SIGNALLING SYSTEMS

SIGNALLING IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF A TELEPHONE SYSTEM AND OVER THE YEARS SIGNALLING SYSTEMS HAVE HAD TO KEEP PACE WITH THE ADVANCES MADE IN THE TELEPHONE SWITCHING AND TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES. THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF SIGNALLING AND SOME OF THE STANDARDISED SIGNALLING SYSTEMS ARE : SIGNALLING BETWEEN SUBSCRIBER OFFICES AND TELEPHONE EXCHANGES SIGNALLING BETWEEN TELEPHONE EXCHANGES :

SIGNALLING BETWEEN SUBSCRIBER OFFICES AND TELEPHONE EXCHANGES : Hand set "Off hook" (DC loop closed) - Seizure indication Dialling the address information about the wanted subscriber after receipt of the dial tone (loop interruption). Handset "On hook" (Loop opened) clear forward indication In the backward direction, the exchange will indicate the progress of the call in the form of audible tones

SIGNALLING BETWEEN TELEPHONE EXCHANGES : The signals required to supervise the call e.g. seizure, answer or clear signals (Inter-exchange line signals). The signals required to set up the call e.g. those relating to digits (Inter-exchange register signals).

LINE OR SUPERVISORY SIGNALS : THESE SIGNALS ARE NECESSARY TO INITIATE A CALL SET UP AND SUPERVISE IT Seizing signal -These are termed as forward line signals. Clear forward signal - As these are sent from originating to terminating end. Answer signal Clear back signal -These are termed as backward line signals as these are needed in the reverse direction Release guard signal

REGISTER SIGNAL : THESE SIGNALS ARE REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH THE CALL Calling party category signals Congestion signals Address complete signals Signals/indicating the conditions of the called subscriber line End of pulse signals

SIGNALLING TECHNIQUES : LINE SIGNALLING :

LOOP SIGNALLING

E & M SIGNALLING

LOOP SIGNALLING : MAINLY USED FOR CALLS BETWEEN TWO LOCAL EXCHANGES ON JUNCTION CIRCUITS. IN THIS ON DC PATH BETWEEN THE TWO ENDS SIGNALLING IS PERFORMED BY THE LOOP (OPEN OR CLOSED). SIGNALLING IN THE REVERSE DIRECTION CAN BE ACHIEVED BY CHANGING POLARITY OF THE POWER FEED TO THE TRUNK (REVERSE BATTERY SUPERVISION).

E & M SIGNALLING
Loop signalling is limited to physical pairs / not provide simultaneous signalling in both directions. E & M signalling can be used on 2-wire or 4-wire physical trunk circuits and also on carrier derived trunk circuits. In this method of signalling control leads in each direction in parallel to speech channel is employed IN BAND (300-3400 Hz (typically 2400 or 2600 Hz). IN OUT-OF-BAND ( 3825 Hz.) The main advantage of out-of-band signalling is its relative freedom from disturbances In PCM 0-Tone Off 1- Tone On

REGISTER OR INFORMATION SIGNALLING PRINCIPALLY GOVERNED BY INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS DURING THE INITIAL ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CALL
MF SIGNALLING SYSTEMS ARE BROADLY DIVIDED INTO:COMPELLED MF SIGNALLING SYSTEM (SUCH AS R2) PULSED MF SIGNALLING SYSTEM (SUCH AS CCITT NO. 5) ALL THESE EMPLOY COMBINATIONS OF 2 IN-BAND FREQUENCIES SELECTED FROM 5 OR 6 POSSIBLE FREQUENCIES (1380, 1500, 1620, 1740, 1860 AND 1980 HZ) FOR FORWARD SIGNALLING AND ANOTHER GROUP (1140, 1020, 900, 780, 660, AND 540 HZ) FOR BACKWARD SIGNALLING CAN THUS GIVES MAX 15 SIGNALS

COMPELLED SEQUENCE MF SIGNALLING ADVANTAGES OF RELIABLE OPERATION IN THIS SCHEME THERE IS BOTHWAY INTERREGISTER SIGNALLING AND EACH FORWARD SIGNAL IS ACKNOWLEDGED BY A BACKWARD SIGNAL WHICH HAS ITS OWN MEANING WHEN THE BACKWARD SIGNAL IS WITHDRAWN THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE FORWARD SIGNAL IS RECOGNISED BY THE INCOMING REGISTER RECOGNISES THIS AND PROCEEDS TO SEND THE NEXT FORWARD SIGNAL. THE COMPELLED SIGNALLING CYCLE

LINK BY LINK OR END TO END SIGNALLING

Link A Link B Link C

Outgoing Register

Transit Register

Transit Register

Incoming Register

IN THIS COMPLETE CALLED PARTY NUMBER IS RECEIVED BY EACH SWITCHING POINT AND THE REGENERATION OF ALL DIGITS IS REQUIRED AT EACH TRANSIT EXCHANGE. SO TENDS TO INCREASE THE SETTING UP TIME OF A TELEPHONE CALL AND THUS GENERALLY IT IS NOT SUITABLE FOR NATIONAL NETWORKS INVOLVING A LARGE NUMBER OF LINKS.

END TO END SIGNALLING

ONLY INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR THE NECESSARY ROUTING TO BE EFFECTED IS SENT TO EACH TRANSIT SWITCHING POINT. THE ORIGINATING REGISTER STORES THE CALLED PARTY'S NUMBER AND EACH SWITCHING POINT REQUESTS FOR ONLY THOSE DIGITS IT REQUIRED FOR COMPLETING THE CONNECTION. RESULT, FASTER CALL CONNECTIONS RESULT.

COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING

THE MOST APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUE WITH INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRONIC EXCHANGES USING COMPUTER CONTROL MORE ECONOMICAL TO SEND ALL THE CONTROL INFORMATION DIRECT FROM ONE PROCESSOR TO ANOTHER VIA A DATA LINK. MODERN SIGNALLING SYSTEMS KNOWN AS CCITT NO. 6 AND NO. 7

TELEPHONE TRAFFIC CIRCUITS

SIGNALLING LINK

CCS PRINCIPLE

ASSOCIATED MODE OF WORKING

Signalling Exch. A. Exch. B.

SP

SP

Traffic circuits (Inter Exch.)

SIGNALLING INFORMATION IS DIGITALLY CODED AND SENT IN THE FORM OF DISCRETE MESSAGES. EACH MESSAGE IS A BLOCK OF BINARY-CODED DATA. SPECIAL DATA LINKS CALLED SIGNALLING LINKS ARE USED TO TRANSFER THESE DATA (SIGNALLING MESSAGES) BETWEEN EXCHANGES. THE SIGNALLING LINKS BEING DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO THE CONTROL PROCESSORS EACH MESSAGE IS LOGICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH A TRANSACTION CONCERNED BY MEANS OF AN ADDRESS ONE SIGNALLING LINK IS USED/ASSOCIATED FOR SIGNALLING MANY SIMULTANEOUS TRANSACTIONS I.E. SIGNALLING FOR SEVERAL TRAFFIC CIRCUITS

STRUCTURE OF CCS-7
64KBPS

TUP DUP OTH

MTP

MTP

TUP DUP OTH

TUP-TELE USER PART DUP-DATA USER PART MTP-MSG. TRANS. PART

FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
Signalling Link Common Transfer Functions Common Transfer Functions

User MSG Processing

Link Control Function

Signalling Data Link

Link Control Function

User MSG Processing User Parts

User Parts

MSG Tranfer Part

MTP
TO TRANSMIT ALL SIGNALLING MESSAGES IN ERROR FREE CONDITION AND IN CORRECT SEQUENCE TO THE CORRECT DESTINATION . IT IS COMMON FOR ALL SERVICES AND HAV THREE FUCTIONAL LEVELS

USER PART
EACH SERVICE IS KNOWN AS USER PART.IT FORMS LAYER 4 OF THE STRUCTURE AND INCLUDE MESSAGES,MESSAGE CODINGS AND PROTOCOLS NECESSARY TO HANDLE SERVICES . IT GENERATES SIGNALLING MESSAGE AND HANDS IT OVER TO MTP FOR FURTHER ACTION AND AT OTHER END IT HANDS OVER TO UP

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CCS NO. 7 AS SIGNALLING IS COMPLETELY SEPARATE FROM SPEECH AND SWITCHING, SIGNALLING CAN BE HANDLED IN AN OPTIMAL WAY FASTER SIGNALLING TIME DUE TO USE OF A DATA WORD TO REPRESENT BOTH ADDRESS AND LINE SIGNALLING REQUIREMENTS OF CHANNEL DURING CALL SET UP IN ADDITION TO TELEPHONE SIGNALLING, THE NO. 7 SIGNALLING SYSTEM CAN CARRY MESSAGES RELATING TO OTHER SERVICES LIKE DATA, VIDEO., NETWORK MANAGEMENT OR BILLING INFORMATION. IT IS ECONOMICAL FOR LARGE TRAFFIC ROUTES CAN BE ECONOMICALLY DEPLOYED FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM TRAFFIC ROUTES, ALSO BY ADOPTING QUASIASSOCIATED MODE OF WORKING

IT IS OPTIMISED FOR DIGITAL WORKING IT CAN SUPPORT A WIDE RANGE OF DIGITAL SERVICES IT CAN MEET BOTH THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE REQUIREMENTS OF INFORMATION TRANSFER FOR INTER PROCESSOR TRANSACTIONS IT IS A PREREQUISITE FOR ISDN & IN AND OTHER MODERN SERVICES WILL OFFER FUTURE BUSINESS AND DOMESTIC TELECOMMUNICATION USER A RANGE OF VOICE, AND NON-VOICE SERVICES VIA A SINGLE STANDARDISED INTERFACE. SUITABLE FOR BOTH NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS