7(EN1997)

.,
.,.
.,.

,2009

7TEE

7 (EN 1997)

1 ................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 7................................................... 5
1.2 E 7 ........................................ 7
1.3 EC7 ......................................... 8
2 7 1 : ............................................ 10
2.1 1 : ............................................................................................... 13
2.2 2 : ....................................................... 14
2.2.1 ...................................................................................... 14
2.2.2
....................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.3 B Yoo ................................................... 23
2.2.4 ......................................................... 23
2.2.5 (prescriptive measures) .................. 36
2.2.6 ................ 37
2.2.7 (obserational method) ................................................ 37
2.2.8 ....................................................................... 37
2.2.9 ........................................................................................ 38
2.2.10 ..................................... 39
2.3 3 : ......................................................................... 40
2.4 4 : ,
..................................................................................................................... 43
2.5 5 : , ,
.......................................................................................................................... 44
2.6 6 : ............................................................... 44
2.6.1 .................................................... 46
2.6.2 ........................................... 48
2.7 .................................................................................. 55
2.7.1 ..................................................................................................... 55
2.7.2 ............................................................................... 56
2.7.3 ............................................................................ 68
2.7.4 ............................................................. 74
2.8 ........................................................................................................... 76
2.9 9 : ........................................................................... 83
2.10 ............................................................................................ 106
2.10.1 (UPL) .................................................... 107
2.10.2 (HYD) ........................................... 110
7TEE

2.11 ................................................................................................ 112

2.12 ........................................................................................................ 116
2.13 1997-1 () :
... 118
2.14 ()
.................................. 127
2.15 ()
........................................................................ 141
.1 ............................................ 141
3 EN 1997-1 : 2004 ..................... 144
4 7 2 : ........ 156
4.1 .................................................................................................................. 156
4.2 ............................................................ 158
4.3 .................... 160
4.4 .............................................................. 161
4.5 ..................................................... 161
4.6 .............................................................................. 162

7TEE

7
() .
7
,
,
, , .
, 7 EN 1997 EC7.
7 :
) 1997-1: 7 1:
(CEN 2004).
) 1997-2: 7 2:
(CEN 2007).

1.1 7
..,
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1989 CEN
().

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, 1990:
, :
EN 1990

0:

EN 1991

1:

EN 1992

2:

EN 1993

3:

EN 1994

4:

EN 1995

5:

7TEE

EN 1996

6:

EN 1997

7:

EN 1998

8:

EN 1999

9:

(., 1992 , 1993
), 1990, 1991, 1997 1998
, .
, 7 ( 1997)
.
7 ,
. 7
:
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(CEN 2004)
) 1997-2: 7 2:
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7.

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250 (CEN/TC250), .
7 (CEN/TC250/SC7) 7.
1993, SC7 V 1997-1 :
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(pre-standard) 1994. 1997
CEN E 1997-1. CEN/TC250

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- .., ,
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.
EC7-1

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CEN/TC250/SC7 2004 CEN
1997-1 .
2007, 7 2 1997-2 :
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1997-1,
,
. .

7TEE

1.3 EC7
.
7 :

1990: ,
,

.

1998-5: ,
, , ..

TC250/SC7, (TC)
CEN EC7
:

CEN/TC 341:

CEN/TC 288:

CEN/TC 189:

CEN/TC 288:

CEN/TC WG203:

1
TC 341 C 288,
EC7. TC
341 ISO/TC 182/SC1
,
ISO-EN (
).
,
Ispra Joint Research Centre
(JRC)
,


Nationally Determined Parameters (DP) - .
(NAD).
7, 2006
(Maintenance Group MG).
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
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CEN ,
.
7TEE

CEN/TC 341

CEN/TC 250

( )

( )


,

(CPT)
SPT

CEN/TC 288

()

7

2:

()

ISO 182/SC1

1:

7TEE

7 1 :

7 ( )
(CEN) 23 2004
24 2004.
7 1 ( 1997-1) (118 )
(principles)
.
. .
.
,
.

:

7-1
,
1990 1991 ( , ),
(Structural
Eurocodes), EC7. , 7-1

,
. .
EC7

,

( ). EC7

.
(calculation models)
EC7, (.. ,
..), .

. EC7
(checklist)
.
EC7-1 ,
:
7TEE

10

 (qualified
personnel) . EC7
, .
E 1997-1

7 :

,

.
.
.

. .
,
.

.

(
),
.

. . (
).

(
) (

).

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, .

, 7 (
)
.

( )

7TEE

11

 7
.

7

,
,
.

,
..

.

1997-1

. , ,
(National Annex)

,
, :

,
,
(, ) , ..
,

.
, 1997-1
:
2 : 2.1(8)P, 2.4.6.1(4)P, 2.4.6.2(2)P, 2.4.7.1(2)P, 2.4.7.1(3),
2.4.7.2(2)P, 2.4.7.3.2(3)P, 2.4.7.3.3(2)P, 2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P,
2.4.7.4(3)P, 2.4.7.5(2)P, 2.4.8(2), 2.4.9(1)P, 2.5(1)
7 : 7.6.2.2(8)P, 7.6.2.2(14)P, 7.6.2.3(4)P, 7.6.2.3(5)P, 7.6.2.3(8),
7.6.2.4(4)P, 7.6.3.2(2)P, 7.6.3.2(5)P, 7.6.3.3(3)P, 7.6.3.3(4)P,
7.6.3.3(6)
8 : 8.5.2(2)P, 8.5.2(3), 8.6(4)
11 : 11.5.1(1)P
A.2, A.3.1, A.3.2, A.3.3.1,
A :
A.3.3.2, A.3.3.3, A.3.3.4, A.3.3.5, A.3.3.6, A.4, A.5
1997-1
, , , , , , , . ,
1997-1
, ,
.
7TEE

12

 1997-1
.
7 1 ( 1997-1) 12
:
1 :
2 :
3 :
4 : , &
5 : , ,
6 :
7 :
8 :
9 :
10 :
11 :
12 :
9 - (39 )

(.. , (),
..).

1997-1.

2.1 1 :
1 1997-1 ,
(Normative) , ,
, 1997-1.
7-1, ,
: , P,
(Principles) , A, (Application rules).
()

() :

. , .

.

7TEE

13

()

EC7 .
(
EC7) EC7
: )
)
.

2.2 2 :
2 1997-1.
2.2.1
2.1 1997-1.

.
,
.

:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. ( , ,
, ..).
5. (
, , ..).
6. .
:
2.1(10) 1997-1 ( - application
rule) ,
.


.

( 1 4)
( 5 6).

7TEE

14

 1,
,

, (
).
2
,
.
3,
,
, ,
.
1997-1, ()
( )
:
. ,
7.
(prescriptive measures).
/
. ,

(..)
( )
200 kPa.
.
,
.
(observational method).
(
)

(
).

:
2.2 1997-1 (Design
Situations) ,
(), (.. ,
, )

.
.

, :
7TEE

15

 ,


,
,

,
:

,

,
,
, :
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.. , ,
,

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,


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.
:
2.4.3 1997-1 .
:
.
,
.

,
,

.
7TEE

16


, ,
.

2.2.2

2.4.5 1997-1
.
,
(actions), F, (material properties), X,
(design
values).
(Fd) (Xd)
(characteristic values), Fk ,
Xk , () (), :
:

Fd = FrepF, Frep = Fk

()

: Frep =
F =
= (
1990 -
)
F =
: Xd = Xk /

( )

()

: =
= ()

( )
, '
. , :
)
,
.
) .


,
,

( ).

7TEE

17

 (
EC7)
,
.


:
,
.




.

.

( ),
(), 7-1
(cautious estimate) (),
( 2.4.5.2 2).



.

. ,


.
Xk ( EC7),
,
.
,
,
, ,
(.. )
. ..:

,
(Xk)
, (
).

7TEE

18

 ,
, .
,
,
(Xk)
.
7-1 ( 2.4.5.2 11),
,
,
, ,
,

5%.
(Xk) (cautious)
(),
.
Frank et al. (2004),
:
.

. ,

. , Xk 7

.

Xk, Orr (2008) :

(cu) 12m ( 1):
cu : 27, 42, 47, 31, 53, 38, 29, 49, 35, 54 kPa
cu Xm = 40.5 kPa Sd = 10
kPa. (Xk) cu
(Xm). H ,
,
Student (n ) :

Xk = Xm ( 1

tc S d
)
X
n m

n tc
() 95%. tc Student
:

7TEE

19

10

15

20

40

tc

2.35

2.15

2.02

1.95

1.83

1.78

1.73

1.68

1.64

tc / n

1.36

1.08

0.90

0.80

0.58

0.46

0.39

0.27

1:

, n =10 Xk = 34.7 kPa. n < 3,

.
(Orr, 2008;
Schneider, 1997) ( n= 14
) :
Xk = Xm 0.5 Sd
: Xk = 35.5 kPa.
X (
) 5%, Xk = Xm 1.64 Sd, Xk
= 24.1 kPa.
cu = 27 kPa (
1).

, .

7TEE

20

 2: cu

.
, ,
.. , cu, E ..
()
, .
EC7

,
. (input)
EC7-1 (
2.4.5.2)
(Frank, 2007). 3
.

7TEE

21



-

EC7 2
,

EC7 1

3:

7TEE

22

2.2.3 B Yoo
2.4 1997-1
.
1990
1997-1.
:
, ,
( , , ).

.
, .
.
, (...)
..
.
(
)
(ultimate limit states ULS).
7.
, ..

(serviceability limit states SLS).

.

7.
, (..

),
EC7.

2.2.4
2.4.7 2.4.8 1997-1
,
(2.4.7) (2.4.8).
7

. 1990:
( ) 2.4.7 2.4.8
EN 1997-1.

7TEE

23

 (Limit State Design - LSD)

, . ,
LSD,
.
Simpson (1997)

.
, ,
.
(Ultimate Limit State
- ULS), .. , -
(Serviceability Limit States - SLS), ..
. , :
(Ultimate Limit States ULS)
(Serviceability Limit States SLS)
(Limit State Design - LSD)

.
,
. ,
(
),
.
1990

:
) (ultimate limit states - ULS)
( )
.
) (serviceability limit states - SLS)
,
( ) , ,
, .
:
(ULS)
( GEO)
,
( STR)
.
(SLS)

.
7TEE

24

,
, ,

.
EC7

, :
) ,
. ,

, 7
(partial factors)
() .
)
,
, .
,
,
. EC7
, ,
.
(ULS)
7-1,
(
) :
EQU:
,
(..
).
STR:
..

, ,
, ..
GEO: ,

, .. ,
,
, ..
UPL:
( - uplift) , ..
.
7TEE

25

YD: (hydraulic heave),

.
1990 ( 3.2), o (ULS)

(Design Situations):
(persistent),
.
(transient) ,
.
(accidental) ,
,
(seismic) .
(.. , ,
, ) 1991
1990
1991.

() (R)
(R>E). ,
( ),
( ) (
). ,
( , )
.
,

. ,
, .
, ,
(

). ,
, ()
(R)
(FS), : R / E >
FS.
EC7,


. ,

( ).
R
7TEE

26

(partial factors)

.
, EC7
(Ed)
(Rd), :

Ed Rd

(1)

(d) (design value).

, ,
.
,
,
( , ..)
. ,
, (
) (
) .
( ),
, 1997-1
.

,
. ,
(Ed)
:
) (Fd)
(Xd), :
Ed = (Fd , Xd ) = ( F Fk , Xk / )

(2)

(F, )
, ,
) ()
: Ek = (Fk , Xk), :
Ed = (Fk ,Xk)

(2)

(Fk, Xk) ()
(.. ) .
,
L
' ,
( 2), ,

(d, cd) , qd
( 2).
7TEE

27

 -
(.. )
(.. ), (2) (2)
d.
(Rd),
(),
(Rk), :

(F, ), :
Rd = R (Fd , Xd ) = R (F Fk , Xk / )

(3)

(R)
Rk = R (Fk , Xk), :
Rd = (1 / R) . R (Fk , Xk)

(3)

, (3) :
Rd = ( 1 / R ) . R (F Fk , Xk)

(3)

(R)
(
) ,
(F) (3). (3) (3)
(R)
(F). :
1.
. ,
().
2. .
,
().
(.. )
- (..
), (3) (3) (3) Rd.
,
( )

(Design Approaches).

, 1997-1 ( 2.4.7.3.4)
(Design Approaches - D)
GEO STR,
Ed Rd (1).
,
- ..

1997-1.

7TEE

28

 ( EQU, YD UPL),

.

, (2)
(3) (2) (3),
(Ed, Rd). ,
:
1. - (..
),
2.
( ),
(2) (3),

( , R)
(.. , ..).
- ,
( 2 3)


.

(
).
, (Gd),
( ),
:
1.

(F)
(Gk):
Gd = F Gk = F G (k)

2.

(4)

()
(Xk)
:
Gd = G (Xk / )

(4)

, ,

- . ,
-
.
(4), ( Gd / Gk )

(F), .

(

7TEE

29

 ),
(4).
:

STR GEO
,
1997-1 (
),
(Design Approaches)
GEO STR.
2.4.7.3.4 E 1997-1
GEO STR.

, ,
, (2) (2) (3)
(3) (3) (4) (4).
,
E1997-1 - ..
( 2.4.7.3.4.1).
( 3 ).
(ULS)
, , E 1997-1.
,
,
(DA).
, ,
( .. )
(2) (3)
( 2*, ).
, EQU, HYD UPL,
,
.
1 (DA-1)

1, (1) :
Ed Rd

(1)

(2) (3) :
(F Fk , Xk / ) R (F Fk , Xk / )
1 (
), (1 2)
(F ), E
1997-1. ()
7TEE

30

 , ,
.

1997-1 .
1 (1)
(1), (F > 1)
( = 1),
.
2 (2)
(2), ( > 1)
(F = 1),
.
, (R1
R2) .
,
(), () (R) :

1: 1 + 1 + R1
2: 2 + 2 + R2
1 (DA-1)
(Material Factor Approach - MFA)
.
O 1 (DA-1)
.
2 ( DA-2 DA-2*)
2, (1) :
Ed Rd

(1)

(2) (3) ( DA-2) (2) (3)
( DA-2*), (1),
(1) (R2) 1997-1.
2 (1)
(R2) ,
2
(Resistance Factor Approach - RFA)
.
2, (1) (
2 3 ) :
DA-2 :

(F Fk , Xk)

(1/R) . R (F Fk , Xk)

DA-2* :

(Fk , Xk)

(1/R) . R (Fk , Xk)

: 1 + 1 + R2.
7TEE

31

 ,
, ,
DA-2
( )

(F = 1.35 1.50, )
() E 1.40. ,
DA-2*, (2),
: d = (F Fk , Xk) (2) : Ed = (Fk ,Xk), :
DA-2* ( ) : (F Fk , Xk)

(1/R) . R (Fk , Xk)

- , (2)
(d)
(2), (2) :
DA-2* ( - ): (Fk , Xk)

(1/R) . R (Fk , Xk)

DA-2 DA-2*
,
( 3 - DA-2*) ( 3 DA-2). ,
, :
(F Fk , Xk)

(1/R) . R (Xk)

( ):
1.
. ,
().
2. . ,

().
2, DA-2*


:

(GEO) (STR) ,
( 6, 7, 8 9
1997-1) ( 12
1997-1) 3 ( ).

(STR)
(, , ),
9 12 1997-1.
,
( GEO)
3 (DA-3).

7TEE

32

(GEO) (STR)
.

.
DA-2* 2
:

1997-1
,

(
FS).

-
(.. ),
.

DA-2*
FS = R (Fk, Xk) / E (Fk, Xk)
:
FS = R

3 (DA-3)
3, (1) :
Ed Rd

(1)

(2) (3) (1)
o (2) , (2)
(R3) 1997-1 : (1 2) + 2 + R3,
:
(F Fk, Xk / M)

R (F Fk, Xk / M)

O 3 (DA-3)
(Overall Stability) (GEO)
:

,
11 12 1997-1, ,
, ,
.

:
() ,
() , ,

7TEE

33

 ,
() (.. ).
,
( ,
, , , ,
, , )
(faurable actions) F = 1.

(Upper Bound Limit State Analysis)
,
3 ( =1.25)
2* ( R=1.25).
3 ( 2*)
, /
(
)
( ). ,
,
(
) (
)
( ).

2* , ,
3
(=R=1) ( ).

(SLS)
2.4.8
1997-1.

,
.

.

.



.
,
1997-1.

7TEE

34


:
1.
.
2. .
3. .
4. (
).
1997-1,
: 2.4.8(1)
2.4.8(4).
1 :
2.4.8(1) 1997-1,
:
Ed < Cd
:
Ed =

, ..
.

Cd =

, ..

, .

2.4.8(2) 1997-1,
,
: Ek < Ck . ,
(Ck)
(Ek) Ck.
, 10mm,
(Ck) 10mm (
)
(Ek) Ck.
() Ck
model factor (m).
2 :
2.4.8(1) 1997-1,
2.4.8(4) ( ) :
(4)

7TEE

35

 ,
:



, .
, ,
(Ed) (low fraction)
(Rd) :
Ed < Rd
() (sufficiently small to keep
deformations within the required serviceability limits).
, ,
( 7.6.2.3 1997-1) :
F Fk < Rd
:

F Fk < (Rb;d + Rs;d)

F Fk < (1/m) [ Rb;k / b + Rs;k / s ]

()
(s b).
( s =
1) (.. b=0.1) :
Fk < (1/m) [ b *Rb;k + s* Rs;k ]
7.6.2.3(2)+(8) 1997-1,
(ultimate
compressive resistance)
( )
(m)
. 1997-1,
m=1.30. , (SLS)
, Rk
( Rsu,k Rbu,k )
,
m (model factor). ,
(Fk) () ( Rk / m ).

2.2.5 (prescriptive measures)

2.5 1997-1
,

.

, , .

7TEE

36

2.2.6
2.6 1997-1


.
:

.
,
.
, .

2.2.7 (obserational method)

2.7 1997-1
,
,
.
:
) , .
) ,

.
) ,

.

2.2.8
2.8 1997-1
, ,

.
'
, . ,
. ,
:
7TEE

37

 , 3.4
1997-1.
, ,

.
.
(

) :

, .

2.2.9
,
, (.. ,
, ..). 7-1,

:
1. , .
2. ,
.
,
(
1997-1).
.

7TEE

38

2.2.10

1997-1
8 - 5 ( 1998-5), ,
:
(1)

(F = = 1).

(2)

()
(R), : = R = 1 :

(-2000)
(global safety factor)
(FS=1.00) ( 5.4.3)
2.

(..
..)
(FS=1)
-2000.
,

2000.

(3)

(m)
. ,

m=1.30,
.

FS = R m = 1 x 1 x 1.30 = 1.30,
39/1999
( ).

(2)

2 ( D-2*)
,

3 (DA-3).
,
,
2* 3. ,
D-2*
.

,
2 -2000,
1997-1 1998-5

, : = R = 1
(FS=1),
7TEE

39

 (. ).
FS=1.30
(.. )
FS=1.10.

2.3 3 :
3 1997-1
.

,


.

2 7 (EN 1997-2).

(. EN 1997-2, 2).

3.4
1997-1. 3.4.1 1997-1,
(
2.8 1997-1).
:
1.
(Geotechnical Factual Report - GFR).
,
. ,
:
1.1
.
, :




,
:


( )

7TEE

40

,




,



,

,

,

1.2
.
(test
reports) EN 1997-2.
2. (Geotechnical Interpretation Report GIR).

( )
,
,
, ( )
(
). ,
( ) :

(review) .

7TEE

41

 (.. , ,
).
,
.

-
,

(review)

, ,
.

,
.

/ ,
()

:

,
,

. ,
() . ,

(
), (
),
(
).
7TEE

42


( )
,

.

2.4 4 :

4 1997-1
, .



.

, , :



.

, :
, ..

,

.

.
1,
,
. 2,
.
3,
.
, :




(as-built drawings)

7TEE

43


.
:



.

(. 2.8(3) 1997-1).

2.5 5 : , ,

5 1997-1
, , .

2.6 6 :
6 1997-1
,
.

:

(bearing resistance
failure), (punching failure) (squeezing)

(heave) ,

- .

2.4.2(4) 1997-1.
,

.
7TEE

44


:

,
,



,

,
,
(volume-unstable)
, .. , , ,

,
:
,
. ,

.
.
.
,


.
,
(. 2.5 1997-1).

, 6.7 1997-1. ,

. , ,
,
.

7TEE

45


1997-1.

(
) 6.5 6.6
1997-1 .

2.6.1
6.5 1997-1
.

.
:

:

, , ,

.
, ,
11 1997-1,
.

:
Vd Rd

(6.1)

:
Vd
,
, .

.
Rd ( )
2.4
1997-1.
DA-2* ,
(Rd)
(Rk)
(R;v) :

7TEE

46

Rd = Rk / R;v
(R;v)
.5 1997-1. DA-2*, R;v
= 1.4 ( R2).
Rk
.
1997-1.

,
,
.
,

. ,
.

,
.
:
Hd Rd + Rp;d

(6.2)

:
Hd ( )
.
.
Rd . Rd
2.4 1997-1.
Rp;d , ..
(
).
Rd Rp;d
.
,
(post-peak behaviour). Rp;d
.
, , Rd,
(R;h)
(Vk tan k) :
Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;h

(6.3)

.5
1997-1. DA-2*, R;h = 1.1
( R2).

7TEE

47

 V'k,
Hk and V'k
.
(k)

, ('cv;k), (2/3 'cv;k)
. c'
.
, , Rd,

(Ac cu;k) :
Rd = (Ac cu;k) / R;h

(6.4)

Ac cu;k
.

- ,
:
Rd 0,4 Vd

(6.5)

(6.5)

.

1/3 0,6
. :

2.4.2 1997-1.

.

( .. , )
( EQU).

(Edst,d)
(Estb,d), :
Edst,d < Estb,d

.1 1997-1.

2.6.2
6.6 1997-1
.
7TEE

48



.


2.4.9 1997-1.
,
, 1.5.2.2 1997-1.
, .
.
/
2 3,
().
,
,
6.6.2 1997-1.
.
.

:
s0: ,


s1:
s2: .
s0 s1,
1997-1.
,
.


,
.

20 % .
( ),
1 2 ,
.
, .
,

,
.

7TEE

49

.
.
,
.
,
,
.


,

.
,
(
) .
3,
. 2,
- .
:
.
:
: = 3m , : L = 4m
: D = 1m
:
E : 1 = 20 kN/m3
E (
) : 2 = 20 kN/m3
: ' = 28
: c' = 10 kPa
(
) :
(persistent) : Gk = 1800 kN
(transient) : Qk = 350 kN
(persistent) : Gk = 360 kN
(transient) : Qk = 70 kN
(persistent) : LGk = 0 kN
(transient) : LQk = 0 kN
( ) : MG,k = 1080 kNm
( L) : MLG,k = 0 kNm
7TEE

50

 ( ) : MQ,k = 210 kNm

( L) : MLQ,k = 0 kNm
( ) : qk = 0
1. :
.3 .5
1997-1 ( 1, 2*).
:
d = Vd = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 1800 + 1.50 x 350 = 2955 kN
( ) :
d = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 360 + 1.50 x 70 = 591 kN
( ) :
Ld = G LGk + Q LQk = 0 kN
( ) :
d = G MG,k + Q MQ,k = 1.35 x 1080 + 1.50 x 210 = 1773 kN
( L) :
Ld = G MLG,k + Q MLQ,k = 0 kN
2. (
) :
1997-1
( DA-2*) :
( ) :
eBk = MBk / Vk = (1080+210) / (1800+350) = 0.6m
:
eLk = MLk / Vk = 0
( B) :
tan (Bk) = B / V = (360+70) / (1800 + 350) = 0.20 Bk = 11.31o
( L) :
tan (Lk) = Lk / Vk = 0 Lk = 0
:
= 2 eBk = 3 2 x 0.60 = 1.80m , L = L 2 eLk = 4m, = L = 7.2 m2

7TEE

51

 (pu) :

1
pu = c N c sc ic + ( q + 1D ) N q sq iq + 2 B N s i
2

(x 1.1)

(D.2) 19971, bi = 1 ( ).
i
(' = 28) :

Nq = e tan' tan2 (45.+ '/2) = 14.720

Nc = (Nq - 1) / tan ' = 25.803
N = 2 (Nq- 1) tan ' = 14.590
:
sq = 1 + (B' / L' ) sin ' = 1.2113
s = 1 0.3 (B'/L ) = 0.8650
sc = (sq Nq -1) / (Nq - 1) = 1.2267
(iq , i , ic) :
m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' / L' )] = 1.6897
:
7TEE

52

iq = [1 - H/(V + A' c' cot ')]m

(Ex 1.2)

i = [1 - H/(V + A' c' cot ')]m+1

ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc tan ' )
V
, :
V = pu B L

H = V tan()

(Ex 1.3)

(iq , i , ic)
, pu ( ).
, iq = i = ic = 1,
pu (Ex 1.1), V H
(Ex 1.3) (iq , i , ic) (Ex
1.2). (iq , i , ic)
(pu) .
, :
iq = 0.6949 ,

i = 0.5602 , ic = 0.6727

: pu,k = pu = 588 kPa

, :
Vu,k = pu B L = 588 x 1.80 x 4 = 4233 kN
()
DA-2* :
Rd = Rk / R = Vu,k / R,v = 4233 / 1.40 = 3024 kN
(R,v) .5 (
R2 DA-2*) 1997-1.

(6.1) : Vd Rd , Vd = 2955 kN
( ), :
Vd = 2955 kN

3024 kN = Rd

,
.
(FS) :
FS = Rk / Vk = 4233 / (1800 + 350) = 1.97
(FS)
: FS = F R;v 1.40 x 1.40 = 1.96
: (Ex. 1.2), V

2* (DA-2*) ,
2* (3) Rd.

7TEE

53

 2 (DA-2), V
2 (3)
Rd.
3. :

(6.2):
Hd Rd + Rp;d

(6.2)

(
). ( )
: Rp;d =
0.
( ) :
d = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 360 + 1.50 x 70 = 591 kN
,
( 2*) :
Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;h

(6.3)

Vk :
Vk = Gk + Qk = 1800 + 350 = 2150 kN
: 2 (DA-2), (6.3) : Rd = (Vd
tan k) / R;h , 2 (3)
Rd.
DA-2* : Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;h .
(R;h) .5
1997-1. DA-2*, R;h = 1.1
( R2).
()
, ('cv;k),
. : = 28 o, :
Rd = [ 2150 x tan(28) ] / 1.1 = 1039.25 kN
( 6.2) :
Hd = 591 1039.25 + 0 = Rd + Rp;d
,
.
(FS)
:
FS = Rk / Hk = [ 2150 x tan(28) ] / (360 + 70) = 2.66
(FS)
: FS = F R;h 1.40 x 1.10 = 1.54

7TEE

54

2.7
2.7.1

, :
:
GEO : -

GEO :

GEO :

STR : ,

(.. )
:

, STR GEO
,
- ,
..
, ,
.

(
1997-1):
.3

(F)
(E)

A1

A2

1,35
1,00

1,00
1,00

1,50
0

1,30
0

7TEE

55

 .6

(R)

R1

R2

R3

R4

1,00

1,10

1,00

1,30

( )
)

1,00

1,10

1,00

1,30

()
)

1,00

1,10

1,00

1,30

s,t

1,25

1,15

1,10

1,60

.7

(R)

R1

R2

R3

R4

1,25

1,10

1,00

1,60

( )
)

1,00

1,10

1,00

1,30

()
)

1,15

1,10

1,00

1,50

s,t

1,25

1,15

1,10

1,60

, :
(flight
auger) R
, ,
, .
EC-7,

.
, .
,
2* (DA-2*) 1, 1
R2 .

2.7.2
1.
,
,
:
Fc,d Rc,d
Fc,d:
.
Rc,d: ( )
7TEE

56

 Rc,d
(Rc,k) R
.6 .7. : Rc,d = Rc,k / R .
Rc,k
,
- .
,
, Rc,k. :

:
(SPT, CPT,
PT)
(.. cuk),
.

1.1.
7.6.2.2 1997-1
, . (n)
( n2)
, ,
Rc,m. n ,
Rc,m (Rc,m)mean,
(Rc,m)min. Rc,k
1 2 ( .9 1997-1)
:
Rc,k = Min {(Rc,m)mean / 1 ; (Rc,m)min / 2 }

.9

n=

1,40

1,30

1,20

1,10

1,00

1,40

1,20

1,05

1,00

1,00

,

, ,
1 2 , .9
1,10
1,00.
7TEE

57

 , Rc,d
Rc,k : Rc,d= Rc,k/ t, R= t
Rc,k ( .6, .7).

(Rb,k) (Rs,k),
:
Rc,k = Rb,k + Rs,k
E ,
, R ( .6, .7) :
Rc,d= Rb,k/b + Rs,k/s

Rc,d= Rc,k/ t

C 1 :
(Design example 4, Eurocode 7 Workshop, 2005)
0,40m 15 .
,
:

()
)

(mm)
1

(mm)
2

0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
5.6
6.0
6.4

0
2.1
3.6
5.0
6.2
10.0
18.0
40.0
63.0
100.0

0
1.2
2.1
2.9
4.1
7.0
14.0
26.0
40.0
56.0
80.0

( ):
:

Gk = 20,0MN

: Qk = 5,0MN

s = 10% B = 40mm. :
1: = 5,00
2: = 5,60
(Rc,m)mean=5,30MN (Rc,m)min=5,00MN

7TEE

58

 . n=2 : 1=
1,30 2= 1,20. :
Rc,k = Min {(Rc,m)mean/1;(Rc,m)min/2} = min {5,30/1,30; 5,00/1,20} = 4,077
Rc,d = Rc,k / t = 4,077 / 1,10 = 3,706 MN
Fc,d = 1,35*Gk + 1,50*Qk = 1,35 x 20,0 + 1,50 x 5,0 = 34,50MN
(
(f=1),
: n = 34,50 / 3,706 = 9,30 10 .

, :
1 = 1,30/1,10 = 1,18

2 = 1,20/1,10 = 1,09

Rc,k = min {5,30/1,18; 5,00/1,09} = 4,49 Rc,d = 4,49/1,10 = 4,08MN

:
n = Fc,d / Rc,d = 34,50 / 4,08 = 8,46 9

1.2.
(ground tests),

,
(CPT), (PT)
(SPT) .

, (qb,k) (
),
(qs,i,k) (
), i.
Rb,k, Rs,k Rc,k,

, :
) :
,
() , (n)

. , 5
, n=5
qc .
, ()
.
() ,
Rb,cal
7TEE

59

 Rs,cal.
, :

Rc,cal = Rb,cal + Rs,cal

(n)
(Rc,cal)mean (Rc,cal)min
Rc,cal (n) .
3 4
.10 :
Rc,k = Min { (Rc,cal)mean / 3 ; (Rc,cal)min / 4 }
.10

n=

1,40

1,35

1,33

1,31

1,29

1,27 1,25

1,40

1,27

1,23

1,20

1,15

1,12 1,08

10

Rb,k, Rs,k
Rc,k ,

(model factor) m1
:
Rc,k = (1 / m) x Min { (Rc,cal)mean / 3 ; (Rc,cal)min / 4 }
E ,
, R ( .6, .7) :
Rc,d= Rb,k/b + Rs,k/s

Rc,d= Rc,k/ t

C-2

n=3 .
m=1.

7TEE

60

 C2:
CPT

0,50m 11 .
(n=3)
:

CPT 1
CPT 2
CPT 3

: (Rc,cal)mean = 2645 KN

Rb,cal
(KN)
2352
1528
1548

Rs,cal
(KN)
879
711
919

Rc,cal
(KN)
3231
2239
2467

(Rc,cal)min = 2239 KN

Rc,k = Min{(Rc,cal)mean/3;(Rc,cal)min/4}
n=3 : 3=1,33 4=1,23, : Rc,k = Min {1989 ; 1820} = 1820KN
2 :

Rc,d = Rc,k / t = 1820 / 1,1 = 1645 KN

) -
qb,k qs,i,k Rb,k, Rs,k


. , ,
,
,
.

7TEE

61

 Rb,k, Rs,k
Rc,d :
Rb,k = Ab qb,k
Rs,k = Rs,i = (As,i qs,i,k )
Rc,d = (1 / m) [ Rb,k/b + Rs,k/s ]
:
qb,k =
Ab =
qs,i,k = i

s,i = (i)
m = (
)

1997-1 :

qb,k, qs,k

(. SPT, CPT ..)
qb,k, qs,k

m = 1,00

m = 1,30

C-3,
R.Frank (Evaluation of Eurocode 7 - Two pile
foundation examples), .
7TEE

62

 C 3 (FRANK, 2006:

Evaluation of Eurocode 7 Two pile foundation

examples)

0,60m
=24KN/m3.

: Gk =1200KN, Qk = 200KN
: L
2
DIN 1054 ( DIN 4014).
: Fc,d = 1,35 * Gk + 1,50 * Qk = 1920 KN
( ) :
: qc = 0,4N = 10,0MPa, DIN
1054 : qb,k = 2,00 MPa qs,k = 0,08 MPa
() :
Rb,k = ( * 0,602 / 4) * 2000 = 565
Rs,k = * 0,60 * L * 80 = 150,8 * L
Rd = (1/ m ) * [ Rb,k / b + Rs,k / s ]
b = s = 1,10 ( .7) : m=1,30
Rd = 395 + 105,4*L (KN) Fc,d = 1920KN
: L 14,5m
C4
,
.

7TEE

63

 C 4

0,30m
: , Gk = 300 KN
: q = 40KPa
( )
( ) : qs,k = 60 KPa, qb,k
= 900 KPa.
cu,k=100kPa
(
).

(q).
: , L.

7TEE

64

 :
: Gk , FD,k
( ), Rb,k, Rs,k .
:
= c + * *
: ,m = c + **(*LD/2 +q)
,m = qD,k =
:
c =0,

= * = 0,250,40

=0,30: qD,k = (7,5x3,5 + 40)x 0,30 = 20KPa

: FK,D = **LD*qD,k = 132 KN
.
: Rs,k = **LR*qs,k = 56,55 * LR (KN)
: Rb,k = (1/4)* * 2 * qb,k = 64 KN
: Rc,k = 56,55 * LR + 56,55 * LR

(kN)

2 :
: Fc,d = 1,35 * Gk + 1,35 * FD,k = 583 KN
: Rc,d = Rc,k / (b* m)
Rc,d= Rc,k / (1,1*1,3) = (64+56,55*LR) / (1,1*1,3) = 44,8 + 39,54 * LR
: Fc,d Rc,d
: 583 44,8 + 39,54 * LR > LR = 13,6m
: L = LD + LR = 7 + 13.6 = 20,6m
1.3.
,
, ..,

.11.
Rc,k = Min { (Rc,m)mean / 5 ; (Rc,m)min / 6 }
Rc,d = Rc,k / t

7TEE

65

 .11
.11::

10

15

20

1,60

1,50

1,45

1,42

1,40

1,50

1,35

1,30

1,25

1,25

,
.

) .11 .
m=1,
.

2.


(F1)
- .

(Ftr,d)
(Rtr,d) (Rtr,k)
R=s,t ( .6 .7).
Ftr,d Rtr,d

: Rtr,d = Rtr,k / s,t

s,t
, .6 .8
1997-1. Rt,k
7TEE

66

 (
Rb,k = 0). :
.
1 2 :
Rt,k = Min { (Rt,m)mean / 1 ; (Rt,m)min / 2 }
(Rt,m)mean (Rt,m)min
,
.9.
.
: Rt,k =
Rs,k , Rs,k
. Rt,k
, :
Rt,k = Min { (Rs,cal)mean / 3 ; ( Rs,cal)min / 4 }
Rs,cal
( ), 3
4 .10.
, Rt,k
qs,k (
). qs,k
, m
=1,3 ( ).
-1,
, , ,
L.
,
.
qs,k,
, , .
1 :

7TEE

67

 0.80m. (.
) Ft=1040KN.
: L
: Ft,d = -1.0*GK+1.50*Ft,Q

GK = G , Ft,Q = Ft ()

GK = G = *(0.802 / 4) * 25* ( 5 + l2 )= 62.8 + 12.56 * l2

(KN)

Ft,d = 1.50*1040 1.0*GK = 1497.2 12.56 * l2

(KN)

:
Rt,K = Rs,K = *0.8*(5*50+l2*100)= 628.3 + 251.3*l2

(KN)

:
Rt,d = Rt,K / (s,t*m) = Rt,K / (1.15*1.30) = 420.3+168.1 * l2 (KN)
: Ft,d Rt,d
l2 5.96m,

1497.2 12.56 * l2 420.3 +168.1 * l2

L=5.0 + 6.0 =11.0m

2.7.3

, , :
.
(..
).
, (..
).
,
.
.

,
.

:
Ftr,d Rtr,d
Ftr,d Rtr,d ()
. Rtr,d
:
Rtr,d = Rtr,k /tr
EC-7
R=tr.
7TEE

68


, tr = 1.40.
Rtr,k,

, .
,
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
7.71(3) EC-7
, .

:
() :
, .
() , ,

.

TR-1 TR-2
, .

.

7TEE

69

 TR 1 :

1,0m
: , cu=50KPa
( ) :
Ftr,k = 300KN
() :
RM,d = 2400KNm
.
().
1. Hu=Rtr,k
Broms :
:

f = Hu / 9cuB = Hu / 450

(1)
2

: maxM = Hu (e + 1,5B + 0,5f) = 2,25g cuB

L = 1,5B + f + g

(2)
(3)

(1), (2), (3)

:
Rtr,k = 609KN

maxM = Mk = 1935KNm

2. :
Rtr,d = Rtr,k / (R*m)
: R = 1,40, m = 1,00, : Rtr,d = 609/(1,40x1,00) = 435KN
:
Ftr,d = G * Ftr,k = 1,35 x 300 = 405KN
7TEE

70

 : Ftr,d Rtr,d 405 < 435 .

3.
, : d < Mk = 1935KNm.
d = 1935 < RM,d = 2400KNm

TR 2 :

1,0m
: cu = 50KPa
E = 15MPa.
( )
: Ftr,k=700KN
( ):
RM,d=2400KNm

. EC7
Winkler Kh .

( PLAXIS).
()
(
)
( ).
:
I.

DA-2* (
), (2) [ Ed = (Fk ,Xk) ]. ,

7TEE

71

II.

(Fk) ,
(Mk)
( )
, ,
(2)
(d). ,
(Rd).

( F)
(2) [ Ed = ( F Fk , Xk / ) ]. ,

(Ed). ,
(Rd).

( DA-2*) :
(STR) :
,
: Frep = Ftr,k = 700 KN :
k = 1600KNm ( ).
: d = 1,35*k = 2160m
RM,d > d 2400KNm > 2160 kNm,
.

7TEE

72

( ) :
:
Ftr,d = 1,35 x Ftr,k = 1.35 x 700 = 945 KN
7TEE

73


: d = 2400KNm.

(RM,d=2400 KNm) .
TR-2
10%
Md ( : 2160 kNm, : 2400 kNm),
.
DA-2* () .

2.7.4
: Ed Cd
Ed:
Cd:

., .

2.4.8 2.4.9 1997-1,
-
,
. :
i.
ii.

=1 (E =1, F=1,M=1).
,
( ).

,
.
,
.
.
, Bauduin (2001),
S/B (S=, B= ),
,

. Rult (
), ,
, Rmob
S.

7TEE

74

1,0

Rmob/Rult
0,8
=1,70

0,6

D.A. 2
=2,15

0,4
0,2
0,0
0,0

0,5

,
(Bauduin, C, 2001).

s/B (%)

1,0

1,5

S/B,
Rmob/ Rult ,
,
, .
,
, Fc=
Rmob= Rult/,
, F,
, ct. ,
( DA-2)
(
) : = F * t * = 1,70 2,15.

7TEE

75

1,0

Rmob/Rult

0,8
=1,70

0,6

D.A. 2
=2,15

0,4
0,2
0,0

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

s/B (%)

2,0

, =1m,
( )
Fc=(0,47-0,59) Rult,
, S=0,3-0,7cm ().
EC-7,
,
,
,
, .

2.8
8 1997-1
, ,
,
,

.


( 8.1.2).
8 1997-1 :
, ,

,
, ,
(restraint),
7TEE

76

 , (deadman),
(screw anchor) (rock bolt).
,
:
,

(distortion)
(grouted anchors),

,

(deadman),

.
,
,
1,5 ( 8.4.(7)).

, . ,

(investigation tests),
/
.
,
.
,
(a),
.
,
(suitability tests) (acceptance
tests):


. ,
,
.

7TEE

77


,
.
(proof load), Pp,

EN 1537:1999 ( )
( ).
,

EN 1537:1999 .

. ,
.

EN 1537:1999 (
) 1.25 k
Ek ().
,
(lock-off load) 80-90% k.


.

1,5 ,
.
(grouted anchorages)
(screw anchorages), (pull-out
resistance), Ra;k ,
( 8.7 1997-1) .
.
,

.


EN 1537:1999.
, Ra;d ,
, Ra, :
Pd Ra;d

(8.1)

Pd () .

7TEE

78

 , Pd,
:
,

,
.


(
)
( 8.5.1(2) 1997-1).
(Ra;k)
,
.

2.4.7 2.4.8 1997-1, .
(Ra;k)
,
(a)
:
(n) (suitability tests)
: (Ra,1), (Ra,2), (Ra,n) .
(Ra;k) :

(Ra , m )mean (Ra , m )min

Ra ;k = min
,

a 2
a1

(R )
R
, (R ) = min [R , R ,.... R ]

a , m mean

1
=
n

a , m min

i =1

a, i

a ,1

a,2

a, n

, (a1 a2)
:
1

a1 =

1.20

1.15

1.10

a2 =

1.20

1.10

1.00

(n) :

:
(Ra;d)
,
.

7TEE

79

 (Ra;d)
(Ra;k) :
Ra;d = Ra;k / a

(8.2)

(a) 3.3.4(1)
A.12 A 1997-1. DA-2*,
: R2, : a = 1.10.
(Ra;d)
(Rt;d),
, :
Rt;d = Rt;k / m = ( As y,k ) / m
As , y,k
m = 1.15
().
:
Ra;d Rt;d

(8.3)

, Rt;d,
EN 1992, EN 1993 EN 1537:1999, .
, Rt;d
(. 9.5 of EN 1537:1999).


, .
(.. ),
.
8.6(2)P,

.
- (-) ,


.
:

.

(
)
:
: PGk = 320 kN
7TEE

80

 : PQk =70 kN
, :
Pk = 320 + 70 = 390 kN

,
(
). ,

(Pk) ,
(.. ).
.
,
.3
1997-1):
Pd = G PGk + Q PQk = 1.35 x 320 + 1.50 x 70 = 537 kN
:
: d = 0.12m
: L = 8m
( )
: fsu,k = 200 kPa.
(..
), , .

(Ra;k) :

(Ra;k) :
Ra;k = d L fsu,k = 3.14 x 0.12 x 8 x 200 = 603.2 kN
,
:
Ra,1 = 640 kN, Ra,2 = 662 kN , Ra,3 = 700 kN.
: (Ra,m)mean = 667.3 kN
: (Ra,m)min = 640 kN. ,
: a1 = 1.10 a2 = 1.00.
:

(Ra , m )mean (Ra , m )min

Ra ;k = min
,
= 606.7 kN

a 2
a1

(606.7 kN)

(603.2 kN),

7TEE

81

 : Ra;k = 603.2 kN. ,

.
(Ra;d)
:
Ra;d = Ra;k / a = 603.2 / 1.1 = 548.4 kN.
(a) A.12
A 1997-1. DA-2*,
: R2, : a = 1.10.
(Ra;d)
(Rt;d)
:
Rt;d = Rt;k / m = ( As y,k ) / m
As , y,k
m = 1.15
().
, ,
140 mm2 y,k = 1600 MPa.
: Rt;k = As y,k = 3 x (140 x 10-6) x 1600 = 0.672 MN = 672 kN, :
Rt;d = Rt;k / m = 672 / 1.15 = 584.3 kN
: Ra;d = 548.4 584.3 = Rt;d . ,
,


(Ra;d)
(Rt;d).
, : Ra;d = 548.4 kN
: Pd Ra;d.
, : Pd = 537 548.4 = Ra;d
(FS) :
FS = Rk / Pk = ( d L fsu,k) / (PG+PQ) =
= (3.14 x 0.12 x 8 x 200) / (320 + 70) = 603.2 / 390 = 1.55 > 1.50
( ),
(proof load) 1.25 Pk = 1.25
x (320 + 70) = 487.5 kN
. , 80-90%
Pk, (0.800.90) x (320+70) = 312 351 kN.

7TEE

82

2.9 9 :
9 1997-1
, .

.
( , ,
)
, (gravity walls)
(embedded walls) ( ).
:

( ) :
.
11 1997-1.
, , (wale)
(strut) .
(STR)
.
.
(GEO)
( ),
, .
(hydraulic heave)
(piping). 10
1997-1.
,

.
- .
- .

:
()




:

.
7TEE

83

 ,
( 9.1 - 9.6 1997-1).

9.1 1997-1 :
.

9.2 1997-1 :

7TEE

84

 9.3 1997-1 :

9.4 1997-1 :

7TEE

85

 9.5 1997-1 :

9.6 1997-1 :
.

:
,
.
.
7TEE

86

 ,
,
( ,
).
( DA-2* ).
, ,

( ).
,
.
DA-2*,


.
.

:







.
:

-


.

-
- (). ,
,
- k = k. cv;k . cv;k
. k
2/3
.
k = 1,0.

7TEE

87

 GEO
,
. 1997-1


.

STR ( )
,
(..
). ,
0.5 x (
+ ),
. (..
)
STR ().

.
.
,
.


.


.
,
,

,
.
,

.

.
(.. )
, .3
1997-1 .
,

( ).
.
,

( h) 510-4 h.
,
7TEE

88

 . 1997-1

( ).
, () , K0,
:

K 0 = (1 sin ' ) OCR

(9.1)

OCR ( ).
'
, 'h;0
K0; , :

K 0; = K 0 (1 + sin )

(9.2)

.
,

,
(a). a

. ,
:
, a 10 %
, 0,5 m
(.. ), a
10 %
, 0,5 m.
:
:

Ed Rd

(1)

(Ed)
(Rd).

, GEO STR, :
(1) (limit equilibrium analyses - LEA) GEO.
.

( ). (..
)

7TEE

89


.
,

, .
,
:

,
, . ,
( 60% - 100%
)

.

(, , )
, . ,

( 2-4 ).

()
. ,

, GEO (
GEO
)
STR ( ).


.
:
. :

( GEO)
, , ,
, ,
, .
(
. ).

.

(V, H,
M).

, ,

7TEE

90

 ( 6
1997-1).

L, ( STR)
( ,
)
.

. ( ) :

()

.
(
) (a, p)
.
( )
( ) : Ed < Rd
.

.
DA-2*,
.3 ( 1)
.13 ( R2, )
1997-1.

(
, )
.

. :

().
( )
(a, p) .

Ed ( ,
) Rd ( ).
.

.
DA-2*,
.3 ( 1)
.13 ( R2, )
1997-1.

(
, )
.

7TEE

91

(2) STR.

, (
,
, ). STR,

. ,
(.. )


.
,
(
),
.


,
, ..
Terzaghi & Peck (1967) EAU (1980),
(.. ).
:


(
,
, ).

Winkler .

7TEE

92

hp

ha

H = 6m

1 :

(, ).

.

. .
(10% )
1997-1. .
.1.1 1997-1
( ) : Kah = 0.21.
( )
:
(z=0) : ah , g = K ah ( z + q ) 2c K ah = 0.21 x 0 0 = 0
z=6m : ah , g = K ah ( z + q ) 2c K ah = 0.21 x (20 x 6 + 0) 0 = 25.2 kPa
: Pah , g = 0.5 x 25.2 x 6 = 75.6 kN/m
: Pav , g = Pah , g tan () = 75.6 x tan (25.1) = 35.4 kN/m
(h) :

7TEE

93

hg =

H 2 1 + 2 6 2 0 + 25.2

=
= 2m
3 1 + 2 3 0 + 25.2

( )
:
(z=0) : ah , g = K ah ( z + q ) 2c K ah = 0.21 x 20 0 = 4.2 kPa
z=6m : ah , g = K ah ( z + q ) 2c K ah = 0.21 x (20) 0 = 4.2 kPa
: Pah ,q = 4.2 x 6 = 25.2 kN/m
: Pav ,q = Pah ,q tan () = 25.2 x tan (25.1) = 11.8 kN/m
(h) : hq = 3m
: W = 0.5 ( Bo + B) H = 0.5 x (1+3) x 6 x 24 = 288 kN/m
(xo) : xo =

1
1 B Bo
= 1.083 m
( Bo + B )
3
3 ( Bo + B )

1. (GEO) : Ed < Rd
Ed = 1.35 Pah , g + 1.50 Pah ,q = 1.35 x 75.60 + 1.50 x 25.2 = 139.86 kN/m

Rd =

1
N tan ( ) +
Pph
R
R

: R = 1.10 1.40 .
= W + Pav , g + Pav ,q - Ppv = 288 + 35.4 + 11.8 0 = 335.2 kN/m
: Rd = (1 / 1.10) x [ 335.2 x tan (30) ] + (1 / 1.40) x 0 = 175.93 kN/m
: Ed < Rd 139.86 < 175.93 .
2. (EQU) : Edst,d < Estb,d
.
.1 1997-1.
:
Edst,d = 1.10 x ( Pah , g hg - Pav , g B ) + 1.50 x ( Pah ,q hq - Pav ,q B) = 1.10 x (75.60 x 2 35.4
x 3) + 1.50 x (25.2 x 3 11.80 x 3) = 49.50 + 60.3 = 109.08 kNm/m
:
Estb,d = 0.90 W ( B xo) + 0.90 Php hp = 0.90 x 288 x (3 1.083) + 0.90 x 0 x 0.33 =
496.89 kNm/m
: Edst,d < Estb,d 109.08 < 496.89 .

7TEE

94

3. (GEO) : Ed < Rd

( V, Q, ) :
:
Vg = W + Pav , g - Ppv = 288 + 35.4 0 = 323.4 kN/m
Qg = Pah , g - Pph = 75.60 0 = 75.60 kN/m
Mg = ( Pah , g hg - Pav , g (B/2) ) W ( (B/2) xo ) Pph hp = (75.60 x 2 35.40 x 1.5)
288 x (1.50 1.083) 0 x 0.333 = 98.10 120.1 0 = - 22 kNm/m
:
Vq = Pav ,q = 11.80 kN/m
Qq = Pah ,q = 25.20 kN/m
Mq = ( Pah ,q hq - Pav ,q (B/2) ) = (25.2 x 3 11.80 x 1.5) = 57.90 kNm/m
:
Vk = 323.4 + 11.80 = 335.20 kN/m
Qk = 75.60 + 25.20 = 100.8 kN/m
Mk = -22 + 57.9 = 35.90 kNm/m
( ):
: e = M / V = (-22 + 57.90) / (323.4 + 11.80) = 0.107 m
: e / B = 0.107 / 3 = 0.036
B = B 2 e = 3 2 x 0.107 = 2.786 m
: tan () = Qk / Vk = 100.8 / 335.20 = 0.30 = 16.7
:
Vd = 1.35 x 323.4 + 1.50 x 11.80 = 454.29 kN/m
Qd = 1.35 x 75.60 + 1.50 x 25.20 = 139.86 kN/m
Md = 1.35 x (-22) + 1.50 x 57.90 = 57.15 kNm/m
1997-1
( DA-2*) :
(pu) :

1
pu = c N c sc ic + ( q + 1D ) N q sq iq + 2 B N s i
2
(D.2) 19971, bi = 1 ( ).
7TEE

95

 i
(' = 30) :

Nq = e tan' tan2 (45.+ '/2) = 18.401

Nc = (Nq - 1) / tan ' = 30.14
N = 2 (Nq- 1) tan ' = 20.093
( / L = 0 ) :
sq = 1 + (B' / L' ) sin ' = 1
s = 1 0.3 (B'/L ) = 1
sc = (sq Nq -1) / (Nq - 1) = 1
(iq , i , ic) ( / L
= 0 ) :
m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' / L' )] = 2
:
iq = [1 - H/(V + A' c' cot ')]m

(Ex 1.2)

i = [1 - H/(V + A' c' cot ')]m+1

ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc tan ' )
V
, :
V = pu B L

H = V tan()

(Ex 1.3)

(iq , i , ic)
, pu ( ).
, iq = i = ic = 1,
pu (Ex 1.1), V H
(Ex 1.3) (iq , i , ic) (Ex
1.2). (iq , i , ic)
(pu) .
, :
iq = 0.50352 ,

i = 0.35726 , ic = 0.47499

: pu,k = pu = 528 kPa

:

Vu,k = pu B = 528 x 2.786 = 1471 kN/m

Hu,k = Vu,k tan() = 1471 x 0.30 = 441.3 kN/m

()
DA-2* :
Rd = Rk / R = Vu,k / R,v = 1471 / 1.40 = 1050.7 kN/m
(R,v) .5 (
R2 DA-2*) 1997-1.
7TEE

96


(6.1) : Vd Rd , Vd = 454.29 kN/m
( ), :
Vd = 454.29 1050.7 = Rd
,
.
(FS) :
FS = R / V = 1471 / (323.4 + 11.80) = 4.39

2 Vd Rd (454.29 1050.7).

2 :

, =8
( 10% 1997-1)
(D)
.
1. GEO :

Blum Earth pressure and earth
retaining structures C.R.I. Clayton, J.Milititsky, R.I.Woods, Blackie Academic
7TEE

97

and Profesional, Second edition.

.
.

R .
,
() 20%
.
,
( )
:
( = 0 8m)
( Kah)
.1.1 1997-1 =37.5 = : Kah = 0.19
:
Z=0m : ah , g = K ah (z ) 2c K ah = 0.19 * 20 * 0 2 * 0 * 0.19 = 0
Z=8m : ah , g = K ah (z ) 2c K ah = 0.19 * 20 * 8 2 * 0 * 0.19 = 30.4 KPa
: Pafill
,h, g =

1
30.4 8 = 121.6 KN / m
2

:
Z=0m : ah, g = K ah q = 0.19 * 20 = 3.8KPa
Z=8m : ah , g = K ah q = 0.19 * 20 = 3.8KPa
: Pafill
, h , q = 3.8 8 = 30.4 KN / m
( = 8m (8+D)m )
( Kah)
.1.1 1997-1 =30.0 = : Kah = 0.27
:
Z=8m

: ah , g = K ah (z ) 2c K ah = 0.27 * 20 * 8 2 * 5 * 0.27 = 38KPa

7TEE

98

Z=(8+D)m:
ah, g = K ah (z ) 2c K ah = 0.27 * 20 * (8 + D ) 2 * 5 * 0.27 = (38 + 5.4 D) KPa

2
: Pasoill
, h , g = 0.5 (38 + 38 + 5.4 D ) D = 38 D + 2.7 D KN / m

:
Z=8m

: ah , g = K ah q = 0.27 * 20 = 5.4 KPa

Z=(8+D)m : ah, g = K ah q = 0.27 * 20 = 5.4 KPa

: Pafill
, h , q = 5.4 (D ) = (5.4 D )KN / m
( = 0 m (D)m )
( Kph)
.2.1 1997-1 =30.0 = : Kph = 5.8
:
Z=0m

: ph , g = K pah (z )22c K ph = 5.8 * 20 * 0 + 2 * 5 * 5.8 = 24.08 KPa

Z=(D)m: : ph, g = K ph (z ) 2c K pah = 5.8 * 20 * (D ) + 2 * 5 * 0.27 = (24.08 + 116 D) KPa

: Pa , h , g = 0.5 (24.08 + 24.08 + 116 D) D = 24.08 D + 58 D 2 KN / m

.

7TEE

99

fill
a,h,q

H = 8m

fill
P
a,h,q
fill
P
a,h,g
fill

a,h,g

soil
p,h,g
P soil
p,h,g

soil
a,h,q
P soil
a,h,q

soil
a,h,g

P soil
a,h,g

C. (P),
(s) C
(M).
- :

Pafill
,h, g =

1
30.4 8 = 121.6 KN / m
2

s afill, h , g = D + 1 H = D + 1 8 = (2.67 + D)m

3
3
fill
fill
M afill
, h , g = Pa , h , g s a , h , g = 121.6 (2.67 + D )KN m / m

- :
Pafill
, h , q = 3.8 8 = 30.4 KN / m

s afill, h , q = D + 1 H = D + 1 8 = (4 + D)m
2
2
fill
fill
M afill
, h , q = Pa , h , q s a , h , q = 30.4 (4 + D )KN m / m

7TEE

100

 - ():

D 2 1 + 2

3 1 + 2

D 2 38 + 38 + 5,4 D D 114 + 5,4 D

=
=
m
3 38 + 38 + 5.4 D 3 76 + 5.4 D

2
Pasoill
, h , g = 38 D + 2.7 D KN / m

s asoil
,h, g =

soil
soil
2
M asoil

, h , g = Pa , h , g s a , h , g = 38 D + 2.7 D

D 114 + 5,4 D

KN m / m
3 76 + 5.4 D

- ():
Pasoil
, h , q = 5.4 (D ) = (5.4 D )KN / m

s asoil
,h,q =

D
m
2

soil
soil
M asoil
, h , q = Pa , h , q s a , h , q = (5.4 D )

D
KN m / m
2

- :

Pa , h , g = 24.08 D + 58 D 2 KN / m
s a ,h, g =

D 2 1 + 2

3 1 + 2

D 2 24.08 + 24.08 + 116 D D 72.24 + 116 D

=
=
m
+

+
+

D
D
3
24
.
08
24
.
08
116
3
48
.
16
116

M p , h , g = Pp , h , g s p , h, g = 24.08 D + 58D 2

.24 + 116 D
) D3 72
KN m / m
48.16 + 116 D

( - GEO)
(D) DA-2* :

E d ( F Fk , x k )

Rk ( Fk , x k )

,
.
,
1.35 1.50
( ) (),
( .3 1997-1).
soil
fiill
soil
E d = M Ed = 1.35 * ( M afill
, h , g + M a , h , g ) + 1.50 * ( M a , h , q + M a , h , q )

.
R=1,40
( .13).
7TEE

101

Rd =

M p ,h, g =

1
M p ,h, g
1.4

.
D=6m.
, D = 6m :
fill
fill
M afill
, h , g = Pa , h , g s a , h , g = 121.6 (2.67 + D ) = 1054.27 KN m / m
fill
fill
M afill
, h , q = Pa , h , q s a , h , q = 30.4 (4 + D ) = 304 KN m / m

soil
soil
2
M asoil

, h , g = Pa , h , g s a , h , g = 38 D + 2.7 D

soil
soil
M asoil
, h , q = Pa , h , q s a , h , q = (5.4 D )

D 114 + 5,4 D

= 878.47 KN m / m
3 76 + 5.4 D

D
= 97.2 KN m / m
2

M p , h , g = Pp , h , g s p , h, g = 24.08 D + 58D 2

.24 + 116 D
) D3 72
= 4609.48KN m / m
48.16 + 116 D

: E d = M Ed = 1.35 * (1054.27 + 878.47) + 1.50 * (304 + 97.2) = 3211KNm / m

Rd =

M p ,h, g =

1
4609.48 = 3292.48 > E d = 3211KNm / m
1.4

20%,
,
: D = 1.20 * 6.0 = 7.20m, :
tot = +D = 8+7.2 = 15.2m
,
( , R),
Rk D=6m :

Pafill
,h, g =

1
30.4 8 = 121.6 KN / m
2

Pafill
, h , q = 3.8 8 = 30.4 KN / m

2
Pasoill
= 325.2 KN / m
, h , g = 38 D + 2.7 D

Pasoil
, h , q = 5.4 (D ) = (5.4 D ) = 32.4 KN / m

Pp , h , g = 24.08 D + 58 D 2 = 2232.48 KN / m

fill
soil
soill
Fx = 0 Pafill
, h , g + Pa , h , q + Pa , h , g + Pa , h , q + R k = Pp , h , g

121.6 + 30.4 + 352.2 + 32.4 + R k = 2232.48 R k = 1695.88 KN / m

7TEE

102


( )
( ).

(. ).
() -, ,
.
2. STR :

.
DA-2*,

.
,
() .
( )
() ,
.
, :


(g,k). ( +
)
(g+q,k).

q,k = g+q,k - g,k. ,
: d = 1.35 *g,k +1.50* q,k .

:

7TEE

103

d (K Nm/m)
4000

3000

2000

1000

1000

2000

0
2

(m)

4
6
8
10
12
14
16

14m (8+6=14m) 12.10m.

GEO STR
. , ( GEO)
,
( STR),
.

.

(. ).

,
:
. GEO :
1.
( ),
( )
( ).
,

(1.35 1.50) (R=1.40).
7TEE

104

 (
) (a, p)
.
( )
,
.
2. (
)
.
3. .
,
1.00 .

( ,
, ) .
. STR :
1.
. .

. ,
(.. ).
,
GEO .
( ) ,

a, p
( ).
GEO,

( , , )
.
2.
.

(1.35 1.50)
.
,
:
1.

(
). , ,

. ()
7TEE

105

 . ,
( 2-4 )
,
.
(
)
.

,
.
2.
,
Terzaghi .
.
.

3.
(
).
(1.35 1.50)
.

2.10
10 1997-1

:
7TEE

106

 (UPL - uplift) .


(
).
(HYD).


. ,
,
(boiling).
.

,
.
, .
(piping).
, ,
,


- .

.

2.10.1 (UPL)


( ,
)
.
(UPL)
(2.8) 2.4.7.4 1997-1

(Vdst;d= Gdst;d +Qdst;d)
(Gstb;d)
(Rd):
Vdst,d Gstb;d + Rd

(2.8)

(Rd), ..
, ()
(Gstb;d).
(2.8)
Gdst;d, Qdst;d, Gstb;d Rd A.4 ( .15
16) 1997-1, .
7TEE

107

 (2.8),
(Gstb;d) , ,
, (Rd) ,
, , (Td), , (P),
.

(Gstb;d).
, (Vdst;d ),
(
) .
, (2.8)
(stb;d)
(udst;d) :
udst;d stb;d
EQU, HYD UPL,

(
). ,
, 2 (
DA-2*), .
,
, 10.1 1997-1
.

7TEE

108

)

)

1
2

)
4
5
6
7

7TEE

1
2
3

1
2
5
6
8

109

)
1
5
9

10.1 1997-1 :

:
= 200 kPa
( ) G =150 kPa
Q =50 kPa ( ).
=12m ()
.

stb;d = G;stb stb;k = G;stb G = 0.9 x 150 = 135 kPa

udst;d = G;dst udst;k = G;dst (W H ) = 1.0 x 10 x 12 = 120 kPa
: udst;d stb;d 120 < 135 .
: :
FS = 1 / G;stb = 1 / 0.9 = 1.10

2.10.2 (HYD)

(2.9) (2.9)
.
udst;d stb;d

(2.9)

Sdst;d Gstb;d

(2.9)

(2.9)

7TEE

110

 (udst;d )
(stb;d) .
(2.9)
(Sdst;d)
(Gstb;d) .
(2.9) (2.9) ,
. ,
(2.9).
(2.9) (2.9)
udst;d, stb;d, Sdst;d Gstb;d A.5
( .17) 1997-1,
.
( ),
: FS = G;dst G;stb = 1.35 / 0.90 =
1.50.

10.2 1997-1.

1 (), ()
2
3

10.2 1997-1 :

7TEE

111

2.11
11 1997-1

, , , ,
.
:

,
,
, (cut or buried
structures), .
,

.
,
. ,
.
,
.

,
. -
.
(jointed) ,
,
.
.

, -
.
, , .
,
.

.
,
.

, .

.
7TEE

112


,

.


.
,
3 (DA-3) (GEO)

.
( ,
, )
(favourable actions) F = 1.
3 (DA-3) (2.6)
:
d = (Fd , Xd ) = (F Fk , Xk / )
(2.6)
(2.7) :
Rd = R (Fd , Xd ) = R (F Fk , Xk / )

(2.7)

(2.5) :
d Rd

(F Fk , Xk / ) R (F Fk , Xk / )

(2.5)

(F ,
) EN1997-1 :
(1) ( ),
,
(2) ( ),
,
(2) .
3 (DA-3)
. ,
,
,
( )
2 (DA-2), . ,
( + )
DA-3

.
,
( : cd , d

7TEE

113

 :
(m), :

cd =

ck

M m

, tan d =

cu;d)

M m

tan k

, cu ;d =

cu ;k

M m

M .

:
(1) : m = 1.1.

(FS) :
FS = m = 1.25 x 1.1 = 1.38
(c , ).
FS = m = 1.40 x 1.1 = 1.54
(cu).
(2) : m = 1.
, (FS)
:
FS = m = 1.25 x 1 = 1.25
(c , ).
FS = m = 1.40 x 1 = 1.40
.
:
15 2:3 (:)
( ) :
: = 20 kN/m3
() : c = 15 kPa
() : = 25
: q = 20 kPa

7TEE

114

 3 (DA-3).

1.30 ( 2.4.7.3.4.4
1997-1). q : qd = 1.30 x 20 = 26 kPa.
:
cd = c / 1.25 = 15 / 1.25 = 12 kPa
d = arctan (tan / 1.25) = arctan (tan 25 / 1.25 ) = 20.46o

FS = 1.027 > 1.
.

7TEE

115

2.12
12 1997-1
.
:

,
.. (cracks)


, ..




7TEE

116



,
, .
,
, 11
1997-1.

,

.
,
(foamed concrete),
.

7TEE

117

2.13 1997-1 () :


1997-1


.
,
1997-1 .

(EQU)
(EQU)
F :

G;dst

G;stb

Q;dst

Q;stb

.
A.1 (F)

G;dst
G;stb

1,1
0,9

Q;dst
Q;stb

1,5
0

(EQU)
,
M :

cu

7TEE

118

qu

A.2 (M)

c
cu
qu

1,25
1,25
1,4
1,4
1,0

tan '

(STR)
(GEO)
(F)
( E)
(STR) (GEO)
A1 A2
(F) (E):

A.3 (F)
(E)

7TEE

G
Q

A1

A2

1,35

1,0

1,0

1,0

1,5

1,3

119

 (M)
(STR) (GEO)
M1 M2
(M):

cu

qu

A.4 (M)

M1

M2

1,0

1,25

1,0

1,25

cu

1,0

1,4

qu

1,0

1,4

1,0

1,0

tan '

(R)

(STR)
(GEO) , R1, R2 R3
(R):

R;v

R;h

7TEE

120

 A.5 - (R)

R1

R2

R3

R;v

1,0

1,4

1,0

R;h

1,0

1,1

1,0

(STR)
(GEO) , R1, R2, R3 R4
(R):

b
s

s;t .
R1, R2, R3 R4
A.6 , A.7
A.8 (continuous
flight auger CFA).
A.6- (R)

R1

R2
R3

R4

1,0

1,1

1,0

1,3

()

1,0

1,1

1,0

1,3

/ ()

1,0

1,1

1,0

1,3

s;t

1,25

1,15

1,1

1,6

7TEE

121

 A.7 (R)

R1

R2

R3

R4

1,25

1,1

1,0

1,6

()

1,0

1,1

1,0

1,3

/ ()

1,15

1,1

1,0

1,5

s;t

1,25

1,15

1,1

1,6

A.8 - (R)
(CFA)

R1

R2

R3

R4

1,1

1,1

1,0

1,45

()

1,0

1,1

1,0

1,3

/ ()

1,1

1,1

1,0

1,4

s;t

1,25

1,15

1,1

1,6

(STR) (GEO) ,

:

3

4

5

6
.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6
A.9, A.10 A.11.
7TEE

122

 A.9
(n
)

n =

1,40

1,30

1,20

1,10

1,00

1,40

1,20

1,05

1,00

1,00

A.10 -
(n
)

n =

10

1,40

1,35

1,33

1,31

1,29

1,27

1,25

1,40

1,27

1,23

1,20

1,15

1,12

1,08

A.11 -
, , , , , (n )

n =

10

15

20

1,60

1,50

1,45

1,42

1,40

1,50

1,35

1,30

1,25

1,25

0,85

.

1,10 .

1,210 .

,
n
.

7TEE

123


(STR)
(GEO) , R1, R2, R3 R4
(R) :

a;t

a;p

a;t a;p R1, R2,

R3 R4 A.12.
A.12 - (R)

R1

R2

R3

R4

a;t

1,1

1,1

1,0

1,1

a;p

1,1

1,1

1,0

1,1

(R)
(STR) (GEO)
, R1, R2 R3
(R):

R;v

R;h

R;e

A.13 - (R)

R;v
R;h
R;e

7TEE

R1
1,0
1,0
1,0

R2
1,4
1,1
1,4

R3
1,0
1,0
1,0

124

 (R)
(STR)
(GEO) ,
(R;e).
A.14 - (R)

R1
1,0

R;e

R2
1,1

R3
1,0

(UPL)
(UPL)
(F):

G;dst

G;stb

Q;dst

.
A.15 (F)

G;dst
G;stb

1,0
0,9

Q;dst

1,5

(UPL)

:

c
cu
s;t
7TEE

125

a
A.16

c
cu
s;t
a

1,25
1,25
1,40
1,40
1,40

tan '

(HYD)
(HYD)
(F):

G;dst

G;stb

Q;dst

.
A.17 (F)

G;dst

1,35

G;stb

0,90

Q;dst

1,50

7TEE

126

2.14

()

.1

(1) ,
, (q)
(c) :
:

a(z ) = K a [ z + q ] 2c K a
a(z) = atan + a ( )

(.1)

p (z ) = K p [ z + q ] + 2c K p

p(z) = ptan + a ( )

(.2)

:
a

( )

Ka

Kp

( )

a(z) z ( )
p(z) z ( )
a(z) z ( )
p(z) z ( )
(2) (.1) (.2)
, .
7TEE

127

(3) .1.1
.1.4 Ka .2.1 .2.4 Kp.
.
(4) ,
.2.
(5) , K
z,
.
(6)
.
(7)
,
.3.

.1.1 Ka :
( = 0)

7TEE

128

 .1.2 Ka :
(/ = 0 and = 0)

.1.3 Ka :
(/ = 0,66)
7TEE

129

 .1.4 Ka :
(/ = 1)

7TEE

130

 .2.1 Kp :
( = 0)

7TEE

131

 .2.2 Kp :
(/ = 0 and = 0)

7TEE

132

 .2.3 Kp :
(/ = 0,66)

7TEE

133

 .2.4 Kp :
surface (/ = 1)

7TEE

134

 .3 -
v/vp
(vp: )

.2

(1) ,
, .
(2) , (
, c, , a) , . .4.
(3)
1.6.
Kc
Kn
K
mt ,
,
,

mw
,
.

,

7TEE

135

v
,

q ,

p ,

.4
,

(4) a :
a tan
=
c tan

(5) 0
.
:
- q, ,

- c cot .
0 q
, . ,
c = 0 , 0 =
.
(6) mt
:

7TEE

136

cos(2m t + + 0 ) =

sin 0
sin

(.3)

(7) mw :
cos(2m w + + ) =

sin
sin

(.4)

mw ( > 0) sin /sin

.
(8)
, v
:
v = mt + mw

(.5)

(9) Kn (..
)
v :
Kn =

1 + sin sin(2m w + )
exp (2 tan )
1 sin sin(2m t + )

(.6)

(10)
, :
K q = K n cos 2

(.7)

:
K c = (K n 1)cot

(.8)

(11) :
K = K n cos cos ( )

(.9)

.

.
= 0 :
p
sin cos ;
c
a
cos2m w = ;
c
cos2m t =

7TEE

137

K q = cos 2 ;
K c = 2 + sin2m t + sin2m w ;

( ), K ( = 0) :

K = cos +

sin cosmw
sinmt

(.10)

(12) ,
:
, c, a
0
, K.

(13) ,
( 0).
(14) ( ), ..

, .

.

.3

(1)
-

.
.1 va/h.

7TEE

138

 .1 va/h

va/h

%

va/h

%

0,4 0,5

0,1 0,2

0,2

0,05 0,1

0,8 1,0

0,2 0,5

0,4 0,5

0,1 0,2

:
va

(2)
-


. .2
vp/h , ,
.
(3) .2
1,5 2,0 .

7TEE

139

 .2 vp/h

vp/h

%

vp/h

%

7 (1,5)

5 (1,1)

25 (4,0)

10 (2,0)

5 (0,9)

3 (0,5)

10 (1,5)

6 (1,0)

6 (1,0)

5 (0,5)

15 (1,5)

6 (1,3)

:
vp

7TEE

140

2.15 ()

.1

A' = B' L
b
c, q

B

B'

D

e
, B L
i
, c, q

L

L'

m
i
N
, c, q
q

q'

s
c, q
V

'

H
(2) .1.

.2
(1)

.
:
,
cu, c' '

,


.
7TEE

141

.3
(1) :
R/A' = (+2) cu bc sc ic + q

(.1)

:
: bc = 1 2 / ( + 2);
:

sc = 1+ 0,2 (B'/L'),
sc = 1,2, .
, H:
ic =

H
1
(1 + 1
)
A' cu
2

H A' cu.

.4
(1) :
R/A' = c' Nc bc sc ic + q' Nq bq sq iq + 0,5 ' B 'N b s i

(.2)

:
:
Nq = e tan' tan2 (45.+ '/2)
Nc = (Nq - 1) cot '
N = 2 (Nq- 1) tan ', '/2 ( )

:
bc = bq - (1 - bq) / (Nc tan )
bq = b = (1 - tan )2

sq = 1 + (B' / L' ) sin ',

sq = 1 + sin ',
s = 1 0,3 (B'/L ),

7TEE

142

s = 0,7,
sc = (sqNq -1)/(Nq - 1), ,
, H:

ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc. tan ' )

iq = [1 - H/(V + A'c'cot ')]m
i = [1 - H/(V + A'c'cot ')]m+1
:
m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' / L' )] H B'
m = mL = [2 + (L' / B' )]/[1 + (L' / B' ] H L'

L', m
: m = m = mL cos2 + mB sin2.

.1

7TEE

143

EN 1997-1 : 2004
- 1 :

1997-1 :
1 : .


.
1997-1 :
2 : 2.1(8)P, 2.4.6.1(4)P, 2.4.6.2(2)P, 2.4.7.1(2)P, 2.4.7.1(3),
2.4.7.2(2)P,
2.4.7.3.2(3)P,
2.4.7.3.3(2)P,
2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P,
2.4.7.4(3)P, 2.4.7.5(2)P, 2.4.8(2), 2.4.9(1)P, 2.5(1)
7 : 7.6.2.2(8)P,
7.6.2.3(8),
7.6.2.4(4)P,
7.6.3.3(4)P, 7.6.3.3(6)

7.6.2.2(14)P,
7.6.3.2(2)P,

7.6.2.3(4)P,
7.6.3.2(5)P,

7.6.2.3(5)P,
7.6.3.3(3)P,

8 : 8.5.2(2)P, 8.5.2(3), 8.6(4)

11 : 11.5.1(1)P
A :
A.3.3.2, A.3.3.3, A.3.3.4, A.3.3.5, A.3.3.6

A.2,

A.3.1,

A.3.2,

A.3.3.1,

A.4, A.5

, , , , , , , 1997-1.

1.
1.1 (National Annex)
7 1997-1,
1 : .
7 ( )
(CEN) 23 2004
24 2004.
1.2
1997-1, ( ) :

( ),
CEN.

7TEE

144

 .
(National Annex).

,
, :

,
,
(, ) , ..
,

.
1997-1,
:
2.1(8)P, 2.4.6.1(4)P, 2.4.6.2(2)P, 2.4.7.1(2)P, 2.4.7.1(3), 2.4.7.2(2)P,
2.4.7.3.2(3)P, 2.4.7.3.3(2)P, 2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P, 2.4.7.4(3)P, 2.4.7.5(2)P,
2.4.8(2), 2.4.9(1)P, 2.5(1), 7.6.2.2(8)P, 7.6.2.2(14)P, 7.6.2.3(4)P,
7.6.2.3(5)P, 7.6.2.3(8), 7.6.2.4(4)P, 7.6.3.2(2)P, 7.6.3.2(5)P, 7.6.3.3(3)P,
7.6.3.3(4)P, 7.6.3.3(6), 8.5.2(2)P, 8.5.2(3), 8.6(4), 11.5.1(1)P
A :
A.2, A.3.1, A.3.2, A.3.3.1, A.3.3.2, A.3.3.3, A.3.3.4, A.3.3.5, A.3.3.6,
A.4, A.5

.
:

,
,
, .

2
2.1
EN 1997-1:
2.4.6.1(4)P, 2.4.6.2(2)P, 2.4.7.1(2)P, 2.4.7.1(3), 2.4.7.2(2)P,
2.4.7.3.2(3)P, 2.4.7.3.3(2)P, 2.4.7.4(3)P, 2.4.7.5(2)P, 2.4.8(2),
7.6.2.2(8)P, 7.6.2.2(14)P, 7.6.2.3(4)P, 7.6.2.3(5)P, 7.6.2.4(4)P,
7.6.3.2(2)P, 7.6.3.2(5)P, 7.6.3.3(3)P, 7.6.3.3(4)P, 8.5.2(2)P, 11.5.1(1)P
A :
A.2, A.3.1, A.3.2, A.3.3.1, A.3.3.2, A.3.3.3, A.3.3.4, A.3.3.5, A.3.3.6
A.4, A.5
,
: qu = 1.60, .2 .4 (O 2).
7TEE

145

,
: Rv = 1.60 ( .5 R2).
2.2 :
2.2.1 2.1(2) :
:
1990.
,
2.1 ( 2.3) EN 1990 :

( )

10

25

25

50

,
,
,

100

, ,
, ,

2.2.2 2.1(8)P :
:

, ,
(risk),

.
2.2.3 2.1(13) :


, ,
, :
1 : .
2 : .
3 : .
7TEE

146

 1990.
2.2.4 2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P :
(Design Approaches - DA) ,
( 4.3 ).
(ULS) (GEO)
(STR)
:
(1) 3 (DA-3),
(GEO) :
,
11 12 1997-1, ,
, ,
.

( 11 1997-1) :

() ,
() ,
, ,
() (..
).
,
(
, ,
) 1 (favourable actions)
F = 1 (
EN 1997-1).
3 (DA-3)
(2.6) :
d = (Fd , Xd ) = (F Fk , Xk / )
(2.6)
(2.7) :
Rd = R (Fd , Xd ) = R (F Fk , Xk / )

(2.7)

(2.5) :
d Rd

(F Fk , Xk / ) R (F Fk , Xk / )

(2.5)

(F , ) EN1997-1 :
(1) ( ),
,
1

7TEE

147

(2) ( ),
,
(2) .

:
3 (DA-3)
. ,

, , (
)
2 (DA-2), . ,
( +
) DA-3

.
(2) 2 (DA-2),
:
(GEO) (STR)
, ,
, 6, 7, 8 9 EN
1997-1.
(STR)
(, , ,
) 9 12 1997-1.

,

.
( GEO)
3 (DA-3), .
(GEO) (STR)
,

.
(GEO) (
11 1997-1)
(.. )
(strength reduction method),
3 (DA-3),
.
, 2 (DA-2),
(GEO) (STR)
, ,
, .

7TEE

148

 2 (DA-2),
2* (DA-2*)
(2.6) , , (2.6)
( = 1) :
(2.6)
d = (F Fk , Xk )
d = (Fk , Xk )

(2.6)

(2.7) (2 F = 1) :
.

Rd = ( 1 / R ) R (Fk , Xk)

(2.7)

, :
.

(F Fk , Xk ) ( 1 / R ) R (Fk , Xk)
, :
.

(Fk , Xk ) ( 1 / R ) R (Fk , Xk)

EN1997-1 :
(1) ( F),
( ),
(R2) .
:
(d)
(2.6) (2.6),
(
).
(F = 1.35
1.50, ) .
,
,
(F=1.35)
,
(F=1.50)
,
() (..
1.35 1.50).

4.3
1998-5.

2 2.4.7.3.3 (1) 1997-1 DA-2*

2. , (2.7) , , F >1 (
1 1997-1).

7TEE

149

2.2.5 2.4.7.5 :
(UPL)
(HYD), 10 2.4.7.4
2.4.7.5 1997-1, (2.9), 3
(2.9).
EQU, HYD
UPL,
(
). ,
,
2 ( DA-2*),
.
2.2.6 2.4.9(1)P :
.


.
2.2.7 2.5(1) :
.
,
.

2.2.8 7.6.2.3(8) :
m (model factor)

, 2 (DA-2) :
(1)
(qb;k)
(qs;i;k)
4 (.. SPT CPT)
5 [
7.6.2.3(5)],
(m=1.0).

3 : . ,
.
4 ( SPT) qc ( CPT)
(.. ) qc
5 .. cu (c , )

7TEE

150

 :


FS=2 ( ).
, :
FS = F * t * * m 1.40 x 1.10 x (1.15 1.35) * 1.0 = 1.77 2.08
t=b=s=1.10, = 1.15 1.35 ( .10) F = 1.40
( ).
(2) 7.6.2.3 (8)
1997-1,
(qb;k)
(qs;i;k) (..
SPT CPT)

( ),
m=1.30.
:


FS=2. , :
FS = F * t * m 1.40 x 1.10 x 1.30 = 2.0
t=b=s=1.10 F=1.40 (
).
:
(
7.6.2.2) ( 7.6.2.4),
(),
(m=1.0).
, (m),
(7.7) 7.6.2.3 :
Rb;d = Rb;k / (b m)

Rs;d = Rs;k / (s m)

(7.7)

( 7.6 7.6.2.3) :
Rc;d = [ Rb;k / (b m) + Rs;k / (s m) ]

(7.6)

Rc;d = [ Rb;k / b + Rs;k / s ] / m

(7.6)

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2.2.9 7.6.3.3(6) :

,
2 (DA-2) :
2.2.8
(, ,
).
2.2.10 8.5.2(3) :
(a)
2 (DA-2) :
(Ra;k)
[ 8.5.1(2)] :
(1) ,

.
: a = 1.
(2) (n)
(suitability tests)
: (Ra,1), (Ra,2), (Ra,n) .
,
(Ra;k) :

(Ra , m )mean (Ra , m )min

Ra ;k = min
,

a 2
a1

(R )

a , m mean

1
=
n

R
i =1

a, i

(R )

a , m min

= min Ra ,1 , Ra , 2 ,.... Ra , n

,
(a1 a2) :
1

a1 =

1.20

1.15

1.10

a2 =

1.20

1.10

1.00

(n) :

2.2.11 8.6(4) :

: .

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2.2.12 11.5.1 (1) P :

( : cd , d : cu;d)
(m), :
cd =

ck

M m

, tan d =

M m

tan k

, cu ;d =

cu ;k

M m

M .

:
(1) : m = 1.1.

(FS)
:
FS = m = 1.25 x 1.1 = 1.38
(c , ).
FS = m = 1.40 x 1.1 = 1.54
(cu).
(2) : m = 1.
, (FS)
:
FS = m = 1.25 x 1 = 1.25
(c , ).
FS = m = 1.40 x 1 = 1.40
.

3.
3.1 :
7
,
( 2.1 ), :
,
: qu = 1.60, .2 .4 (O 2).
,
: Rv = 1.60 ( .5 R2).
3.2 :
.
(Design
Approaches) (2.6) (2.7),

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 2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P 1997-1,
( 2.2.4 ).
3.3 :
. .
3.4 :
. , ,
DIN 4017.
3.5 E :
.
3.6 :
.
3.7 :
. .
3.8 H :
.
3.9 :
.

4. - -
4.1 ( ) EN
1997-1 ,
, , (
). ,
:
1. :
() 2000.
()

(
10/31.12.1945).
()
227 /28.3.95.
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154

2. :
()
( 363 /24.6.83).
()

( 70 /8.2.85).
() ( 955
/31.12.86).
() ( 955
/31.12.86).
()
( 29 /11.2.86).
3. :
() 1 (-1)
-
( 264 /3.5.66).
4.2 EN
1997-1 , ,
,
(
),
,
.
4.3 :

EN 1997-1
8 5 ( 1998-5) :
(1)
(F = = 1).
(2) 2 DA-2*
,

3 (DA-3).
(3) (m)
.
2.2.8, 2.2.9 2.2.12 .
(4) ()
(R) 8
5 ( 1998-5).
8 5 ( 1998-5)
() (R), : = R = 1.

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7 2 :

4.1
EN 1997-2 (EC7-2)
EC7-1.
EC7-1 :
)
)

)
)
,
3 EC7-1 ,
,
.
CEN
EN 1997.
EN 1997-1.


( EN 1997-1). ,

. EN 1997
,
.

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- 1997-1
EN

-
-
-
-
-
-

EN 1997-2

-
-
-

(CEN/TC 341)

-

-
-
-

(CEN/TC 288)

- ( )
-
: CEN EN 1997

EC7-2
, CEN/TC 341.
EC7-2
TC 341.
7-2 105 6
24 (88 ).
:
1.
2.
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157

3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .

4.2


.
.
,
, .
,
,
.

.
:

.


EN 1997-1:2004, 3.4.3 (1).

, .. ,
, .


.
, .

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,
. :

,
.
,
:

,
(..
)

,
,
,
( ),
,
.
,

,
(..
)

,


.

,
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159

 . ,
.

4.3

.

.
.
,
(EN ISO 22475-1), :
:
1 5.

:
3 5.

:
5.

1 2
.
1 2

.
.
.

.

3.

.

. .

.
,
5.
.

.

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160

4.4
,
,

(. EN 1997 1:2004, 3.3).

:

EN ISO 22476
:

4.5

. ,

.

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161

4.6

(Ground Investigation Report),
(Geotechnical Design Report).
:

,
.

.
.

, .

, .

.

.

, :

,

,
:
a)
b)
c) (exposures in quarries and
borrow areas)
d)

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162

e)

f)

g)
h) , (faulting)
i)

j)

k)
l)

, :

EN ISO
.
,
:

3 5

6.2

, ,

, :

,
, , ,
,

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, :

(.
6.4).

.
.
.




.
:

.
/


.

,

.
.

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1.

EN 1990 (2002), Eurocode: Basis of structural design. CEN.

2. EN 1991 (2002), Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. CEN.

3. EN 1997-1 (2004), Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design Part 1: General rules.
CEN.
4. EN 1997-2 (2007), Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design Part 2: Ground
investigation and testing. CEN.
5. 1997-1 (2006).
.
6. Frank. R. (2007), Basic principles of Eurocode 7 on Geotechnical Design. Soils
and Rocks, So Paolo, 30(1): 39-50, January April.
7. Frank R., Bauduin C., Driscoll R., Kavvadas M., Krebs Ovesen N., Orr T. and
Schuppener B. (2004), Designers Guide to EN 1997 Geotechnical Design
General Rules. Thomas Telford Publishing, London, 216p.
8. Orr T.L.L. (2008), Geotechnical education and Eurocode 7. Proceedings 1st
International Conference on Education and Training in Geo-Engineering
Sciences. Constanza, Romania, pp 87-99. I. Manoliu and N. Radulescu Editors,
CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
9. Schneider H.R. (1997), Definition and determination of characteristic soil
properties. Proceedings 14th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Geotechnical Engineering, Hamburg, Balkema (3), pp 2271-2274.
10. Schuppener B., Anagnostopoulos A. and Linder W.R. (2008), European
Geotechnical Standards. 11th Baltic Sea Geotechnical Conference, Gdansk,
Poland, pp 913-928.
11. Simpson B. (1997), Theme lecture: Some questions about limit state design.
Proceedings 14th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical
Engineering, Hamburg, Balkema (3), pp 2267-2270.
12. Student (1908): The probable error of a mean. Biometrica Vol 6, pp 1-25
13. Vogt N., Schuppener B . (2007).
7-1: .
339, . 52-58.

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