Geotechnical Engineering Handbook SCOTT we MMC Led qi") a | BOO ey fenerGeotechnical Engineering Handbook Editor: Ulrich Smoltczyk BErnst & sonntr Professor Dog. Ubien Smet Adetseabe 3 -7t032 peresn ‘exer: Campo Yao Maga, Tessin Insiumontation fr inestigating a ecarsive 250 m deep sug mass, Solxperts AG ‘This hook contsns 616 figures ard 82 tables Die Deus Biothek - CIP Catalogue Publeation Data | DateBe reo fr ts publoston s saHate "om De Deutschen Bibkotiak Isan sasso1sues (92002 Est & Sonn Vong fr Arntehtur urd teenisene Wissenscnatien GmaH una Co. AG, Bern Al its ceserved, especialy those of translation info other languages. No pat ofthis book may be reproduced In any form «By photocopying, mcronnotegranny, or an ner process ~ or be rercred of ranslazed nto 3 language useanie by machines, especialy dara processing mecrires, without whiten permission of tne publisher. "Typeset Mtterwaune& Partner Kommunikatcesenselischah mbM, Planestaat Prnting Barz Deuek Gb, Oaemstact Bieaing:Liges & Dopt Buznoindecei GnbH, Heppeneln in GormaryPreface to Volumes 1 to 3 It was in the early 1950s that a German consultant in Berlin came to the conclusion that structural engineers needed much more guidance on the special problems which they faced on a daily basis due to geotechnical difficulties associated with designing structures. He discussed this with his professional friends in civil engineering companies, administration and science and with a publisher who became quite interested in editing an appropriate “pocket book” about yeotechnical matters. This was the birth of the German “Grundbau- ‘Taschenbuch" (ground engineering packet hook). The first edition had already been quite success for the publisher but some professionals thought it could he improved. The editor at that time was assisting his professor of soil mechanics and foundation engineering at the Technical University in Berlin, who was also a member of the editorial board. He asked me to consider the concerns that had been raised, and as a result of I was given the job of criticizing authors who were much more experienced and prominent than myself. Thope, however, that those authors wito are stil alive, will forgive the ‘youngster for some of the things he wrote, In subsequent editions we added material that we thought might provide additional pro- fessional help. This, however, made the “pocketbook” expand until today it comprises three volumes of a handbook that was published at the beginning of the 21st century in its sixth edition. There is a general topic to each volume: the first one deals with the fundamentals, the second with geotechnical procedures and the third one with founda: tion elements and structures. Potential subscribers asked me why I thought they might be persuaded to spend money on a sixth edition when they already had the fifih one? was glad to point out the fact that firstly, we have been lucky enough to obtain new and famous authors to bring a fresh viewpoint to many of the problems, and secondly that the significant harmonisation of design rules in Europe has produced new types of verification procedures due to limit state design which will be new to some practitioners, Recently, globalization has also become an essential topic. both in the field of publish: ing and in international civil engineering activities. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, a publisher of technical literature for more than 150 years, became associated with Wiley of New York, and the question was asked as to why such a handbook on geotechnies was not available in English. You are now holding the result of this discussion but we should confess that it has not been an easy job. It was realized that for many of the chapters, a one-by-one tuanslation would not have been appropriate, The authors of the various chapters were therefore asked to review their texts on behalf of the readers outside German speaking countries and to consider the international state of the art to that extent that would, at the very least, allow further concise guidance to be given by appropriate references. As a book devoted to daily practice of experts, it also had to take account of the vonsiderable bulk of technical rules already in place, the contents of which should not be repeated simply to fill pages but should be commented on, controversially if necessary.I Preface wo Volumes 1103 ‘Volume 1 starts with sn overview of the state of internationsl geotechnical harmonisation, ‘which has been achieved by the civil engineering Eurocode programme in which design is now based on the concept of limit state analysis and the establishment of characteristic values for actions and resistances. Since the editor for more than the last two decades participated in this work, he became well aware of the difficulties raised by the need to find the relationship between conventionally applied geotechnical parameters and characteristic values. Chapter 1.2 is therefore devoted to finding the characteristic values for geotechnical parameters, The next two chapters deal with field and laboratory testing whilst emphasising the state of knowledge documented in the pre-standard versions of Furocode 7 ~ Parts 2 and 3, Chapters 1.5 to 1.9 describe the scientific background and calculation models to be used in geotechnical design, whilst Chapter 1.10 explains how these numerical tools can be used nowadays in design practice. {As surveying has always been a most important method of conteolling the performance of geotechnical structures dusing construction and thereafter ~ especially when obser vational methods are used ~ the stale of modern geodetic know-how, including setelite positioning is covered in Chapter I.11, To supplement field-testing, Chapter 1.12 gives otails of the recent developments in measurement equipment. The special issues associ ated with defining the actions caused by ice and ice flows are described in Chapter 1.14 Finally, Chapters 1.13 and 1.15 focus on the engineering geology problems of mass move- ments and rok mechanies problems of slope stability. Yolume 2 collects togetiner 14 chapters dealing with the various procedures available for ground improvement (Chapter 2.1), grouting (Chapter 22). underpinning, (Chap- ter2,3), freezing techniques (Chapter 24), anchoring (Chapter 29) drilling (Chapter?.6), driving and pulling (Chapter 2.7), offshore processing (Chapter 2.8), ground dewatering (Chapter 29), rock excavation (Chapter 210), tube jacking (Chapter 2.11) earth works (Chapter 2.12), application of geotextiles (Chapter 2.13), and engineering biology (Chapter 214) Each of these chapters has been produced by authors who are experts in theic specific professional field. They outline the most recent developments that have occurred and provide the information necessary for geotechnical designers to select the proper method to achieve their foundation proposals. The broad variety of techniques used required a very concise treatment of the information, often leaving the technical details to those who are especially familiar with these. Volume 3 is concerned with the geotechnical design of structures, starting with spread foundations (Chapter 3.1), pile foundations (Chapter 3.2), and caissons (Chapter 3.3). The application of the new limit state concept is illustrated by examples. This also applies to Chapter 34 on the stability of excavations, in which German and British practice are compared, Chapters 3.5 and 3.6 are concerned with excavation pits protected by trench retaining walls or sheet pile walls, and in Chapter 3.7 a general outline of grav walls is presented. The special aspects of machine foundations and foundations in areas of subsidence are dealt with in Chapters 3.8 and 39 and finally the waterproofing of structures is discussed in Chapter 3.10. Hopefully, the three volumes will enable the practicing engineer to interpret test results ina mote meaningful way, to judge the likely imitations of any chosen method with more confidence and to therefore find the most appropriate solution to the foundation problems that he is faced with solving in his daily practice. The object of this handbook is also to close the credibility gap between geotechnical science and practice that is often seen in either type of congress and symposium.Preface to Volumes 1 t03 vil ‘The editor gratefully acknowledges the involvement of the authors who have spent a considerable amount of extra time producing the chapters, over and above their daily professional duties - especially as not all of them are sufficiently familiar with the English language. Where such difficulties arose, the authors were asked to focus on providing, the correct translation of their technical terms. The linguistic improvement, was then provided by Robert W. East, of Aylesbury, UK, whose help reviewing the papers is much appreciated. October 2002 Ulrich SmoltezykList of contributors. Dipl.-Ing. Christophe Bauduin NN. BESIX S.A. Avenue des Communautés 100 1200 Bruxelles Belgium (Chap. 1.1 International agreements, Chap. 1.2 Determination of characteristic values) UIE Bergdahl Chiet Engineer ‘Swedish Geotechnical Tnstitute 58193 Linképing Sweden (Chap. 1.3 Geotechnical field investigations) Dr. Jan Bohs Department of Engineering Geology Charles University Albertov 6 12843 Praha 2 Czech Republic (Chap. 14 Properties of soits and rocks and their laboratory determination) Dr-Ing. Clans Erichsen WEI - Beratende Ingenicure fir Grundbau und Felsbau GmbH HenricistraBe 50 52072 Aachen Germany (Chap. 1.15 Stability of rock slopes} Prot Dr-Ing Dr. h.c Gerd Gudehus Institut fur Bodenmechanik und Grundbau 76128 Karlsruhe Germany (Chap. 1.5 Constitutive laws for soits ‘from a physical viewpoint, Chap. 1.9 Farth pressure determination) Prof. Dr-Ing. Peter Gussmaan Am Bnechle 3 74629 Untersteinbach Germany (Chap. 1.10 Numerical methods) Prof. Dr-Ing. Martia Hager Merler Allee 99 53125 Boan Germany (Chap. 1.14 fee touding actions) Prof. Dr.-Ing, Ginter Kleia Ostieldstrate 64a 30559 Hannover Germany (Chap. 1.8 Soil dynamics and earthquakes) Prof. Dr. Edmund Krauter geo-international Mombacher StraBle 49-53, 55122 Maine Germany (Chap. 1.13 Phenomenology of natural slopes and their mass movement)XX. Prof. Dr-Ing. Dr. se. techn. he. Klaus Linkwitz Obere Tannenbergstratle 24 71229 Leonberg Germany (Chap. 1.11 Metrotogical monitoring of slopes, embankments and retaining walls) Dr-Ing, Klaus-Jurgen Melzer KIM Industry Consult Drosselweg 7a 61440 Oberursel Germany (Chap. 1.3 Geotechnical fietd investigations) Prot. Dr. Roberto Nova Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vins 20133 Milano Italy (Chap. 1.7 Treaiment of geotechnical ultimate limit states by the theory of plasticity} Prof. PhD DS¢ (Eng.) Harry Poulos PO Box 125 North Ryde New South Wales ‘Australia 2113, (Chap. 1.6 Catcutation of stress and settlement in soil masses) Priv.Doz, Dr-lIng, Herrmann Schad ReinsburgstraBe 1116 70197 Stuttgart Germany (Chap. 1.10 Numerical methods) Prof. Dr.-Ing, Willfried Schwarz ‘Am Appelgraben 50 59425 Weimar-Taubach Germany (Chap. 1.11 Metrological monitoring of slopes, embankments and retuiting walls) Lisi ufevaitibutors Prot, PRD Ian M, Smith ‘Simon Engineering clo University of Manchester Brunswick Street Manchester M13 9PL Great Britain (Chap. 1.10 Numerical methods) Prot Dr-Ing, habil. Dr-Ing, E.h. Ulrich Smoltezyk Adilerstrafe 63 71032 Bablingen Germany (Chup. 11 International agreements) Dipl.-Ing. Paul von Soos Reubiweg 30 ‘81247 Machen Germany (Chap. 1-4 Properties of soils and rocks ‘and their laboratory determination) Dr-Ing, Frank Sperling Spinozawej 12 2202 AV Nordwijk The Netherlands (Chap. 1.8 Soil dynamies and earthquakes) Dr. Arno Thut Solexperts AG POB 230, ‘8603 Schwerzenbach Switzerland (Chup. 1.12 Geotechnical measurement procedures) Prot. Dr-Ing, Walter Wittke ‘WBI- Beratende Ingenieure fir Grundbau und Felsbau GmbH Henricistragle 50 52072 Aachen Germany (Chap. 1.15 Stability of rock slopes)List of contributors ‘Tony Barley Geotechnical Consultant High View Harlow Pines, Harrogate HG3 1PZ (Chap. 2.5 Ground anchors) Dipl-Lng. Bernd Braun 620 Dover Court Coppell, TX 75019-2866 USA, (Chap. 2.4 Ground freezing) Jacob Gerrit de Git ‘Gemeentewerken Rotterdam Galvanistraat 15 Postbus 6633 3002 AP Rotterdam The Netherlands (Chap, 28 Foundations in open water) Dipl-Ing. Regine lagow-Kleff Heltorfer Strafie 91 47269 Duisburg, Germany (Chap. 24 Ground freezing) Prof. Dr-Ing. Hans-J udwig Jessberger! (Chap. 24 Ground freezing) Dipl.-Ing, Klaus Kirsch Keller Grundbau GmbH KaiserleistraBe 4 63067 Offenbach Germany (Chap. 2.1 Ground improvement) Dring, Helmut Ostermayer Drosselweg 13 2152 Krailing Germany (Chap. 2.5 Ground anchors) Dr-Ing. Thomas Rumpelt Smoltezyk & Partner GmbH Untere Waldplatze 14 70569 Stuttgart German (Chap. 2.12 Earthworks) Dring, Fokke Saathott BBG Bauberatuag Geokunststoffe GrabH Alter Bahndamm 12 49448 Lemiorde Germany (Chap. 2.13 Geosynthetics in geotechnical and hydraulic engineering) Prof. h. ¢. Dring, Hugo M. Schiechtt" (Chap. 2.14 Stope protection by bioengineering techniques) Prof, Dr-Ing. Hans-Henaing Schmidt Smoitezyk & Partner GmbH Untere Waldplatae 14 70569 Stuttgart Germany (Chap. 2.12 Earthworks) Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stephan Semprich Anstitut fr Bodenmechanik und Grundbau Technische Universitat Graz Rechbauerstrafe 12 8010 Graz, ‘Austria (Chap. 2.2 Growsing in geotechnicat engineering) Prof. Dring. Ulrich Smoltezyk AdlerstraBe 63 74032 Boblingen Germany (Chap. 23 Underpinning, undereutings Chap. 29 Ground dewatering)XVII Dr-Ing, Wolfgang Sondermann Keller Grundbau GmbH KaiserleistraBe 44 63067 Offenbach Germany (Chap. 2.1 Ground improvement) Prof, Dr-Ing. Gert Stadler Institut far Baubetrieb und Bauwirtschaft Technische Universitat Graz Rechbauerstrafee 12 8010 Graz, Austria (Chap. 2.2 Grouting in geotechnical engineering) Prof. Dr-Ing, Axel C. Toepfer Alter Weg 10a 38302 Woltenbuttel Germany (Chap. 2.10 Construction methods {for cuttings and slopes in rock: Chap. 2.11 Microtunneling) List of contuibutors Dr-kng, Georg Ulrich Baugrundinstitut Zam Brunnentobel 6 £88299 Leutkirch-Herbrazbofen Germany (Chap. 26 Driling technoloy) em. Prof Ir. Abraham F- Van Weele Hofstede 12 2821 VX Stolwijk ‘The Netherlands (Chap. 2.7 Driving and extraction) Prof, Dr-Ing. Karl J. Witt MarienstraBe 7 90421 Weimar Germany (Chap. 23 Underpinning, undercuiting)List of contributors Prof. Kurt Dieter Bigenbrod, PhD Department of Civil Engineering Lakehead University 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay Ontario P7B SE! Canada (Chap. 3.2 Pite foundations) Dipl.-Ing. Karl-Friedrich Emig Griningweg 27d 22119 Hamburg, Germany (Chap. 3.10 Watertight buildings and siructares) Prof, Dr-Ing. Alfred Haack clo STUVA-Koin Mathias-Briggen-StraBe 41 50827 Koln Germany (Chap. 3.10 Watertight buildings and siructures) Prof. Dr-Ing. habil. Achim Hettler Rittererbergstrafic 4 76437 Rastatt Germany (Chap. 3.4 Stability of excavations) Prof. Dr-Ing. Manfred Kany Vesinerstrale Sb 90513 Ziendoet Germany (Chap. 3.1 Spread foundations) 0, Prof. Dr-Ing. Hans-Georg Kempfert Universitit Gesamthochsehle Kassel Fachbereich I Minchebergstrae 7 34125 Kassel Germany (Chap. 3.2 Pile foundations) Dr-Ing. Dietrich Klein SteinstraBe 23, 97270 Kist Germany (Chap. 3.8 Machine foundations) Prof. Dr-Ing. Giinter Klein OstfeldstraBe 64a 30559 Hannover Germany (Chap. 3.8 Machine foundations) Dipl-Ing, Hans Lingenfelser Meyerhofener Weg 8 61352 Bad Homburg Germany (Chap. 3.3 Caissons) Prof. Dr. Dr-Ing. he. Boleslav Mazurkiewicz ul. Syrokomlt 7 81-439 Gdynia Poland (Chap, 3.6 Sheet pite walls for harbours ‘and waterways) Prof. Dr-Ing. Dieter Netzel Ingenicurgemeinschait Bauen GebelsbergstraBe 41 70199 Stuttgart Germany (Chap. 3.1 Spread foundations) Prof, Dr.-Ing. Dietmar Placzek Erdbaulaboratorium Essen SusannastraBe 31 45136 Essen Germany (Chap. 3.9 Foundations in mining regions)XVIII Brian Simpson, PhD Arup Geotechnics 13 Fiuroy Street London WIP 6BQ Great Britain (Chap. 3.4 Stability of excavations) Prof, Dr-Ing. Dr.-Ing. Eh. Ulrich Smoltezyk AdlerstraBe 63 71032 Bablingen Germany (Chap. 3.1 Spread foundations, Chap. 3.2 Pile foundations, Chap. 3.7 Gravity retaining walls) Dr-Ing. Manfred Stocker Bauer Spezialtiefbau GmbH WiltelsbacherstraBe 5 86529 Schrabeaausen Germany (Chap. walls, cu 5 Bored pile walls, diaphragne -off walls) Contents ©. Prof. Dr-Ing. Bernhard Wal, Bergische Universitit GH Wuppertal Fachbereich Bauingenieurwesen PauluskirchstraBe 7 42285 Wuppertal Germany (Chap. 3.5 Bored pile walls, diaphragm walls, cut-off walls) ©, Prof. Dr-Ing, Anton Weissenbach Am Gehl 14 22844 Norderstedt Germany (Chap. 3.4 Stability of excavations)Contents of Volume 1: Fundamentals Smoltczyk/Bauduin, International agreements Bauduin, Determination of characteristic values Melzer/Bergdahl, Geotechnical field investigations von Soos/Bohaé, Properties of soils and rocks and their laboratory determination Gudeiuus, Constitutive laws for soils from a physical viewpoint Poules, Calculation of stress and settlement in soil masses Nova, Treatment of geotechnical ultimate limit states by the theory of plasticity KleiniSperling. Soil dynamics and earthquakes Gudehus. Earth pressure determination Gussmann/Schad/Smith, Numerical methods Linkwite/Schwarz, Metrological monitoring of slopes, embankments and retaining walls Thur, Geotechnical measurement procedures Krauter, Phenomenology of natural slopes and their mass movement Hager, ice loading actions Witke/Erichsen, Stability of tock slopes Contents of Volume 2: Procedures Kirsch/Sondermann, Ground improvement SemprictiStadler, Grouting in geotechnical engineering WitcSmoticzyk, Underpinning, undercutting JessbergerHagow-KlajBraur, Ground freezing ‘Ostermayer/Barley, Ground anchors Ulrich, Drilling technology Van Weele, Driving, and extraction de Gijt, Foundations in open water Smoltczyk, Ground dewatering Toepfer, Consteuction methods for cuttings and slopes in rock Toepfer, Microtunnelling Schmid/Rumpett, Earthworks ‘Saathoff, Geosynthetics in geotechnical and hydraulic engineering Schiechul, Slope protection by bioengineering techniquesPreview Contents of Volume 2: Procedures Kinseh/Sondermann, Ground improvement Semprich’Stadler, Grouting Win’Smotuzyk, Underpinning and undercutting Jessberger/dagow-Klaff/Brown, Ground freezing ‘Ostermayer/Barley. Ground anchors Ulrich, Drilling technology van Weele, Driving and extraction de Giye, Foundations in open water Rie/Kordonis, Ground water low and drainage techniques Toepfer, Construction methods for cuttings and stapes in rock Toepfer, Micrownneling Schmid Rumpet, Eanhworks Saathoff, Application of geotextiles Schiechi, Slope protection by bioengineering techniques Contents of Volume 3: Structures Simoliezyk/Netzel/Kany, Spread foundations Kempferd Eigenbrod/Smoltczyk, Pile foundations Lingenfelser. Caissons Weifenbach/euler/Simpson, Stability of excavations Stocker/Walz, Tench walls Mazurkiewic2, Sheet-pile walls for harbours and waterways Haack/Emig, Waterproofing of buildings and structures Klein/Klein, Machine foundations Placzek, Foundations in mining regions Brandl, Slope protection and retainmentContents of Volume 1: Fundamentals Smoltezyk/Baudwin, International agreements Bauduin, Determination of characteristic values. Melzer/Bergdahl, Geotechnical field investigations von Soos/Bahdé. Properties of soils and rocks and theit laboratory determination Gudehus, Constitutive laws for Soils from a physical viewpoin Poulos Calculation of siress and settlement in soil masses Nova, Treatment of geotechnical ultimate limit states by the theory of plasticity Klein/Sperling, Soil dynamics and earthquakes Gudehus, Barth pressure determination Gussmanr/SchadSmith, Numerical methods Linkwitz/Schwarz, Mettological monitoring of slopes, embankments and retaining walls Taut, Geotechnical measurement procedures Krawer, Phenomenology of natural slopes and their mass movement Hager, ice loading actions Wiltke/Erichsen, Stability of rock slopes Contents of Volume 3: Structures SmoltczsK/Netze/Kany. Spread foundations Kempfer/Figenbrod/Smoltczyk, Pile foundations Lingenfelser, Cassons Weillenbach/Hettier/Simpson, Stability of excavations Stocker/Walz, Trench walls Mazurkiewiez, Sheet pile walls for harbours and waterways Smoltczyk, Gravity etaining walls Kein/Klein, Machine foundations Placzek, Foundations in mining regions Haack/Emig, Waterpsootig, of buildings and structuresContents International agreements, Ulrich Smottexyk and Christophe Bauduin Classification of geotechnical literature 66... 6.6 ce eeteee eee eee Symbols. International rules for foundation engineering, Basic terms by EN 1999 and EN 1997 Classification of assessments in Eurocodes (EN 1990, 1. Limit states (EN 1990) Design situations (EN 1990, 35) Geotechnical categories (EN 1997. Partial safety factor method . . Geotechnical report Ground investigation report (EN 1997-1,34) oo... ccccseeccees Ground design report (EN 1997-1, 28) References : ooo Determination of characteristic values Christophe Rauduin Introduction . From derived value to design value ........sccecssecesee essences Sequential steps Points of view when analyzing test results. - Points of view when determining characteristic values of ground parameters (EN 1997-1245) Use of statistical methods Examples Local sampling. Local sampling with V well-known Soil property increasing linearily with depth treet Analysis of shear tests - ca Example: Boulder Clay... 000s ceeeeeeeeeereeeeeeeeeneeeeneen References 0 v 7 » 25 28 31 7 38 39 a 45 49Contents Geotechnical field i Klaus-Jirgen Melzer and Ulf Bergdaht Basics .. . st Standards SI Preliminary investigations 2 Design investigations : 3 Ground investigation by excavation, drilling and sampling ............. $3 General . . 3 Investigation of soils 56 Investigation of rocks -..- ea Obtaining special samples : 67 Investigation of groundwater conditions .... 68 Ground investigation by penetration testing n General . vee . 7 Dynamic probing... . : B Standard penetration test coe 7 ‘Cone penetration test Dieteeees + Field vane test . o o to 0 Weight sounding test... : ceetttteteeeeee nese 8 Lateral pressure tests in boreholes 96 Equipment and test procedures cee 96 Evaluation... : 102 Determination of density 106 ‘Sampling methods cotiettiteeeeeeeeeeteeeeeseteee eee: 106 Radiometric methods... -- : 107 Geophysical methods : vee cece 109 General — : 109 Brief descriptions of some methods ceetteeeeeeees + 110 References . : : i Standards 66sec eceeeeeeeeeeees : feteeeees 116 Properties of soils and rocks and thei Paul von Soos and Jan Bohai Soils and rocks ~ origins and basic terms . a - 9 119 : to Diitiisciersreeeeees HY 3 120 Laboratory investigation ~ performing and evaluating .......... 120 Soil properties and laboratory testing I Properties of rocks .. . 126 ics and properties of solid soil particles 126 Particle size distribution . . ceeeeeeeee 126 Density of solid particles. 129 Mineralogical composition of soils 130 Shape and roughness of particles 132 Specie surface 12Contents xl 46 Organiccontent 4.7 Carbonate content 5 Characteristics and properties of soil aggregates 5.1 Fabric of soils bene 52 Porosity and voids ratio 53 Density 5.4 Relative density SS Water content 56 Limits of consistency ~ Atterberg limits 57 Water adsorption 58 Compaction; moisture ~ density relations .- 59 Size of voids; filters 5.10 Capillatity ooo eee eee seer ree 5.11 Water permeability 5.12 Air permeability 5 Stress-strain behaviour 6. General considerations 62. One-dimensional compression and consolida 63. Triaxial compression test ......... 64 — Unconfined compression test. 65 Tests with the general stale of stress ~ true triaxial test and biaxial test 6.6 Measurement of time dependent deformation... rn 7 Determination of shear strength parameters feces 7.1 General aspects of strength testing : ceteteete teens 72. Triaxial compression test 73. Determination of unconfined compressive strength and sei on (eedometer) test. 7.4 Shear box test 180, 8 Determination of tensile strengt : veceees 182 9 Determination of slake durability of rock 183, 19 Correlations. . cece 1B 10.1 Froctor density and optimum water content of fine-grained soils 183 10.2 Water permeability .. 184 10.3. Stress-strain relations for 185 10.4 Parameters of shear strength 187 11 Chssifcation . . : Ba LL 189 UL1 Soil classification i189 112 Rock classification . 12 References . 200 ‘Constitutive laws for soils from a physical viewpoint Gerd Gudehus 1 Introduction 207 Ll Motive and objective oo... 0. ccs ceeeee fiecteeseeserees 207 12 Contents mt PUL) 208 2 States and change of stat veeeeeeeeeee 210 21° States. PI 22 Changes of state...)xm Contents 23 Special sequences of state and stability 27 3 Strese-strain relations... ......2.e2eces : 237 3.1. Finite constitutive laws 231 3.2. Elastoplasiicity - vee eeeeeeee 2a 33. Hypoplasticity 248 4 Further constitutive laws 022.2002. ore 253 4.1 Physico-chemical and granulometric changes 253 42. Transport laws. fee : 254 43. Granular interfaces 254 S References : 256 6 Calculation of stress and settlement in soil masses Harry Poulos Introduction fev eeeeeeeeeeee ceeeeees 250 Basic relationships from the theory of elas! 260 Definitions and sign convention... -..2..0000cceeeeee cesses 260 Principal stresses, 260 Maximum shear stress . : re + 261 Octahedral stresses 261 ‘Two-dimensional stress Systems eves ese bieeeeee 202 Analysis of strain 263 Elastic stress-strain relationships for an isotropic material... ....4. 265 Summary of relationships hetween elastic parameters... + 266 Principles of settlement analysis vee biceeee 267 ‘Components of seitlement : wees 267 Application of elastic theory to settlement calculation sees 267 Allowance for effects of local soil yield on immediate settlement 269 Estimation of creep settlement ..-.e22ee2e00eeae . 269 Methods of assessing soil parameters 270 Solutions for stresses in an elastic mass . : 7) Introduction. : fitteretiteeeeesstesees 2B Kelvin problem : 2m Boussinesq problem : vee 23 Cerruti problem 23 Mindlin’s problem no. 1 , oe ceeeeees 274 Minalin’s problem no. 2 276 Point load on finite layer : 218 Finite line load acting within an infinite solid 278 49. Finite vertical line load on the surface of a semi-infinite mass, 279 4.10 Horizontal line load acting on the surface of a semi-infinite mass ........ 279 4.11 Melan’s problem ¥ . 280 4.12. Melan’s problem I : 281 4.13 Uniform vertical loading on astrip . 281 4.14 Vertical loading increasing linearly - 281 4.15. Symmetrical vertical triangular loading 282 4.16 Uniform vertical loading on circular area 283Contents 417 Unio veri toading on rectangular area 418 Other cases fee 5 Solutions for the settlement of shallow footings - : 5.1 Uniformly loaded strip footing on a homogencous clastic laye? 5.2. Uniformly loaded circular footing on layer .....-2.ee 4+ 53 Uniformly loaded rectangular footing on alayer ss... 6 Rate of settlement of shallow footings 6.1 One dimensional analysis 62 Effect of non-linear consolidation . 63 Consolidation with vertical drains 64 Iwo- and three-dimensional consolidation. -..eesc00cceeeeee 6.5 Simplified analysis using an equivalent coefficient of consolidation 7 Solutions for the settlement of strip and raft foundations 7.1 Point load ona strip foundation : 72 Uniform loading on a strip foundation... 73 Uniform loading on a circular raft 74 Uniform loading on a rectangular ralt +. vee 75 Concentrated loading on a semi-infinite raft 8 Solutions for the seitlement of pile foundations 81 Single piles .. . 82 Pile groups viene : 9 References : cette 7 Treatment of geotechnical ultimate limit states by the theory of past Roberto Nova 1 Fundamentals of ultimate limit states oo. 6620 ese cceeee 11 Introduction 12 Definitions 13 Fundamental theorems for standard materials 2 Limit analysis of shallow foundations on a purely cohesive soil 21 Introduction vs... cess 22 Lower bound! analy 23. Upper bound analysis. : 24 Refined lower bound analysis: method of characteristics 25. Refined upper bound: slip lines. 2.8 Strip footing : 2.7 Citeular footings 3 Limit analysis for non-standard materials 3.1 Introduction 32 Fundamental theorems for non-standard materials 4 Further limitations of limit analysis slope stability 41 Introduction 42 Simple lower bound analysis. . - : 43 Simple upper bound analysis 0.0002 44 Improvement of bound estimates . hee : 45. Actual critical height of a vertical cut : 5 Elastoplastic analysis of shallow foundations . a3 313 314 317 319 319 320 21 32 325 326 228 329 329 329 332 332 333 34 335 336xIV 54 53 54 55 56 57 Contents Introduction 336, Fundamental experimental findings teeeee tees 337 Behaviour in unloading-reloading : : 338 Permanent displacements and rotations... 000.0000 coetee 339 Parameter determination : seeeeeeeee tees 3a Comparison with experimental data : 342 ‘An application to the settlement ofthe Pisa belltower a 345 References . : : 351 Soil dynamics and earthquakes Giinter Klein and Frank Sperling Introduction . ceeeee . Basic mechanical considerations 354 Time dependent processes Basics of technical Dynamics of foundation structures . ‘Vibration excitation . : eeeeneennens Model systems for foundation structures... .sssi.scscvecseveeeees 368 Fundamental ofthe haltspace theory « Dynamics of subsoil Dynamical properties of S0iI8 66... eevee eeeeeeeereeee S78 Characteristic parameters of dynamic soil properties 380 Design parameters for rigid foundations ..... Geousne 32 Shock protection and vibration isolation 384 Dynamics of earthquakes Basic seismological concepts Design methods for buildings... teeeeree oo Effect of earthquakes on foundation e' 398 Literature : ann wees AOR References cette coe a ~ 408 Earth pressure determination Gerd Gudehus Introduction 6... ccceeeceeeeeeeeeeee ees ceeeeeees 407 Objectives 407 Selection and organization of material in the paper Limit states without pore water Plane slip surface... . Curved slip surfaces and combined mechanisms ........00.. 0. 412 ‘Three-dimensional effects, . coe foes a8 Limit states with pore water... -..- tireretsvnaseon 421 Air-impervious soils at Air-pervious soils... : : + 26 Deformation-dependent earth pressures... 28, Granularsoils 6.2... cet titrttteeteteneteerenes 428: Clayey and organic soils .. o tiene 2 4a References . : : : 435Contents 1.10 21 22 Ba 32 4a 42 43 44 48 46 ua Numerical methods Peter Gussmann, Hermann Schad, Lan Smith General methods Difference procedures Integral equiations and the boundary element method «6... eeecceveee Basics of the finite element method (FEM) Matrices of elements and structures... coe Calculation techniques for non-linear problems ‘The application of FEM in geotechnics Statie problems « : ‘Time dependent problems ‘The kinematical element method (KEM) and other limit load methods... Basics ‘A static approach: the method of characteristics from Sokolovski : Kinemiatical methods: KEM oo. 0.00 ccccecccsssseeeeresereenaes Slice methods Application to bearing capacity of footings: comparison investigations Design formulas and design tables or charts for standard slopes References ‘Metrological monitoring of slopes, embankments and retaining walls Klaus Linkwite and Willfried Schwarz ‘Task and objective . ‘About the practical organisation, solution and carrying out ofthe task ‘Conceptual design and exploration of the measurements : Selection of the p ‘Observations... ceteeseetieeeereeneens woe Evaluations Interpretation . Geodetic methods of monitoring measurements Alignments « Polygonal traverses ‘Trigonometrical determination of individual points; nets ‘Automated methods Inclination measurements... Photogrammetrical methods of monitoring measurements Methodology and procedures o Acrial photogrammetry ‘Terrestrial photogrammetry Digital photogrammetry ......... + fee neen rere area Satellite supported methods... : System structure of GPS Procedures for absolute positioning Procedures for relative positioning Monitoring measurements with satelite supported procedures, xv 431 437 440 aah 442 488, 452 452 455 460 460 461 462 a7 474 an an 481 482 483 483 484 484 484 485 486 491 500 512 519 526 526 527 532 $33 535 536 540, 542 345Evaluation and analysis of the measurements Geodetic analysis and interpretation ........ Structural-physical analysis and interpretation Integral analysis and interpretation References Geotechnical measurement procedures Amo Thut Introduction veecere teeeee ‘Objectives of geotechnical measurements : : Measured parameters... - : : Parameters in the foundation soil Parameters during construction. Parameters in the supporting structure Parameters at adjacent structures Parameters for permanent structures 7 te Parameters for the rehabilitation of buildings Measuring instruments, installation and costs Geodetical measurements Geotechnical measurements ......2- 2.255 on Execution of the measurements, reporting Manual measurements . ... ‘Automatic measuring systems Data visualisation software Case histories : Decp excavations, adjacent structures Test embankment load, observational method . ‘Adler Tunnel - readjustment of a structure : Monitoring of unstable slopes ‘Test loading of supporting structure, pile tests, displacement measurements in pile foundation .... . References Phenomenology of natural slopes and their mass movement Lidmund Krauter Definitions. . Introduction Slope shapes . : Mass movement of slopes Causes, factors teieeresieee Classification, types... : ‘Shapes of sliding surfaces and failure mechanisms... Sequences of movements and hazard assessment . Tdemtification and investigation References . 546 546 ss 549 SSI sat S61 563 563 566 387 589 589 590 590 590 ou 603 eu? 61 615 617 6 os. el 626 638 651 654 662 664Contents xvi Ls WEEP RR ROMER eReNH Ice loading actions Martin Hager Preliminary remarks. ‘Types of ive loads and ice-structure interaetions Properties of ive beeen feee e669 teen fer peeeees 61 Mass density of ice. : cote 670 Elasticity of ice on ‘Thermal expansion of ice on Strength of jee : on Definitive values ofthe ice strength for calculation : feeee 674 Thickness of ice «2.6... eeeeeeeee eee e fee 676 Calculation of the ice loads on Ice loads on wide structures 6m Tee Toads on narrow slender structures. 678 ‘Thermal ice pressure loads + 682 Additional vertieal iee loads : 683, Ive loads on groups of structures. 683 Ice loads under special climatic and i ons 684 References... . _ : 685 Stability of rock slopes Walter Wittke and Claus Erichsen 687 ‘Structural models of rock mass tiie - 688 Mechanisms of failure of rock slopes 693 Model for the stress-strain behaviour of rock : + 696 General 696, Intact rock . . . + 698 Discontint 698, Rock mass... 01 “Model for the mechanical behaviour of a rock mass with vespect t0 stress displacement behaviour of persistent discontinuities with no filings “Model for seepage flow through a rock mas Stability i 18 to the fii General a Computation of stresses and displacements... 26... : ‘Computation of a seepage flow Presentation and interpretation of the computed results cee Influence of shear parameters of discontinuities on the stability of a slope Support of a slope with prestressed amchors...eeceee esse eee eeeveee Influence of high horizontal in-situ stresses Stability investigations on the wall of a construction pit using a refined ‘conceptual model of the mechanical behaviour of a rock mass Stability analysis on the basis of rigid-body mechanics General . : Possibilities of translation and rotation of rock mass wedges... ‘element method ,XVII xy analy is of planar rock mass wedges. ty analysis of three-dimensional rock mass wedges supported by two discontinuities... . 7.5. Stability analysis of three-dimensional rock miass wedges supported by three discontinuities vests fener 8 Buckling problems 9 Example for the stabilization ofa slope failure... 9.1 General 92 Landslide and immediate action . 93 Results of the measurements and explorat 9.4 Concepts for stabilization of the slope . 95 Chosen measure for stabilization... - 9.6 Drainage measures 10 References ....... Subject index 0.2... . . ce eeteneeeee 148 191 758 759 759 159 764 166 769 m0 ™ 75Contents Ground improvement Klaus Kirsch and Wolfgang Sondermann Introduction /overview Ground improvement by compaction Static methods . Dynamic methods -- Ground improvement by reinforcement -- Methods without a displacing effect, Methods with a displacing effect ...... Conclusion Ciivaessenesiey References Grouting in geotechnical engineering Stephan Semprich and Gert Stadler Introduction . Aims of grouting Groutability of soil and rock General Geometry of pores in soil Void volume of rock mass Water in soil and rock mass Grouting materials and their basic constituents Methods of grouting Flow regimes of grouts Classification of grouting applications Grouting parameters . . Design of grouting works Exploration of the subsoil Choice of grouting material Contract and compensation Examples of application . Grouting test in weathered rock Kélnbrein dam Debis excavation pit. References .23 ee ee yo ovesgirggeee- B ‘Underpinning, undercutting Karl J. Wier and Ulrich Smoliceyk ‘Terms General aspects «2... ‘Underpinning and its adaptations “Traditional technique : Grouting and jetting technique ...-- Micropiling : Undercutting Contents - o 2 2 wo 105 Cutand-cover methods Pel 105 Underground exeavation methods. -- : : 10 Final remarks : 12 References 113 Standards and recommendations. =... +4 beeeeeeeeees US Ground freezing Hans-Ludwig Jessberger!, Regine Jagow-Klaff, and Bernd Brawn Introduction i nt Exploration of subsurface conditions 218 Ground freezing techmiques ....-..--- cee 120 Brine freezing : cee 120 Liquid nitrogen (LN2) freezing 120 Characteristics of freezing and razon sll : 12 ‘Thermal properties. 122 Strength and deformation properties 6 Freeze wall desig 141 Structural design 141 Thermal design . : 146 Ground movements due to freezing - 151 Ground freezing applications and recommendations [or its use 182 References beeeeee 164 Ground anchors Helmut Ostermayer and Tony Barley General . 169 Standards, recommendations, technical approvals 169 Function and structural elements of anchor systems. m7 General requirements : cee foam Steel tendon and anchor head 7 Grout body... : cote : + 14 Corrosion protection 175 Execution im Drilling . m Installation, grouting and posigrouting 19 Installation of anchors against high hydrostatic head Ist Corrosion protection measures on site . 184 Removable anchors 184Contents ‘Testing, stressing and monitoring, cece . Stressing equipment and procedure . System test. : Investigation and suitability tect Acceptance test and lock-olf load Monitoring cove Fixed anchor design | General Ultimate load capacity in non-cohesive soil Ultimate load capacity in cohesive soil Working loads ee Creep displacements and load losses «|. : Performance under alternating actions Performance under dynamic actions Influence of spacing (group effect) Design of anchored structures Design requirements Prerequisites for applying ground anchors Design of the individual anchor = Design of anchors in a group Choice of appropriate anchor systems and methods of execution References cesses cee Drit ig technology Georg Ulrich Drilling with water flushing Raise boring .. Full diameter drilling of smaller diameters Soil investigation drilling Cranes and rigs Percussion dil eran Universal rotary drilling, Excavator attachments : Large diameter and deep drilling : : Slimhole drilling equipment Casing Drilling tools Natural drilling obstructions «- Directional drilling with flushing - References Driving and extraction Abraham F Van Weele Application of driving techniques Principle of impact driving Piling hammers XI 185 185 186 136 187 189 189 191 196 201 202 204 205 205 206 206 206 206 208: 214 21s 221 22 224 237 238 241 2a 2a 244 245 246. 287 248. 299 251 251 254x Contents Free fall hammers 251 Diesel hammers || : : 258 Hammers for cast in-situ piles =. 11.1 mn 261 Driving with a mandrel 261 Aternatve insalaton methods fr dispacement pls 282 Pile jacking eee SIT 26a Pile screwing with simultancous pushing 263 routed steeples MV-ples oss e. 001 : 264 Coupled piles weet neentneest vol 265; Jetting assistance : : 266 Driving cap 267 Piling machines : . 269 Sesses during impact driving no 23 Maximum compressive stresses ar Relationship between wave length and pile length for concrete piles... 274 Driving timber piles : weve 216 Driving steel piles. : : 26 Sheet piles : BS Loan Profiles on Sheet pile locks : a7 Lock cleaning and lubrication : : 278 Impact driving of piles ~ general ns Impact driving of sheet piles 2 Successive installation... fel 29 Intermittent installation | : : 280 Concrete and timber sheet piling : 281 Combined sheet pile walls S 2. 282 Vibcaiory driving and exiraction : SI 383 Principle of vibratory driving 283 Additional static pull dowa . oe 284 Vibratory extraction an 285, Piling vibrators 285 High frequency vibration - 286 Workiag procedure Se 2287 Vibratory driving of sheet piles 288 Tnfinence on bearing capacity... fie cece 288 Accessibility of the working site. SII 289 Stone layers and underground obstacles 239 Foot sensors 290 Driving and extraction close to adjacent structures 290 Consequences of tiVing. v-. seve cece 290 Consequences of extraction =... 2. : 201 Driving under special circumstances es 22 Driving jn calcareous sols S392 Driving in, or near slopes, moe 203 Driving behind earth retaining suuctures ve... 62.022 294 Dynamic quality tests on piles 284 Integrity testing... : an LD 304 Dyeamic load testing ves sees 296 *Soit” dynamic load testing 207 Adiissiblity of vibration emission 299Contents XII 28 Foundations in open water Jacob Gerrit de Gilt General Appropriate planning documents 2 Load assumptions 3. Design and construction Equipment for construction work at sea 11) 1). ..lissecseseeee 1 The most important pieces of equipment. 22 Lifting island 23° Dredgers.... 24 Procedures for breaking down rock 25. Cable- and pipe-tayers 26 Block layers... 3° Foundations in an open excavation 4 Floating structures 4.1 Preparation of the bed 42 Construction of the floating structures 43° Towage 44 Setting down 2... : : Seeereae 45. Caissons as quay wall |... 46 — Caissons for moles and breakwaters Floating structures for lighthouses, offshore platforms and storage . 48 Floating structures for tunnels underwater a 5 Caisson foundations oe “Alte Weser" lighthouse (1960/63) jrofler Vogelsand” lighthouse cisrars 6 Piled foundations 6.1 Kohlbrand viaduct, Hamburg (1971-75) - 62. Goerée Lighthouse, The Netherlands (1971) 63 Drilling platform, Cognac, USA (1978) $4 Suction ple technology «4... eeeeereeeTeneal 7 — References .... co foe 2.9 Ground dewatering Ulrich Smoltes 1 General code requirements 365 2 Basic assumptions and solutions for dewatering scheme analyses + 366 3. Methods of dewatering esneenis Ciipvesvaervexe 267 3.1 Dewatering by bored wells... 368 3.2 Dewatering by open drainage or slit pumping (line source) ......cssee 5 384. 33 Dewatering by clectro-osmosis : te 388 4 Field tests... : a : 301 41 General n enone : 301 42 Tests cee 391 5S Groundwater recharge (22111177 : 2 386 SA Steady state : ce 386 52 Initial time-dependant state... + 386 53. Capacity ofa recharge well... 397 54 Interaction of recharge wells. - 397xiv Interaction of suction and recharge wells References Construction met Avel © Toepfer Introduetion Cuttings in rock : Mechanical loosening by ripping Loosening by blasting methods, Construction method for rock slopes Mechanical construction method for the production of rock Slopes ‘Smooth blasting methods References ods for cuttings and slopes in rock Microtunnelling Axel C Toepfer Introduction The microtunnelling construction method for non-man-sized entry pipes The components of the construction method Description of soil and rock Pipe material Microtunnelling system Driving and reception shaft Construction sequence Further development References Earthworks Hans-Henning Schmidt and Thomas Rumpelt Introduction Standards, environmental legislation ‘Terms and definitions Construction materials, classifications and characteristic values Gemeral introduction Characteristic parameters Design of earthwork structures Site investitgation Design calculations Standardised slope angles ‘Assessment of the stability of slopes Drainage measures for earthworks Landscape planning... - Earthwork processesiearthwarks equipment Machines for digging, transporting and placing Loading with hydraulic excavators Hauling equipment Equipment for placing and spreading Contents 398 308 399 400 403 47 418. 418 427 a9 430 430 431 BL 432 a7 438 440 440 4a 4a 443 444 444 44s 448 448 448 450 450 453 455 455 436 458 461 461Contents xv 65 66 7 7 72 73 Ta Ts 16 27 8 BL 82 83 Ba 8S 86 9 0 u 2 124 122 123 B 14 Is 16 7 i 172 173 ira Is 176 Is 213 Compaction cee eeeteereereeeese 461 Special equipment ces 464 Planning and organisation of earthworks sites ©. 222000202022) Site survey cone Mass distribution . eonees Determination of performance»... Methods excavating or borrowing of material Method of placentent and compation ‘Compaction techniques... : ‘Compaction criteria Quality assurance: tests specifications and observations. General remarks : ‘Tests eeneees Compaction requirements for road construction 22.01. “Testing methods in road construction Compaction control in rockfils ren Observational methods Soil treatment: soil improvement, stabilisation and cementation ==... 22. 489 Excavation of cuts : : 2 489 Dams and embankments : 490 Excavations and trenches 2492 Excavations -....0.00000sses Bt pees) 492 Trenches SOI 493 Narrow trenches... fitness + 494 Backfils and fills covering structures... 1.11)... J Jsvsstesevsoses 494 Sound protection embankments De a9 Synthetic and clay liners... : ae ceeeeees 496 Recultivation 3 Embankment construction by means of hydratlic fis 498 General... a 498 Hydraulic transport of sand-water mixtures (slurries) =. 2 498 Equipment : feeeeeeees 500 Some operational details <2... no 500 Sedimentation impoundment Sol Economical aspects... 6000..scctterevereereesereresseses $02 References 303 Geosynthetics in geotechnical and hydraulic engineering, Fokke Saathoff General cevtteeees so7 Basic parameters and terms : S07 Classification of peosyntheties..20.2 0022002 507 Geotextiles : 509 Geotextile-related produets 2000020000000 pees SIZ Geomembranes . SS 133 Geomembrane-related products |... >.) : S14 Rawnateridls 2.00.0 eeeeccetocuuueeeseenne sis Functions Q : 51s References to the execution «1. feces S21Contents “Test method's 522 Fields of application « 33 Coastal protection . 5B Waterways engineering 540 Small-scale hydraulic engineering. ss Dam construction .. + 382 Landfill construction’ cine 559 Road construction, railway track construction and tunnelling, Ll 309 Notes on the form of contract su Delivery terms... eee es : oeeenneeens 592 ‘Quality management SI 52 Advice on contract tonders 593 Invoicing and warranties «<<. uo Sl 594 Summary : 504 References. me Ee SII soa Slope protection by bioengineering techniques Hugo Meinhard Schiechat' Introduction... . so joengineering slope protection . Preliminary works using inert material - 599 Combined methods .....- 607 Ground stabilizing techniques. an Soil protection techniques : 6a Supplementary construction techniques Requirements for bioengineering materials . 7 veettrr General se 662 Biotechnical suitability of plants Materials for ground stabilizing techniques : n Seed mixes . 665 Effectiveness of bioengineering slope protection 665 ‘Technical requirements rn : ce 0S Ecological requiements 665 Erfeets in terms of landscape architecture cee 666 Economic requirements . sees 666 Design and execution of bioengineering works for slope protection 666 Maintenance of bioengineering structures cee 668 References . ve hese 670 Subject index .... : travis sh i nteneeteeeerseee O71Contents 34 Spread foundations Ulrich Smoltczyk, Dieter Netzel, and Manfred Kany Definitions Basis of design Footings General aspects of design” Geotechnical design ructural design : Slab foundations... General Vertical interactio Horizontal interaction, restraints . - Mat foundations (tank foundations) General Geotechnical verifications»... Groundwater protection Tension foundations References, standards and software References . . - Programmes and guidebooks European codes (Status 2002) German standards referenced in this chapter’ | foundations Hans-Georg Kempfert, Kurt Dieter Eigenbrod, and Ulrich Smoltcayk (Section 8) Introduction . Applications Governing codes and safety concepis’ Preliminary investigations for pile foundations Terminology 5 Pile types and construction methods Selection of appropriate pile type ‘Quality assurance and control Displacement piles Bored piles Micropiles «>. Measures to increase pile resist 8 B 8B 84 85 87 87 88 39 2 108 109 tasx Contents 3 Axial pile resistance . beet eee teeee ee eee cee enee HIS 3.1 Single piles 5 3.2 Compression pile groups ee : iL 33. Pile-raft foundations . SS mo 149 34 Tension pile groups 157 4 Lateral pile resistance and moment actions IST 4 Single piles... eee eeveveeeeee eee Pe IST $2 Lateral resistance of pile groups St : 163 $- Soil action : cee IST 5.1 Negative skin friction Be o DT 167 5.2. Lateral pressure and bending due to seiticment 170 6 Bearing capacity and serviceability eneeeeeal 1 6.1 General « cect eeeeteeeeneeee ees 13 62 Bearing capacity (ULS) ia 6.3 Calculation of serviceability 11212. : : 181 7 Testing of piles Se eeneeeeen7 TL Goneral : : mo 2 184 7.2 Static axial load tests 0. oeneennnn 184 73. Static horizontal pile load tests. Be : 192 74 Dynamic pile testing 196 Anais of ile scutes «ssc sees eeseeeees 2 202 BL General ut De S202 82 Piling systems 203 82 Analysis of ail loaded pile systems... Se 203 8. I simple cases . Cee, 206 8 ‘ons from initial assumptions. 211 8.6 Design of non-axially loaded pile foundations <1... 2.213 87 Check for buckling orrees 2.218 88 Sheet pile wall as part of a piled foundation 218 89, Elgentenuencis of spatial piling sytem «+0002. see seesees 2 810 Example sess seeee eee . cee cess 220 9 References 223 33° Caissons Hans Lingenfelser 1 General os. eee cecveeees cece eee ee 229 1 229 12 230 3 i 2231 LA Fields of application . poses BP 2 Structural concept and equip LIT 24 21 General oe. nee eenenn 22M 22 Construction materials 222 vida 23° Caisson edges 25 24 Caisson working chamber and working chamber ceiling 127 25 Open caisson BOOM. .e.e see ceeeeee ee eeees 1238 26 Caissons walls cee eee 240 3° Construction of caissons Dteeeeeteeenens 2241 3.1 Monufacture on land... 0222 III aContents XI 32 33 Construction in open water beens rr 242 Construction in a dock and fidating in 243 Sinking the Caisson ve... e sees eee 245 Soil excavation aeons : : 245 Controt of sinking 2247 Sinking tolerances oe : 247 Ballasting : a : 21249 Pneumatic instalation and Works. 250 Regulations governing pneumatic works. : + 250 Essential pneumatic equipment... 002s : £251 Caisson calculation 253 Generai . Be wi 283 Calculation of the lowering diagram 200000.2000000000. 254 Loads working on the caisson cutters, 255 Dimensioning for the lowering phases 0.2.2.2... 2257 Construction examples. - eoreeenennnanenes 2. 259 References vee ees ee veces. 2 Stability of excavations Anton Weissenbach, Achim Hettler, and Brian Simpson Construction measures for the stability of excavations 6... 6eeee 0.4 273 Unlined excavations... : : ‘Timbered trenches, heet pile walls sees ec eceee Soldier pile walls : Solid walls Support by bracing oo... e seen 287 Basic design assumptions 00... Peer ees 290 Soil properties, loads and general rules 201 290 Active earth pressure for cantilever walls... 291 Active earth pressure for walls supported by props and anchors»... . 293 ‘Active earth pressure from surcharges 301 Earth pressure under backfill conditions, : 2 304 Passive earth pressure vv eeeeeee eee crteceseeeeete rene cences 306 Calculation procedures 310 Walls with fixed earth support : eeneeeenneeeenenee:y(() Walls with free earth support .- : 233 Multiple supported walls 315 Calculation using subgrade reaction... eneeeeenneeeneeeeey | Numerical analys my 320 Equilibrium of vertical forces <2. ri 329 Determination of the vertical component of the earth resisiance |... | 333 Equilibrium of horizontal forces in soldier pile walls ........ 00.0... 334 Heave of the excavation bottom 337 Safety concepts .. oo 339 British design approach . coronene DI 339 German design approach 347 General regulations in EC 71), DOT asi Design Approach 1... : cer 2354Design Approach 2 Special constructions Anchored walls... . : Excavation walls supported by faking props | Large excavations ‘Some features related (o specific shapes of excavations Excavation with asymmetric cross sections Excavation walls adjacent to existing buildings Excavations under water... oe Excavations in jointed, unstable rock’ Excavations in sof soils Calculation examples Problem ...-.- German design approach 2.1. : Eurovode 7 Design Approach 2s 00s References... 2. on Bored pile walls, diaphragm walls, cut-off walls, Manfred Stocker and Bernhard Walz Bored pile walls fees Field of application mo Advantages el Disadvantages Standards and references : Purpose and wall types . - Construction : ‘Quality assurance Diaphragm walls Field of appli Advantages Disadvantages << ..... fee Standards and references 120022222 Purpose : ‘Wall types : Construction Construction materials Characteristics . . Quality assurance 1111) Thin cutoft walls 2220222121 Field of application eon Advantages... BIN Disadvantages 1.2 mn Standards and references ee Purpose and types of wall Construction of a vibrated thin cut-off wall or vibwall Construction materials... eeeeeneesre Characteristics Quality assurance. -- : Stabilizing of earth walls using fluids «62000000200. Contents . 357 361 361 2364 365 368 374 37 382 302 304 397 397 + 398 401 2 404 2. 409 2. 410 ews all 14 412 44 si dl 44 4s 4s 416 2. 416 1 416 421 425 426 427 12s 428 2428 429 429 429 429 22430 2433 434 434 435Contents Supporting fluids Fluid supporting force and stability determination Mechanisms for transferring the fluid pressure difference ‘onto the grain skeleton Proof of the ,internal™ stability Proof of the yexternal stat : ‘Structural facilities close to suspension stabilized earth wails Standards and recommendations . Standards Recommendations aon References : Sheet pile walls for harbours and waterways Boleslav Mazurkiewicz Sheet pile wal structures, their performance and fed of application General . Application purpose Usability of different construction materials aren Regulations concerning sheet pile walls 2.22. . Sheet pile wall structures, EN 12063/1999 Recommendations of the Committee for Waterfront Structures, Harbours and Waterways, BAU 1996... 2... 2-5 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures ~ Part 5: Piling ‘Other recommendations and handbooks... Sheet pile types, profiles and anchoring parts avait land Steel grades Steel sheet pile walls Basic design of sheet pile walls... : Safety concept vine ‘Actions and resistances Load cases Ultimate limit state design of sheet pile wall structures | Calculation methods for sheet pile walls Calculation of a single-anchored sheet pile wall according to Blum Special cases of sheet pile wall calculation... a Calculation principles tor combined steel sheet pile walls Calculation principles of shect pile cofferdams ..... - Calculation of a sheet pile wall anchorage and its fittings ‘Verification of stability of an anchorage at a lower Failure plane and of safety against failure of the anchoring soil Calculation and sizing of anchor walls and anchor plates Calevlation and sizing of anchors and hinges, walings and cxpping beams made of steel and reinforced concrete Calculation and sizing of anchor piles... . Caleuaton and sizing of hinged and Fixed supports fora ay wall superstructure on steel sheet pile walls Further structural remarks and recommendations Estimation of shee pile wall diving depth and selection ‘ofits pofie . and material. . as Steel sheet pile walls xi 435 436 437 440 442 446 447 447 448 448 437 457 2458 2459 460 461 465, 468 469 2474 474 475 ant 485 488, 489 489) 490xIV 10 10.1 102 37 38 Construction of waterfront structures made of steel sheet piles General : ; Construction of new waterfront structures Protection and deepening of existing waterfront structures ‘Corrosion and corrosion protection General considerations...) Expected corrosion of steal shect piles Conosion protection of steel sheet piles References Books and papers Standards Gravity retaining walls Ulrich Smottezyk Introduction «22... General design considerations Gravity wall : Cantilever wall Drainage»... vee References ‘Machine foundations Ginter Klein and Dietrich Klein Overview Classification of machine foundations » Requirements for machine foundations Loads on machine foundations . Static loads. . wd Periodic loads... : ‘Transient loads Random loads : fot Analysis and design of machine foundations... . ‘Types of supports Rigid foundations Elastic foundations Spring foundations. Design recommendations» Examples... 2... Hammer foundation PU a Reinforced concrete box foundation for 2 100 MW steam turbine-generator set References, ao Standards... DT Books and Papers ene bees Contents 494 494 494 2501 506 506 506 506 509 2 509 2 510 su 513 251s S15 516 2518 519 519 519 521 521 522 25 530 532 532 336 539 545 546 347 347 550 557 557 557Contents xv 3.9 Foundations in mining regions Dietmar Placzek 1 General remarks on mining-induced effects 6.6... 6 vee vee 559 2. Ground movements LT 539 2.1 Ground movements above deep mine workings... 559 22 Ground movements above shallow and near-surface mine ne workings 563 3° Influence of ground movements on the foundation cee 568 3.1 Influence of equal vertical subsidence on 1 564 32 Influence of til — differential vertical subsidence : 564 33 Influence of curvatu : 566 34 Influence of strain. fo 566 3:5 Influence of ground movements above near-surface tine workings... . 567 36 Influence of discontinuous ground mover Loo) 568 4 Preventive measures in areas with deep mine workings rio 568 4.1 Types of preventive measures vein eens 568 4.2 Basic considerations on layout and design of surface structures 569 43. Bearing capacity and functionality of a structure £570 44 Provisions for tlt ceeees LS 370 45. Provisions for curvature me 371 46 jons for extensional strain - 575 47 strain ce SF 48 Provisions for discontinuous ground movernents 579 5 Preventive measures in areas with near-surface mine workings... ..... 579 5.1 Types of preventive measures. . vette renee renee ens 59 5.2. Preventive measures for structures 22. 580 5.3. Stabilisation of the ground by injection cess S81 6 Preventive measures for tunnels 0.000 54 6.1 General remarks 584 62 Options for preventive measures 6. sees e eee ee co 58S 7 Upgrading of existing structures . | : - 585 7.1 Preliminary remarks». 585 72 Provisions for equal vertical subsidence. : + 586 73. Provisions for differential vertical subsidence - 1 586 74 Provisions for horizontal ground movements, 587 8 References wee peeeeennees 589 3.10 Watertight buildings and structures Alfred Haack and Kart-Friedrich Emig 1 General... weeeeteseseeees 501 2 General aspects of design ma Ss 502 2.1 Geotechnical and structural influences <<... 22200225 502 22. Serviceability provisions .... . LIS, Soe 3° Seletion and applicability of materials | SUT 508 4 Systems... oiteneenee : 505 4.1 Bonded layers. TELS 505 42. Polymere modified bitumen compound for bonding 506 43 Loose plastic sheets... vececeeees fii! S07 44 Sicel board sealing v : 508