqfo fou opyovico vo iofqpc cfo0cpc fi
cuv0qkc fou ccufcpiko fou cpiokkovfo (0cpokpoco, cuykcvfpucci
ioopuv cucfofikuv kfk.), ovcopfqfo oo fi cufcpikc cfookc.

Ooootutko qyuvoo ou pu0(ouv :
fq Scpokpuou fou cuofo
fq cuykcvfpucq fq ykuk[qg cfo oo
fo pH fou oofo (pcci vo cvoi cfo0cpo cfo 7.4)
fo cco fou CO
2
cfo oo

Dup5cyu OMOIOZTAZHZ : PYOMIZH OEPMOkPAZIAZ ZTO
ANOP(DINO Z(MA

Aqcq 0cpokpoco cpiokkovfo

Oi 0cpouooc fou cpofo ciooiov fov cykcoko

2 qovico ovfpocq

o |kkpicq ipufo oo fou ipufooio ocvc : +YEH ciovcio
cpofo
o JIAZTOAH oyycuv ou cpouv cyokc ocofqfc oofo po
fqv ciovcio fou cpofo

fo oo cfoi koi cicfpcovfo cfo ccufcpiko fou opyovico oofpcci
fqv oqcq fq 0cpokpoco
Icokoio 1
2
1.2 MIkPOOP|ANIZMOI

Mkpoopyuvoo q kpu : oi opyovico ou c iokpvovfoi c yuvo
ofi, yiof couv cyc0o ikpofcpo oo 0.1 mm.

Dupotu : oi ikpoopyovico ou cpvov cvo cpo q okokkqpq fq (uq
fou cfo ccufcpiko kooiou okkou opyovico pokcicvou vo ciiucouv
koi vo ovoopo0ov.

Ecvotqg : o opyovico ou ikocvc fo opocifo.

DuSoyvo cvoi oi ikpoopyovico ou pqciooiov fov ov0puo u
cvicfq koi opov vo pokokccouv iofopoc cfqv uyco fou.

uvqtk uuSoyvo cvoi oi ikpoopyovico oi oooi ofov pckovfoi cc
ikpo opi0o koi c cfovocfcouv cc okkou icfo q opyovo,
oofckov uciokoyikq ikpokupo yio fov ov0puo, cvu ofov ouq0ov q
pc0ov cc okkou icfo, pokokov fqv ckqkucq oc0cvciuv.

1.2.1 kutqyopcg uuSoyvov kpoopyuvoov

A) Eukupuotko

Dpot[ou
o ovokffopoi opyovico
o ovoyovikq ovoopoyuyq c iofoqcq
o kvqcq c cuooio, kcopc q ocfyio
ukuoo5o (ckovoco)
tpuuuvoou (oc0cvcio fou vou)
otokutkq uo5u (ooioociq uccvfcpo)
to[ukuou (pocokkci vcovc, qop koi ckqvo,
pokokc oookc cfi cykou)
Icokoio 1
3
Mkqtcg
o ovokffopoi q okukffopoi opyovico
o oofckovfoi oo okocfcpc vqofocic oc, fi YIEZ
o opocifov cc (uvfovo opyovico q (ouv ckc0cpoi cfo
coo, fo vcpo, fov ocpo, fo fpoio
o ovoyovikq ovoopoyuyq c okq iofoqcq q ckkocfqcq
(cqof(cfoi fo ckkotqu, fo ooo cfc opocvci cvucvo
c fo yoviko opyovico cfc ookofcfoi koi (ci u oufofckq
opyovico)
o pokokov ukqtocg
Candida albicans (vcuovikq kovfivfocq, kokfio,
cfooffio)
cpututu (pocokkouv fo fpiufo cpo fq
kcokq koi fi ccookfkic cpioc fuv oiuv,
cpu0pofqfo, cvfovo kvqco)

) Dpokupuotko

uktqpu
o c io0cfouv opyovucvo upqvo
o cqof(ouv ADOIkIEZ
o couv cqo ckikocic (ccipkkio), coipiko (kokkoi) q
poocic (okikkoi)
o ycvcfiko ukiko cuykcvfpucvo cfqv uupqvkq ucpoyq q
uupqvoc5g
o io0cfouv ukuo5u (ikpofcpo opio ycvcfiko ukiko)
o kocofikq cpovq
o kuttupk toyou
o ku
o oi cpovuq opyovio
o poooutu (pufcvocv0ccq)
o ovoyovikq ovoopoyuyq c okq iofoqcq, ioipovfoi ko0c
20 kcfo
o cc ovfoc cuv0qkc cqof(ouv cv5ooupu (ouofucvo
kffopo c ov0ckfiko foiuofo koi oqko cfookiko
pu0o), fo ooo cc cuvokc cuv0qkc kocfovouv koi
vouv fo ko0cvo cvo okfqpio
o opiccvo cvoi o0oyovo, .. Vibrio cholerae (okcpo),
Treponema pallidum (cikq)

Icokoio 1
4
|) Io

o okuffopikc, q oufofckc opc (uq
o ok ikpo cyc0o (20-250 nm)
o oofckovfoi oo pufcviko cpkqo (ku5o), cco cfo
ooo poukocccfoi fo ycvcfiko fou ukiko (DNA q RNA,
kqpoopc yio fq cv0ccq pufcvuv cpikqofo koi
cv(uv oopofqfuv yio fov okkokocioco fou)
o cikcov cpkqo kiopufcvikq ccu (kutpo)
o cocok(ouv fou qovico ovfiypoq, cfoypoq koi
cfopocq oo fov cvicfq fou (uuoypcotk cv5okuttupk
uupotu)
o pokokov oocg (.. kpuokoyqo, okiouckfio, AIDS)
o ccikcucq u po fo co fou cvicfq (io okfqpuv, (uuv
q ufuv), fou kuffopou q fou icfo
o DNA, RNA io

DOAAADAAZIAZMOZ T(N I(N

Ivcfoi cfo ccufcpiko fuv kuffopuv-cvicfuv oou opocifov

O io pockokkofoi cfqv ciovcio fou kuffopou

O io cfc ciccpcfoi okokkqpo cfc fo ckufpo q fo koio fou opocvouv
pockokkqcvo cfqv ciovcio fou kuffopou koi ciccpcfoi MOMO fo
voukkcko o

To voukkcko o ockcu0cpuvcfoi cfo kuffopokoco

Eckivo o okkokocioco fou io c fq oq0cio qovicuv koi cv(uv
fou kuffopou-cvicfq
Icokoio 1
5
DNA o

.. cpqfoo

To 5kkovo DNA fou io ciccpcfoi cfo kffopo

Oi vcoi io
Evcuofuvcfoi cfo yoviuo ockcu0cpuvovfoi
fou kuffopou koi opocvci yio oo fo kffopo-cvicfq
kooio poviko iocfqo cc koi okvouv okko kffopo
AANOANOYZA kATAZTAZH

Zqof(ovfoi
okko io

Mopc vo ikocio(cfoi o( c
fo yoviuo fou kuffopou cvicfq
ofov oufo ioipcfoi, Evcpyooicfoi koi
ckpo(cfoi

Epocq ioopuv
EPEOIZMAT(N

Icokoio 1
6
RNA o

Pcfpoo, .. io fou AIDS

2 ovokkuvo opio RNA cuvcccvo c cvo opio uvtotpoqg q
uvotpoqg ctuypuoqg (cv(uo ou kofokci fqv uvtotpoq
ctuypuq, qkoq fq cv0ccq DNA c pofuo RNA)

To ovkkovo RNA fou io ciccpcfoi cfo kffopo

Oi vcoi io ockcu0cpuvovfoi
To RNA fou io kcifoupyc u oo fo kffopo-cvicfq
uptuuo yio fqv opoyuyq cvo koi okvouv okko kffopo
ovokkuvou opou DNA, fo ooo
yvcfoi kkuvo c fq oq0cio fq
uvotpoqg ctuypuoqg
Zqof(ovfoi
okko io

opoyovfoi vco iiko opio
RNA koi pufcvc

To kkuvo DNA cvcuofuvcfoi
cfo yoviuo fou kuffopou cvicfq
koi ikocio(cfoi o( c oufo, ofov Evcpyooicfoi, cfoypocfoi
oufo ioipcfoi koi cfopo(cfoi

Epocq ioopuv
EPEOIZMAT(N

Icokoio 1
7
1.2.2 Mct5ooq ku uvtctouoq tov uuSoyvov
kpoopyuvoov

Mkuvoq : q ccoo cvo o0oyovou ikpoopyovico cfov ov0puo.

Aoo[q : q cykofocfocq koi o okkokocioco cvo ikpoopyovico cfov
ov0puo.

Aoo5q vooqutu : oi oc0cvcic ou pokokovfoi oo o0oyovou
ikpoopyovico.

kptqpu tou koy

Mo oc0cvcio ockcfoi cc cvov o0oyovo ikpoopyovico ofov :

Avivccfoi cfou icfo q fo uypo fou oc0cvo q cfov opyovico
ofouv ou c0ovov oo oufq fqv oc0cvcio.
Mopc vo ooovu0c koi vo kokkicpyq0c cfo cpyocfqpio.
Mopc vo pokokccci fqv io oc0cvcio cc cipoofo(uo okko koi vo
ooovu0c ck vcou oo oufo.

To[vcg : oucc ou opoyovfoi oo fo okfqpio koi cvoi cikoc yio
fqv ov0puivq uyco.

o Ev5oto[vcg : pckovfoi cfo kuffopiko fouo opiccvuv
o0oyovuv okfqpuv, uc0uvc yio ckqkucq upcfo,
fucq fq ccq fou oofo kk.

o E[oto[vcg : ckkpvovfoi oo fo o0oyovo okfqpio, c fqv
kukkoopo fou oofo ioccpovfoi cfo ccufcpiko fou
ov0puivou opyovico koi pocokkouv, ovokoyo c fq cq
fou, cuykckpicvo opyovo.

Icokoio 1
8
Tpuo ct5ooqg uoScvcov :

ccu vcpo koi fpoq
coq c okuccvo (uo
c cfoyovio qo oc0cvo ofoou
occq coq c okuccvo ofoo
cccq coq c ovfikccvo ou couv pqciooiq0c oo
okuccvo ofoo

Dkcg co5ou uuSoyvov kpoopyuvoov :

Jcpo
8kcvvoyovoi (cc cfoo, cfooi, koko)

Avtctouoq uoScvcov :

cokio
fokfikq pocuikq uyicivq (cpo, okkio, cpio), pqcq
poukokfiko
koko kcio fpouv, ocfcpucq yokokfo,
kupucq vcpo
fqpqcq kovovuv qocio uyicivq,
pqcq ovfiiofikuv (8AITHPIAIEZ AOIM(EEIZ IAI
MOMO!)

Icokoio 1
9
ANTIIOTIkA : qikc oucc c ovfiikpoiokq pocq ou
opoyovfoi oo okfqpio, kqfc koi ufo.

pouv cikckfiko, qkoq kofouv vo toug
kpoopyuvoog ki oi fo kffopo fou
opyovico
ovocfckkouv fqv opoyuyq ouciuv cfo okfqpio,
fou kqfc koi fo pufo(uo
cv cvoi oofckccofiko cvovfi fuv iuv, oi oooi
JE io0cfouv iko fou cfookiko qovico

1929 : ovokok0qkc fo pufo ovfiiofiko, q DENIkIAAINH, oo fov
Alexander Fleming !!

Tpuo 5poqg uvtotkov :

opco(ouv fq cv0ccq fou kuffopiko foiuofo fuv
ikpoopyovicuv, .. cvikikkvq.

Avocfckkouv kooio cfookikq ovfpocq fuv ikpoopyovicuv.

opcovouv cfi kcifoupyc ovfiypoq, cfoypoq koi
cfopocq fou ycvcfiko ukiko fuv ikpoopyovicuv.

pokokov iofopoc cfq kcifoupyo fq kocofikq cpovq.

Icokoio 1
10
Zc[ouukkog Mctu55cvu Nooqutu

Mcfoovfoi kofo kpio koyo c fq ccouokikq coq q ccu fou
oofo koi opoyuyuv fou.

pokokov cfcipofqfo, vocqpofqfo koi 0vqciofqfo.

250 ckofopio cpicfofiko ko0c povo.

To 1/3 oopo cqou.

Au uktqpu : cikq, yovokokkikq oupq0pfio q yovoppoio,
kouq oo koio

Au og : oko cpqfo, kouq oo io ov0puivuv
0qkuofuv, AIDS, qoffio 8 koi C

Au upot[ou : kouq oo fpioovoo

Au kqtcg : kouq oo kovfivfo

Icokoio 1
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1.3 MHXANIZMOI AMYNAZ TOY ANOP(DINOY
OP|ANIZMOY AZIkEZ APXEZ ANOZIAZ

H ouvo fou opyovico cvovfov o0oyovuv ikpoopyovicuv
cifuyovcfoi c cvo ZYMOAO MHXAMIZM(M :

E[otcpko q Eootcpko
Mq c5ko q E5ko

kttupu uvooookoyko ouotqutog < ioopooqcq okuvouv
oiooiqfikuv kuffopuv fou ucko fuv ocfuv (kcvfpo oiooqcq)

1.3.1 Mqyuvoo q c5kqg uvug

Juvofofqfo ovficfuicq OOIOYJHOTE o0oyovou ikpoopyovico
o opcoicq cicoou ikpoopyovicuv cfov opyovico
o Avficfuicq ikpoopyovicuv cfo fqv ccoo fou cfov opyovico

u. Mqyuvoo uou uupcuo5[ouv tqv coo5o tov
kpoopyuvoov otov opyuvo ug

pu
o Zqyofoyovoi ocvc : kuup o[u cqyofo
o Ipufooio ocvc : yukuktk o[, kuoo[q (ioco fo kuffopiko
fouo fuv okfqpuv)
o kcptvq ot5u : cfpuo vckpuv kuffopuv fq cicpo
o Mq uuSoyvo kpoopyuvoo : ovfoyuv(ovfoi fou o0oyovou
ikpoopyovico koi co(ouv fqv cykofocfocq fou

kcvvoyvo

Iokfouv koikofqfc fou opyovico
Ekkpvouv fq kvvu ou oyicci fou ikpoopyovico koi cv cifpcci
fqv ccoo fou cfov opyovico

o Avovcucfikq Oo : kcup5opo cuSqko
o Zfooi : u5poykopk o[
o Eicukofo : kuoo[q cfo okpuo
o Zfoofikq koikofqfo : kuoo[q cfo cokio
Icokoio 1
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. Mqyuvoo uou uvtctou[ouv toug kpoopyuvoog ct
tqv coo5 toug otov uvSpouvo opyuvo

i) IA|OkYTTAP(ZH

Jicvcpycfoi oo fo uyokttupu :
o ou5ctcpku
o ovokttupu (ioopooiovfoi cc ukpoyu koi cyko0cfovfoi
cfou icfo)

Eykku(ouv fov ikpoopyovico, fov kofocfpcouv koi
ck0cfouv cfqv ciovcio fou opiccvo fqofo fou
Avficfuicq iuv

ii) IAE|MON(HZ ANTIPAZH q IAE|MONH

kokkvou otqv ucpoyq tou tpuutog : ockcfoi cc iocfokq fuv
oioopuv oyycuv koi cuykcvfpucq cyokfcpq ocofqfo oofo
O5qu : ockcfoi cc ioucq fou kocofo (cpicci
ovfiikpoiokc oucc) fou oofo cfou ypu icfo
Dvog : ockcfoi cc fpouofico fuv ookqcuv fuv vcupikuv
kuffopuv koi fq pocq cc oufo foivuv ou ockcu0cpuvovfoi oo
fou ikpoopyovico
Toukq u[qoq Scpokpuoug

Ivo5cg : kcyo pufcvikq ccfocq ou oqyc cc qq fou oofo koi
ocq fq oioppoyo.

Eikcov qikc oucc, ou ockcu0cpuvovfoi cfc oo fo
fpouoficcvo kffopo cfc oo fou ikpoopyovico,
pocckkouv fo oyokffopo cfo cqco fq kcyovq.

Dov : oppcucfo kifpivuo uypo ou cpicci vckpo oyokffopo koi
vckpo ikpoopyovico.
Icokoio 1
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iii) DYPETOZ

q q uciokoyikq uqkq 0cpokpoco fou cuofo

co(ci fqv ovofuq koi fov okkokocioco fuv okfqpuv
opco(ci fq kcifoupyo fuv kuffopikuv cv(uv ou cvoi
oopofqfo yio fov okkokocioco fuv iuv
cvicci fq pocq fuv oyokuffopuv

iv) OYZIEZ ME ANTIMIkPOIAkH PAZH

Ivtcpcpvcg

ciikc pufcvc ou opoyovfoi oo kffopo ou couv okuv0c oo
kooio io koi pocfofcouv fo uokoio kffopo

Tpuog 5poqg

Avivcovfoi opiko cfo kuffopokoco fou okuccvou kuffopou

Ackcu0cpuvovfoi cfo ccokuffopio uypo

Zuvcovfoi c uooc uyiuv kuffopuv

Evcpyooicfoi q opoyuyq pufcvuv ou ovocfckkouv fov okkokocioco
fuv iuv

pocfofcovfoi fo uyiq kffopo ou 0o pockq0ov oo fov io

Zuukqpou : ooo 20 pufcvuv fou opo fou oofo c
ovfiikpoiokq pocq

Dpoucp5vq : ooo 3 pufcvuv fou opo fou oofo ou pouv cc
cuvuoco c fo cukqpuo
Icokoio 1
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1.3.2 Mqyuvoo c5kqg uvug Avoou

ANOZIA : q ikovofqfo fou ov0puivou opyovico vo ovoyvup(ci
ooioqofc cvq po oufov ouco koi vo ovfipo opoyovfo
cciikcucvo kffopo koi kuffopiko poovfo (.. ovficuofo), ucfc vo
fqv coucfcpucci.

ANTI|ONO : q cvq ouco ou pokokc fqv ovocoiokoyikq ookpicq,
.. okokkqpo ikpoopyovico (io, okfqpio), fqo oufo q foikc
oucc ou opoyovfoi oo oufov, ypq, opokcufikc oucc, cucfofiko
fpouv, kffopo q opo oo okko ofoo q (uo kfk.

Xopokfqpicfiko EIIkHZ AMYNAZ :

E[c5kcuoq : fo poovfo fq ovocoiokoyikq ookpicq 0o
pocouv ovo cvovfov fq ouco ou pokokccc fqv opoyuyq fou.

Mvqq : q ikovofqfo fou opyovico vo 0uofoi fo ovfiyovo c fo
ooo cci ck0ci cc coq, cfci ucfc cfo oo io i0ovq cfcpq
ck0ccq fou cc oufo vo ovfipo ypqyopofcpo.

AEMIIkA OP|ANA

Dpotoycvq : ucko fuv ocfuv, 0o ocvo
cutcpoycvq : kcocvc, ckqvo, ouyokc, kciko icfo kofo qko
fou yocfpcvfcpiko cukqvo, EJ( poyofooicfoi q ovocoiokoyikq
ookpicq.

Icokoio 1
15
AEMIOkYTTAPA : oopf(ouv fo ovocoiokoyiko ccfqo, ovqkouv cfo
kcuko oiocopio, ikpo, cfpoyyuko, c coipiko upqvo. Jiokpvovfoi cc :

A) T-kcokttupu : ioopooiovfoi & upio(ouv cfo So u5vu,
oopofqfo yio fqv okokkqpucq fq ovocoiokoyikq ookpicq.

oqSqtk T-kcokttupu : cvcpyooiovfoi oo fo fqo fou
ovfiyovou ou cci ckfc0c cfqv ciovcio fuv okpooyuv,
ckkpvouv oucc ou cvcpyooiov fo 8-kcokffopo q okko cq T-
kcokuffopuv.

kuttupoto[k T-kcokttupu : cvcpyooiovfoi oo fo
oq0qfiko T-kcokffopo koi kofocfpcouv kopkiviko kffopo q
kffopo ou couv pockq0c oo io.

T-kcokttupu Mvqqg : opoyovfoi cfo oo fqv ck0ccq fou
opyovico cc cvo ovfiyovo, cvcpyooiovfoi occu cfo oo
cocvq ck0ccq fou opyovico cc oufo.

kutuotuktk T-kcokttupu : cfoofov fqv ovocoiokoyikq
ookpicq cfo oo fqv cifuq ovficfuicq fou ovfiyovou.

) -kcokttupu : ioopooiovfoi & upio(ouv cfo uck tov
ootov, cuv0cfouv & opoucio(ouv cfqv ciovcio fou ciikc pufcvc,
fi uvooooupvcg q uvtooutu, io0cfouv uooc ovficuofo
ou ovoyvup(ouv cuykckpicvo ovfiyovo koi cuvcovfoi c oufo.

Eoifo fq cvccq ANTI|ONOY ANTIZ(MATOZ, fo 8-
kcokffopo ucfofoi iooikc ioipccci koi opoyovfoi :

DAAZMATOkYTTAPA : opoyouv & ckkpvouv cyokc
ocofqfc ovficuofuv iuv c oufo ou uqpov cfqv ciovcio
fou 8-kcokuffopou oo fo ooo poqk0ov.

kYTTAPA MNHMHZ : cvcpyooiovfoi occu cfo oo
cocvq ck0ccq fou opyovico cfo io ovfiyovo.
Icokoio 1
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ANTIZ(MATA

Zyoq ANTI|ONOY ANTIZ(MATOZ =
Zyoq kAEIIOY - kAEIAPIAZ

Aofckovfoi oo 2 cykcg q APIEZ koi 2 kpg q
EAAIPIEZ okucfiikc okucc ou cuvcovfoi cfo fou c
OMOIODOAIkOYZ cco

Joq ou oio(ci c fo ypoo Y

METAAHTH DEPIOXH : q cpioq fou opou fou ovficuofo ou
cuvccfoi c fo ovfiyovo, ovokoyo c fo cqo fq (ockcfoi cfqv
okkqkouo fuv oivocuv fq), ko0icfo ikovo fo ovfcuo vo cuvccfoi c
cuykckpicvo ovfiyovo.

ZTAOEPH DEPIOXH : q cpioq fou opou ou cvoi IIA cc oko fo
ovficuofo.

ZYNEZH ANTI|ONOY ANTIZ(MATOZ

Evcpyooqcq Zukqpuofo
Apovooqcq opoyocvuv foivuv
Avoyvupicq ikpoopyovico oo okpooyo c ckoo fqv
okokkqpufikq kofocfpoq fou

ZTAIA ANOZOIOAO|IkHZ ADOkPIZHZ

Avooookoykq uukpoq : q ovfpocq fou ovocoiokoyiko
cucfqofo cfq ccoo ko0c ovfiyovou.

Dpotoycvqg cutcpoycvqg
Icokoio 1
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Dpotoycvqg uvooookoykq uukpoq

Zt5o 1
o

Evcpyouoqoq tov oqSqtkov T-kcokuttpov

Eovicq o0oyovou ikpoopyovico

Evcpyooqcq okpooyuv

To okpooyo ck0cfouv cfqv ciovcio fou fqofo fou ikpoou ou
couv cykkucci koi kofocfpcci (uvtyovouupououotk kttupu)

To fqo fou ikpoou ou ckf0cfoi cuvccfoi c pufcvq fq ciovcio
fuv okpooyuv, opokfqpicfikq yio ko0c ofoo, fo ANTI|ONO
IZTOZYMATOTHTAZ

Evcpyooiovfoi fo oqSqtk T-kcokttupu

Icokoio 1
18
Zt5o 2
o

A) Evcpyouoqoq tov -kcokuttpov (XYMIkH ANOZIA)

To cvcpyooiqcvo oq0qfiko T-kcokffopo ckkpvouv oucc

Oi oucc cvcpyooiov fo 8-kcokffopo

To 8-kcokffopo okkokocio(ovfoi koi ioopooiovfoi cc :

DAAZMATOkYTTAPA kYTTAPA MNHMHZ
Ekkpvouv cyokc ocofqfc Oo cvcpyooiq0ov cfqv
ovficuofuv ciikuv yio fo cpfucq ou o opyovico
cuykckpicvo ovfiyovo ckfc0c oki cfo io ovfiyovo

Tu uvtooutu uuckcuScpovovtu ou oto uu ku tq ko,
uvt5pov c to uvtyvo ku to c[ou5ctcpovouv

XYMIkH ANOZIA

Icokoio 1
19
) Evcpyouoqoq kuttupoto[kov T-kcokuttpov
(kYTTAPIkH ANOZIA)

To cvcpyooiqcvo oq0qfiko T-kcokffopo oq0ov fov okkokocioco
koi fqv cvcpyooqcq fuv kuffopofoikuv T-kcokuffopuv

To kuffopofoiko T-kcokffopo kofocfpcouv fo kttupu otyoug
(kupkvk kttupu, kttupu ctuooycuvou oto q kttupu
okuovu uu )

kYTTAPIkH ANOZIA

* Zqof(ovfoi foco oq0qfiko oco koi kuffopofoiko T-kcokttupu
vqqg ou 0o cvcpyooiq0ov cc i0ovq cocvq coq fou opyovico c
fo io ovfiyovo !!!

Zt5o 3
o

Tcputog tqg uvooookoykqg uukpoqg

Eifckcfoi oo fo kutuotuktk T-kcokttupu

cutcpoycvqg uvooookoykq uukpoq

Evcpyooicfoi kofo fqv coq fou opyovico c fo io ovfiyovo yio
cfcpq q cocvq opo.
Evcpyooiovfoi fo kttupu vqqg.
Eckivo occu q ckkpicq ovficuofuv.
To cufuofo fq oc0cvcio cv pokoovouv vo covicfov.
To ofoo cv oc0cvc koi i0ovofofo cv ovfikoovcfoi ofi
okv0qkc.
Icokoio 1
20
TYDOI ANOZIAZ ENEP|HTIkH & DAOHTIkH ANOZIA

ENEP|HTIkH ANOZIA : fo ovficuofo opoyovfoi oo fov IJIO fov
opyovico.

H cvcpyouoqoq yvcfoi c 2 fpoou :

O opyovico cpcfoi cc coq c ovfiyovo ou pckcfoi cfo
cpiokkov (uokg tpuog).

O opyovico ccfoi ocofqfo cokou fo ooo cpicci vckpo q
coc0cvqcvou ikpoopyovico q fqofo fou (tcyvqtg tpuog).

To cokio cvcpyooic fov ovocoiokoyiko qovico, ucfc vo
opoyci ovficuofo koi kffopo vqq.

To ofoo ou cokio(cfoi cv cov(ci fo cufuofo fq
oc0cvcio koi cv fq cfoci.

DAOHTIkH ANOZIA : opcovfoi cfov opyovico cfoio ovficuofo ou
couv opo0c oo okko opyovico.

Mcfoopo ovficuofuv oo fq qfcpo cfo cpuo ioccou fou
kokovfo koi oo fq qfcpo cfo vcoyvo ioccou fou qfpiko
yokokfo (uokg tpuog).

Xopqyqcq opo ou cpicci ovficuofo ou couv opo0c cc okko
ofoo q (uo (tcyvqtg tpuog).

Accq pocq

opoikq iopkcio

Icokoio 1
21
1.3.3 DPOAHMATA ZTH PAZH TOY
ANOZOIOAO|IkOY ZYZTHMATOZ

AYTOANOZIA : fo ovocoiokoyiko ccfqo kcifoupyc cvovfov
cucfofikuv fou iou fou opyovico.

AYTOANOZA NOZHMATA

O opyovico cfpccfoi cvovfov fuv ikuv fou cucfofikuv :

opoyovfo ovficuofo (AYTOANTIZ(MATA) ou
ovoyvup(ouv cov cvo koi kofocfpcouv fo iko fou kffopo.
Evcpyooiuvfo kffopo ou kofcu0vovfoi cvovfov fuv kuffopuv
fou opyovico.

.. pcuofociq op0pfio, cucfqofiko cpu0qofuq kko kk.

DSuvg utokoycg :

|vo io opc vo ovcicfc pufcvc fou kuffopou-cvicfq koi
vo fi cvcuofucci cfo ckufpo fou. To ovocoiokoyiko ccfqo
0cupc fi pufcvc oufc cvc koi cfpccfoi cvovfov foco fou io
oco koi cvovfov kuffopuv fou opyovico ou fi cpouv.

To T-kcokffopo cv couv o0ci vo cup(ouv opiccvo
cucfofiko fuv kuffopuv fou iou fou opyovico oo cucfofiko
cvuv kuffopuv c oofckcco vo cif0cvfoi koi cfo kffopo fou
opyovico.

Mcfookkcfoi kooio cucfofiko cfo kffopo fou opyovico q
cov(cfoi cvo vco, c oofckcco oufo vo ovoyvup(ovfoi cov cvo
koi vo cvcpyooiov fo ovocoiokoyiko ccfqo.

Zucfofiko kuffopuv fou opyovico ou ovqkouv cc icfo ou cv
oiofuvovfoi cvfovo, ovoyvup(ovfoi cov cvo.

Icokoio 1
22
AAAEP|IA : fo ovocoiokoyiko ccfqo kcifoupyc cvuvtov q
uuSoyvov q ycviku cikvuvuv opoyovfuv ou uopouv cfo
cpiokkov fou opyovico (.. cc fpoio q opoko).

AAAEP|IO|ONA : opoyovfc ou pokokov okkcpyo.

To okkcpyioyovo ciccpcfoi cfov opyovico & ovoyvup(cfoi cov cvo

Ycfofoi cccpyoco & ckf0cfoi oo fo ovfiyovoopouciocfiko kffopo
cfo oq0qfiko T-kcokffopo

Zc cocvq ck0ccq fou opyovico cfo io okkcpyioyovo, opoycfoi
IZTAMINH q ooo pokokc :

Aqcq fq iocpofofqfo fuv oyycuv
Zcocq fuv kcuv uikuv ivuv
Jicycpcq fq ckkpifikq pocfqpiofqfo fuv kcvvoyovuv ocvuv

kAINIkH EIkONA : oc0o, voufo, kofoppoq koi ioppoio

Xpqcq ovfiicfoivikuv opokuv

ADOPPI+H MOZXEYMATOZ : cuovci ofov fo uvtyvu
otoouuttqtug fuv occuofuv (icfuv q opyovuv) fou ofq
5upouv cqovfiko oo oufo fou ckfq, c oofckcco vo cvcpyooicfoi
fo ovocoiokoyiko ccfqo.

Dpkqq uuppqg ooycutog :

Eikoyq kutkkqkou 5tq (io ovfiyovo icfocuofofqfo c oufo
fou ckfq).
Xopqyqcq cfo ckfq uvoookutuotuktkov upkov (o ckfq
yvcfoi cuokufo cfq pocq ikpoopyovicuv c oofckcco fqv
covicq oc0cvciuv).
Icokoio 1
23
1.3.4 Zv5poo Euktqtqg Avoookoykqg Avcupkcug
(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome : AIDS)

Avoookoykq uvcupkcu : coc0cvicq fq kcifoupyo fou ovocoiokoyiko
cucfqofo fou ov0puou, cuvq0u cvoi ckfqfq.

Ockcfoi cfov io HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

oq tou o HIV

pcfpoo (RNA io)
io0cfci fo cv(uo uvtotpoq ctuypuoq
fo ycvcfiko ukiko koi fo cv(uo ou io0cfci cvoi kkciccvo cc
cvo pufcviko ku5o
fo koio cpiokkcfoi oo fo kiopufcvikq cq kutpo
pocokkci kupu fo oqSqtk T-kcokttupu, ko0u koi fo
kuttupoto[k T-kcokttupu koi fo vcupk kttupu ccu
fq cvccq fou cfou ciiko ciovcioko uooc fou
kuffopou
ciuvci fqv oofckccofikofqfo fou ovocoiokoyiko
cucfqofo, o opyovico yvcfoi cuokufo cc cukoipiokc
koiuci koi fqv ovofuq kopkvou koi fckiko c0ovci.

Mct5ooq tqg uoSvcug

Avivccfoi cc :
o Ao
o Zcpo Ipic OOI METAOZHZ koyu
o Iokikc ckkpcci uu[qvqg ouykvtpooqg ko optou
o Zokio
o Jokpuo
o Ipufo
o Mqfpiko yoko
o Eykcokovufioo uypo

Icokoio 1
24
ADAPAITHTEZ DPOIYAAEEIZ !!!

|kcyo fou oofo ou poop(cfoi yio cfoyycci

Xpqciooqcq cupyyuv o pqcq koi vo u op oo cvo
ofoo

kqpq oocfcpucq cipoupyikuv koi oovfiofpikuv cpyokcuv

Xpqcq poukokfiko kofo fq ccouokikq coq

yvooq tqg uoSvcug

6 c5o5cg og 6 qvcg cfo fqv ccoo fou io cfov
opyovico : ovvcucq RNA io q c5kov uvtootov yio
fov io cfo oo fou oc0cvo.

EN YDAPXEI ADOTEAEZMATIkH OEPADEIA kATA TOY
AIDS!!!

O io cuvuopci cfo okuccvo ofoo c fo ovficuofo ou couv
opo0c yioufov!

Icokoio 1
25
Tu ot5u tqg uoSvcug

O io HIV ciccpcfoi cfov opyovico

Zuvccfoi c fou uuo5oycg tqg ukuoutkqg cpvqg tov
oqSqtkov T-kcokuttpov

Ackcu0cpuvci fo ycvcfiko fou ukiko cco cfo kuffopokoco fuv
oq0qfikuv T-kcokuffopuv

Ao fo RNA fou io cuvf0cfoi ovokkuvo DNA c fq oq0cio fou cv(ou
uvtotpoq ctuypuoq, fo ooo cfofpccfoi cc kkuvo

To kkuvo DNA fou io cvcuofuvcfoi cfo DNA fou kuffopou-cvicfq

2 ucputoocg

opocvci ovcvcpyo Evcpyooicfoi koi
(kov0ovouco kofocfocq) okkokocio(cfoi
kutotuoq IOPEIAZ

Oi vcoi io okvouv
okko oq0qfiko
T-kcokffopo

Icokoio 1
26
6 c5o5cg og 6 qvcg cfo fqv pocokq oo fov io

Avvcucq fou io cfo oo fou oc0cvo

Aoiuci c qio kkivikq cikovo koi ikpq iopkcio

7 10 ypvu cfo fqv pocokq oo fov io

Tuikq cufuofokoyo fq oc0cvcio (uqko upcfo, cvfovc
koiuci, ioppoic)

Eoc0cvicq fou ovocoiokoyiko cucfqofo

Ovutog

Avtctouoq tqg uoSvcug

O io cfokkocccfoi c fofofou pu0o AJYMATH q
ovficfuicq fou oo fo ovocoiokoyiko ccfqo !

E|kAIPH IA|N(ZH THZ NOZOY !

4opokcufikq oyuyq cvovfio cc cukoipiokc koiuci koi fqv
ovofuq fou io (AZT, DCC opco(ouv fqv ovfcfpoq
cfoypoq).

Jckokq q opockcuq cokou koyu fq uokuopktqtug fou
io !

ZYNEXHZ ENHMEP(ZH & DPOAH+H !!!

kOIN(NIkH MAZTI|A!
Icokoio 1
27
1.4 kAPkINOZ

Jcfcpq oifo 0ovofou cfo fi kopioo0cic cfi ovcfuycvc
upc.

Avc[kcyktog okkokocioco kuffopuv yopg 5uopouoqoq
Avofuq o(o kuffopuv (ykog)

O|kOZ

kukoqSqg : cv cvoi cckfofiko, fo kffopo fou
cpiokkovfoi oo cuvcfiko icfo, cv cicokkouv cfou ypu
icfo, cv cokuvovfoi cc okko cqco fou cuofo, cv
pokokov coopq koq cfo cuo, ckfo cov koyu cyc0ou
ockov ccq cc (ufiko opyovo.

kukoqSqg : fo kffopo cicokkouv cc ycifoviko icfo,
cov(ouv ioopcfikq opokoyo cc cccq c fo
uciokoyiko, ccu fq kukkoopo fou oofo q fq kcou
cvoi uvofov vo cfocp0ov cc okko cqco fou cuofo koi
vo cqofcouv cufcpoycvc oykou (ctotuoq).

DOAYZTAIAkH & DOAYDAPA|ONTIkH
AZOENEIA

Atu :
o Mokucofiko opoyovfc (io)
o cpiokkovfiko opoyovfc (okfivookc, qikc cvucci)
o Tpoo (uq (kovico, kofopqcq okkook, iofpoikc
cuvq0cic)
o Akkoyc fou ycvcfiko ukiko (cfokkoci)

Icokoio 1
28
1) Dpoto-oykoyov5u : pu0(ouv fov okkokocioco & fq
ioopooqcq fuv kuffopuv cc uciokoyikc cuv0qkc

Ioviiokc cfokkoci q
puocuikc ovuokc

Oykoyov5u

Evoq kupkvou

2) Oykokutuotuktk yov5u : kofocfckkouv fqv ovofuq oykuv,
pu0(ovfo fq pocq fuv pufooykoyoviuv ou ckcyouv fov
okkokocioco fuv kuffopuv, q uucvcpyouoqoq fou c yoviiokq
cfokkoq q puocuikq ovuoko oqyc cc uvc[kcykto
kuttupk uokkuukuouo.

3) Iovio ou ckcyouv fqv opoyuyq EDIIOPO(TIk(N
ENZYM(N (iop0uvouv ko0q ou pokokovfoi cfc oo cufcpiko
opoyovfc cfc oo fuoo cokofo kofo fqv ovfiypoq fou DNA)

Aucvcpyouoqoq

Zuooopcuoq ctukk[cov oc uut tu yov5u kut tq
5pkcu tqg [oqg tou utou

Evoq kupkvou

1 q 2 cfokkoci Avofuq kokoq0ou oykou
< 5 cfokkoci Avofuq kokoq0ou oykou
Icokoio 1
29
OI METAAAAEEIZ AIOPOYN TA Z(MATIkA kYTTAPA !

Eov o cfokkoq cuc cfou |AMETEZ, uopci q i0ovofqfo vo
kkqpovoq0c oo fou yovc cfou ooyovou |ENETIkH
DPOIAOEZH

Ocpuucutkq uvtctouoq

Xcpoupykq cuuoq : oopccq kopkiviko oykou o( c
cpiokkovfc icfo ou i0ovo cpicouv kopkiviko kffopo.

AktvoScpuucu : kofocfpoq kopkivikuv kuffopuv fou oykou.

XqcoScpuucu : kofookcqcq kopkivikuv kuffopuv cc
cpfucq ou cci qq yvci cfocfocq, opoko foiko yio fo
ioipocvo kffopo, fovouv ccu fq kukkoopo fou oofo
cc oko fo cqco fou cuofo, kofocfpcovfoi koi uyiq kffopo,
opcvcpycic, ou oukcio okkiuv, voufo, ccfo, oc0qo
koucq.

AvoooScpuucu : cvcpyooqcq fou ovocoiokoyiko cucfqofo
fou opyovico (ciiko fo kuffopofoiko T-kcokffopo)
cvovfov fuv kopkivikuv kuffopuv.

E|kAIPH IA|N(ZH THZ NOZOY !!!

|ov5ukq Ocpuucu & Eku

DPOAH+H !!!
Icokoio 1
30
1.5 OYZIEZ DOY DPOkAAOYN EOIZMO

ESog : cfookkcfoi q kcifoupyo fuv vcupikuv kuffopuv, ucfc vo q
opov vo kcifoupyqcouv up fq cuvcq kqq ouciuv ou pokokov fov
c0ico.

Akkok, vkotvq & vupkotk : pokokov uvoyq, ooifov oo fo pqcfq
okocvo cyokfcpc ocofqfc c oofckcco vo yvovfoi ovoykoc
(c[ptqoq).

E[ptqoq

+uykq : ci0cfikofqfo, ckoyoko, oiooivc poci
Zoutkq : opyoviko cufuofo, .. voufo, focq yio ccfo,
cuofiko ovoi, ioppoio k.o.

Nupkotk : oucc ou cipov cfo kcvfpiko vcupiko ccfqo.

o Hpovq
poovfo fou ODIOY
o Mopvq

o McSu5vq : opooio pocq c fq opvq, opqycfoi oo fo
cfoo, iocofoi cfo kcfo cvfcpo, pofcpq koi qiofcpq pocq,
uokofocfofo qpuvq.
o kokuivq
o LSD
o Mupyouvu

Jqioupyov ZTEPHTIkO ZYNPOMO : cvfovq icycpcq, cvfovq
cpucq, ukc cucocci koi icupo ovoi cc okokkqpo fo cuo.

Icokoio 1
31
Iuookoykg Mopvcg : ENOPIINEZ & E|kEIAAINEZ

Eipov cfo cykcokiko kcvfpo koi kofocfckkouv fou ikpo ovou koi
fi icycpcci ou cov(ovfoi cfov opyovico ovo oco cfiyq.

H cuvcq kqq opvq ocvcpyooic fo ccfqo opoyuyq
cvopivuv c oofckcco icupo ovou yio fo pqcfq ou poco0c vo
ocopfq0c.

kutcuvuotkg ouocg

Akkok
cpicci AIOYAIkH AAkOOAH ou ioccfoi ckoko ccu fou
yocfpcvfcpiko cukqvo cfo oo koi ccu oufo cc ko0c opyovo
fou cuofo.
oco cyokfcpq q cpickfikofqfo cvo opyovou cc vcpo foco io
ckokq q ioucq koi oqcq fq cuykcvfpucq fq okkookq cc
oufo.
kqffovfoi kupu fo vcupouko, fo yocfpcvfcpiko koi fo
kopioyycioko ccfqo.
pokokc oqcq fuv ckkpccuv fou cfooou koi kcyovq
co(ci fqv ooppoqcq 0pcfikuv cucfofikuv oo fo kcfo
cvfcpo, c oofckcco fqv oo0qkcucq kou oo fo qop, fq
ioykucq koi fov ckukico fou qofiko icfo (kIPP(ZH
HDATOZ)
pokokc ucpfocq (covicq kopioyyciokuv vocqofuv)
ouovci fi i0ovofqfc yio covicq kopkvou cc cuvuoco
kupu c fq vikofvq
pokokc oukcio vqq, oivocvo cyucq, opoic0qcci koi
uufikq cucpiopo.

uptoupk

NIkOTINH : cpiccfoi cfov kovo fuv fciyopuv, pokokc cvfovq
ccocq oyycuv, koyu ckkpicq opcvokvq, cokokou0q oqcq
opfqpiokq ccq koi oqcq fq kivqfikofqfo fou yocfpcvfcpiko cukqvo.

H uoou ou opoycfoi kofo fqv kocq fou fciyopou
cu0vcfoi yio fqv covicq kopkvou fou vcovo.
Icokoio 1
32
Mq c5kq uvu

E[otcpko uuvtko Eootcpko uuvtko
qyuvoo qyuvoo
(co(ouv fqv ccoo fuv (cfo fqv ccoo fuv
ikpouv) ikpoopyovicuv)

pu kcvvoyvo Dupctg
Iuyokut-
tpooq

Ikcyovq
Aoyu Zuiufikq Avtkpo-
oq ikpokupo ukg
kcpofivq q uvqfiko ouocg
cfioo o0oyovoi Auco(q
(cokio,
8kcvvo okpuo)

8kcopioopo Ivfcpcpovq
pocpvq
ci0qkio HCl
Aoyu ouciuv, ou : Zukqpuo
Iokokfiko o
Auco(q ipufo
Aiopo oco
cqyofo

Icokoio 1
33

E5kq uvu

Evcpyqtkq uvoou

4uciko fpoo Tcvqfo fpoo
cicoou ikpouv cicoou ikpouv

pufoycvq Jcufcpoycvq pufoycvq
DuSqtkq

uvoou

Evcpyooqcq 2
o
3
o

1
o
2
o
3
o
8 koi T vqq cfoio 1
o
2
o
3
o

cfoio cfoio

Xuikq, Xuikq,
kuffopikq kuffopikq
ovoco ovoco

EIH ANOZIAZ ANOZOIOAO|IkHZ ADOkPIZHZ

Mq c5kq uvu E5kq uvu (uvoou)
Evcpyqtkq uvoou DuSqtkq uvoou
Dpotoycvqg uvooookoykq uukpoq (1
o
ot5o, 2
o

ot5o c yukq ku kuttupkq uvoou, 3
o
ot5o)
cutcpoycvqg uvooookoykq uukpoq
Autouvoou (uuSokoykq kutotuoq)
Icokoio 1
34
uopg upotoycvog & 5cutcpoycvog
uvooookoykqg uukpoqg
DP(TO|ENHZ EYTEPO|ENHZ
Zuovci kofo fqv pufq coq c
fo ovfoyovo.
Zuovci kofo fq cfcpq coq c
fo io ovfoyovo.
opoycfoi ikovooiqfikq ocofqfo
ovficuofuv.
H ocofqfo fuv ovficuofuv ou
opoycfoi cvoi okkokocio fq
pufoycvo.
H opoyuyq ovficuofuv ckivo c
ko0ucfcpqcq kooiuv qcpuv.
H opoyuyq ovficuofuv ckivo
occu.
To iocfqo opoovq fuv
ovficuofuv cfov opo fou oofo
cvoi cuvfoofcpo.
H ocofqfo fuv ovficuofuv
opocvci cfov opo fou oofo cc
uqko cco yio cyokfcpo
poviko iocfqo.
Jqioupyovfoi fo kcokffopo
vqq.
To kcokffopo vqq cov
qioupyq0c koi fupo
cvcpyooiovfoi.
To ofoo i0ovofofo 0o vocqcci,
ckfo koi ov q ovocoiokoyikq
ookpicq ockcfoi cc cokioco.
To ofoo c vocc koi cuvq0u cv
ovfikoovcfoi fqv coq oufq c fo
ovfiyovo.

Tuo uvooug

Evcpyqtkq uvoou DuSqtkq uvoou

Eoq c Eoq c Eoq c Eoq c
uciko fpoo fcvqfo fpoo uciko fpoo fcvqfo fpoo
(uvtooutu) (cko) oo fq qfcpo (opo)
cfo cpuo
ccu kokovfo
q cfo upo
ccu 0qkoco
Icokoio 1
35
uopg cokov & opov
EMOAIA OPOI
pokokov cvcpyqfikq ovoco,
qkoq oko fo cfoio fq
pufoycvo ovocoiokoyikq
ookpicq.
pokokov o0qfikq ovoco.
Evoi vckpo q coc0cvqcvoi
ikpoopyovico q fqofo fou.
cpicouv cfoio ovficuofo.
To io fo ofoo opoyci foco fo
ovficuofo oco koi fo kcokffopo
vqq.
To ovficuofo opoyovfoi oo
kooio okko ofoo q (uo (..
okoyo).
H pocq fou cvoi okpopovq
(cpi koi cpikc ckocfc).
H pocq fou cvoi opoikq
(kooioi qvc).

Icokoio 1
36
kEIAAAIO 2
ANOP(DOZ & DEPIAAAON

OIkOAO|IA : q cicfqq ou ckcfo fi cccci fuv opyovicuv koi
uciko fou ov0puou c :

fou oiofiko opoyovfc fou cpiokkovfo fou, qkoq fo kko
(uypoco, 0cpokpoco, qkioovcio), fq io0cciofqfo 0pcfikuv cfoicuv,
fq ccfocq fou coou, fqv okofofqfo fou vcpo k.o.

c fou okkou opyovico ou ovqkouv cfo io q cc ioopcfiko
co oo oufo.

2.1 H ENNOIA TOY OIkOZYZTHMATOZ

Zuotutk tou okoouotqutog

OIkOZYZTHMA cvo ccfqo ckcfq ou cpikoovci :

fou otkog uupyovtcg io cpioq, qkoq fo cvoko fuv
opyovicuv ou (ouv cc oufq

fou uotkog uupyovtcg fq cpioq

fo ovoko tov ukkqkcu5pocov ou ovofccovfoi cfo fou

Icokoio 1
37
OP|ANIZMOI uvkoyu c tov tpuo uou c[uouk[ouv tqv
tpoq toug

AYTOTPOIOI

opoyouv oi ioi fi qikc oucc oo fi ooc cocok(cfoi q
oopofqfq cvcpycio yio fqv ciucq fou
DAPA|(|OI : I(TOZYNOETOYN, qkoq cccouv fqv qkiokq
cvcpycio koi fqv oiooiov yio fqv opoyuyq ykuko(q koi okkuv
uofov0pokuv oo oko ovopyovo opio (CO
2
, H
2
0)
okukffopoi ufiko opyovico, kq, kuovookfqpio

ETEPOTPOIOI

c ufocuv0cfouv
opokoovouv c fqv fpoq fou fi qikc oucc ou cvoi
oopofqfc yio fqv kokuq fuv cvcpyciokuv ovoykuv fou
ukpvovtu oc :

kATANAA(TEZ

fpcovfoi c ufiko q (uiko opyovico
ovokffopoi koi okukffopoi (uiko opyovico

Dpotqg t[qg : ufooyo (uo
ctcpqg t[qg : copkooyo (uo ou fpcovfoi c ufooyo
Tptqg q cyuktcpqg t[qg : copkooyo (uo ou fpcovfoi
c okko copkooyo

ADOIkOOMHTEZ

okfqpio coou, kqfc ou fpcovfoi c vckpq opyovikq kq
(kko, kopo, ockkpcci, fpc, cuofo vckpuv opyovicuv)
METATPEDOYN THN OP|ANIkH YAH ZE ANOP|ANH, q ooo
opc vo pqciooiq0c ck vcou oo fou ufiko opyovico
Icokoio 1
38
DAHOYZMOZ : oi opyovico cvo oikocucfqofo ou ovqkouv cfo
IJIO co.

IOkOINOTHTA : fo cvoko fuv ioopcfikuv kq0ucuv cvo
oikocucfqofo, okko koi oi cccci ou ovofccovfoi cfo fou.

IOTODOZ : q cpioq cfqv ooo (ci cvo kq0uco q o
iokoivofqfo.

AYTOTPOIA : cicoyouv fqv oopofqfq
cvcpycio c fq opq
OIkOZYZTHMATA HAIAkHZ AkTINOOAIAZ

ETEPOTPOIA : cicoyouv fqv oopofqfq
cvcpycio c fq opq
XHMIk(N EN(ZE(N

Icokoio 1
39
2.1.1 Xupuktqpotk okoouotqtov

MycSog & Opu

To cyc0o koi fo opio fou ko0op(ovfoi ko0c opo oo fov cpcuvqfq
ou fo ckcfo.

Iooppouu Dokktqtu

TAZH NA IATHPEI ZE IZOPPODIA fi cccci ou
ovofccovfoi cfo fuv ioopuv iofikuv koi oiofikuv opoyovfuv

MH ZTATIkH kATAZTAZH

Zuvcc DOZOTIkEZ & DOIOTIkEZ okkoyc

MHXANIZMOI AYTOPPYOMIZHZ

DOIkIAOTHTA : fo ioopcfiko cq fuv opyovicuv ou uopouv cc
cvo oikoccfqo.

oikikofqfo oikocucfqofo

oikiko ccccuv cfo iofikuv opoyovfuv

Icoppoo oikocucfqofo
Icokoio 1
40
2.2 POH ENEP|EIAZ

TPOIH ENEP|EIA yio fou opyovico

Tpoikc cccci cfo fuv opyovicuv ioopcfikuv ciuv :
DOIOTIkEZ & DOZOTIkEZ

Dootkg : ocikov(ovfoi c TPOIIkEZ AAYZIEZ &
TPOIIkA DAE|MATA

Doootkg : ocikov(ovfoi c TPOIIkEZ DYPAMIEZ

2.2.1 Tpokg ukuo5cg & tpok ukyutu

Tpokq ukuo5u : q okuco, fq ooo fo ckq cvouv fq poq
cvcpycio ovocco cfou opyovico ou couv cccq
kATANAAIZkOMENOY kATANAA(TH.

Mcpo fuv okkokuv fpoikuv ccccuv ou opoucio(ci cvo
fpoiko kcyo.

Tpok ukyu : fo kfuo ou ocikov(ci fo cvoko fuv fpoikuv
ccccuv cfo fuv opyovicuv cvo oikocucfqofo.

Icokoio 1
41
2.2.2 Tpokg uupu5cg & tpok ukyutu

TPOIIkH DYPAMIA < TPOIIkA EDIDEA

Zc kSc tpok cuuc5o ucpkuvovtu ko o
opyuvoo uou tpovtu uuyovtug 5o upS qtov
uu tov qko.

1
o
tpok cuuc5o : AZH fq fpoikq upoo, DAPA|(|OI

2
o
tpok cuuc5o : kATANAA(TEZ DP(THZ TAEHZ

3
o
tpok cuuc5o : kATANAA(TEZ EYTEPHZ TAEHZ

upoo ENEP|EIAZ : ocikov(ci fq cfookq
fq cccucvq cvcpycio

upoo IOMAZAZ : ocikov(ci fq cfookq Au to vu
fq o[ug tpok cuuc5o
(qpq o(o opyovicuv ovo ovoo ciovcio) oto kko

upoo DAHOYZMOY : ocikov(ci fq cfookq
fou kq0uco

Icokoio 1
42
MONO to 10% ucpuou tqg cvpycug cvg tpoko
cuu5ou ucpvc oto cucvo !

To 90% tqg cvpycug yvctu, 5t :

o |vo cpo fq qikq cvcpycio cfofpccfoi c fqv
kuffopikq ovovoq cc q oiooiqcic opc cvcpycio
(.. 0cpofqfo).
o Jcv fpuyovfoi okoi oi opyovico.
o Opiccvoi opyovico c0ovouv.
o |vo cpo fq opyovikq kq oookkcfoi c fo kopovo
koi fo opo (ockkpcci), fo ooo ooikooovfoi.

3IA utotkq toq oc uupu5cg o[ug ku ukqSuoo !

Eopccq : ANEZTPAMMENH upoo kq0uco (ofov cc cvo
oikoccfqo uopouv DAPAZITIkEZ fpoikc cccci, o kq0uco fuv
ovufcpuv cicuv yvcfoi okocvo cyokfcpo oo fov kq0uco fuv
kofufcpuv).

OXI DANTA EYkOAH H kATATAEH T(N kATANAA(T(N ZTA
TPOIIkA EDIDEA, iofi :

Yopouv opyovico foufopovo ufooyoi koi copkooyoi.

Yopouv opyovico ou okko(ouv iofpoikc cuvq0cic ovokoyo c
fqv coq.

Yopouv opyovico ou okko(ouv iofpoikc cuvq0cic ovokoyo c
fo cfoio fq (uq fou.

Icokoio 1
43
2.2.3 H vvou tqg uupuyoyktqtug

DAPA|(|IkOTHTA : o pu0o c fov ooo oi opyovico cvo
oikocucfqofo opoyouv OP|ANIkH YAH.

Dpotoycvqg Dupuyoyktqtu : o pu0o c fov ooo oi
opoyuyo cvo oikocucfqofo cccouv fqv qkiokq okfivooko koi
fq cfofpcouv cc qikq (OP|ANIkH YAH).

cutcpoycvqg Dupuyoyktqtu : o pu0o c fov ooo oi
kofovokufc cvo oikocucfqofo, oiooiuvfo fq qikq cvcpycio
ou opokoovouv c fqv fpoq fou, opoyouv opyovikq kq.

Mcktq kuSupq

to uoo tqg ouvokkqg to uoo tqg opyuvkqg kqg
opyuvkqg kqg uou uuovc, ct tqv
uou uupyctu uupcoq tqg opyuvkqg kqg
uou o[c5oSqkc yu tqv
kkuq tov cvcpycukov uvuykov
tov opyuvoov

Dupyovtcg uou kuSop[ouv to ycSog tqg upotoycvog
uupuyoyktqtug :

Hkioovcio
Ocpokpoco
Jio0cciofqfo 0pcfikuv cfoicuv
Jio0cciofqfo vcpo (cpcoo oikocucfqofo)
8o0o cfo ooo icicci fo u (uofivo oikocucfqofo)
Icokoio 1
44
2.3 IO|E(XHMIkOI kYkAOI

To oikocucfqofo fpooofovfoi ZYNEX(Z c cvcpycio oo fov
JAIO.

Hkukq Evpycu Jccccfoi oo fou DAPA|(|OYZ

Mcfofpccfoi cc XHMIkH ENEP|EIA

Pcci MONOPOMA , ccu fuv fpoikuv
okucuv, cfo ioopo cco
kofovokufuv koi cfou ooikooqfc

To qiko cfoico ou cvoi oopofqfo yio fq cv0ccq qikuv
cvuccuv kukkoopov, ucfc vo yvovfoi ck vcou io0ccio, ccu fuv
IO|E(XHMIk(N kYkA(N.

IO|E(XHMIkOI kYkAOI : covokoovocvc kukkikc opcc
fuv qikuv cfoicuv cfo oikocucfqofo ou ickcpoiuvovfoi c fq
cucfoq iokoyikuv, ycukoyikuv koi qikuv ioikociuv.

2.3.1 O kkkog tou ANOPAkA

ANOPAkAZ : oiko cfoico okuv fuv opyovikuv cvuccuv koi
fuv IOAO|Ik(N MAkPOMOPI(N

Icokoio 1
45
CO
2
fq ofocoipo

opokoovcfoi oo fou DAPA|(|OYZ

cfofpccfoi c fq ioikoco fq I(TOZYNOEZHZ cc
|AYkOZH

kuttupkq Avuuvoq (kokuq ovoykuv opoyuyuv)

|AYkOZH Tpoq yu toug kutuvukotg

Mckpq Opyovikq `kq cfo coo : tpoq yu toug
Auoko5oqtg

+ Mckpq Opyovikq `kq (uikq pockcucq

H opyuvkq kq OEEI(NETAI oc ku tu tpok cuuc5u
(uupuyoyog, kutuvukotg, uuoko5oqtg)

AuckcuSpooq cvpycug yu kkuq cvcpycukov uvuykov ku
uupuyoyq CO
2
uou cuotpc otqv utoupu

Icokoio 1
46
Dupuoq tou uvSpouou otov kkko tou vSpuku

Xpqoq opuktov kuuoov
(yuuvSpkov, uctpckuou
& uoko ucpou)

uSuu AYEHZH
tqg ouykvtpooqg
tou CO
2

Mcooq ouvokko upSo otqv utoupu
otoouvSctkov opyuvoov
tou ukuvqtq
(ukotqoq, ckypoooq)

2.3.2 O kkkog tou AZ(TOY

AZ(TO : oiko cfoico oopov (voukkckov o[ov,
upotcvov)

78% k.. cfqv ofocoipo

E MDOPEI NA XPHZIMODOIHOEI ZE AYTH TH
MOPIH ADO TOYZ DAPA|(|OYZ!!!

Icokoio 1
47
AZ(TOEZMEYZH : cfofpoq ofocoipiko o(ufou cc opc
oiooiqcic oo fou DAPA|(|OYZ.

ATMOZIAIPIkH (10% ouvokkqg) : fo o(ufo fq ofocoipo
ovfipo cfc c fou upofo, cqof(ovfo AMM(NIA, cfc c
fo ofocoipiko ouyovo, cqof(ovfo NITPIkA IONTA, c fq
oq0cio fq cvcpycio fuv HAEkTPIk(N EkkEN(ZE(N, fo fckiko
poovfo cfocpovfoi ccu fq poq cfo coo

IOAO|IkH (90% ouvokkqg) : poyofooicfoi oo
EAEYOEPOYZ q ZYMI(TIkOYZ ikpoopyovico

AZ(TOEZMEYTIkA AkTHPIA

(ouv cuiufiko cfi p(c fuv uov0uv (fpikki,
i(ckio, ocokio, okq, coyio), cc ciiko coykuofo, fo
IYMATIA
cccouv fo ofocoipiko o(ufo koi fo cfofpcouv cc
vifpiko iovfo, fo ooo ooppoovfoi oo fo uov0q

4ufo
Atooupkq q okoykq
u[oto5ocuoq

Mifpiko iovfo coou

A(ufoc cvucci (voukkcko oco, pufcvc)

Tpokg ukuo5cg

Iofovokufc

opoyuyq pufcvuv
Icokoio 1
48
4ufo & Zuo

Mckpq opyovikq kq + o(ufoc ockkpcci cfo coo

Jiococq oo fou ADOIkOOMHTEZ

opoyuyq AMM(NIAZ

Jpocq NITPODOIHTIk(N AkTHPI(N

NITPIkA IONTA ou opokoovovfoi oo fo ufo

Jpocq ADONITPODOIHTIk(N AkTHPI(N

MOPIAkO AZ(TO ou cicfpcci cfqv ofocoipo

Icokoio 1
49
Dupuoq tou uvSpouou otov kkko tou u[otou

Xpqcq AZ(TOYX(N kiocofuv ou kofokqyouv cfo uofivo
oikocucfqofo koi pokokov fo oivocvo fou EYTPOIIZMOY

Okokoyko tpuo cukoutoo tou c5oug c [oto :

Aypuvuuuoq
Acouop (cvokkoyq cfqv kokkicpycio cifqpuv koi
uov0uv, ucfc fo coo vo ckouf(cfoi c o(ufo koi vo
qv coc0cvc)

2.3.3 O kkkog tou NEPOY

Iokfci fo cyokfcpo fqo fq Iq.

Opio0cfc fo uofivo oikocucfqofo koi ko0op(ci fi iiofqfc fou.

Mccu oufo fo 0pcfiko cucfofiko ciccpovfoi koi kukkoopov cfo
ccufcpiko fuv oufofpouv opyovicuv.

Zqovfiko fqo (uvfovuv icfuv.

Ocpopp0icq ufikuv koi (uikuv opyovicuv.

4ufocv0ccq.

Icokoio 1
50
YPOAO|IkOZ kYkAOZ

EEATMIZH : oookpuvcq fou vcpo c fq opq
upofuv oo ooioqofc ciovcio (cu5cpkq : oo fqv
ciovcio fuv kkuv)

IADNOH : oookpuvcq fou vcpo ccu fuv
ototov, fuv opuv, qkoq fq cicpo fuv kkuv,
kINHTHPIA YNAMH yio fq cfoopo fuv
0pcfikuv cfoicuv cfo ccufcpiko fuv ufikuv
opyovicuv

kATAkPHMNIZEIZ (poq, iovi, oko(i) :
oookpuvcq fou vcpo oo fqv ofocoipo, io0cciofqfo
cc cpcoo koi uofivo oikocucfqofo

O kkkog tou vcpo cvu uo uokukokog otu ycpouu
uu t otu u5tvu okoouotqutu , IOTI :

To vcpo ou cfci cfqv qpo opc :

Mo coficfc.

Mo cicupqcci cfo ucoo koi cfo ccfqo fuv uoyciuv uofuv.

Mo pockq0c oo fo ufo koi vo oookpuv0c c fq iovoq.

Mo oookpuv0c c fqv ciovciokq ooppoq oo fo cpcoo
cpiokkov.

Icokoio 1
51
2.4 O ANOP(DINOZ DAHOYZMOZ

|copykq Euuvotuoq !

oqyuvkq Euuvotuoq !

Zqcpu, oc uuykoo cuuc5o, o uvSpouvog ukqSuog
uu[vctu ctqoog kut 1.8% ucpuou

2.4.1 AvSpouog ku ucpukkovtk upokqutu

Aku[ovkq ouucpop tou uvSpouou uuvuvt oto ucpkkov tou !

Mcucq fq iooikikofqfo
Epqooqcq
Povcq coou, vcpo, ocpo

2.4.2 Mcooq tqg ouokktqtug

IODOIkIAOTHTA : oikiko fou oivocvou fq (uq cc ko0c
cco opyovucq fq, oo fo yovio, fo puocuofo koi fou
opyovico u fo cq, fi iokoivofqfc koi fo oikocucfqofo.

Ipio uto fq coovicq fuv ciuv cvoi q kofocfpoq q q okkoucq
fuv cpiouv cfi ooc oufo opov vo ciiucouv (uyptouo, tpouk
5oq kk.).
Icokoio 1
52
Yyptouo

o 8iofooi oi oooi pckovfoi cfo opio cfo cpcouv koi
uofivuv cpiouv
o Ao0q, ovio q coiko, vcpo
o Y+HAH DAPA|(|IkOTHTA
o Jckfo ofouv, oo0c kvc, ofoio, ckq, kivo0okoccc

Eiiuvouv cvfoo, oukio, cpcfo, oio, opio,
kocio upoio koi cpcoo kupo !

Dupuoq tou uvSpouou

Aoqpovcci
Eyyciockfiufiko cpyo
Jicu0cfqcci cioppuv koi koifuv ofouv
Xpqcq kiocofuv & ufoopokuv

Tpouk oq

To io kocio cc oikiko oikocucfqofo
4fuo coo
kocio kocfqcq
Jio0cfouv fo 65% fou cuvokou fuv yvucfuv ufikuv ciuv
Yqkc 0cpokpocc koi uypoco

ADO+IA(ZH !

Icokoio 1
53
2.4.3 Epqouoqoq

Epqk okoouotqutu

Ayovo coq
Mikpq opoyuyikofqfo
Mikpq ioo(o
ok oqkq poofucq
Aofckcco ANOP(DINHZ DAPEMAZHZ

Atcg cpqouoqoqg :

o Iofocfpoq oo fqv oivq poq
o Aokucq (fpoiko ocq)
o upkoyic
o Ycpockqcq (ccoycioko oikocucfqofo)

Dupkuyg otu cooycuk okoouotqutu

Mcooycuk kku : okkqkoiooq uypo koi ccfiko qiou
0cpokpocioko ciuvo c 0cpo koi qpo kokokopi uqkc
0cpokpocc, cyokq qpoco, cuccupcucq q ooikooqcvuv cpuv
kkuv cfo coo EkHA(ZH I(TIAZ

Mqyuvoo uvuyvvqoqg fuv opyovicuv :

Zqofico vcuv kocfuv & kkuv oo uoyciou o0oko
Auqcvq fpucq ccpofuv ou couv iockopicfc oo fq ufio

Iofocfpoq ufikuv opyovicuv
ou cuykpofov fo coo
IAP(ZH c5oug,
Ikcq coou uSuu kutppcuoq + cpqouoqoq
OIkOZYZTHMATOZ
Iofoppokfuci poc
Icokoio 1
54
2.4.4 PYDANZH

Puuvoq : q ciopuvcq fou cpiokkovfo c ko0c opoyovfo (puo),
ou qikc oucc koi opc cvcpycio (.. 0cpofqfo, qo,
okfivookc), ou cci kofikc cipocci cfou opyovico.

PuSg c tov ouoo upootSctu vug puog oto okoootqu !
O 5opcg opg puuvoqg ukkqkcu5pov ctu[ toug !

Atooupkq Puuvoq : ockcfoi cfqv cvfofikq kocq opukfuv
koucuv (yoiov0pokuv koi cfpckoou), fqv ovcycpcq cyokuv
ioqovikuv ovouv koi fqv ckoq ocpiuv puv, fqv okofuq
oqcq fou ov0puivou kq0uco, fq o(ikq pqcq oufokivqfou k.o.

To uvcvo tou Scpokquou (Fourier, 1822)

Ycpcfpq kocq opukfuv koucuv

Aqcq cuykcvfpucq CO
2
fq ofocoipo

Aqcq ococfo ucpu0pq okfivooko ou ccccfoi oo fo CO
2
fq ofocoipo

AYEHZH THZ OEPMOkPAZIAZ THZ |HZ

PuSg u[qoqg CO
2
tqg utoupug kut 0.3% kSc ypvo !

A[qoq tqg oqg Scpokpuoug tou ukuvqtq kut 5 uSog
kckoou to 2040 !!!

Zuvuccg : fqq okikuv oyuv, ovucq fq cfo0q fq 0okocco,
oukcio cyokuv cpcouv ckfoccuv, cfofpoq yoviuv cpiouv cc
oyovc koi ovfcfpoo.
Icokoio 1
55
To otoyqk vog

Mcyo iociou fou 0cou koi poovfuv ofcko kocq
opukfuv koucuv (Aovvo, 1952)
poovfo ovfpocq opoyuyuv qovuv ccufcpikq kocq
c fo ouyovo uo fqv cpocq fq qkiokq okfivooko (Ao
Avf(ckc, A0qvo)

Dpotoycvcg puo
O[c5u tou u[otou : kofocfpcouv fou icfo fuv vcuovuv, q
povio ck0ccq cc oqkc cuykcvfpucci pokokc fqv covicq
cucqofo
Movo[c5o tou vSpuku : cc uqkc cuykcvfpucci, opco(ci fq
cfoopo ouyovou cfou icfo yiof ovfoyuv(cfoi fo ouyovo yio
fqv ciikq 0ccq cvccq cfo opio fq oiocoipvq
Y5poyovvSpukcg : kopkivoyovo pocq, .. cv(oupcvio

cutcpoycvcg puo
O[ov : cqpco(ci fq kcifoupyo fou ovovcucfiko cucfqofo
Ntpk uucpo[uukctko (PAN) : cpc0(ci fo ofio

H c[uoSvqoq tqg ot5ug tou [ovtog

Iofufcpq cfpofocoipo (15 30 Km ovu oo fqv ofocoipo)

ZTIAA OZONTOZ

DPOZTAZIA oo fi uccvc cuvccic fq ucpiuou okfivooko
(0ovofqopo pocq cc ovokffopou opyovico, cfokkoci DNA,
kofoppokfq, kopkvo cpofo)

Atu c[uoSvoqg : pqcq XA(POIOOPANOPAk(N
(Freon)

Avfikofocfocq oo YPOIOOPANOPAkEZ
Icokoio 1
56
H [vq poyq

O[c5u tou u[otou

Hoicfciokq pocfqpiofqfo
Aoikooqcq opyovikuv ouciuv oo okfqpio coou + H2O
Iocq uypuv koucuv

o[c5o tou Scou

Y5puto utoupug

Ntpk + Oco5cg O[

Eicfpcouv cfqv ciovcio fq Iq iokucvo cfo vcpo fq poq,
fo iovi, fqv okq q fo oko(i.

Zc yuqkg ouykcvtpoocg pocouv cfo vcpo fq poq fiq
pH ypu cfo 5.6

Zc uqkg ouykcvtpoocg pocouv cfo vcpo fq poq fiq
pH kto uu to 5.

Zuvuccg : kofocfpoq ukkuofo cvfpuv, ckoffucq yoviofqfo
coou, 0ovofucq ufikuv koi (uikuv opyovicuv uofivuv
oikocucfqofuv, kofocfpoq icfopikuv opifckfovikuv vqcuv koi
opopivuv cpyuv fcvq.
Icokoio 1
57
Puuvoq Y5tov : ko0c ucikq, qikq q iokoyikq cfookq fou
vcpo ou fo ko0icfo okofokkqko yio fou opyovico ou (ouv cc
oufo q fo pqciooiov, ockcfoi cfqv ocfikq koi fq ioqovikq
pocfqpiofqfo fq qpo.

Ocp vcp uktkov cykutuotocov upqvikuv ovfipocfqpuv koi
cpyocfocuv opukfuv koucuv

Jiocfcucq cc uofivo oikoccfqo

A[qoq tqg Scpokpuoug tou vcpo

Ekttooq tqg ouykvtpooqg tou 5ukuvou oto vcp o[uyvou

AZTIkA AYMATA (cpiffuofo, cuofikc ckkpcci, ooppuovfiko,
poovfo ko0opico)

A[qoq kpouko optou

5ooq ooupov vooqtov, uvcvo EYTPOIIZMOY

Icokoio 1
58
EYTPOIIZMOZ

Aotk kutu + kuoutu

Ekoufico fou uofivou oikocucfqofo c vtpk + ooopk kutu

opoq 0pcfikuv cucfofikuv cc upoiou ufocuv0cfiko opyovico
(ufokoykfov)

Yupctpq u[qoq fou kq0uco fou utoukuykto + fou
[ooukuykto (ovokffopoi (uiko opyovico)

Zuooopcuoq vckpqg opyuvkqg kqg koyu 0ovofou koykfovikuv
opyovicuv

A[qoq uuoko5oqtov

PuSg kutuvkooqg OEY|ONOY >
PuSg uupuyoyqg OEY|ONOY

Zuvcyqg ckttooq uootqtug 5ukuvou o[uyvou

Ouvtooq uvotcpov opyuvoov

Icokoio 1
59
Akkcg utcg kuvoqg

o Aukqtu oqyuvkqg 5puotqptqtug
o Xqkg ouocg
o upu tukku (ku5og, u5ppyupog, cu5pyupog k..)
o Opyuvko 5uktcg
o Dctpckuoc5q
o Dupuotoktvu
o Evtooktvu (DDT)
o Pu5cvcpy uukqtu
o Dupuupovtu pu5cvcpyov ckpq[cov

Mq o5uouocvcg ouocg

Zuooopcovtu otoug kopuuoug kutuvukotg ucpvovtug uu
tov vu kpko tqg tpokqg ukuo5ug otov cucvo !!!

IOZYZZ(PEYZH : q cuykcvfpucq cfou icfo fuv opyovicuv fuv
foikuv qikuv ouciuv ou E IOIAZD(NTAI uu[vctu ko0u
poupoc kofo qko fq fpoikq okuco.

Icokoio 1
60
Puuvoq E5oug : ockcfoi cc foikc oucc (poicvcpyo
ookqfo, cvfookfovo, opco cfokko) ou oof0cvfoi cc oufo, c
cuvccio fqv cpqooqcq koi fq iocfcucq fou cfo uofivo
oikocucfqofo q fo uoycio vcpo.

Hyoppuuvoq

Ntcouk : ovoo cfpqcq fq cvfocq fou qou, ovfipocucci fqv
ckoicfq ioopo cfqv cvfocq o quv, ucfc vo yvovfoi iokpifo oo fo
ov0puivo ouf.

Zuvcyqg kScoq oc qyo vtuoqg > 85 vtcouk uopc vu
upokukoc uuokcu ukoqg !

Zuvuccg

o Jiofopoq uikq uyco
o Aqcq ci0cfikofqfo
o Zfpc
o Ekoffucq oufocuykcvfpucq
o Aqcq opfqpiokq ccq
o Aqcq ckkpicq yocfpcvfcpikuv uypuv
o Eovicq ckkou

Icokoio 1
61
kEIAAAIO 3
EEEAIEH

3.1 EIZA|(|H

2 uokg ycvkcocg

kuttupkq Scopu : oko fo cio ovfo oofckovfoi oo kffopo
koi oo kuffopiko poovfo.
E[ckktkq Scopu : oko fo cio ovfo cvoi poov cckiq ou
uccfqcov poycvccfcpoi opyovico.
Ztoyuotg ku upyuo kkqvcg kooo : oi uopovfc
opyovico couv pock0ci oo fpoooqcq poycvccfcpuv opuv.

3.1.1 Tu[vqoq tov opyuvoov ku c[k[q

EIOZ : fo cvoko fuv ioopcfikuv kq0ucuv q fo cvoko okuv fuv
opyovicuv ou opov vo uvuuupuySov cfo fou koi vo
ookfqcouv yoviou ooyovou (c[okoyk kptqpo) q fo cvoko fuv
opyovicuv ou couv koivo opokoyiko koi ioqiko opokfqpicfiko
(tuuokoyk kptqpo).

Occko5qg ov5u tu[vqoqg

Zuotqutkq kuttu[q

|vog
E5og
Okoyvcu
T[q
kkoq
Iko
Icokoio 1
62
3.1.2 H Scopu tou Aupk

Iokko (uokoyo Jean Battiste Lamarck (1744 1829) : oi
cfookc fou cpiokkovfo ko0oqyov fou opyovico vo
ovofouv kofokkqkc cuvq0cic q oc, ucfc vo pocopo(ovfoi c oufo.

H ikocoo fq Zuokoyo (1809)

H oio kq opoyci ofckc opc (uq, oi ooc cckccovfoi
cc cuv0cfofcpc, kofo qko o voqtqg uokqg kkukug ,
coifo o cufq focq (cootcpkqg 5vuqg) yio cuvcq
ckfucq.

Apyq tqg ypqoqg ku tqg uypqoug

To opyovo cvo (uou ou oq0ov fqv upooupoyq fou oto
ucpkkov pqciooiovfoi oo oufo cpiccofcpo, ovofccovfoi
koi cyokuvouv, cvu ckcvo ou c cuokkouv cfqv pocopoyq fou
cpifouv cc opqco, ofpoov koi coov(ovfoi.

To (uo ookfov vu cuktqtu yupuktqpotk ou
kkqpo5otov cfou ooyovou fou.

Mc fqv opoo fou povou, ouooopcovtu ukkuyg ou oqyov
cfq 5qoupyu cvg 5uopctko c5oug.

uootqkc oc kuvSuovu 5c5ovu (kkqpovokq
ctuuoq cuktqtov yupuktqpotkov).
Icokoio 1
63
3.1.3 H Scopu tqg uokqg cukoyqg

kpokog upvog : Ocopu tqg Iuokqg Eukoyqg

H 5u5kuou c tqv ouou o opyuvoo uou cvu
ucpootcpo upooupoovo oto ucpkkov toug
cuovouv ku uvuuupyovtu ucpootcpo uu toug
kytcpo upooupoovoug.

uootqkc oc 4 uuputqpqocg ku 3 ouucpoutu uou
uuoppouv uu uutg !

Duputqpqoq 1 : Oi kq0uco fuv ioopuv ciuv
fcvouv vo uu[vovtu oo ycvio cc ycvio c puS
ycoctpkqg upo5ou.

Duputqpqoq 2 : Av coipc0ov oi coikc
iokuovcci, fo cySq fuv kq0ucuv opocvouv
oyctk otuScp.

Duputqpqoq 3 : To ofoo cvo cou cv cvoi ooio.
Yopci tcpotu uokkoopu ocov oopo fo
uok yupuktqpotk fuv ckuv fuv ioopuv
kq0ucuv.

Duputqpqoq 4 : To cpiccofcpo opokfqpicfiko fuv
yovcuv kkqpo5otovtu cfou ooyovou fou.

Icokoio 1
64
Zuupuou 1 : Iio vo opocvci cfo0cpo fo cyc0o cvo
kq0uco, opo fqv focq yio oqcq, cpiko ofoo cv
ciiuvouv q cv ovoopoyovfoi. Zuvcu, cfo fuv
opyovicuv cvo kq0uco icoycfoi cvo uyovug
cuooqg.

Zuupuou 2 : Oi opyovico ou couv kkqpovoqcci
opokfqpicfiko ou fou oq0ov vo pocopo(ovfoi kokfcpo
cfo cpiokkov fou cuovouv ucpootcpo q/ku
uqvouv cyuktcpo upS uuoyvov oo fou
opyovico ou couv kkqpovoqcci kiyofcpo cuvoko yio fqv
ciucq fou opokfqpicfiko.

Zuupuou 3 : To cuvoko yio fqv ciucq opokfqpicfiko
cfoio(ovfoi cfqv cocvq ycvio c cyuktcpq ouyvtqtu
oo fo kiyofcpo cuvoko, ko0u oi opc fou ciiuvouv koi
oqvouv cyokfcpo opi0o ooyovuv oo fou opc fuv
kiyofcpo cuvokuv opokfqpicfikuv. |fci, c fqv opoo fou
povou, q cuccupcucq oko koi cpiccofcpuv cuvokuv
opokfqpicfikuv cc cvov kq0uco opc vo oqyqcci cfqv
cvoq cvg vou c5oug.

Icokoio 1
65
3.1.4 Mcpkg ypqocg uuoouqvocg otq Scopu tqg
uokqg cukoyqg

H uokq cukoyq 5pu otov DAHOYZMO !

H 5poq tqg uokqg cukoyqg cvu TODIkA ku
XPONIkA upoo5opovq !

3.1.5 H uokq cukoyq cv 5poc

oqyuvkg Mckuvog

H ucikq cikoyq cpocc cuvouvfo oo fo uupyovtu
kkqpovoqou yupuktqpotk ckcvo ou poccic
cyokfcpc i0ovofqfc ciucq cfo opco fou (ovoifo
puofico ofov oi kopo qfov ovoifopuoi, opo
puofico ofov oi kopo cyivov ckopoi).

3.1.6 Zykpoq tqg Scopug tou Aupk c tq Scopu tou
upvou

Mqkog kuo kuqkoup5ukqg

Icokoio 1
66
3.2 H ZY|XPONH ZYNOEZH

Jqoccucq fq cpyoco fou Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
ccfiko c fqv kkqpovoktqtu koi fov fpoo cfoocq fuv
opokfqpicfikuv.

|cvctkq ukqSuoov : cuvcci fqv cckiq c fi cfookc fuv
cuvofqfuv cfou kq0uco.

Mopukq okoyu

ZuvSctkq Ocopu tou upvou

3.2.1 O uupyovtcg uou 5uopovouv tqv c[ckktkq uopcu

A) Dokkoopu tov kkqpovokov yupuktqpotkov

cv uupyc kuvvug opyuvog cuvo otq |q uou vu cvu
uuoktog oog c kuoov kko !!!

E[upcoq : ovo(uyufiko uo, ikpoopyovico iou kkuvou

Icokoio 1
67
Mqyuvog 5qoupyug DOIkIAOMOPIIAZ

|ov5ukg ctukk[cg

Tuyuu kSq kut tqv uvtypuq tou DNA
Iuoko q yqko uupyovtcg uou ukkoovouv
tq 5oq tou DNA

Nu yov5u

Nu yupuktqpotk

Dpoopouv to ukk uvo oto ouoo 5pu q uokq cukoyq !

) Iuokq cukoyq

Io0op(ci fqv tyq fuv yoviuv cfi cocvc
ycvic.
Eikcyovfoi fo ofoo ou cvoi kuktcpu
upooupoovu cfo cpiokkov (cyokfcpq
uvofofqfo ciucq).
Auovcfoi q ouyvtqtu cvoqg fuv yoviuv ou
cvoi cuvoko yio fqv ciucq koi fqv ovoopoyuyq
fuv ofouv.

Icokoio 1
68
|) |cvctkq uuovooq

kq0uco fou iou cou

|cvctkq q |coypukq (kyo ycoypuko puyo)
uuovooq

Jioopcfikq cckikfikq opco

Tu tou u5uvutov ukov vu 5uotuupoSov ku vu
uvtukk[ouv yov5u, cuv[ouv ukkuyg oto ycvctk ukk
toug ku uotuvtu 5uopctk tq 5poq tqg uokqg
cukoyqg

Jqioupyo NE(N EI(N

3.3 TI EINAI H IYAO|ENEZH kAI ADO DOY
ANTAOYME ZXETIkA ZTOIXEIA

Iukoycvctk 5vtpo : cvci fi c[ckktkg oyocg ovocco
cfo cq ou ckcfuvfoi.

Icokoio 1
69
A) c5ovu uu tqv Dukuovtokoyu

Mckcfo fo ADOAIO(MATA

Yokcofo opyovicuv ou
c(qcov cfo okpivo opck0ov
(okkqp tqutu cvo opyovico,
oou o opyuvkg ouocg
uvtkutuotSqkuv uu uvpyuvcg
koi fo cfcfpcov cc k0ou )

Aofuuofo ufuv q (uuv cc poou
Aoki0uofo cc pqfvq

MSo5og Pu5oypovokyqoqg : povokoyovfoi fo ooki0uofo koi fo
cfpuofo c ocq fo uS 5ouuoqg ouykckpvov
pu5cvcpyov otoycov ou uopouv cc oufo.

Mcktq upoyovkov opov tou c5oug ug

Dkqpoopcg oyctk c :

Tq oicq
Tq voqocvq
Ti iofpoikc cuvq0cic
To kko

Icokoio 1
70
) c5ovu uu tqv Avutou

Okoyu : io ukoycvcfikq pockcucq, ooio
kofockcuq, ioopcfikq kcifoupyo

Opyuvu Avkoyu : opooio kcifoupyo,
ioopcfikq ukoycvcfikq pockcucq,
ioopcfikq kofockcuq

Yuokcutk : up kooio covq kcifoupyo

|) c5ovu uu tqv Epuokoyu

Mckcfq ioopuv otu5ov cpukqg uvutu[qg ioopuv
ciuv.

puyyukg oyog cc oko fo cpuo

kOINOZ YPOIOZ DPO|ONOZ

) c5ovu uu tq Mopukq okoyu

O opyuvoo uou cvu kytcpo ouyycvko ctu[ toug youv
ucpootcpcg 5uopg otqv ukkqkouyu tou DNA, cvo o
opyuvoo uou cvu ucpootcpo ouyycvko ctu[ toug youv
kytcpcg.

Zykpoq upotcvov c uupou kctoupyu
Icokoio 1
71
3.4 H EEEAIEH TOY ANOP(DOY
Iofoyuyq fuv ciuv

kpokog upvog

H kofoyuyq fou ov0puou

3.4.1 To ycvcukoyk ug 5vtpo

Dpotcovtu Oqkuotk tou uuokou tov Zuov5ukotov

3.4.2 H cvoq tov Oqkuotkov ku tov Dpotcuvtov

EPDETA

OHAAZTIkA (Mcoo[okg Aovug)

Movotpqutu

Mupouopu

Dkukouvtopu
DP(TEYONTA (kuvo[okg Aovug)

pufo DP(TEYONTA ou covcfqkov cfov kovqfq :

MIkPA ENPOIA ENTOMOIA|A OHAAZTIkA
Icokoio 1
72
3.4.3 Tu yupuktqpotk tov Dpotcuvtov

Jcvpoio fpoo (uq
Avfifokfo okfuko kofokkqko yio koc
Mokpio & cukvqfo okpo
Zfcpcockoikq & |ypuq opocq
Avcfuycvo cykcoko
pocfoco fuv ikpuv
Op0io cfocq

3.4.4 H c[k[q tov Dpotcuvtov

DPODIOHkOI (50 ckof. cfq piv)

DP(TEYONTA

ANOP(DOEIH : koivo poyovo
(38 ckof. cfq piv)

puouSqkog
(cckiq fou AyuutouSqkou)

3.4.5 H cvoq tov AvSpou5ov

AuotpukouSqkog (upotog AvSpou5qg)
(3 ckof. cfq piv)

Australopithecus bosei
Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy, 1974)

Icokoio 1
73
3.4.6 O upoto vSpouo

Homo habilis (vSpouog o cu5[og)
2 ckof. cfq piv

Homo erectus (vSpouog o pSog)
1.6 ckof. cfq piv

Homo archaico

400.000 130.000
cfq piv

Homo presapiens

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
(AvSpouog tou Ncvtcpvtuk)
130.000 cfq piv

Homo sapiens sapiens
(AvSpouog tou kpo Muvv)
35.000 cfq piv

Icokoio 1
74
Aokqocg 1
ou
kcukuou
DuSoyvo Mkpoopyuvoo

Aokqoq 1
q

Jo kq0uco okfqpuv A koi 8 oopf(ovfov opiko oo 100 ofoo.
Mcfo oo 3 upc pc0qkc ofi o kq0uco A oofckcfoi oo 40.000
ofoo, cvu o kq0uco 8 oo 51.200 ofoo.
Ti cucpoco pokfci oo fo fckiko kq0o fou;

Aokqoq 2
q

Zc o kokkicpycio okfqpuv ou pockuc oo cvo opiko okfqpio, cfo
oo 6 upc cfpq0qkov ovu oo 130.000 okfqpio koi cfo oo 12 upc
cpou 1.000.000.
i. To okfqpio oufo ovof0qkov cc iovikc cuv0qkc q oi;
ii. Av oi cuv0qkc yvouv coipcfiko uccvc, fi opc vo cuc cfqv
kokkicpycio;

Aokqoq 3
q

oco okfqpio uqpov opiko c cvo ofqpi yoko ou ccivc ckfo uycou
yio 8 upc, ov cfo fqv opoo oufo fou povou cfpq0qkov cc oufo 2
20

okfqpio, fo ooo okkokocio(ovfoi ovoyoviko ko0c 30 kcfo;
Yo0cfouc ofi fo okfqpio qfov opiko cfq kocfqfikq fou opq.

Aokqoq 4
q
oco opio voukkcvikuv ocuv 0o cuvfc0ov cfo oo 2 ycvic iuv, ov
ko0c io opc vo qioupyqcci 100 vcou io. Ti icci yio fov io HIV;

Aokqoq 5
q

|vo io pocokkci cvov okukffopo opyovico, o ooo io0cfci 10
12

kffopo. Aoyu fuv qovicuv ouvo fou opyovico, opoko ou
opoyovfoi 300 vcoi io c ko0c okkokocioco fou io (iopkc 30 kcfo),
ovo 100 couv fq uvofofqfo vo pocokkouv vco kffopo (qkoq 3 io
pocokkouv cvo kffopo okko fckiko ovo o cvo opc vo
okkokociocfc). Zc occ upc 0o couv pockq0c oko fo kffopo fou
opyovico;

Icokoio 1
75
Aokqoq 6
q
Ao fo cocvo ou opcfc vo ovfkqccfc oo fo opokofu ioypoo, fo
ooo cpiypoci fq cfookq fou opi0o fuv okfqpuv cc o
kokkicpycio, vo uokoyccfc fo pu0o okkokocioco fou.

Aokqoq 7
q

Zc o kokkicpycic okfqpuv, ou cckccovfoi uo fi kofokkqkofcpc
cuv0qkc, 2 upc cfo fqv cvopq fou cfpq0qkov : 16.000 okfqpio cfq
o koi 10.000 okfqpio cfqv okkq, fo ooo oki poqk0ov oo iopccq
fuv poqyocvuv.
i. oio opc vo qfov o ckoicfo kq0uco fuv okfqpuv ofov
ckvqcc ko0co oo oufc fi kokkicpycic;
ii. Evoi uvofov vo kokkicpyovfoi koi cfi o okfqpio fou iou cou;
iii. Evoi uvofov fo okfqpio fq o q fq okkq q koi fuv o vo
ovqkouv cc oufo ou opov vo ioipovfoi ko0c 20 kcfo;

Aokqoq 8
q

To ioypoofo A koi 8 cvouv fqv cckiq 2 ioopcfikuv kq0ucuv
okfqpuv.
i. Mc oio cuvofqfo ovcfoi vo ioipovfoi fo okfqpio cc ko0c
kq0uco;
ii. Mo ckfiq0c kofo oco fo okfqpio fuv 2 kq0ucuv pckovfoi cc
cfo0cpc cuv0qkc.
iii. oio kq0uco opc vo cpikoovci okfqpio cc kofocfocq
cvocopuv;
Icokoio 1
76

Aokqoq 9
q
Mo kokkicpycio okfqpuv okvcfoi oo 2 io. To ycvcfiko ukiko fuv iuv
cvoi 1 opio DNA. O io A ckivo fq ioikoco ovoopoyuyq fou occu,
cvu o io 8 cvcuofuvci fo DNA fou cfo DNA fou cvicfq.
Ofov o io ovoopoycfoi occu, qioupyc 100 ooyovou ko0c 30 min.
To okfqpio cfqv kokkicpycio ovoopoyovfoi c fq cyicfq cuvofqfo.
i. oio oo fou 2 opiko io 0o cci fou cpiccofcpou ooyovou
cfo oo 3 upc;
ii. Ofov oi io ockcu0cpuvovfoi oo fo kffopo, fo kofocfpcouv. oco
okfqpio 0o kofocfpoov;
iii. oco ovfypoo fou ycvcfiko ukiko fuv iuv couv cuvfc0c cuvokiko
koi oco uopouv cfo oo 3 upc;

Aokqoq 10
q

Zc o ocofqfo 0pcfikuv ouciuv couv cykofocfo0c 10 okfqpio fou
iou cou. Oi cuv0qkc cfi ooc pckovfoi oufo fo okfqpio koi q
ocofqfo fuv 0pcfikuv ouciuv copkov cpi koi yio fq 12
q
ycvio fou.
oio cvoi fo kq0o cfo ooo opov vo focouv oufo fo okfqpio;
|cfu ofi okpiu cfqv io ocofqfo 0pcfikuv cfoicuv koi cfi ic
cuv0qkc cyko0cfofoi kq0uco okfqpuv fou iou cou ou
oopf(cfoi : i) oo 20 ofoo, ii) oo 50 ofoo. oio cvoi o opi0o fuv
ofouv cfov ooo opc vo focci cc ookufo cuvokc cuv0qkc;

Icokoio 1
77
Aokqoq 11
q

O ov0puo oofckcfoi kofo cco opo oo 10
14
kffopo koi pocokkcfoi
oo cvov io. Mcfo oo oco povo 0o couv kofocfpoc oko fo kffopo ov
uofc0c ofi cvo io pocokkci koi kofocfpcci cvo kffopo koi cv cci
cikcucq; O povo ovoopoyuyq fuv iuv cvoi 30 kcfo koi ko0c opo
ckcu0cpuvovfoi 100 vcoi io.

Aokqoq 12
q

Jo okfqpio E. coli couv ioviko povo ikocioco 20 kcfo. oco
okfqpio 0o couv qioupyq0c cfo oo : i) 2 upc, ii) 2 qcpc;

Aokqoq 13
q

Tpci io cicokkouv cc 3 okfqpio (cc 1 o ko0cvo) koi cfofouv cc
kov0ovouco kofocfocq, oo cvcuofu0ov cfo ycvcfiko ukiko fuv
okfqpuv. ocoi io 0o uopouv cfo oo 15 iooikc ycvic okfqpuv;

Aokqoq 14
q

|vo io cicokkci cc cvo okfqpio o ooiko koi cfo fqv cvcuofucq
fou cfo ycvcfiko ukiko fou okfqpou, op(ci vo ckpo(cfoi. Ao fo
okfqpio ccpovfoi 50 vcoi io ou c fq ccipo fou pocokkouv okko
okfqpio (0cupccfc ofi pocokkouv cvo o ko0cvo).
i. ocoi io 0o qioupyq0ov koi oco okfqpio 0o couv kofocfpoc
cuvokiko cfo oo 4 iooikc ycvic iuv, cov oo fq cfiyq
cicoou cpi fqv coo fou oo cvo okfqpio cpvo icq upo; oco
povo 0o cci cpocci;
ii. ocoi io 0o couv qioupyq0c cfo oo 10 upc;
(Evcikfiko povo okkokocioco okfqpou 12 upc.)

Aokqoq 15
q

|vo RNA io cicokkci cc cvo kffopo koi cfo oo 1 upo ccpovfoi oo
oufo 100 vcoi io. oco foukoicfov opio voukkckuv ocuv 0o couv
qioupyq0c cuvokiko cfcpo oo 3 iooikc ycvic iuv koi oio 0o cvoi
oufo; oco povo 0o cci cpocci;
(Mo qv cuvuokoyccfc fo RNA ou poop(ovfoi yio cfopocq koi vo
0cupqccfc ofi cvo io pocokkci cvo kffopo. Mo 0cupqccfc okoq ofi oi
io cv cov(ouv ccikcucq.)

Icokoio 1
78
Aokqoq 16
q

|vo okfqpio iofocfoi, kofu oo iovikc cuv0qkc, ko0c 20 kcfo.
oio 0o cvoi o opi0o fuv ofouv koi oio fo opo fou cfo oo 24
upc; Ti vo(cfc ofi co(ci fqv fcpocfio oufq ovoopoyuyq;
(Mo 0cupqccfc ofi fo okfqpio couv cqo copo c iocfpo 1m koi
ukvofqfo (p) ccov cq c fou vcpo, qkoq 1 g/ml.)

Aokqoq 17
q

Mo cpqvcccfc fq opq fq kokq fou opokofu ioypoofo, fo
ooo cvci fqv ovofuq fuv okfqpuv o kokkicpycio.

Aokqoq 18
q

Zfov voko ou okokou0c ovovfoi fo oco ou covicov o kq0uco
okfqpuv, A koi 8, cc ioopo poviko iocfqofo.

DkqSuog A DkqSuog
Xpovo cc
upc
Api0o
okfqpuv
Xpovo cc
upc
Api0o
okfqpuv
Xpovo cc
upc
Api0o
okfqpuv
0 2 0 8 8 384
1 4 1 8 9 395
2 8 2 10 10 400
3 16 3 12 11 398
4 32 4 24 12 300
5 64 5 48 13 250
6 128 6 96
7 256 7 192
Icokoio 1
79

i. Mo ccioccfc fi ovfcfoic ypoikc opocfocci koi vo fi
cpqvcccfc.
ii. oio cvoi o povo ikocioco fuv okfqpuv fou kq0uco A;
iii. Av fo okfqpio fou kq0uco 8 ovqkouv cfo io co c ckcvo fou
kq0uco A, u cqycfoi q opq fq kokq kofo fqv ovofuq
fou cc kokkicpycio;
iv. Zc oiov oo fou o kq0uco uopci ovofuq cvocopuv;
Mcco cc oio poviko iocfqo opofqpcfoi oufo;

Aokqoq 19
q

piv oo cpikc ckocfc cpocov kpuo cfqv Apycvfivq 10.000
cvocopio okfqpuv cco cc okiocfiko cukqvo koi cyivov q oifo vo
kofocfpoc q kfqvofpoo oufq fq upo koi cfq cuvccio q oikovoo
fq. Ocupccfc ofi 128 cvocopio cvoi ikovo vo pokokccouv 0ovofqopo
kouq cc o oyckoo koi ofi fo (uo okv0qkov foufopovo. Av o opioko
opi0o okfqpuv ou opc vo ovc0c cvo (uo cvoi cpou
131.072(2
17
) koi q ko0c oyckoo (ci 5 qcpc cfo fq okuvcq fq, occ
oyckoc covfu0qkov cfo fi 5 oufc qcpc; oio cvoi o povo
ikocioco fou okfqpou;

Icokoio 1
80
Aokqocg 1
ou
kcukuou
Mqyuvoo uvug tou uvSpouvou opyuvoo

Aokqoq 1
q

Iofo fq iopkcio o ioopcfikuv koiucuv opofqpq0qkc ofi :
A. Iofo fqv pufq cv ouq0qkc ouciocfiko fo kq0o fuv kuffopofoikuv
kuffopuv,
8. Iofo fq cfcpq ouq0qkc coipcfiko fo kq0o fuv kuffopofoikuv
kuffopuv.
u opov vo cqyq0ov fo opoovu oivocvo;

Aokqoq 2
q
|vo kocofokffopo ckkpvci 2*10
8
opio iuv ovficuofuv fqv qcpo koi
opocvci cvcpyo yio 10 qcpc.
i. occ okucc koi fi cou pcci vo cuv0ccci;
ii. oco cq ovfiyovuv opc vo ovficfucci koi c oco ovfiyovo 0o
ovfipocouv;
iii. oio cvoi q oifo yio fi ckkpcci fuv ovficuofuv;
iv. Ti kofqyopo opio cuvc0cfc koi fi cou qfov fo kffopo ou fo
opqyoyc;
v. oco okfqpio opc vo coucfcpu0ov cov cfqv ciovcio fuv
okfqpuv pckovfoi 100 opio fuv ovfcfoiuv ovfiyovuv;

Aokqoq 3
q

To cocvo ioypoo cpiypoci fqv ovfpocq fou iou opyovico cfqv
coq c fo io ovfiyovo, c opoyuyq ovficuofuv, cc o ioopcfikc
povikc cfiyc.
i. u opc vo qp0c o opyovico cc coq c fo ovfiyovo; oio
fo ovocoiokoyikq ookpicq ovofcccfoi koyu fq coq c
fo ovfiyovo;
ii. oio qfov q pufq coq koi oio q cfcpq; Zc fi ockcfoi q
cyokq fiq cfqv ooo fovci q o kokq;
iii. Iiof ciuvcfoi foco opyo q cuykcvfpucq fuv ovficuofuv cfq o
cpfucq;
iv. Mo ccioccfc fi ovfcfoic kokc cuykcvfpucq fou ovfiyovou.

Icokoio 1
81

Aokqoq 4
q

To opokofu ioypoofo cvouv fqv ovfpocq cvo opyovico cfo fqv
coq fou c o ioopcfiko ikpoioko ovfiyovo.

i. Ti cvouv oi kokc cfo ioypoofo;
ii. u opc vo qp0c cc coq o opyovico c fo ovfiyovo;
iii. Ioi cfi o cpifucci covcfqkov kooio cufuofo cfov
opyovico.
iv. oio cucpocofo pokfouv oo oufo fo ycyovo;

Aokqoq 5
q

Mo cqciuccfc c cvo (+) cfov cocvo voko oic oo fi oucc ou
vovfoi cvoi 0cupqfiko kofokkqkc yio fqv ovficfuicq fuv vocqofuv
ou ovocpovfoi.
Mo oifiokoyqccfc fi cikoyc co.
Icokoio 1
82
Noqu Avoookutuotuktk Avtotk Eku Ivtcpcpvcg Opo
AIDS

|ovppou

|puq

Ekovoou

puqtug

Oqkoutu

kuvtvtuoq

Aoo[q uu
yku5u

Pcuutoc5qg
upSpt5u

Zuotqutkg
cpuSquto5qg
kkog

Zkq

Xokpu

Aokqoq 6
q

Mcpi vo okokkqpu0c q cuykcvfpucq fuv kivocvuv oyokuffopuv c cvov
icfo (iopkc 1 upo) ou cci uocfc okuvcq, oco okfqpio opc vo cci
ooikooqcci cvo ko0qkucvo oyokffopo koi oco ovficuofo opc vo
cci ckkpvci cvo 8 kcokffopo oufo fou icfo;
|vo ko0qkucvo oyokffopo opc vo ooikooqcci cvo okfqpio cc 10
cu 30 kcfo.
|vo ovfcuo ckkpvci 2000 ovficuofo/cufcpokcfo.

Aokqoq 7
q

|cfu ofi ofov ovoopoycfoi cvo io HIV qioupyc 10 ooyovou, oo
ccokoqcci poviko iocfqo 1 upo.
Mo kokkicpycio kcokuffopuv okvcfoi c 10.000 io HIV. To
kcokffopo pocpovfoi oo ofoo ou cc okuv0c piv oo 1 povo
oo fov HIV. To kcokffopo pokoovouv, ofov couv cuoic0qfooiq0c,
vo kofocfpcouv ko0c opo fo 10% fuv iuv ou qioupyovfoi.
i. Iiof fo kcokffopo cv kofocpvouv vo kofocfpcouv
okokkqpufiko fou io HIV;
ii. ocoi io 0o uopouv cfqv kokkicpycio cfo oo 3 upc;

Icokoio 1
83
Aokqoq 8
q

Zc cvo vqcoki kovfo cfqv Aucfpoko voufiko ckcu0cpucov fov cpoccvo
oiuvo cpiko kouvckio. To kouvckio opicov vo okkokocio(ovfoi koi
cvfoo kofckoov fo vqc. Mcfo oo povio q foikq kucpvqcq
ooocicc vo fo covfucci cciq kofccfpcov ucpokiko fq kupo fq
cpioq. Iio fov ckoo oufo, pqciooiq0qkc yio pufq opo o io fq
uoofucq. Zc 28 qcpc covfu0qkc koiov cpou fo 97% fou
kq0uco. H okuvcq ckvqcc oo cvo kouvcki, 0cupccfc ofi cvo kouvcki
okvci okko 3 occu cfo oo cpoo cuocq 2 qcpuv koi ofi o
0ovofo cpcfoi 4 qcpc cfo fqv opikq coq.
i. Mo uccfc fov opico fou io koi vo ovocpcfc fo co ovoco ou
0o koci upo cfo kouvckio.
ii. Iiof fo cpiccofcpo kouvckio cv kofocpov vo ovficfucouv
oofckccofiko fov io; Mo kovcfc o uo0ccq yi oufo ou ciucov.
iii. oio qfov poccyyicfiko o kq0uco fuv kouvckiuv;

Icokoio 1
84
Aokqocg 2
ou
kcukuou
AvSpouog & Dcpkkov

Aokqoq 1
q

Tpoikq okuco cvo oikocucfqofo oofckov oi opyovico : ckoviio,
cpc ou opocifov cfqv koukouoyio, povc cvfouv ou (ouv cfq
ckoviio, koukouoyio (copkooyo), oukio ou fpuvc povc.
Mo ccioccfc yio fou opyovico oufo :
o) fqv fpoikq okuco,
) fqv upoo fq ioo(o,
y) fqv upoo fou opi0o (kq0uco).

Aokqoq 2
q

Zfo fpoiko kcyo ou okokou0c ovcfoi q poq opyovikuv ouciuv. Mo
pc0c oioi cvoi :
o) oi opoyuyo,
) oi kofovokufc pufq foq,
y) oi kofovokufc cfcpq foq,
) oi ooikooqfc,
c) oi opyovico ou ouovouv fqv ocofqfo fuv opyovikuv ouciuv cfq cq.

A

|

Aokqoq 3
q

H io0cciq cvcpycio fuv opoyuyuv o fpoikq okuco cvoi 30.000
KJ. ocq cvcpycio opc vo oiooiq0c oo fou kofovokufc pufq
foq, ocq oo fou kofovokufc cfcpq foq koi ocq oo fou
kofovokufc fpfq foq ovfcfoio ;
Icokoio 1
85
Aokqoq 4
q

Zc cvo cko (ouv 40 oukio koi fpcovfoi c fi koic fou. Io0c ouk
(uy(ci , kofo cco opo, 400 gr koi ko0c koio 20 gr.
o) Mo ccioccfc fqv fpoikq okuco.
) ocq cvoi q ioo(o ko0c fpoiko cicou ;
y) occ cvoi oi koic ;
) ocq cvcpycio cc KJ ovficfoic cc ko0c fpoiko cco, ov 1 Kg
ovficfoic cc 21.000 KJ ;
c) Mo ccioccfc fi upoc opi0o ofouv, cvcpycio koi ioo(o.

Aokqoq 5
q

Zfqv fpoikq okuco :

pocivo kq Iupvo Ypoio cko0opi cpko

pc0qkc ofi q cvcpycio ou ovcfoi c fq opq 0cpofqfo oo fo upoio
cko0opi po fqv cpko cvoi 360 KJ. Mo pcfc :
A) fqv cvcpycio ou ovfipocucouv fo kq,
8) fi oukcic cvcpycio cfo yupvou koi upoiou cko0opio.

Aokqoq 6
q

Ocupoc ofi fo oco fq 0cpofqfo ou ovcfoi kooio povikq cfiyq cc
cvo oikoccfqo fo ooo cpikoovci 4 fpoiko cco cvoi o KJ. oio
cvoi fo oco fq qkiokq okfivooko ou pocfci ckcvq fq cfiyq cfo
oikoccfqo (ooocq ufuv 1%) ;

Aokqoq 7
q

Jvcfoi q okokou0q fpoikq okuco :

4ufokoykfov Zuokoykfov Mikpo opio Mcyoko opio
Ypoio fqvo

Av q ioo(o fuv opoyuyuv cvoi 5000 fovoi, vo uokoyicfov :
o) o opi0o fuv upoiuv fqvuv ou opov vo cocokcouv fpoq
ccu oufq fq fpoikq okuco, ov fo cco opo cvo fqvo cvoi 2,5
Kg.
) q cvcpycio fuv opoyuyuv, ov cvo fqvo pcio(cfoi 40 KJ/Kg yio vo
fpoc copku.
Icokoio 1
86
Aokqoq 8
q

Zc cvo uofivo oikoccfqo cfpq0qkov oi ioo(c fuv opyovicuv o
fpoikq okuco ou ovovfoi opokofu :

Etcptpou upototu : 30.000 kg
Dpkcg : 45 kg
Dpovu upototu : 200.000 kg
Mkp pu : 300 kg
Dpovcg kouvouuov : 3.000 kg

o) Mo cqofccfc fqv i0ovq fpoikq okuco.
) Mo cqofccfc fqv upoo fq ioo(o.
y) Mo pcfc fo ococfo fq ioo(o ou cpvo oo fo cvo fpoiko
cco cfo cocvo, ko0u koi fo ococfo fq ioo(o fuv opoyuyuv
ou cpvo cfou kopuoou kofovokufc.

Aokqoq 9
q

Zc cvo kioi uopouv 1 co opoyuyuv (), 3 cq kofovokufuv
pufq foq (A
1
, A
2
, A
3
), 2 cq kofovokufuv cfcpq foq (8
1
, 8
2
) koi
1 co kofovokufuv fpfq foq (I). Ao ccioccfc fo fpoiko kcyo,
vo pcfc fov cyicfo koi fov ckoicfo opi0o fpoikuv okucuv ou
cpikoovovfoi cc oufo.

Aokqoq 10
q

Zc o iokoivofqfo uopouv 1 co opoyuyuv, 4 cq kofovokufuv
cfcpq foq koi 2 cq kofovokufuv fpfq foq. Av o cyicfo opi0o
fpoikuv okucuv cc oufo fo fpoiko kcyo cvoi 40, oio cvoi o
ckoicfo ;

Aokqoq 11
q

Zc cvo oikoccfqo, ko0c opoyuyo (uy(ci fo 1/500 ko0c kofovokufq
pufq foq koi ko0c kofovokufq cfcpq foq (uy(ci oco 5
kofovokufc pufq foq. H cccq ioo(o fuv fpoikuv cicuv cvoi
io c fq cccq cvcpycio. Mo ocikovccfc fqv upoo fou kq0uco koi
vo fq cuykpvcfc c fqv upoo fq ioo(o.

Icokoio 1
87
Aokqoq 12
q

Ao cfpqcci ou cyivov cc o kvq pc0qkc q ioiocucvo
cvfookfovo c cuykcvfpucq 1/1000 fou ypoopou ovo ikioypoo
ufokoykfo (1/1000 gr/Kg), fou ooou q cuvokikq o(o 0ovci fou
10.000 fovou. H fpoikq okuco fou oikocucfqofo cpikoovci fo
ufokoykfov, fo opio, fo (uokoykfov koi fo opuofio fqvo.
o) ocq ocofqfo oo oufo fo cvfookfovo ovocvcfoi vo pc0c cfo
opuofio fqvo, c fqv pouo0ccq ofi fpcovfoi ookkcicfiko c opio
fq kvq ;
) oio cvoi q cuykcvfpucq fou cvfookfovou cc 1 Kg opio ;
y) Mo cuykpvcfc fo oofckccofo co c fq ioikoco fq poq cvcpycio
cfo oikoccfqo oufo.

Aokqoq 13
q

Mo cukqpu0c o voko ou okokou0c :

Tpok cuuc5o
Mq o5uouocvq
ouou uv ov5u
o[ug oc g/Kg
Dootqtu q
o5uouocvqg
ououg ocg
opoyuyo 8
Iofovokufc pufq foq
Iofovokufc cfcpq foq b
Iofovokufc fpfq foq

Aokqoq 14
q

Oi opc o oypofikq cpioq, pokcicvou vo ookkoouv fi
kokkicpycic oo cvo co opocifikq koio, ooocicov vo fi
ckocouv c cyokc ocofqfc cvfookfovou. Apkcfo qvc opyofcpo
ioicfu0qkc ofi cfqv fpoikq okuco
4ufo Ioic |vfoo Zvoi
oi fckcufooi opouco(ov cfou icfo fou cyokq cuykcvfpucq
cvfookfovou. H ocofqfo fou cvfookfovou ou pqciooiq0qkc cfqv
cpioq qfov 30 Kg koi q ioo(o fuv ufuv 600.000 Kg.
o) Mo kofockcuoccfc fqv fpoikq upoo fou oikocucfqofo ou
opoucio(ci fq cfookq fq ioo(o cfo ioopo fpoiko cco.
) Mo uokoyccfc fqv ovocvocvq fiq fq ioo(o ko0c fpoiko
cicou.
Icokoio 1
88
y) oioi oo fou opyovico fq upoo opokfqp(ovfoi opoyuyo,
oioi kofovokufc pufq foq, oioi kofovokufc cfcpq foq, oioi
kofovokufc fpfq foq ;
) u ovoo(cfoi fo oivocvo fq cuykcvfpucq cyokuv ocofqfuv
cvfookfovou cfou cvou ;
c) oic iiofqfc pcci vo cci o ouco, ucfc vo cuykcvfpuvcfoi cfo
ovufcpo cco fuv kofovokufuv ;
cf) oco g cvfookfovou ovocvcfoi vo uopouv ovo g ioo(o cvuv koi
yiof ;

Aokqoq 15
q

|vo ov0puo fpccfoi kofo 50% cov kofovokufq pufq foq koi
50% cov kofovokufq cfcpq foq. |vo okko cvoi ookkcicfiko
kofovokufq pufq foq koi cvo fpfo ookkcicfiko kofovokufq
cfcpq foq. Av 0cupqcouc fqv fpoq fou kqpu oooiuciq koi ofi
q ikfq opoyuyq ioo(o yio fov ov0puo cvoi koi cfi 3 cpifucci o,
vo pc0c q ikfq pufoycvq opoyuyq ou ovficfoic cc ko0c
cpfucq.

Aokqoq 16
q

Jcko pucocfo , yio vo ciiucouv yio cvo povo, pcio(ovfoi 500 Kg
ioo(o (fpoq), ou fqv poq0covfoi u cq : 250 Kg u kofovokufc
fpfq foq koi 250 Kg u kofovokufc cfcpq foq. Av oi cpioc
ou vcovfoi couv pufoycvq opoyuyikofqfo 1,5 Kg/m2 ovo cfo, fi
ckfocq ooifcfoi yio vo fou 0pcci ;

Σχολικό βοήθημα Βιολογίας Γενικής Παιδείας Γ΄ Λυκείου (Ηλιάσκος Φροντιστήρια)

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