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Basic Functional of Computer Hardware
Basic Functional of Computer Hardware
Legal Notice
◦ CPU (Processor)
◦ Memory (RAM)
◦ Motherboard
◦ Power Supply
◦ Chassis/Based Unit
◦ Storage Devices (HDD/FDD/ODD)
◦ Output Devices (Video Display, Printer, Speakers,
Modem, USB Ports)
◦ Input Devices (Keyboard/Mouse, Scanner, Joystick)
PSU
Card M CPU
Slots E
M
O
R
Y
BTX ATX
• Acoustic Performance
- Two-fan design
- Lower impedance allows lower fan speed
• Mainboard
- Balanced memory and I/O routing
- 4-layer mainboard design
• Structural Integrity
- 100% increase in heatsink mass (up to
1kg)
• Cost Structure
- Steel case, standard components BTX Chassis sample
Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 13
2.2 Motherboard
Body
CMOS Battery
POST Screen
Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 17
2.2 Motherboard
2.2.3) Motherboard Form Factor
Form Factors PCB
Size(mm)
a)ATX 305x244
b) Micro-ATX 244x244
c) Flex-ATX 229x191
d) BTX 325x266
e) Mini-ITX 170x170
f) Nano-ITX 120x120
g) Pico-ITX 100x72
ATA Interface
- ODD/FDD ATA IO Control USB 2.0/1.0 Ports
133/100/66 Hub - USB Devices
(Mouse, Keyboard)
High Definition
<etwork Interface Audio
- 10/100Mb LA<
- Gb LA<
26
b) I/O bus
- Connect between CPU to other components except RAM
d) Address bus
- The connections between the {CPU} and memory which carry the
{address/receiver} from/to which the CPU wishes to read or write.
- The system clock is a circuit that emits a continuous stream of precise high
and low pulses that are all exactly the same length.
- One clock cycle is the time that passes from the start of one high pulse,
until the start of the next cycle.
Note: System Clock = FSB/4 for Intel CPU & FSB/2 for AMD CPU
Example:
Intel 3.2Ghz = 16 x 200Mhz
L2 Memory Cache
- High speed Static RAM (SRAM) does not need to refresh
- Larger then L1 Memory Cache
- Provide data to CPU at speed 10x faster then DRAM
L1 Memory Cache
- consists of Instruction & Data
- input cache (smaller then L2 cache)
- Instruction Cache is used for caching data from memory
Decoder Unit
- Figure out what particular instruction are by consulting
the ROM memory that exist inside the CPU call microcode.
- Add a+b, the microcode will tell decoder that it need 2 parameter
a & b.
- The decoder then require fetch unit to grab the data present in the
next 2 memory position.
- Decoder unit will pass all data & step by step process on how to
execute that instruction to the execute unit
L1 Data Cache
- In charge of sending the result back to RAM memory
or another place, such as video card
b) AMD
- AM3+ (Desktop)
- AM2+ (Desktop)
- Socket S1 (Mobile) Socket AM2+ Socket S1
- Socket 563 (Mobile) Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 41
2.3 CPU (Center Processor Unit)
In a single core processor, this “performance engine? In a dual-core computer chip, there are two “performance
takes in raw data and turns it into either video, movies, engines? that can take more data and simultaneously
Music, digital-photos, games, email, or other rich multimedia process the data into rich multimedia content at a faster
content rate.
Video Clips
Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 43
2.3 CPU (Center Processor Unit)
2.3.15) Duo Core Technology (continue)
Core i7 Circuitry
Video Clips
Type of RAM
◦ SRAM (Static RAM)
- Used for high speed memory call L2 cache memory
- Faster & more expensive then DRAM
- Speed between 8 & 12ns
- Synchronous & asynchronous
- Does not require refresh operation
Type of ROM
◦ PROM (Programmable ROM)
- Only programmable once
<http://www.howstuffworks.com/ram.htm>
Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 56
2.4 Memory
2.4.3) Memory Block diagram & Function (continue)
- Two transistors (floating gate & control gate) are separated by a thin
oxide
layer.
PCB Assembly
Control the movement of head disk assembly
Video Clips
Sectors
Tracks
Seek/Access Time
- Amount of time between when the CPU requests a file and when
the first byte of the file is sent to the CPU. Times between 10 and 20
milliseconds are common.
◦ Revolution Speed
- Number of revolutions of the engine of drive of the plates
- Express in Turn per Minutes or Revolution Per Minutes (R.P.M)
- Common hard disk turn per minutes is 5400, 7200 & 10000 R.P.M
FAT 16
- 32KB cluster size
- Up to 2GB sizes
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA>
<http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/datasheet/disc/ds_internal_sata.pdf>
<http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/datasheet/disc/ds_internal_pata.pdf>
- DVD-D
- Self-destructing disposable DVD format
- DVD-Plus
- Combine DVD & CD technology
- DVD-RW
- Record up to 4.7GB
- Similar fashion to a CD-RW disc
- DVD-R DL
- Derivate of DVD-R
- Record up to 8.5GB
- DVD+RW
- Record up to 4.7GB
- Similar fashion to a CD-RW disc
- Data can be added & removed without erasing the whole disc
- Treat as large Floppy disk
Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 107
2.6 Optical Drive (ODD)
2.6.8) DVD Discs Format (continue)
c) Recordable format (DVD+RW Alliance)
• DVD+R DL
• Derivate of DVD+R
• Record up to 17.1GB (DS)
• DVD+RW DL
• Record up to 8.5GB
• Data can be added & removed without erasing the whole disc
• Treat as large Floppy disk
The machinery in a CD burner looks pretty much the same as the machinery in any CD player.
There is a mechanism that spins the disc and another mechanism that slides the laser assembly.
In a CD-RW disc, the reflecting lands and non-reflecting bumps of a conventional CD are represented by phase shifts
in a special compound. When the compound is in a crystalline state, it is translucent, so light can shine through to the
metal layer above and reflect back to the laser assembly. When the compound is melted into an amorphous state, it becomes
opaque, making the area non-reflective.
(<egative terminal)
b) Anode
- Positive terminal which attract the electrons that pouring off from the cathode.
- Magnetized according to instructions from the display controller
- Aperture Grill
- Define the gap through which electrons pass using a mesh of wire.
- Use for Flat screen model which produce a clear, undisturbed images & reduce
glare
from ambient light.
Anode (C) attracts The beams strike the Phosphors emit red,
the electrons & focus Phosphor-coated green & blue light
the particles into screen (D) & Shadow used in a color END
three narrow beams Mask/Apertube grill (F) monitor
(E)
- This lines only allow the light waves that are parallel to them to
pass through. Light from other direction are blocked.
- Figure left illustrated : Light waves with “A” orientation pass through
the
1st(top) filter. These light waves are then rotated 90o by liquid crystal in
the
twisted structure arrangement.
a) Monitor Size & Viewable Area: measured diagonally from one corner
of
the glass to the opposite.
CRT – actual size & viewable screen size
LCD – actual size/viewable screen size
c) Aspect Ratio: ratio between the horizontal dimension & the vertical
dimension. Common aspect ratios are 4:3 (1.333) & 5:4(1.25).
Resolutions with a 4:3 aspect ratio:
800 x 600
1024 x 768
1152 x 864
1600 x 1200
Resolutions with a 5:4 aspect ratio:
1280 x 1024
1600 x 1280
g) Contrast: measure of the range between the lightest tones & the darkest
tones. A higher contrast ratio makes the information more readable.
a) CRT Monitors
Pros:
Multisync Capable
High Refresh Rates
Color Clarity & Depth
Cons:
Very Heavy & large
Use Large Amount of Energy
Generate Excess Heat
b) LCD Monitors
Pros:
Smaller and Lighter
Energy Efficient
Causes Less Eye Fatigue
Cons:
Blurry images outside Native Resolution
Motion Blur on Fast Moving Images
Come Models Have Reduced Color Clarity
- The sending modem modulated the digital data into analog signal &
the receiving modem demodulates back the analog signal into digital
data.
• Disadvantage of DSL
• A DSL connection works better when you are closer to the
provider's central office. The farther away you get from the
central office, the weaker the signal becomes.
• The connection is faster for receiving data than it is for sending
data over the Internet.
• The service is not available everywhere.
• High bit-rate DSL (HDSL) - Providing transfer rates comparable to a T1 line (about
1.5 Mbps), HDSL receives and sends data at the same speed, but it requires two
lines that are separate from your normal phone line.
• ISDN DSL (ISDL) - Geared primarily toward existing users of Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN), ISDL is slower than most other forms of DSL, operating
at fixed rate of 144 Kbps in both directions. The advantage for ISDN customers is
that they can use their existing equipment, but the actual speed gain is typically
only 16 Kbps (ISDN runs at 128 Kbps).
• Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL) - An extremely fast connection, VDSL is asymmetric,
but only works over a short distance using standard copper phone wiring.
• Multirate Symmetric DSL (MSDSL) - This is Symmetric DSL that is capable of more
than one transfer rate. The transfer rate is set by the service provider, typically
based on the service (price) level.
• Rate Adaptive DSL (RADSL) - This is a popular variation of ADSL that allows
the modem to adjust the speed of the connection depending on the length
and quality of the line.
Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 139
2.8 Modem
2.8.7) DSL Type (continue)
• Symmetric DSL (SDSL) - Like HDSL, this version receives and sends data at the
same speed. While SDSL also requires a separate line from your phone, it uses only
a single line instead of the two used by HDSL.
12,000 ft
HDSL 1.54 Mbps 1.54 Mbps 2 No
(3,650 m)
35,000 ft
IDSL 144 Kbps 144 Kbps 1 No
(10,700 m)
29,000 ft
MSDSL 2 Mbps 2 Mbps 1 No
(8,800 m)
18,000 ft
RADSL 1 Mbps 7 Mbps 1 Yes
(5,500 m)
22,000 ft
SDSL 2.3 Mbps 2.3 Mbps 1 No
(6,700 m)
4,000 ft
VDSL 16 Mbps 52 Mbps 1 Yes
(1,200 m)
Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 140
2.9 Local Area Network (LAN)
2.9.1) Network Overview
• Network - a group of computers connected together in a way that allows
information to be exchanged between the computers.
• Backbone - The backbone is the main cabling of a network that all of the
segments connect to. Typically, the backbone is capable of carrying more
information than the individual segments. For example, each segment may have a
transfer rate of 10 Mbps (megabits per second), while the backbone may operate
at 100 Mbps
• Local Area Network (LAN) - A LAN is a network of computers that are in the
same general physical location, usually within a building or a campus. If the
computers are far apart (such as across town or in different cities), then a Wide
Area Network (WAN) is typically used
• Network Interface Card (NIC) - Every computer (and most other devices) is
connected to a network through an NIC. In most desktop computers, this is an
Ethernet card (normally 10 or 100 Mbps) that is plugged into a slot on the
computer's motherboard
• Media Access Control (MAC) address - This is the physical address of any
device -- such as the NIC in a computer -- on the network. The MAC address,
which is made up of two equal parts, is 6 bytes long. The first 3 bytes identify the
company that made the NIC. The second 3 bytes are the serial number of the NIC
itself
• Writing Hub
• Network Cabling
• Coaxial cable
• Fiber-optic cable
• Bridge
• Switches
• A broadband modem for connection to the internet (either a DSL modem using
the phone line, or cable modem using the cable internet connection)
DSL Modem
Cable Modem
Wired Router
Wired Router Layout
Wireless Router
New Wireless Network Setup – Wireless Router Existing Wired Router – Wireless Access Point
- Output Devices
- As a “Translator” which convert binary data from CPU into
picture
- Consists of GPU, Memory, Motherboard & Monitor connection
- Composite Video
- S-Video
i) Typing keys
- letters of an alphabet
- same pattern layout (QWERT) as typewriters
- others layout is Dvorak, ABCDE, XPeRT, QWERTZ & AZERTY
ii) Scissor-switch
- The keys are attached to the keyboard via two plastic piece interlock like a
scissor.
- Mainly used in laptop/notebook.
iv) Mechanical-switch
- Use real switches, one under each key.
- Mainly used in Apple Extended II.
v) Membrane
- Flat
- Often found on microwave ovens/photocopies
- Consists of 3 layers
1) Top layer has a label printed on front & conductive stripes printed on the
back.
2) Spacer layer, holds the front & back layer apart
3) Back layer has conductive stripes printed perpendicularly to those of the
front
layer
Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 177
vi) Roll-up
2.11 Keyboard
2.11.6) Connection Types
i) PS/2
iii) Wireless
- Infrared (IR), radio frequency (RF) or Bluetooth connections.
- Require a receiver to be plug into USB port.
- AC power connection or batteries for power.
Electrical
Controller Mechanical Portion
(DSP)
b) Optical Mouse
- Light-emitting diode (LED) & photodiodes to detect the
movement relative to underlying surface.
ii) The DSP detects patterns in the images and examines how the patterns
have
moved since the previous image.
iii) Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the DSP
determines how far the mouse has moved and sends the corresponding
coordinates to the computer.
iv) The computer moves the cursor on the screen based on the
coordinates
received from the mouse. This happens hundreds of times each second,
making the cursor appear to move very smoothly
ii) The receiver, which is connected to your computer, accepts the signal,
decodes it and passes it on to the mouse driver software and your
computer's
operating system.
iii) The receiver can be a separate device that plugs into your computer, a
special
card that you place in an expansion slot, or a built-in component.
- PS/2
• On-off Switch - manual switch on the back to ensure that the computer is
truly off and no power is being sent to the components
• Fan - 80mm or 120mm or even a 140mm fan to cool it’s components and
exhaust the heat out the back
Power Connectors
On-off Switch
Power Cord
Cover Port
Fan
SATA Power
Connector
Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 189
2.13 Power Supply
2.13.2) Basic Component of PSU (continue)
• 6-pin & 8-pin PCI-E power connector
Transformer
Capacitors
2) Rails
- Every power supply has many rails. Each rail is rated for a
specific voltage, and will always carry that voltage no matter
how many devices are connected to it
- However, each rail has an AMPERE RATING (A). The more devices
you connect to each rail, the lower the available amperage to the
rest of your computer system will be on that specific rail.
Power Supply
- To supply power to the printer.
Control Circuitry
- To control mechanical aspects of operation.
- To decode information send from computer.
- Produces high quality text & graphics on printing media such as paper
- Images is produced by direct scanning of a laser beam across the
photoreceptor
The path of a piece of paper through a laser printer Basic component of laser printer
- Transferring
- Photoreceptor is pressed over paper, transferring the images.
- Discharged by the detac corona wire immediately after picking up the toner.
Note: before the paper rolls under the drum, it is given a negative charge by the
transfer
corona wire. This charge is stronger than negative charge of the electrostatic image,
so the paper can pull the toner powder away
- Cleaning
- Electrically neutral soft plastic blade cleans excess toner from the
photoreceptor and deposits into a waste reservoir
(a)
(c)
(b)
IV) Spider - hold the coil in position, but allow to move freely
back
& forth.
When the electrical current flowing through the voice coil changes direction,
the coil's polar orientation reverses. This changes the magnetic forces between
the voice coil and the permanent magnet, moving the coil and attached
diaphragm back and forth.
Power On-
off Switch
USB Port
Front Panel
Front Panel Microphone Port
Speaker Port Copyright@2008 Sirnatec IT Centre 231
2.16 Turn On & Off Computer
2.16.2) Plug in Cables on PC Connectors or Ports
Power Cord
VGA/Display
Cable
USB Cable
Network
Speaker Cable Cable
Press here
(Power
Switch)