-

.
:
.
.

.

.
:
:

.
. .
. . . . :

)
( .
:

:
. . - ) ( .

 . .

.
:





.

.
:
:


.
:



.
:
:
. . . . . . . . . . . - :

 - .
- .
:

:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
- :

:
- :
. . . . - :
. . . - :
. . . . . - .

 - .
- :
. . . . . . .
. . . . - :
. .
.
.
.

.




.



.
.

 :

)
(

.
:



:

.

. Preconsolidation
.

Geophysical Studies

:
. Seismic
. Resistivity
Geophones


Youngs Moduls,E poissons Ratio,u
Shear Modulus
.

) (
Soil Borings


:
Test Pits and Open Cuts


) (
) ( .




.

) (
Auger Boring




) ( .

)(
Shell and Auger Boring

bit Chisel
)(

 )( )(
) ( ) (
.
Percussion Boring


.
Wash Boring





.
) ( .
Rotary Boring





. :
- Open Holes

.
Core Drilling

.

 ) (
Continuous Flight Auger

)( .

-


.

:




)( .
) (

) ( ) (




) ( .

)(
:






) ( ) (
)( ) (
.

 )(

:


.
:



Stockpiles -:
: Cohesionless Soil Sampling




Auger

.
: Disturbed Sampling

. .
.
: Undisturbed Sampling


.

.
: Stockpiles Sampling


Coarse Aggregates

Trenches .

.

: Rock Sampling


.


.
:






.
:
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.


.

 Excess Pore Water Pressure

Stresses Effective :

.
.
.
.
.
.
Piston-Sampler .
.

Ground Water Table Location



) (


) (

""






.

Field Testings
:
: Standard Penetration test ,SPT

.

) ( N


.

.
: Cone Penetration test ,CPT

/


.
: Pressuremeter
: Probe
Pressure Volumeter

Elastic Constants Shear Strength
.
: Vane Shear

Torque
Vanes
.
: Borehole Shear Device




) ( .

 )(
: Dilatometer



Excess Pore Water Pressure

.
.
: Field Permeability
Piezometer

. K
: Dry Unit Weight , gd


Sand Cone Nuclear

:
= g d + wet g ( 1 ( .
: Plate Bearing Test



.
- : ( Rock Quality Designation(RQD


) (
). (
)(

0 25
25 50
50 75
75 90
90 -100

 :
.
:
- .
60 .

.
.
.
:
.
:
:
- Box Riffle


) (
)
( .
.

)(

Quartering



) ( .
:

.

 )(

:

.
- :
: Water Content,wc
Cohesive Soils
) Liquid Limit ,
(LL ) ( Plastic Limit ,PL
.

.
- : Atterberg Limits
" "
Liquid Limit,LL
Plastic Limit,PL
Shrinkage Limit ,SL .
) (
) ( Plasticity Index,PI = LL- PL Soil Behavior
.

 ) LL-PL) / (wc-PL) = Liquidity Index,LI

Liquefaction of Soil )( LL > ) (
.
: ( Grain Size Distribution ( Sieve Analysis
) ( Sieve
Analysis ) (4 ) (
) ( Hydrometer
) (
.
)(

"4
"3
"2
"1.5
"1
"0.75
"0.50
"0.375
4
10
20
40
80
200

) )
100
75
50
37.5
25
19
12.5
9.5
4.75
2
0.850
0.425
0.180
0.075
: Unit Weight,g

:
= ) / ( .
Overburden Pressure
.
: Relative Index,Dr
Relative Index,Dr
Ratios,e Void
:
= Dr
) (
) (
( gd max (gd gdmin) / gd (gd max gd min = Dr

: Dr .
: gd max .

 : gd
: gd min .

) ( :
)(

0 0.20
0.20 0.40
0.40 0.70
0.70 0.90
0.90 1

Very Loose
Loose
Medium
Compact
Compact
Very Compact

: Specific Gravity , SG

) (
:
)(

2.65 2.68

2.65 2.68

2.62 2.68

2.58 2.65

2.68 2.75


.
: Compaction ( Proctor) Test
gd wc
gd Max Maximum Dry Unit Weight
Optimum Moisture Content,OMC ""

 :
Standard Proctor Test
Modified Proctor Test
) ( :

Modified
"
"
101.60
152.4
116.43
116.43
944
2124

Standard
"
"
101.60
152.4
116.43
116.43
944
2124

44.5

24.5

44.5

24.5

56
5

25
5

56
3

25
3

457

457

305

305

Mould
) )
) )
) )
)
)


)
)

:
) /= (
) (
= /


.
Zero
Air Voids :
= gZAV
) ( ) ( ) + (
g water = 9.807 /.
: California Bearing Ratio, CBR


) (
) ( :
)(

USC
AASHTO
CBR

03
OH,CH,MH,OL
A5,A6,A7

3 7
OH,CH,MH,OL
A4,A5,A6,A7

7 20
OH,CH,MH,OL
A2,A4,A6,A7

20

Alb,A5

GM,GC,SW,SM,SP,GP
50

2,A3,A6-2


Ala,A4-2,A3

GW,GM

) ( .
)(

) )
) )
6.9
2.5
10.3
5.0
13.0
7.5
16.0
10.0
18.0
12.7
: Soil Shear Strength Tests
- Direct Shear

)(
.
( Shear Strength (t ) Angle of Internal Friction(
Cohesion C ) (
.

)(

 )(

Unconfined Compression

) (
) ( q
) ( C=q/2 ) (
.

 )(

Triaxial Compression


) (
. " "
:
. CD test
. CU test . UU test

 )(

- : Consolidation


) (
) (

Coefficient of Consolidation
.

 )(

- : Permeability
Permeability :
) ( . Constant Head Test
) ( . Falling Head Test
k


.

 )(

) (

- : Collapse Test & Swelling
- :
Free-Swell Test
)( ) ( )(
:
) ) = ( (
) (
Swelling Pressure

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
.
) ( .
.
- :


:
: Test Single Oedometer Collopse



Voids Ratio,e Log p
Collapse Potential ,CP :
= CP ) + ( .
: Double Oedometer Collapse Test


.
Response To Wetting Test
.
: Chemical Testing
- Sulfate Content
.
Chloride Content
.
PH
.

Rock Classification& Soil
:

.
:
: .
: .
: .
:
:
: Color : .
: Hardness : .
: Structure .
: Weathering .
: Cavities .
: Voids .
: .

 :



Solid Gas Liquid
:
Porosity.n .
Ratio,e Void .
of Saturation,S Degree .
:
Water Content ,wc .
Specific gravity,SG )
. ( e/wc SG = S
Unit Weight, gd
. ( gw/1+e gd = SG ) +
.
- :
:
Granular Soils .
Fine Grained Soils .
Organic Soils .

.
- :

). (
)(

.





.




.

Gravel

Clay

Silt

Sand


.

5

Peat
.

Organic Clay 6
.

Organic Silt 7
.

Fine

8

Grained
.
Coarse

9
Grained
.

Mixed

10

Grained
.
)(

.



.


.



.


.



.


.

Sandy Gravel

Gravel Sandy

Clayey Sand

Silty Gravel

Clayey
Gravel

Silty Clay

Silty Sand



.

.
)(


USC
AASHTO

Clayey Silt

ASTM FAA USDA

USC . AASHTO

)(

: Unified Soil Classification,USC
)(
)(
) (

Boulders
Cobbles

 Coarse 1
Grained
Gravel 4

-

-


Sand
-

-

-

Fine 2
Grained
Fines -

Silt -

Clay -

Organic Soils 3

) ( :

Iden. Procedure

Major Divisions
) (
Typical Symbols

Names
Dilatancy Toughness Strength

Fine


ML


GrainedSoils

<

Silts & Clays

50> LL

more

CL

than half of the

material is

smaller than

#200 sieve



OL

>




Silts & Clays MH

50< LL

CH

) ML (

)

) CL

OH

PT

GW

GP

GM

Coarse
Grained
Soils

Clean Gravel Less Gravels

than

half of
the
) )material
is
More than
smaller half of the
than
coarse
#200 fraction is
sieve larger than
#4 sieve

GravelWith
Fines

GC

SW

SP

Sands


Clean

Sands
) )More
than half of
the coarse
fraction is

larger than
#4 sieve

SM
)ML (

SandsWith

Fines
)

SC
)CL

: AASHTO Soil Classification

Group Index,GI
:
( GI = (F-35) {0.2+0.005 (LL-40)}+0.01(F-15) (PI-10
:
= F ). (
= LL ) . (
= PI ) . (
: F < = F 35
)
( ). (
)(
) (

Boulders

Gravel

Coarse Sand

Fine Sand

Silt Clay
) ( .
) (
:
AASHTO
A 1- b
A3
A 2 4
A25
A2-6
A 2 7

USC
SW, SP , GM , SM
SP
GM , SM
GM , SM
GC , SC
GM , SM , SC , GC

A4
A- 5
A6
A75
A76

ML , OL
OH , MH , ML , OL
CL
OH , MH
CH , CL

-
Soil Compaction
-- :


Vibrating Plates
Tired Rubber
Sheepsfoot Rollers
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
:
. gd
. wc
.
.
" " " "

g wet wc
gd :
= + ) / ( .


Optimum Moisture Content ,OMC
.
- :
:
- .

 . .
:
Smooth Wheel Roller


.
Rubber Tired Roller


.
Sheepsfoot Roller


.
Tamping Foot Roller


.
Grid Roller


.
Vibrating Drum Roller

.

.

Soil Stabilization


:
Mechanical Stabilization
Admixture Stabilization
- :


) . (
- :



Geotextiles or Fabrics
.

: Expansive (Swelling ) Soils




.
. )
(
.
)(

20 30
25 41
7 12

10 20
15 28
10 16

.
:
. .
. . Waffle. Slab
.
: Collapsing Soils

 ). (
) = k ( .
)(

k








/
.
/

.
:
. .
. . . . : Sabkha





:

.
.

.
.
.
: Cavities in Lime Stone



.


:

 . Sounding Test
.
:
.
. .
. : GWT Rise



)
(
:
. . . . . . Uplift Pressure . . :
. . . . . . : Seismicity


.


Excess Pore Water Pressure
Effective Stress
of Sand Liquefaction

.

 :
) ( B ) ( g
.
) ( A ) ( g
) ( B .
) ( ) ( g
) ( g
.
) ( .

.
"

"
.

.