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3. 4
1 4
(2) 2 5
(3) 3 6
(4) 4 8

. 10
. 11

2 13
. , , 13
: 13
: 14
: 15
: 16
: 17
iv

 : 18

. 19
1. 19
2. 19
3. 20
4. 20
5. 21
6. 22

3 23
1. 23
1.1. 23
1.2. 24
1.3. 24
1.4. 27

2. 28
2.1. 28
2.2. 29
2.2.1. 29
2.2.2. 30

2.3. 31
2.3.1. 37
2.3.2. 38
2.4. 38
2.4.1. 39
2.4.2. 40
2.4.3. 40
2.4.4. 42
2.4.4.1. 43
2.4.4.2. X 43
2.4.4.3. 43

3. 44
3.1. 44
3.2. 46
3.2.1. 47
3.2.2. 48
3.2.2.1. 48
3.2.2.2. 49
3.2.2.3. 49
3.3. 50
3.3.1 50
3.3.2. 51
vi

4. 52
4.1. 52
4.2. 54
4.3. 54
4.3.1. 56
4.3.1.1. 56
4.3.1.2. 56
4.3.1.3. 58
4.3.2. 58
4.4. 58
4.4.1. 58
4.4.2. 60
4.5. 60

5. 61
5.0. 62
5.1. 64
5.1.1. 64
5.1.2. 67
5.2. 72
5.3. 75
5.4. 78
vii

6. 79
6.1. 79
6.2. 81

82

viii

1
.
1.
(Thomas Samuel Kuhn) 1922
.
1943 . OSRD (Office of
Scientific Research and Development)
2 . ,
, 1949
.
1940
(James B. Conant)
.
.
,

. .

.

. 17
,
. 1948 1951
(Junior Fellow) ,

3 24

, , ,
.
, -
.
1956
, 1954
(Guggenheim Fellow) 1957
(The Copernican Revolution) .
1956 , 1961
. 1958
59 , 1962
(The Structure of Scientific Revolution)
. ( 1980 .)
1964 1979
, 1972 1979
. 1977
(The Essential Tension)
, 1978
(Black-Body Theory and the

Qu- antum Discontinuity) . 1979 MIT

1991 .
1996 6 17 74
. 4 2000 1970 1993
(The

Road Since Structure) .

.
.

,

. .
1968 1970 , 1988
1990 . 1982
George Sarton Medal of the History of Science
Society, 1983 John Desmond Bernal Award
of the Society of Science .
1922 (7 18)
1943
19451949

19521956 ( )
1956 ( )
1958
1961 ( )
19641979 -
(M. Taylor Pyne Prof. of Philosophy and
History of Science)
19721979
19791991 MIT -
1983 MIT -
(Laurence S. Rockefeller Prof. of Philosophy)
1996 (6 17) 74

3 24

2.
,
,
.
, .

.
,
.
.
,
.

.
,
,
.
.

. .
.

3.
1
1)
The Copernican Revolution. Planetary Astronomy in the
Development of Western Thought (1957)

2)
.

3)
.
Ch.1 : The Ancient Two-Sphere Universe
Ch.2 : The Problem of the Planets
Ch.3 :

The

Two-Sphere

Universe

in

Aristotelian

Thought
Ch.4 :

Recasting

the

Tradition:

Aristotle

to

the

Copernicans
Ch.5 : Copernicus' Innovation
Ch.6 : The Assimilation of Copernican Astronomy
Ch.7 : The New Universe
Technical Appendix

(2) 2
1)
The Essential Tension. Seleced Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change (1977)

2)

3)

3 24

.
Historiographic Studies
1.

The

Relations

between

the

History

and

the

Philosophy of Science
2. Concepts of Cause in the Development of Physics
3. Mathmatical versus Experimental Traditions in the
Development of Physical Science
4. Energy Conservation as an Example of Simutaneous
Discovery
5. The History of Science
6. The Relations between the History and the History
of Science
Metahistorical Studies
7. The Historical Structure of Scientific Discovery
8. The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical
Science
9. The Essential Tension: Tradition and Innovation in
Scientific Research
10. A Function for Thought Experiments
11. Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research
12. Second Thoughts on Paradigms
13. Objectivity, Value Judgement, and Theory Choice
14. Comment on the Relations of Science and Art

(3) 3
1)

Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity 1894 1912 (1978)

2)
. 18941912

3)

Part One. Plank's Black Body Theory, 18911906: The
Classical Phase
. Plank's Route to the Black Body Problem
. Plank's Statistical Heritage: Boltzmann on Irreversibility
. Plank and the Electromagnetic R Theorem, 189
71899
. Plank's Distributions Law and its Derivations
1900 1901
. The Foundations of Plank's Radiation Theory
Part Two. The Emergence of the Quantum Discontinuity, 19051912
.

Dismantling

Plank's

Black

Body

Theory,

Ehrenfest, Rayleigh, and Jeans

. A New Route to Black Body Theory: Einstein,
1902 1909
. Converts to Discontinuity, 19061910
. Black Body Theory and the State of the

3 24

Quantum, 1911-1912
Part Three. Epilogue
. Plank's New Radiation Theory

(4) 4
1)
The

Road

Since

Structure.

Philosophical

Essays,

1970-1993, with an Autobiographical Interview (2000)

2)
, 19701993

3)

,
.
, .

.
,
.
.
,
.

.
,
,
.
.

. .
.

4)

. 1970 1993
.
.

.
20
(paradigm shift), (incommensurability),
(P.
Feyerabend), (K.R. Popper), (C.G. Hempel),
(C. Taylor) .
Part:
1. What are Scientific Revolutions?
2.

Commensurability,

Comparatibility,

Communicability
3. Possible Worlds in History of Science

10 10

3 24

4. The Road since Structure

5. The Trouble with the Historical Philosophy of
Scie- nce
Part: Comments and Replies
6. Reflections on My Critics
7. Theory Change as Structure Change: Comments on
the Sneed Formalism
8. Metaphor in Science
9. Rationality and Theory Choice
10. The Natural and the Human Sciences
11. Afterwords
Part : A Discussion with Thomas S. Kuhn

.
.
(paradigm)
.
, .
<1 2>
.
.
,
.
,
.

11

.
. 1
2 .

,
.
.

. :
.
.
.
.
. []
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1969

13

2
. , ,
:
:
:
:
: , , ,
:
:
:
:
: 2003

The

Structure

of

Scientific

Revolution
: Thomas Samuel Kuhn
: Chicago
: The University of Chicago Press
: 1996 (3rd ed.)
: 1962
:
http://www.terravista.pt/guincho/3988/kuhn_internet.htm

14 14

3 24

:
:
:
: Thomas Samuel Kuhn
: Thomas Samuel Kuhn

http://www.infosatellite.com/.../02/p270202kuhn.html
:
: Cincinnati
: 1922
: 1996
:
:
http://webpages.shepherd.edu/maustin/kuhn/kuhn.html
http://brint.com/kuhn.htm
http://emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/kuhnsnap.html
: http://philosophenlexikon.de/kuhn.htm
: http://cnam.fr/depts/te/dso/lecture/kuhn.htm
1 :
2 :
3 :

15

: 20
: , (History of Science)
:
: (Post-Empiricism)
:
: ,
: ,
: ,

:
:
:
: , 31.
:
.
:
:
:
: normal science
: The Structure of Scientific Revolution,
p.10
: normal sciencemeans research firmly

16 16

3 24

based upon one or more past scientific

achieve- ments.
:
: 20
:
:
:
: -

:
:
:
: , 105.
:
.
:
:
:
: crisis
: The Structure of Scientific Revolution,
p.66

17

:
:
: 20
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
: , 141.
:

.
:
: scientific revolution
: The Structure of Scientific Revolution, p.
: scientific revolutions are here taken to be
those

non-cumulative

episo- des.

developmental

18 18

3 24

:
: 20
:
:
:
: -

:
:
: , 75, 248.
:

, ,

.
: , .
:
: paradigm
: The Structure of Scientific Revolution
:
:

: 20
:
:
:

19

20

3 24

.
1.
1.0.1.
1.1.
1.2.
2.
2.1.
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.2.
2.2.1.
2.2.1.1.
2.2.1.2.
2.3. []
2.3.1.
2.3.1.1.
2.3.1.1.
2.4.
2.4.1.
2.4.1.1.
2.4.1.2.
2.4.1.2.1.
2.4.1.2.2. X
2.4.1.2.3.

21

3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.2.1.
3.2.2.2.
3.2.2.3.
3.3.
3.3.1.
3.3.2.
3.3.3.
3.3.4.
4.
4.0.
4.0.1.
4.0.2.
4.1.
4.1.1.
4.1.1.0.
4.1.1.1.
4.1.1.2.
4.1.1.3.
4.1.2.
4.1.3.
4.1.4.

21

22

3 24

4.2.
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.3.1.
4.2.3.2.
4.2.3.3.
4.3.
4.3.1. 2
4.3.2.
5.
5.1.
5.1.1.
5.1.1.1.
5.1.1.2.
5.1.2. 22
5.2.
5.2.1.
5.2.2.
5.2.3.
5.2.4.
5.2.5.
5.3.
5.3.1.
5.3.1.1.
5.3.1.2.
5.3.2.

23

5.3.2.1.
5.3.2.2.
5.3.2.3.
5.3.2.4.
5.4.
5.4.1.
5.4.1.1.
5.4.1.2.
5.4.2.
5.5.
5.5.1.
5.5.2.
6.
6.1.
6.1.1.
6.1.2. []
6.2.
6.2.1.
6.2.2.
6.3.

23

 3 24

24

3
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25

25

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26

3 24

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27

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.(28)

29

29

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,
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30

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31

31

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)
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32

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34

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35

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35

36

3 24

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37

37

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38

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39

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40

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41

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.
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42

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) .

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43

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44

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. ,

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1774

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.

45

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.

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46

3 24

(techniques)
,
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.(107)
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47

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48

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49

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51

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52

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53

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54

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55

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56

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57

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58

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59

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60

3 24

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61

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62

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63

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paradeiknumi para- deiknumi .
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84 84

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. , .
, ,
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