Orthogonality - Sine and Cosine Integrals for Fourier Series

For any n = 0 and with n = n we have

1.

cos(n x) dx =

sin(n x) n

=0

2.

sin(n x) dx = cos2 (n x) dx = 2

cos(n x) n

=0

3.

1 + cos(2n x) sin(2n x) dx = x + 2 2n sin(2n x) 1 cos(2n x) dx = x 2 2n

=
0

4.

sin2 (n x) dx = 2
0

=
0

The main three formulas follow from the trig identities cos() cos( ) = sin() sin( ) = 1 (cos( + ) + cos( )) , 2

1 (cos( ) cos( + )) , 2 1 sin() cos( ) = (sin( + ) + sin( )) . 2

For n = m we have 1 2 1 2 1 2

1.

cos(n x) cos(m x) dx = sin(n x) sin(m x) dx =

[cos((n + m )x) + cos((n m )x]) dx = 0

2. 3.

[cos((n m )x) cos((n m )x)] dx = 0

sin(n x) cos(m x) dx =

[sin((n + n )x) + sin((n n )x)] dx = 0