Duality The idea of duality for sets is a little broader than exchanging union for intersection and intersection

for union to obtain a new set identity from a proven set identity. Consider these elementary facts, with U a universal set (all students in MC26 at noon today), and A a subset of U (all students in room 312 at noon today): A=A AU=A That is, the empty set adds nothing to set A, and since A is a subset of U, their intersection is just A. Notice that in addition to exchanging the union and intersection operators, weve also exchanged and U. Similarly, the fact that A ~A = U has the dual statement A~A= So duality means that any set identity has a dual obtained by exchanging union with intersection, and U with .