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3.2

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(3.2)

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1 Estas igualdades se basan en la propiedad geom

etrica por la cual el a
rea de la proyecci
on de una
superficie plana sobre un plano es igual al a
rea total de la superficie proyectada por la componente
del vector normal a la superficie proyectada que va en la direcci
on normal al plano de proyecci
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3.4
PSfrag replacements

Teora de la elasticidad y resistencia de materiales

z
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(3.3)

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(3.4)

[
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(3.5)

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(3.6)
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(3.7)

Captulo 3. Dinamica del s

olido deformable. Analisis de tensiones

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(3.9)

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(3.11)

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(3.19)

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(3.21)
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QZ\WPVfE)TidPPiJSPVfd]kf Ti]klg]gW]kfqPEEPVlgW\[]g[eUgbLPZ\O+Qc]kX [debL](QZ\lgPVfvkdebL](PVO+Z\O Z\debL](U
Z\OcUaTidPVfS_UW\f]ChZ\OcbL{ deb\Ukbx  ZcUCOcbL][eUW\f]ChZ\OcbLdeb\UkbPRQ lZ\vkf_UCOcbLP~fPRQWPRTiS]U([eUkQ
bLdlgPVOcQd]kO\PRQbLPV[|Qc]kX [debL][eUaW\fPRQdR]kX O4W\Z\PRbLP(Ti]kOcQdebLPVf_UCf_QPW\fcUkX TiSdeTVUClgPVOoSP7Ti]kOcQ_S_UCOoSP
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PVO![eUpcvkZ\f_U LxLx
8:9:9IBEcy?)ARHLK>:MD ? :BM
wHJ#F,|ARI?yDBFARI?>KD:?c
1

3.8.1. Elipsoide de tensiones de Lam

e

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Lb P[]nQ`kPRTiS]kfPRQ6SPVOcQdR]kX O7Q_]k\fP[]nQwdOLcO\dS]nQ}W\[eUCO\]nQurZ\PqWcUkQ_UCO(W]kfwZ\O7bLPVSPVflgdOcUkbL]
W\Z\OoS]cx:N6OPRQSP7TVUkQ] { 4]kWPVf_UCOcbL]bLP7l(UCO\PVf_UQdlgd[eUCfU!Ti]klg]4QP(W\f]LTiPRbLdR]X WcUCf_U
bLPVSPVflgdOcUCfPV[wPV[dWcQ]kdebLP(bLPg,UClPaX bLPbLPih]kfl(UkTid]kO\PRQQ_P~]k\SPVOcbLfcU+X Z\OcUPiLW\fPRQdR]kX O
bLP[eUph]kfl(U


x
1

2

y
+
2

2

z
+
3

2

=1

(3.34)

,UPiLW\fPRQdR]kX O!UCOrSPVfd]kfPRQZ\OPV[dWcQ]kdebLPbLPQPVlgdPEEPRQ}[eUkQSPVOcQ_d]kO\PRQqW\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQRx
6Z\PRbLP+Ti]klgPVOrS_UCf_QP!UC[vk]%uoZ\PaO\]%QPaTi]klgPVOrSc]^X TiZcUCOcbL]%QPPRQ_SZcbLd]4PV[PV[dWcQ]kdebLP+bLP
,UClP7X WcUCf_U+bLPih]kfl(UkTid]kO\PRQ4Q]kO%[eUkQsfPV[eUkTid]kO\PRQPiLdeQSPVOoSPRQPVOoSfP([]nQdOr`>UCfdeUCOrSPRQ
bLPV[,SPVOcQ]kf PVO+PRQSPTVUkQ]7PV[bLPSPVOcQd]kO\PRQ [eUgvkPV]klgPVSfRX UbLPV[,PV[dWcQ]kdebLPnxczQRX PRQ
dvkZcUC[wU7[eU{ QZ\l(UabLPp[]nQ SfPRQsQPVlgdPEEPRQsbLPV{ [PV[dWcQ_]kdebLP { I Y PRQdvkZcUC[:Ua[eUaQZ\l(UY@{bLIPp[eUkQ
1

Captulo 3. Dinamica del s

olido deformable. Analisis de tensiones

3.11

UCX fPRUkQbLPs[eUkQSfPRQPV[dWcQPRQqurZ\PdOoSPVf_TiPVW\S_UgPV[IPV[dWcQ]kdebLPTi]kO+[]nQW\[eUCO\]nQW\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQ
PRQqW\f]kW]kf_Tid]kOcUC[:UC[`k]k[Z\lgPVObLPV[PV[dWcQ]kdebLPnx
I
N6`JdebLPVOoSPVlgPVOrSPPRX QSPgO\]PRQsZ\O%lPVX S]JbL]UkbLPRTiZcUkbL]!WcUCf_UafPRUC[dRUCf[eUafPVW\fPRQPVOL
S_UkTidR]kX ObLPV[IPRQS_UkbL]gSPVOcQd]kOcUC[,bLPZ\OW\Z\OoS]7QPsW\fPicPVfPZ\OcUfPVW\fPRQPVOrS_UkTidR]kX O!W\[eUCOcU
Ti]klg]7Q]kO+[]nQTkY X f_TiZ\[]nQ bLP ] \fuoZ\PQPPRQ_SZcbLdeUCfcUCX OPVO+PV[,QdvkZ\dPVOrSP~UCWcUCfS_UkbL]cx
8:9 :9RM BH)GI D+F D ,B
N6OaPRQSPsUCWcUCfS_UkbL]PRQUCW\[deTVUC\[PsS]LbL]~[]p`JdeQS]~UCOrSPVfd]kflgPVOoSPWcUCf_Up[]nQTkY X f_TiZ\[]nQ
bLP ]\fqPVO!PV[,TVUkQ](bLPV[,PRQSZcbLd]bLP[eUkQbLPihj]kfl(UkTid]kO\PRQyx
3





8:9<; |9 I?DBFARI?KD:?cc cIM BEKHJD Fc )KFD,B

UCl~\d PVX O PVO#PRQSPTVUkQ] UC[dvkZcUC[qurZ\P]JTiZ\ffRX U&Ti]kO#PV[}SPVOcQ_]kfbLP+bLPih]kfl(UkTid]C
O\PRQ { QPgW\Z\PRbLP7fPRUC[dRUCfZ\OcU!{ bLPRQ_Ti]klgW]nQdeTidR]kX O^PVOY Z\OcU+WcUCfSP7PRQEhyPVX fdeTVU+4]kSf_U+WcUCfSP
bLPRQ`JdeUkbL]kf_U x PicO\dPVOcbL]


PSdPVO\PurZ\P

x
yx
zx

xy
y
zy

m =

xz
m
yz = 0
0
z

PRQ_UC[S_UCfPVlg]nQ UkuoZ,Y X urZ\PTi]klg]

0
m
0
m

x + y + z
3

x m
0
0 + yx
m
zx

(3.35)

xy
y m
zy

W\Z\PRbLPW]kO\PVf_QPS_UCl~\d PVX O4Ti]klg]

m =

xz
yz (3.36)
z m

1 + 2 + 3
3

(3.37)

RP QSP`CUC[]kfqfPRQZ\[S_U(QPVf[eUgSPVOcQdR]kX O+O\]kfl(UC[uoZ\PUkTiSIcXZ U(Q_]k\fPZ\O+W\[eUCO\]7TiZ\nUO\]kfl(UC[

hj]kfl(U UCX O\vkZ\[]nQdvkZcUC[PRQTi]kO%[]nQPEEPRQsW\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQRx,NwhPRTiSd`CUClgPVOoSP { fPRQWPRTiS]!UC[6QdeQE
SPVl(UbLP~PE.PRQ W\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQ { PV[TidS_UkbL]a`kPRTiS]kf O\]kfl(UC[|QPVfcU X { =  , , 
{ bLPsh]kfl(U(uoZ\PPV[`kPRTiS]kfSPVOcQdR]kX OQ]k\fPPRQ]nQW\[eUCO\]nQQPVfcU X
1
3

T

= [ij ] = 13 , 23 , 33

[eU7Ti]klgW]kO\PVOrSPO\]kfl(UC[bLPPRQSP`kPRTiS]kfQPVfcU X
n =
=

1 + 2 + 3
3

1
3

1
3

(3.38)

(3.39)

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.V x>:]kf|[]S_UCOoS] PV[JSPVOcQ_]kf6bLPqSPVOcQd]kO\PRQwPRQEhyPVX fdeTi]S_UCl\d PVX OUkbL]kW\S_UPV[\O\]kl~\fP
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2 Esta

descomposici
on ser
au
til posteriormente cuando se comente el tema de los lmites de aplicaci
on de la elasticidad lineal y se definan los diferentes criterios de plastificaci
on.

3.12

Teora de la elasticidad y resistencia de materiales

8:9<;;9 
IBHLKHJKD
 EJERCICIO 3.1 En un s
olido de forma desconocida se tiene el siguiente
tensor de tensiones:

2
3x y 2x xz
ij = 2x
y
0
xz
0
z
en donde los t
erminos xz , y y z son desconocidos. Adem
as est
a sometido
= [ xy, 0, 7yz ]T Se pide:
a una carga de volumen de la siguiente forma: X
1. Determinar una posible configuraci
on del tensor de tensiones.
2. Determinar el vector tensi
on en el punto (1, 1, 1) en un plano cuya
normal forme
angulos iguales con los ejes x, y y z.

NOW\fdlgPVf7[Z\vnUCf cUC\fcU%X uoZ\P cUkTiPVf(urZ\PPV[qSPVOcQ]kfgbLP+SPVOcQd]kO\PRQ(TiZ\lgW\[eU&[eUkQ

PRTiZcUkTid]kO\PRQbLPPRuoZ\d[d\fd](dOrSPVfO\]cx)NO+O\]kS_UkTidR]kX O!dOcbLdeTideUC[PRQS_UkQPRTiZcUkTid]kO\PRQQ]kO
ij,j + Xi = 0

(3.40)

x
xy
xz
+
+
+X =0
x
y
z

(3.41)

Ph]kfl(UurZ\PbLPRQtUCff]k[[eUCOcbL]PRQ_S_UkQ7PRTiZcUkTid]kO\PRQaWcUCf_U[]nQbLdhPVfPVOoSPRQa`CUC[]kfPRQbLPV[
Y X OcbLdeTiP[d\fP i QPSPVOcbLfcUCX OSfPRQqPRTiZcUkTid]kO\PRQRx)zQRY@X { WcUCf_U i = x Q_PSPVOcbLfcU X


QZcQSdSZ\kPVOcbL]([]nQq`CUC[]kfPRQTi]kO\]LTidebL]nQQPSPVOcbLfcU X
6xy + 0 +

](\dPVO
|UCf_U

QP[[PVvnU(U
i=y

xz
xy = 0
z

xz
= 5xy
z

(3.43)

yz
yx y
+
+
+Y =0
x
y
z

(3.44)

,PVO\dPVOcbL]PVOTiZ\PVOoS_U7[]nQq`CUC[]kfPRQTi]kO\]JTidebL]nQQPSPVOcbLfcU X
](\dPVO

(3.42)

2 +

y
+0+0=0
y
y
=2
y

(3.45)

(3.46)

Captulo 3. Dinamica del s

olido deformable. Analisis de tensiones

|UCf_UgSPVflgdOcUCfQd cUkTiPVlg]nQ
Q_ZcQSdSZ\kPVOcbL]

i=z

3.13

]k\SPVOcbLfPVlg]nQ

zy
z
zx
+
+
+Z =0
x
y
z

(3.47)

z
xz
+0+
+ 7yz = 0
x
z

(3.48)

z
xz
+
= 7yz
x
z

(3.49)

](\dPVO
z

placements

P
y

4
3

x
6
3

y vector tensi
on
OoSPVvkf_UCOcbL]g[eUkQ}SFigura
fPRQ}PRTi3.6:
ZcUkTidEstado
]kO\PRQ Lx tensional
 { Lx Lx
{ QPW\Z\PRbLPs]k\SPVO\PVf[eUh]kfl(U
bLP[]nQqSfPRQqSJPVX flgdO\]nQbLPRQ_Ti]kO\]LTidebL]nQbLPV[SPVOcQ]kfbLPSPVOcQ_d]kO\PRQRxczQRYX

xz
y
z

=
=
=

5xyz
2y
yz 2

+
+

f (x, y)
g(x, z)
f
x z

(3.50)

]klg]QPW\debLP(Z\OcUW]nQd\[P(Ti]kOLcvkZ\f_UkTidR]kX O { [eU+bLPicO\deTidR]kX ObLPg[eUkQshjZ\OcTid]kO\PRQ f (x, y)

{ g(x, z) h(x, y) PRTiQ]kO!UCf[\]7dSTif_ZcUCUCf[ deU\x6Z\PRbLPVO&S]kl(UCf_QP(Ti]klg]+OoZ\[eUkQ { PRQbLPRTidf { f () = 0 {

g() = 0 h() = 0 {


xz = 5xyz

y = 2y

N6[SPVOcQ]kf bLPSPVOcQd]kO\PRQbLPicO\debL]7urZ\PRb\U(Ti]klg]

3x2 y

ij =
2x
5xyz

2x
2y
0

h(x, y)

z = yz 2

5xyz
0
yz 2

(3.51)

(3.52)

3.14

Teora de la elasticidad y resistencia de materiales

N6O%TiZcUCOrS]!UC[:UCWcUCfS_UkbL]  QPSPVOcbLfcUX uoZ\PWcUCfSdeTiZ\[eUCfdRUCfPV[|SPVOcQ]kfbLPSPVOcQd]kO\PRQ

WcUCf_UgPV[,W\Z\OrS] (1, 1, 1) urZ\ PRb\ UCOcbL]7bLP[eUgQdvkZ\dPVOrSPh]kfl(U

3
ij (1, 1, 1) = 2
5

5
0
1

2
2
0

(3.53)

dPVOoSf_UkQ!urZ\P&PV[`kPRTiS]kf!uoZ\P4h]kfl(U UCX O\vkZ\[]nQ!dvkZcUC[PRQ!Ti]kO[]nQSfPRQPE.PRQ+QPVfcU#X bLP

e[ U&h]kfl(U { =  , ,  { Ti]kO[]TiZcUC[ { WcUCf_UTVUC[eTiZ\[eUCf(PV[q`kPRTiS]kf(SPVOcQdR]kX OPVO
PV[W\Z\OoS]%^WcUCf_U4PV[W\[eUCO\]%WPRbLdebL] { Qc]kX []&QPaSPVOcbLfcU%X uoZ\PalZ\[SdW\[deTVUCf7PV[}SPVOcQ]kfgbLP
SPVOcQd]kO\PRQW]kfqPV[,`kPRTiS]kfO\]kfl(UC[UC[W\[eUCO\]cxczQRYX


1 1 1
3
3
3

= [ij ] = 2
5

2
2
0

1
5
3

0 13
1
1

43

= 0
63

(3.54)

 EJERCICIO 3.2 Calcular en un punto P de un s

olido en el que existe el
siguiente estado tensional en N/mm2 :

2
1
0
ij = 0 1 2
0
2
3
el vector tensi
on correspondiente a un plano cuya normal est
a definida
por un vector que forma
angulos iguales de 45o con los ejes x e y y siendo
positivas sus componentes.

|UCf_U#[eUfPRQ]k[ZcTidR]kX O bLP&PRQSP&PEEPVf_TideTid]Qc]kX [] cUC\fcUX uoZ\P&fPRTi]kf_b\UCf![eUhk]kX flZ\[eU

QdvkZ\dPVOrSP
[
]i = ij j

(3.55)

^]kcQPVf`CUCfguoZ\PaPV[`kPRTiS]kfgO\]kfl(UC[bLPV[W\[eUCO\]%uoZ\PlgPaW\debLPVO#SdPVO\Pa[eUkQQdvkZ\dPVOrSPRQ
Ti]klgW]kO\PVOoSPRQ { =  , , 0  fPRUC[dRUCOcbL][eUg]kWPVf_UkTidR]kX OQPSPVOcbLfcU X
j

1 1
2
2

2
[
]i = 0
0

1
12
2

0
3

1
2
1
2

3
2

= 0
2
2

(3.56)

 O vkfcU>X )Ti]#Ti]kO PV[`kPRTiS]kfaO\]kfl(UC[PV[ `kPRTiS]kf7SPVOcQdR]kX O W\Z\PRbLP]kcQ_PVf`>UCf_QPPVO [eU

cvkZ\f_U Lx

Captulo 3. Dinamica del s

olido deformable. Analisis de tensiones

3.15

placements

Figura 3.7: Vector normal y vector tensi

on
2

 EJERCICIO 3.3 Dado el siguiente tensor de tensiones en N/mm :

7
0 3 3
ij = 0
25
0
3 3 0
13

|UCf_U(bLPVSPVflgdOcUCf[eUkQqSPVOcQ_d]kO\PRQqbLdfPRTVTid]kO\PRQW\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQQPfPRQZ\PV[`kPPV[W]k[d
O\]klgd]7TVUCf_UkTiSPVfRY X QSdeTi]cxN6O+PRQSPTVUkQ]

Calcular las tensiones y direcciones principales.

uoZ\P]kWPVf_UCOcbL]7Ti]kOcbLZcTiP~U
](\dPVO


 7 n

 0


 3 3

0
25 n
0


3 3 
=0
0

13 n 

(7 n ) (25 n ) (13 n ) 27 (25 n ) = 0

(3.57)

(25 n ) ((7 n ) (13 n ) 27) = 0

(25 n ) 64 20n + n2 = 0

(3.58)
(3.59)

N TiZcUkTidR]kX OurZ\PSPVOcbLfcUgX W]kfQ]k[ZcTid]kO\PRQq[]nQQdvkZ\dPVOoSPRQSfPRQ`CUC[]kfPRQ 25 { 16 4 x

dcQP]kf_bLPVOcUCO7bLPRTifPRTidPVOoSPVlgPVOrSP[]nQ|`CUC[]kfPRQwbLPq[eUkQwbLPihj]kfl(UkTid]kO\PRQ6W\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQ
Q]kO

lgl

lgl

lgl x,U]k\SPVOcTidR]kX O#bLPa[eU
W\fdlg PVf_U(=bLd25fPRTVTidR]kX OW\fdOc{ TidWcUC=[Ti16]kOcQdeQSdfcUgX PVO+[eU fPR=Q]k4[ZcTidR]kX ObLPV[,QdvkZ\dPVOoSPpQdeQSPVl(UgbLP
2

3.16

Teora de la elasticidad y resistencia de materiales

PRTiZcUkTid]kO\PRQ

7 25
0

3 3

0
25 25
0

9
x
3 3
y = 0
0

z
13 25
3 3

0
0
0

3 3
x
0 y = 0 (3.60)
z
12

NwLW\fPRQdR]kX O!bLP[eUgurZ\PQP]k\SdPVO\PVO[eUkQQdvkZ\dPVOoSPRQPRTiZcUkTid]kO\PRQ

18x 3 3z = 0

3 3x 12z = 0

PRQ_Z\[S_UhCUkX Tid[}Ti]klgW\f]kcUCfpurZ\P([eU+W\fdlgPVf_U4SPVf_TiPVf_UPRTiZcUkTidR]kX OQPTiZ\lgW\[dfcUCX OQc]kX []

PSfrag replacementsQd6[]nQ`>UC[]kfPRQ~bLP
Q]kO^OrZ\[]nQ { W]kf[]!S_UCOrS]QP(]k\SPVOcbLfcU4X urZ\P([eU!bLdfPRTVTidR]kX O
WcUCf_U[eUTiZcUC[Qc]kX []PiJdeQSPs Z\OcUpSPVOcQdR]kX O+O\]kfl(UC[,bLPs`CUC[]kf 25 lgl PRQ[eUpQ_dvkZ\dPVOoSP
x

1 = [ 0, 1, 0 ]

0=0

(3.61)

3
3

1
2
1
2

P
x

3
3

,U7QPVvkZ\Ocb\U(bLdfPRTVFigura
TidR]kX OQ_3.8:
P]k\Sistema
SPVOcbLfcU(X principal
bLP[eUgQdvkdeZ\dPVtensiones
OrSPPiJW\fPRQ_dR]kX O

7 16
0

3 3

0
25 16
0

9
x
3 3
y = 0
0

13 16
z
3 3

0
9
0

Z\PW\Z\PRbLPTi]kOr`kPVfSdf_QPPVOUkQQdvkZ\dPVOoSPRQPRTiZcUkTid]kO\PRQ

9x 3 3z = 0

3 3
x
0 y = 0 (3.62)
3
z

3 3x 3z = 0

P+W\Z\PRbLP!Ti]klgW\f]kcUCf7urZ\P[eUW\fdlgPVf_U^SPVf_TiPVf_U&PRTiZcUkTidR]kX OQ]kO#[eU&lgdeQl(U { [Z\PVvk]

[eU&bLdfPRTVTidR]kX OWcUCf_UU&TiZcUC[qQc]kX []4PiJdeQ_SPZ\OcU4SPVOcQdR]kX O#O\]kfl(UC[qbLP`>UC[]kf 16
lgl
PRQ { =  , 0, 1  ]\dPVO { O\]kfl(UC[dRUCOcbL]mPV[`kPRTiS]kf { =  , 0,  =
[ 0,5000,
,U(SPV+0,0000,
f_TiPVf_U(bLdf+0,8660
PRTVTidR]kX OTi]]kffPRQW]kOcbLPU
9y = 0

(3.63)
2

74
0

3 3

3
3

0
25 4
0

3 3
3
x
0 y = 0
13 4
z
3 3

0
21
0

1
2

3 3
x
0 y = 0
9
z

3 T
2

(3.64)

Captulo 3. Dinamica del s

olido deformable. Analisis de tensiones

3.17

Z\PW\Z\PRbLPTi]kOr`kPVfSdf_QPPVO+[eUkQQ_dvkZ\dPVOoSPRQ PRTiZcUkTid]kO\PRQ

3x 3 3z = 0

3 3x + 9z = 0

21y = 0

(3.65)

\Z PTi]kOcbLZcTiPUpZ\OcUpQ_]k[ZcTidR]kX OaPVO!urZ\P[eUpQ_PVvkZ\Ocb\UgTi]klgW]kO\PVOrSPbLPV[`kPRTiS]kfPRQOrZ\[eU\x

,UkQTi]klgW]kO\PVOoSPRQ~W\fdlgPVf_U+SPVf_TiPVf_UQP(bLPRbLZcTiPVObLPg[eUkQTi]kffPRQW]kOcbLdPVOoSPRQPRTiZcU>
Tid]kO\PRQRx  ]kO([]urZ\Pq[eUsSPVf_TiPVf_UbLdfPRTVTidR]kX O(W\fdOcTidWcUC[)QPTi]kOr`rdPVfSPPVO =  1, 0, 
](O\]kfl(UC[dRUCOcbL]7PV[`kPRTiS]kf { =  , 0,  = [ +0,8660, +0,0000, 0,5000 ]
NQ_S_USPVf_TiPVf_U#bLdfPRTVTidR]kX OW\fdOcTidWcUC[QP4W\Z\PRbLP&bLPVSPVflgdOcUCf+S_UCl~\d PVX O WcUCf_UurZ\P
QPRU(PV[fPRQZ\[S_UkbL]bLPV[W\f]JbLZcTiS]a`kPRTiS]kfdeUC[|bLP[eU(W\fdlgPVf_UW]kf [eU(QPVvkZ\Ocb\UabLdfPRTVTidR]kX O
W\fdOcTidWcUC[@x)NO+PRQSPTVUkQ](QPSPVOcbLfcU X

3
2

1 T
2


 i

3 = 1 2 =  0
 1

j
1
0


3


2
= 0

3 
1

k
0

3
3

(3.66)

N6O~[eUcvkZ\f_U L x W\Z\PRbLP]kcQPVf`CUCf_QPPV[rQdeQSPVl(U W\fdOcTidWcUC[\bLPSPVOcQd]kO\PRQ:WcUCf_U PV[rW\Z\OrS]

x
P
2

 EJERCICIO 3.4 Dado el tensor de

1
ij = 2
0

tensiones siguiente en GP a:

2 0
4 0
0 3

Trabajando en el sistema principal de ejes calcular:

1. Plano sobre el que act
uan una tensi
on normal de 3 GP a y una tensi
on
tangencial de valor 3 GP a.
2. Determinar de todos los planos en que la tensi
on normal es igual a
2 GP a el que tiene m
axima tensi
on tangencial.
3. Calcular el tensor de tensiones esf
erico y el desviador

|UCf_U+Sf_UCcU>UCfPVO%PEEPRQW\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQ~bLPVSPVflgdOcUCfPVlg]nQ~[eUh]kfl(U!urZ\PgSPVOcbLfcU!X PV[
SPVOcQ]kfbLPSPVOcQd]kO\PRQ(PVOmPRQ]nQgPEEPRQRx6|UCf_U%PV[[]PRQ_S_UC\[PRTiPVfPVlg]nQ7[]nQ7`>UC[]kfPRQbLP![eUkQ
SPVOcQd]kO\PRQW\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQlgPRbLdeUCOoSP~[eUgfPRQ]k[ZcTidR]kX ObLPV[W]k[dO\]klgd]TVUCf_UkTiSPVfRY X QSdeTi]
uoZ\P]kWPVf_UCOcbL]7Ti]kOcbLZcTiP~U


 1 n

 2

 0

2
4 n
0


0 
0  = 0
3 n 

(1 n ) (4 n ) (3 n ) 4 (3 n ) = 0

(3.67)

(3.68)

3.18

](\dPVO

Teora de la elasticidad y resistencia de materiales

(3 n ) ((1 n ) (4 n ) 4) = 0


(3 n ) 5n + n2 = 0

(3.69)

N TiZcUkTidR]kX O uoZ\P+SPVOcbLfcUX W]kf(Q_]k[ZcTid]kO\PRQ([]nQ7Q_dvkZ\dPVOoSPRQ(SfPRQ7`>UC[]kfPRQ(]kf_bLPVOcUkbL(3.70)

]nQbLP
h]kfl(U7bLPRTifPRTidPVOoSP = 5 GP a { = 3 GP a { = 0 GP a { urZ\PTi]kOcQSdSZ\kPVO[eUkQ
SfPRQ:SPVOcQd]kO\PRQW\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQRxC]kf[] S_UCOrS] { PV[JSPVOcQ]kf|bLPSPVOcQd]kO\PRQ:PVO~PE.PRQW\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQ
fPRQZ\[S_U

5
[ij ]123 = 0
0

0
3
0

0
0
0

(3.71)

+[]nQTkY X f_TiZ\[]nQbLP ]\f Ti]kffPRQ_W]kOcbLdPVOrSPRQU(PRQSPPRQS_UkbL]SPVOcQd]kOcUC[W\Z\PRbLPVO4]kcQPVfE

`CUCf_QPPVO![eUpcvkZ\f_U Lx Lx


1
2 n

n
PSfrag replacements
3 GPa
5 GPa

N OPRQSP+TVUkQ] WcUCf_U4Z\O#`kPRTiS]kfpvkPVOPVX fdeTi]

SPVOcQdR]kX OTi]kffPRQ_W]kOc{ bLdPVOrSP~QPVfcU X

bLP+Ti]klgW]kO\PVOrSPRQ { { PV[`kPRTiS]kf

Figura 3.9: Crculos de Mohr

5
0 = 3
0

0
p
|[
]i | = 252 + 9 2

5
[
]i = ij j = 0
0

0
3
0

(3.72)

6N [Ll]nX bLZ\[]bLPqPRQ_SP`kPRTiS]kfw`CUC[ebLfcU X {
~[eUTi]klgW]kO\PVOrSPO\]kfl(UC[
QPVfcU X { = = 5 + 3 N[|UCWcUCfS_UkbL] bLdeTiP(urZ\P{ [eU+Ti]klgW]kO\PVOrSPgO\]kfl(UC[6
[eU(S_UCO\vkPVOcTideUC[|bLPVPVOSPVO\PVfZ\O`>UC[]kfbLP 3 GP a xcNObLPicO\dSd`CU7QPSPVOcbLfcU X { |[ ] | =

,U4Ti]klgW]kO\PVOoSPO\]kfl(UC[qQPVfcU X W]kf~[]4S_UCOoS]
vk3ZcUC+[eUCOc3bL]7=[eUkQq18PiLW\GPfPRQad]kO\PRQQP]k\SdPVO\PVOUkQQdvkZ\dPVOoSPRQ{ bL]nQqPRTiZcUkTid]kO\{ PRQ = 3 GP a
n

252 + 9 2 =

18

(3.73)

Captulo 3. Dinamica del s

olido deformable. Analisis de tensiones

3.19

[eUW\fdlgPVf_U!Ti]kffPRQW]kOcbLdPVOoSPaUC[:l5
]nX bLZ\[+]3bLPV[w=`kPR3TiS]kfSPVOcQdR]kX O%U+Q_PVvkZ\Ocb\U!Ti]k(3.74)
ffPRQE
W]kOcbLdPVOrSP~UC[`CUC[]kfbLP[eU(Ti]klgW]kO\PVOoSP~O\]kfl(UC[bLPbLdeT \]`kPRTiS]kfRx
PW\Z\PRbLP4Ti]klgW\f]kcUCfaQ_PVOcTid[[eUClgPVOoSP&uoZ\P[eU%fPRQ]k[ZcTidR]kX OmbLPPRQSPQdeQ_SPVl(UbLP
PRTiZcUkTid]kO\PRQPRQsdlgW]nQd\[PnxI]kfs[]S_UCOoS] { O\]PiLdeQSPO\dO\v\XZ O%W\[eUCO\]+uoZ\PW\Z\PRb\UW\fPi
QPVOoS_UCf[eUkQTi]klgW]kO\PVOrSPRQdOrSfRY X OcQPRTVUkQbLP7SPVOcQdR]kX O^uoZ\P(Q_P(Q]k[deTidS_UCO,x  Sd[dRUCOcbL]![]nQ
TkY X f_TiZ\[]nQbLP ]\fsQPpTi]klgW\fZ\PVcUurZ\P~PV[:W\Z\OoS]WPRbLdebL]aQ_PpQdSIcXZ U7hZ\PVf_UbLPV[|TkY X f_TiZ\[]
bLP ] \flUkX Qvkf_UCOcbLPfPVdSPVf_UCOcbL][eUdlgW]nQd\d[deb\UkbbLPPiLdeQSPVOcTideU~bLP Z\OW\[eUCO\]Ti]kO
PRQ_UkQTi]klgW]kO\PVOoSPRQ dOoSfRY X OcQPRTVUkQyx
|UCf_U^fPRQ]k[`kPVfPV[W\Z\OoS] %WcUCfSdfPVlg]nQS_UCl\dPVX O bLP![eU%PiLW\fPRQdR]kX OmbLPU^SPVOL
QdR]kX OO\]kfl(UC[urZ\PPVOPRQSPaTVUkQ]4bLPVP7W\fPRQ_PVOoS_UCfZ\O`CUC[]kf~bLP 2 GP a [Z\PVvk] { =
N6[`kPRTiS]kfSPVOcQdR]kX O SPVOcbLfcUX Z\O l]nX bLZ\[] UC[TiZcUkbLf_UkbL]mb\UkbL]W]kf
5 + 3 p= 2
:]kf}]kSf_UWcUCfSP[eUPiLW\fPRQdR]kX ObLP [eU~Ti]klgW]kO\PVOrSPS_UCO\vkPVOcTideUC[
|[
UC[Ti]Zc|UkbL=f_UkbL]725QPVfcU X + 9
,UkQpPiJW\fPRQ_d]kO\PRQ~bLP = |[W\Z\]PRbL| PVO#Ti]kl=\25
dOcUCf_Q_+Pa9
WcUCf_U4 bL4PVSPVflgdOcUCfp[eUPiLW\f(3.75)
PRQdR]kX O
bLPV[TiZcUkbLf_UkbL](bLP[eUTi]klgW]kO\PVOoSPS_UCO\vkPVOcTideUC[,bLPsSPVOcQdR]kX OPVOahjZ\OcTidR]kX O+bLPs[eUpW\fdlgPVf_U
Ti]klgW]kO\PVOrSP~bLPV[,`kPRTiS]kfO\]kfl(UC[UC[,W\[eUCO\] x\z QyYX
2

2
n

2 () = 6 6 2

| UCf_UTVUC[eTiZ\[eUCfaPV[lU>X Jdlg]bLPPRQ_U%hjZ\OcTidR]kX OmcUkQS_UCfcUX Ti]kO bLPVfd`>UCffPRQWPRTiS]U

dvkZcUC[eUCf UgTiPVf]cx
2
= 12 = 0

(3.76)

(3.77)

 Z\PVvk]7[eUgTi]klgW]kO\PVOoSP urZ\Pl(U>JdlgdRU([eUgTi]klgW]kO\PVOrSPS_UCO\vkPVOcTideUC[`CUC[PTiPVf]cx  P
[eUgPiLW\fPRQdR]kX O!bLP QPbLPRbLZcTiP~urZ\P
n

n = 5 + 3 = 2

2 3 2
=
5

2
5

(3.78)

Ti]klg]sPV[J`kPRTiS]kfwO\]kfl(UC[ cUsbLPqQPVf:Z\O\dS_UCfd]QPSPVOcbLfcUsX [eU PiLW\fPRQdR]kX O { + +

{1 Lb PbL]kOcbLP]k\SPVOcbLfPVlg]nQ[eUgSPVf_TiPVf_U(Ti]klgW]kO\PVOoSP
2

r
2
3
= 1 =
5
5
h q q iT
= 0, 25 , 35
r

(3.79)

NQpbLPRTidf { PV[}W\[eUCO\]4bLPaO\]kfl(UC[PV[`kPRTiS]kf {
PRQ~PV[urZ\P7W\fPRQPVOrS_U
Z\OcUgSPVOcQdR]kX O!O\]kfl(UC[bLP 2 GP a alU>X Ldl(U(Ti]klgW]kO\PVOrSPS_UCO\vkPVOcTideUC[@x
|UCf_U4SPVflgdOcUCf PV[`kPRTiS]kfpPRQEhyPVX fdeTi]&^PV[bLPRQ`JdeUkbL]kfpQP]k\SPVOcbLfcUCX OTVUC[eTiZ\[eUCOcbL]
Z\OcUgSPVOcQdR]kX O!lgPRbLdeU { { Ti]klg]([eUgQZ\l(UgbLP[eUkQ pSPVOcQd]kO\PRQW\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQRx)NQqbLPRTidf
m

m =

5+3+0
8
1 + 2 + 3
=
=
3
3
3

(3.80)

3.20

Teora de la elasticidad y resistencia de materiales

W]kf,[]S_UCOrS] [eU bLPRQ_Ti]klgW]nQ_deTidR]kX O~bLPV[oSPVOcQ_]kf PVO~QZWcUCfSPPRQEhyPVX fdeTVUZ]LTiS_UPRX bLfdeTVU {

&PVOQZWcUCfSPbLPRQ`JdeUkbL]kf_U { { fPRQ_W]kOcbLPVfcUX U+[eU!QdvkZ\dPVOrSPfPV[eUkTidR]kX O { =
{
uoZ\PSf_UCcU>UCOcbL]aPVOPEEPRQW\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQTi]kOcbLZcTiPpU7[eU(QdvkZ\dPVOoSPpdvkZcUC[eb\Ukb

OoZ\l+PVX fdeTVU { x
ij

oct

oct

des

ij

des
3

8:9<;):9
D)BKD

5
0
0

0
3
0

8
0
3
0 = 0
0
0

0
8
3

7
0
3
0+0
8
0
3

0
1
3

0
0
83

(3.81)

Direcciones principales de tensi

on Aquellas direcciones en las que el
vector tensi
on s
olo tiene componente normal
Ecuaciones de equilibrio interno Tres ecuaciones que relacionan las
derivadas de las componentes del tensor de tensiones y las fuerzas
de volumen. Aseguran el equilibrio de fuerzas en los tres ejes para
cualquier porci
on del s
olido .
Fuerzas de superficie o de contorno Fuerzas que act
uan en la superficie del s
olido. Se miden en unidades de fuerza partido por unidades
de superficie
Fuerzas de volumen Fuerzas que act
uan en todos los puntos del s
olido
y que son debidas a un potencial como por ejemplo el peso propio. Se
miden en unidades de fuerza partido por unidad de volumen
Planos octa
edricos Cada uno de los ocho planos del espacio cuyo vector normal forma a
ngulos iguales (en m
odulo

Ti]kO[]nQ}PEEPRQW\fdOcTidWcUC[PRQRx

Tensi
on normal La componente del vector tensi
on que es perpendicular a la superficie sobre la que act
ua
Tensi
on tangencial La componente del vector tensi
on que es paralela
o est
a contenida en el plano sobre el que act
ua
Tensi
on octa
edrica Vector tensi
on sobre los planos octa
edricos

Tensiones principales M
odulo del vector tensi
on para planos normales
a cada una de las tres direcciones principales

Tensor deformaci
on Tensor de segundo orden que define las deformaciones en el entorno de un punto de un s
olido deformable
3 Obs
ervese que al ser la tensi
on media, m , el primer invariante del tensor de tensiones partido
por tres, la matriz esferica u octaedrica tambien es invariante por lo que un cambio de sistema
de referencia modificar
a la forma del tensor de tensiones y del tensor de tensiones desviador pero
dejar
a invariante el tensor de tensiones esferico u octaedrico

Captulo 3. Dinamica del s

olido deformable. Analisis de tensiones

3.21

Tensor de giro Tensor de segundo orden que define las rotaciones

como s
olido rgido en el entorno de un punto
Sistema principal de tensiones Sistema formado por las direcciones
principales. Consiste en un sistema de ejes de referencia perpendiculares entre s en los que s
olo existe tensi
on normal