KHOA CNG NGH IN T V TRUYN THNG B MN CNG NGH K THUT MY TNH

BI GING M PHNG V M HNH HA

THI NGUYN 2011

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MC LC
MC LC ...................................................................................................................................... 2 CHNG I .................................................................................................................................... 4 GII THIU KIN THC M PHNG .................................................................................. 4 1.1. Mt s nh ngha c bn ..................................................................................................... 4 1.2. M hnh ha h thng........................................................................................................... 5 1.2.1. Vai tr ca phng php m hnh ha h thng............................................................ 5 1.2.2. Phn loi m hnh ha h thng .................................................................................... 7 1.3. Phng php m phng........................................................................................................ 9 1.3.1. S khi...................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.2. Bn cht ca phng php m phng ......................................................................... 10 1.3.3. Cc bc nghin cu m phng .................................................................................. 13 1.3.4 Mt s mi trng m phng thng gp.................................................................... 15 CHNG II................................................................................................................................. 16 MI TRNG MATLAB V CCH LP TRNH ............................................................... 16 2.1 Gii thiu mi trng lm vic Matlab ............................................................................... 16 2.2 Cc hm ton ....................................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Tnh ton vi vector v ma trn........................................................................................... 17 2.3.1. Khai bo vector v ma trn.......................................................................................... 17 2.3.2. Tnh ton vi vector v ma trn................................................................................... 20 2.4 Cc php so snh v php ton Logic ................................................................................. 23 2.5 Bin, cu trc v trng ...................................................................................................... 24 2.5.1. Bin ............................................................................................................................. 24 2.5.2. Cu trc ....................................................................................................................... 25 2.5.3. Trng......................................................................................................................... 28 2.6 Qun l bin ........................................................................................................................ 29 2.7 R nhnh v vng lp .......................................................................................................... 31 2.7.1 Lnh r nhnh if v switch ........................................................................................... 31 2.7.2 Vng lp for v while ................................................................................................... 31 2.7.3 Gin on bng continue v break ............................................................................... 32 2.8 Cc scripts v cc hm ca Matlab...................................................................................... 34 2.8.1. Cc scripts ca Matlab................................................................................................. 34

2.8.2. Cc hm ca Matlab .................................................................................................... 35 2.9 Nhp xut d liu ................................................................................................................ 36 CHNG III ............................................................................................................................... 37 HA TRONG MATLAB ..................................................................................................... 37 3.1 C s ho Matlab ........................................................................................................... 37 3.2 ho 2 chiu..................................................................................................................... 39 3.3 ho 3 chiu..................................................................................................................... 42 3.3.1 Cc lnh Plots ............................................................................................................... 42 3.3.2 Phi cnh trong ho 3-D.......................................................................................... 44 3.3.3 Nhp, xut v in ho ................................................................................................ 44 CHNG IV ............................................................................................................................... 46 C S SIMULINK ..................................................................................................................... 46 4.1 Khi ng Simulink ............................................................................................................ 46 4.2 Cc thao tc c bn vi Simulink........................................................................................ 48 4.3 Tn hiu v cc loi d liu ................................................................................................. 50 4.3.1 Lm vic vi tn hiu.................................................................................................... 50 4.3.2 Lm vic vi cc loi s liu ........................................................................................ 51 4.4 Th vin Sources v Sinks .................................................................................................. 52 4.4.1 Th vin Sources.......................................................................................................... 52 4.4.2 Th vin Sinks.............................................................................................................. 58 4.5 Th vin Math ..................................................................................................................... 60 4.6 Khai bo tham s v phng php tch phn chun b cho m phng. ............................... 63 4.6.1 Khi ng v ngng m phng .................................................................................... 66 4.6.2 X l li........................................................................................................................ 68 4.6.3 Tp hp cc tham s trong Script ca Matlab.............................................................. 68 4.6.4 In m hnh Simulink..................................................................................................... 69 4.7 H thng con (Sub system).................................................................................................. 70 4.7.1 To h thng con .......................................................................................................... 70 4.7.2 Th vin signals v Subsystem .................................................................................... 71 4.7.3 Kch hot c iu kin cc h thng con ...................................................................... 74

CHNG I GII THIU KIN THC M PHNG

1.1. Mt s nh ngha c bn i tng (object) l tt c nhng s vt, s kin m hot ng ca H thng (System) l tp hp cc i tng (con ngi, my mc), Trng thi ca h thng (State of system) l tp hp cc tham s, M hnh ( Model) l mt s phn nh i tng, con ngi dng

con ngi c lin quan ti. s kin m gia chng c nhng mi quan h nht nh. bin s dng m t h thng ti mt thi im v trong iu kin nht nh. s nghin cu, thc nghim nhm tm ra quy lut hot ng ca i tng hay ni cch khc m hnh l i tng thay th ca i tng gc nghin cu v i tng gc. M hnh ha (Modeling) l thay th i tng gc bng mt m hnh nhm cc thu nhn thng tin quan trng v i tng bng cch tin hnh cc thc nghim trn m hnh. L thuyt xy dng m hnh v nghin cu m hnh hiu bit v i tng gc gi l thuyt m hnh ha. Nu cc qu trnh xy ra trong m hnh ng nht (theo cc ch tiu nh trc) vi cc qu trnh xy ra trong i tng gc th ngi ta ni rng m hnh ng nht vi i tng. Lc ny ngi ta c th tin hnh cc thc nghim trn m hnh thu nhn thng tin v i tng. M phng (Simulation, Imitation) l phng php m hnh ha da

trn vic xy dng m hnh s (Numerical model) v dng phng php s (Numerical method) tm cc li gii. Chnh v vy my tnh s l cng c hu hiu v duy nht thc hin vic m phng h thng. L thuyt cng nh thc nghim chng minh rng, ch c th xy dng c m hnh gn ng vi i tng m thi, v trong qu trnh m hnh ha bao
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gi cng phi chp nhn mt s gi thit nhm gim bt phc tp ca m hnh, m hnh c th ng dng thun tin trong thc t. Mc d vy, m hnh ha lun lun l mt phng php hu hiu con ngi nghin cu i tng, nhn bit cc qu trnh, cc quy lut t nhin. c bit, ngy nay vi s tr gip c lc ca khoa hc k thut, nht l khoa hc my tnh v cng ngh thng tin, ngi ta pht trin cc phng php m hnh ha cho php xy dng cc m hnh ngy cng gn vi i tng nghin cu, ng thi vic thu nhn, la chn, x l cc thng tin v m hnh rt thun tin, nhanh chng v chnh xc. Chnh v vy, m hnh ha l mt phng php nghin cu khoa hc m tt c nhng ngi lm khoa hc, c bit l cc k s u phi nghin cu v ng dng vo thc tin hot ng ca mnh. 1.2. M hnh ha h thng 1.2.1. Vai tr ca phng php m hnh ha h thng a) Khi nghin cu trn h thng thc gp nhiu kh khn do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra nh sau: - Gi thnh nghin cu trn h thng thc qu t. V d: Nghin cu kt cu ti u, bn, kh nng chng dao ng ca t, tu thy, my bay, ngi ta phi tc ng vo i tng nghin cu cc lc ln n mc c th ph hy i tng t nh gi cc ch tiu k thut ra. Nh vy, gi thnh nghin cu s rt t. Bng cch m hnh ha trn my tnh ta d dng xc nh c kt cu ti u ca cc thit b ni trn. - Nghin cu trn h thng thc i hi thi gian qu di. V d: Nghin cu nh gi tin cy, nh gi tui th trung bnh ca h thng k thut (thng thng tui th trung bnh ca h thng k thut khong 30 40 nm), hoc nghin cu qu trnh pht trin dn s trong khong thi gian 20 50 nm, Nu ch i qung thi gian di nh vy mi c kt qu nghin cu th khng cn tnh thi s na. Bng cch m phng h thng v cho h thng
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vn hnh tng ng vi khong thi gian nghin cu ngi ta c th nh gi c cc ch tiu k thut cn thit ca h thng. - Nghin cu trn h thc nh hng n sn xut hoc gy nguy him cho ngi v thit b. V d: Nghin cu qu trnh chy trong l hi ca nh my nhit in, trong l luyn clanhke ca nh my xi mng ngi ta phi thay i ch cp nhin liu (than, du), tng gim sn lng gi cp, thay i p sut trong l, Vic lm cc th nghim nh vy s cn tr vic sn xut bnh thng, trong nhiu trng hp c th xy ra chy, n gy nguy him cho ngi v thit b. Bng cch m phng h thng, ngi ta c th cho h thng vn hnh vi cc b thng s, cc ch vn hnh khc nhau tm ra li gii ti u. - Trong mt s trng hp khng cho php lm thc nghim trn h thng thc. V d: Nghin cu cc h thng lm vic mi trng c hi, nguy him, di hm su, di y bin, hoc nghin cu trn c th ngi, Trong nhng trng hp ny dng phng php m phng l gii php duy nht nghin cu h thng. b) Phng php m hnh ha cho php nh gi nhy ca h thng khi thay i tham s hoc cu trc ca h thng cng nh nh gi phn ng ca h thng khi thay i tn hiu iu khin. Nhng s liu ny dng thit k h thng hoc la chn thng s ti u vn hnh h thng. c) Phng php m hnh ha cho php nghin cu h thng ngay c khi cha c h thng thc Trong trng hp ny, khi cha c h thng thc th vic nghin cu trn m hnh l gii php duy nht nh gi cc ch tiu k thut ca h thng, la chn cu trc v thng s ti u ca h thng ng thi m hnh cng c dng o to v hun luyn.
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Trong nhng trng hp ny dng phng php m phng m hnh ha l gii php duy nht nghin cu h thng. 1.2.2. Phn loi m hnh ha h thng C th cn c vo nhiu du hiu khc nhau phn loi m hnh. Hnh 1.1 biu din mt cch phn loi m hnh in hnh. Theo cch ny m hnh chia thnh hai nhm: m hnh vt l v m hnh ton hc hay cn gi l m hnh tru tng.

- M hnh vt l l m hnh c cu to bi cc phn t vt l. Cc thuc tnh ca i tng phn nh cc nh lut vt l xy ra trong m hnh. Nhm m hnh vt l c chia thnh m hnh thu nh v m hnh tng t. M hnh vt l thu nh c cu to ging i tng thc nhng c kch thc nh hn cho ph hp vi iu kin ca phng th nghim. V d, ngi ta ch to l hi ca nh my nhit in c kch thc nh t trong phng th nghim nghin cu cc ch thy vn ca p thy in. u im ca loi m hnh ny l cc qu trnh vt l xy ra trong m hnh ging nh trong i tng thc, c th o lng quan st cc i lng vt l mt cch trc quan vi chnh xc cao. Nhc im ca m hnh vt l thu nh l gi thnh t, v vy ch s dng khi thc s cn thit.

- M hnh vt l tng t c cu to bng cc phn t vt l khng ging vi i tng thc nhng cc qu trnh xy ra trong m hnh tng ng vi qu trnh xy ra trong i tng thc. V d, c th nghin cu qu trnh dao ng ca con lc n bng m hnh tng t l mch dao ng R-L-C v qu trnh dao ng iu ha trong mch R-L-C hon ton tng t qu trnh dao ng iu ha ca con lc n, hoc ngi ta c th nghin cu ng dy ti in bng m hnh tng t l mng bn cc R-L-C. u im ca loi m hnh ny l gi thnh r, cho php chng ta nghin cu mt s c tnh ch yu ca i tng thc. - M hnh ton hc thuc loi m hnh tru tng. Cc thuc tnh c phn nh bng cc biu thc, phng trnh ton hc. M hnh ton hc c chia thnh m hnh gii tch v m hnh s. M hnh gii tch c xy dng bi cc biu thc gii tch. u im ca loi m hnh l cho ta kt qu r rng, tng qut. Nhc im ca m hnh gii tch l thng phi chp nhn mt s gi thit n gin ha c th biu din i tng thc bng cc biu thc gii tch, v vy loi m hnh ny ch yu c dng cho cc h tin nh v tuyn tnh. - M hnh s c xy dng theo phng php s tc l bng cc chng trnh chy trn my tnh s. Ngy nay, nh s pht trin ca k thut my tnh v cng ngh thng tin, ngi ta xy dng c cc m hnh s c th m phng c qu trnh hot ng ca i tng thc. Nhng m hnh loi ny c gi l m hnh m phng. u im ca m hnh m phng l c th m t cc yu t ngu nhin v tnh phi tuyn ca i tng thc, do m hnh cng gn vi i tng thc. Ngy ny, m hnh m phng c ng dng rt rng ri. C th cn c vo cc c tnh khc nhau phn loi m hnh nh: m hnh tnh v m hnh ng, m hnh tin nh v m hnh ngu nhin, m hnh tuyn tnh v m hnh phi tuyn, m hnh c thng s tp trung, m hnh c thng s di, m hnh lin tc, m hnh gin on, M hnh phi t c hai tnh cht c bn sau: Tnh ng nht: m hnh phi ng nht vi i tng m n phn nh theo nhng tiu chun nh trc.
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Tnh thc dng: C kh nng s dng m hnh nghin cu i tng. R rng, tng tnh ng nht trong m hnh phi a vo nhiu yu t phn nh y cc mt ca i tng. Nhng nh vy nhiu khi m hnh tr nn qu phc tp v cng knh n ni khng th dng tnh ton c ngha l mt i tnh cht thc dng ca m hnh. Nu qu ch trng tnh thc dng, xy dng m hnh qu n gin th sai lch gia m hnh v i tng thc s ln, iu s dn n kt qu nghin cu khng chnh xc. V vy, ty thuc vo mc ch nghin cu m ngi ta la chn tnh ng nht v tnh thc dng ca m hnh mt cch thch hp. 1.3. Phng php m phng 1.3.1. S khi Cc m hnh s khi gm hai i tng, cc ng dy tn hiu v cc khi. Chc nng ca ng dy tn hiu l truyn dn tn hiu, hoc gi tr, t im gc ban u ca n (thng l mt khi) ti im kt thc (thng l mt khi khc). Hng ca dng tn hiu c xc nh bi mi tn trn ng tn hiu. Mt hng ch c xc nh cho mt ng tn hiu, ton b cc tn hiu truyn trn cc nhnh khc phi theo hng ring. Mi khi l mt thnh phn x l tc ng ti tn hiu v tham s u vo to ra tn hiu u ra. Bi v cc khi chc nng c th l phi tuyn cng nh tuyn tnh nn tp hp cc khi chc nng ring v thc t l khng gii hn v hu nh khng bao gi c s ging nhau gia cc nh cung cp v ngn ng ca khi chc nng. Tuy nhin, mt s ba khi c bn phi c thit lp cc ngn ng s khi c im chung. Cc khi ny l nt cng, khi khuch i v b tch phn. Mt h thng kt hp cht ch ba khi c m t nh Hnh 1.2.

Y
R + _ + Y E K X
1 D

Nt cng

B khuch i

B tch phn

Hnh 1.2: V d v mt h thng 3 khi 1.3.2. Bn cht ca phng php m phng Phng php m phng c th nh ngha nh sau: M phng l qu trnh xy dng m hnh ton hc ca h thng thc v sau tin hnh tnh ton thc nghim trn m hnh m t, gii thch v d on hnh vi ca h thng thc. Theo nh ngha ny, c ba im c bn m m phng phi t c. Th nht l phi c m hnh ton hc tt tc l m hnh c tnh ng nht cao vi h thc ng thi m hnh c m t r rng thun tin cho ngi s dng. Th hai l m hnh cn phi c kh nng lm thc nghim trn m hnh tc l c kh nng thc hin cc chng trnh my tnh xc nh cc thng tin v h thc. Cui cng l kh nng d on hnh vi ca h thc tc l c th m t s pht trin ca h thc theo thi gian. Phng php m phng c xut vo nhng nm 80 ca th k 20, t n nay phng php m phng c nghin cu, hon thin, v ng dng thnh cng vo nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh lnh vc khoa hc k thut, khoa hc x hi, kinh t, y t, Sau y trnh by mt s lnh vc m phng php m phng c ng dng v pht huy c u th ca mnh. Phn tch v thit k h thng sn xut, lp k hoch sn xut. nh gi phn cng, phn mm ca h thng my tnh. Qun l v xc nh chnh sch s tr mua sm vt t ca h thng kho vt t, nguyn liu.
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Phn tch v nh gi h thng phng th qun s, xc nh chin lc phng th, tn cng. Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin lin lc, nh gi kh nng lm vic ca mng thng tin. Phn tch v thit k cc h thng giao thng nh ng st, ng b, hng khng, cng bin. nh gi, phn tch v thit k cc c s dch v nh bnh vin, bu in, nh hng, siu th. Phn tch h thng kinh t, ti chnh. Phng php m phng c ng dng vo cc giai on khc nhau ca

vic nghin cu, thit k v vn hnh cc h thng nh sau: + Phng php m phng c ng dng vo giai on nghin cu, kho st h thng trc khi tin hnh thit k nhm xc nh nhy ca h thng i vi s thay i cu trc v tham s ca h thng. + Phng php m phng c ng dng vo giai on thit k h thng phn tch v tng hp cc phng n thit k h thng, la chn cu trc h thng tha mn cc ch tiu cho trc. + Phng php m phng c ng dng vo giai on vn hnh h thng nh gi kh nng hot ng, gii bi ton vn hnh ti u, chn on cc trang thi c bit ca h thng. Qu trnh m hnh ha c tin hnh nh sau: Gi h thng c m phng l S. Bc th nht ngi ta m hnh ha h thng S vi cc mi quan h ni ti ca n. thun tin trong vic m hnh ha, ngi ta thng chia h S thnh nhiu h con theo cc tiu ch no S = S1, S2, S3, , Sn. Tip n ngi ta m t ton hc cc h con cng cc quan h gia chng. Thng thng gia cc h con c mi quan h trao i nng lng v trao i thng tin. Bc th hai ngi ta m hnh ha mi trng xung quanh E, ni h thng S lm vic, vi cc
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mi quan h tc ng qua li gia S v E. Khi c m hnh ca S v E, ngi ta tin hnh cc thc nghim trn m hnh, tc l cho S v E lm vic mt iu kin xc nh no . Kt qu ngi ta thu c mt b thng s ca h thng, hay thng gi l xc nh c mt im lm vic ca h thng. Cc thc nghim c lp li nhiu ln v kt qu m phng c nh gi theo xc sut thng k. Kt qu m phng cng chnh xc nu s ln thc nghim, cn gi l bc m phng cng ln. V l thuyt bc m phng l hu hn nhng phi ln v ph thuc vo yu cu ca chnh xc. Hnh 1.3 trnh by qu trnh nghin cu bng phng php m phng v quan h gia h thng thc vi kt qu m phng.

Hnh 1.3 Qu trinh nghin cu bng phng php m phng Nhn vo hnh 1.3 ta thy rng nghin cu h thng thc ta phi tin hnh m hnh ha tc l xy dng m hnh m phng. Khi c m hnh m phng s tin hnh lm cc thc nghim trn m hnh thu c cc kt qu m phng. Thng thng kt qu m phng c tnh tru tng ca ton hc nn phi thng qua x l mi thu c cc thng tin kt lun v h thng thc. Sau dng cc thng tin v kt lun trn hiu chnh h thc theo mc ch nghin cu ra.

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1.3.3. Cc bc nghin cu m phng

Hnh 1.4 Cc bc nghin cu m phng Khi tin hnh nghin cu m phng thng thng phi thc hin qua 10 bc nh c biu din bi lu nh hnh 1.4. Bc 1: Xy dng mc tiu m phng v k hoch nghin cu.

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iu quan trng trc tin l phi xc nh r mc tiu nghin cu m phng. Mc tiu c th hin bng cc ch tiu nh gi, bng h thng cc cu hi cn c tr li. Bc 2: Thu thp d liu v xc nh m hnh nguyn l. Ty theo mc tiu m phng m ngi ta thu thp cc thng tin, cc d liu tung ng ca h thng S v mi trng E. Trn c s xy dng m hnh nguyn l Mnl, m hnh nguyn l phn nh bn cht ca h thng S. Bc 3: Hp thc ha m hinh nguyn l Mnl Hp thc ha m hnh nguyn l l kim tra tnh ng n, hp l ca m hnh. M hnh nguyn l phi phn nh ng bn cht ca h thng S v mi trng E nhng ng thi cng phi tin dng, khng qu phc tp cng knh. Nu m hnh nguyn l Mnl khng t phi thu thp thm thng tin, d liu tin hnh xy dng li m hnh. Bc 4: Xy dng m hnh m phng Mmp trn my tnh. M hnh m phng Mmp l nhng chng trnh chy trn my tnh. Cc chng trnh ny c vit bng cc ngn ng thng dng nh FORTRAN, PASCAL, C++, hoc cc ngn ng chuyn dng m phng nh GPSS, SIMSCRIPT, Bc 5: Chy th Sau khi ci t chng trnh, ngi ta tin hnh chy th xem m hnh m phng c phn nh ng cc c tnh ca h thng S v mi trng E hay khng. giai on ny cng tin hnh sa cha cc li v lp trnh. Bc 6: Kim chng m hnh Sauk hi chy th ngi ta c th kim chng v nh gi m hnh m phng c t yu cu hay khng, nu khng phi quay li t bc 2. Bc 7: Lp k hoch th nghim
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 bc ny ngi ta phi xc nh s ln th nghim, thi gian m phng ca tng b phn hoc ton b m hnh. Cn c vo kt qu m phng ( bc 9), ngi ta tin hnh hiu chnh k hoch th nghim t c kt qu vi chnh xc theo yu cu. Bc 8: Th nghim m phng Cho chng trnh chy th nghim theo k hoch c lp bc 7. y l bc thc hin vic m phng, cc kt qu ly ra t bc ny. Bc 9: X l kt qu Th nghim m phng thng cho nhiu d liu c tnh thng k xc sut. V vy, c kt qu cui cng vi chnh xc theo yu cu, cn phi thc hin vic x l cc kt qu trung gian. Bc x l kt qu ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh m phng. Bc 10: S dng v lu tr kt qu. S dng kt qu m phng vo mc ch nh v lu gi di dng cc ti liu c th s dng nhiu ln. 1.3.4 Mt s mi trng m phng thng gp - Matrix/ System Build - Easy 5 - Matlab/ Simulink - LabView - VisSim

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CHNG II MI TRNG MATLAB V CCH LP TRNH

2.1 Gii thiu mi trng lm vic Matlab

2.2 Cc hm ton Chng trnh Matlab c sn rt nhiu hm ton tp hp trong bng sau y. xem k hn, c th s dng cc lnh help elfun hoc help datafun. Tt c cc hm trong bng u c kh nng s dng tnh vi vector. Cc hm ton sqrt(x) exp(x) log(x) Cn bc hai Hm m c s e Logarithm t nhin rem(x, y) S d ca php chia x/y round(x) Lm trn s ceil(x) floor(x) sum(v) Lm trn ln Lm trn xung Tng cc phn t vector

log10(x) Logarithm c s thp phn abs(x) Gi tr tuyt i

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sign(x) real(x) imag(x)

Hm du Phn thc Phn o

prod(v) min(v) max(v) mean(v) Cc hm lng gic

Tch cc phn t vector Phn t vector b nht Phn t vector ln nht Gi tr trung bnh cng

phase(x) Gc pha ca s phc

sin(x) Hm sin cos (x) Hm cos tan(x) Hm tg

atan(x)

Hm arctg 900

atan2(x) Hm arctg 1800 sinc(x) Hm sin (pi x)/(pi x)

2.3 Tnh ton vi vector v ma trn 2.3.1. Khai bo vector v ma trn Matlab c mt s lnh c bit khai bo hoc x l vector v ma trn. Cch n gin nht khai bo, to nn vector hoc ma trn l nhp trc tip. Khi nhp trc tip, cc phn t ca mt hng c cch bi du phy hoc v tr cch b trng (trong cc trng hp khc Matlab s b qua v tr trng, cc hng ngn cch bi du (;) hoc ngt dng. V d:
>> my_vector = [2 3 4] my_vector = 2 3 4

>> my_matrix = [my_vector; 5 6 7] my_matrix = 2 5 3 6 4 7 17

Vector c cc phn t tip din vi mt bc i nht nh, c th c nhp mt cch n gin nh ton t (:) nh sau: Start: increment: destination Nu ch nhp start v destination th Matlab s t ng t increment l +1. V d:
>> my_vector = (1:3:8) my_vector = 1 4 7

>> my_vector1 = (1:8) my_vector1 = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Cng c th nhp cc vector tuyn tnh cng nh vector c phn hng logarithm bng cch dng lnh:
linspace(start, destination, number) logspace(start, destination, number)

i vi logspace th start v destination c nhp bi s m thp phn, v d: 100 = 102 ta ch cn nhp 2. V d:

>> linspace(1,7,3) ans = 1 4 7

>> logspace(1,3,5) ans = 1.0e+003 *

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0.0100

0.0316

0.1000

0.3162

1.0000

Bng cc hm ones(line, column) v zeros(line, column) ta to cc ma trn c phn t l 0 hoc 1. Hm eye(line) to ma trn n v, ma trn ton phng vi cc phn t 1 thuc ng cho, tt c cc phn t cn li l 0. Kch c ca ma trn hon ton ph thuc ngi nhp. V d:
>> ones(2,2) ans = 1 1 1 1

>> zeros(2,2) ans = 0 0 >> eye(3) ans = 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

Vic truy cp tng phn t ca vector hoc ma trn c thc hin bng cch khai bo ch s ca phn t, trong cn lu rng: Ch s b nht l 1 ch khng phi l 0. c bit, khi cn xut tng hang hay tng ct, c th s dng ton t (:) mt cch rt li hi. Nu du (:) ng mt mnh, iu y c ngha l: Phi xut mi phn t thuc hng hay ct. V d:
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>> my_matrix(2,3) ans = 7

Matlab c mt lnh rt hu ch, phc v to ma trn vi chc nng tn hiu th, l rand(line, column). Khi gi, ta thu c ma trn vi phn t mang cc gi tr ngu nhin. V d:
>> rand (2,3) ans = 0.9501 0.2311 0.6068 0.4860 0.8913 0.7621

2.3.2. Tnh ton vi vector v ma trn Nhiu php tnh c th c p dng cho vector v ma trn. Cc php tnh vi tng phn t: .*
>> [2 3 4] .* [1 2 3] ans = 2 6 12

./

.^

>> [2 3 4] .^ [1 2 3] ans = 2 9 64

Chuyn v ma trn matrix:

transpose (maxtrix) hoc matrix. >> transpose (my_matrix) ans =

20

2 3 4

5 6 7

Chuyn v ma trn matrix c phn t phc lin hp:

ctranspose (maxtrix) hoc matrix

(i vi cc gi tr thc, hai lnh trn cho ra kt qu nh nhau)

>> matrix = [1+i 1-i;2 3] maxtrix = 1.0000 + 1.0000i 2.0000 >> ctranspose(matrix) ans = 1.0000 - 1.0000i 1.0000 + 1.0000i 2.0000 3.0000 1.0000 - 1.0000i 3.0000

o ma trn:
inv(matrix) >> matrix = [1 2;4 9] matrix = 1 4 2 9

Tnh nh thc ca ma trn:

det(matrix) >> det(matrix) ans = 21

Tnh cc gi tr ring ca ma trn:

eig(matrix) >> eig(matrix) ans = 0.1010 9.8990

Xc nh hng ca ma trn:
rank(maxtrix) >> rank (my_matrix) ans = 2

Tnh vector sai phn:

diff(vector [n]) >> vector= [1 2 3] vector = 1 2 3

>> diff(vector) ans = 1 1

Chp vector (nhn a thc): nu hai vector cn chp c s phn t l cc h

s ca hai a thc, kt qu thu c s ng vi cc h s sau khi nhn hai a thc vi nhau.

conv(vector 1, vector 2) 22

>> vector1 = [2 3 4] vector1 = 2 3 4

>> vector2 = [1 2 3] vector2 =

>> conv(vector1,vector2) ans = 2 7 16 17 12

2.4 Cc php so snh v php ton Logic Cc php tnh logic c th s dng cho tt c cc s. Khi tnh, cc gi tr khc 0 ng vi logic true v cc gi tr 0 ng vi logic false. Khi xut gi tr ln mn hnh ta s ch thu c cc s 0 hoc 1. Php so snh == ~= < <= > >= eq(a,b) ne(a,b) lt(a,b) le(a,b) gt(a,b) ge(a,b) Ch : bng khc b hn b hn hoc bng ln hn ln hn hoc bng ~ & | Php tnh logic not(a,b) and(a,b) or(a,b) xor(a,b) Negation (NOT) AND OR exclusive OR

23

Cc php tnh c thc hin theo trnh t: trc ht l cc biu thc ton,

tip theo l cc biu thc logic. Tuy nhin, khi c cm gic khng chc chn, c th dng cch vit vi du ngoc n. Mt lnh hu ch l exist(variable) gip kim tra xem trong Workspace c

tn ti bin hay hm no tn l variable hay khng: Nu khng: Nu khng ta thu c kt qu l s 0, nu kt q l s khc 0, chnh l s ni ln bn cht ca variable, chng hn 1 ni rng variable l bin trong wordspace, 2 ni rng variable l mt Matlab File trong th mc Matlab, C th xem danh mc cc lnh nh help ops. 2.5 Bin, cu trc v trng 2.5.1. Bin Thng thng, kt qu ca cc bin c gn cho ans. S dng du = ta c th nh ngha mt bin, ng thi gn gi tr cho bin . Khi nhp tn ca mt bin m khng gn gi tr, ta thu c gi tr hin ti ca bin. Tt c cc bin u l bin global trong Workspace. Tn ca bin c th cha ti 32 ch ci, gch ngang thp (_) cng h ch s. Ch vit hoa v ch thng u c phn bit. Vic nhp gi tr c th c thc hin thnh mt chui lnh trong cng mt dng, ch cch nhau bi du (;). Nu s dng du phy (,) tch cc lnh, khi y cc gi tr s c xut ra mn hnh. V d:
>> variable_1 = 25; variable_2 = 10; >> variable_1 variable_1 = 25 >> a = variable_1 + variable_2, A = variable_1/variable_2 a = 24

35 A = 2.5000

Mt s tn bin nh pi, i, j v inf c Matlab dng ch cc hng s hay k hiu, vy nn ta phi trnh s dng chng. i vi cc php tnh bt nh (0/0), trn mn hnh s hin kt qu NaN (Not A Number). Eps cho ta bit cp chnh xc tng i khi biu din s vi du phy ng (V d: eps = 2.2204e016)

V d:
>> 1/0 Warning: Divide by zero. ans = Inf >> 0/0 Warning: Divide by zero. ans = NaN

2.5.2. Cu trc thun tin cho vic qun l v s dng, ta c th tp hp nhiu bin li trong mt cu trc. Trong mi mng c mt tn ring (mt chui k t string) t gia hai du ( ) c km theo gi tr. Mt cu trc c to nn bi lnh
struct(name_1, value_1, name_2, value_2, ) >> matrix=[2 3 4;3 4 5] matrix = 25

2 3

3 4

4 5

>> my_struct=struct('data',matrix,'size',[2,3]);

Vic truy cp vo d liu c thc hin vi du (.)

>> my_struct(2).data=matrix.^(-1); >> my_struct(2).data(1,:) ans = 0.5000 0.3333 0.2500

Cu trc mc vng Cc cu trc ng nhin cng c th c to nn mc vng vi nhau. V d sau y minh ha kh nng : Ta khai bo mt cu trc c tn l componist vi mng u tin c tn l name, c gn gi tr l chui k t Johann
Sebastian Bach. Mt cu trc th 2 c tn datum vi 3 mng Day, Month v Year ct gi ngy, thng v nm sinh. Sau ta gn cu trc datum vo mng born ca cu trc componist: >> componist = struct('name','Johann Sebastian Bach') componist = name: 'Johann Sebastian Bach' >> datum.Day = 21; >> datum.Month = 'March'; >> datum.Year = '1685'; >> componist.born = datum; >> componist componist = name: 'Johann Sebastian Bach' 26

born: [1x1 struct]

Ta gn cho mng name ca cu trc componist gi tr mi l chui k t

Wolgang Amadeus Mozart. Cc gi tr ca mng born c gn trc tip: >> componist(2).name = 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart'; >> componist(2).born.Day = 27; >> componist(2).born.Month = 'January'; >> componist(2).born.Year = 1756; >> componist(2) ans = name: 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart' born: [1x1 struct]

>> componist(2).born ans = Day: 27 Month: 'January' Year: 1756

Cu trc componist lc ny mang c im cu trc ca cc vector, v vy c th x l cc phn t ca cu trc nh cc vector. Trong v d va nu, cc vector chnh l hai mng name v born:
>> componist componist = 1x2 struct array with fields: name born 27

2.5.3. Trng Tng qut mt mc cao hn cu trc l trng. chnh l cc Array (mng nhiu chiu), cha Cell (t bo) vi d liu thuc cc loi v kch c khc nhau. Ta c th to ra Cell Array bng lnh cell, hoc n gin bng cch ghp cc phn t bn trong du ngoc { }. Tng phn t ca Cell Array c th c truy cp nh cc vector, ma trn thong thng hoc nh cc Array nhiu chiu, ch cn lu rng: Thay v s dng du ngoc trn ( ) ta s dng du ngoc mc { }. Gi s ta to mt Cell Array rng c tn my_sell nh sau:
>> my_sell = cell(2,3) my_sell = [] [] [] [] [] []

By gi ta ln lt gn cho tng mng ca my_cell cc gi tr sau y, trong c c cc phn t cu trc componist(1) v componist(2) mc 2.5.2:
>> my_cell{1,1} = 'Xin chao cac ban! ';17 >> my_cell{1,2} = 10; >> my_cell{1,3} = [1 2;3 4]; >> my_cell{2,1} = componist(1); >> my_cell{2,2} = componist(2); >> my_cell{2,3} = date;

Khi nhp tn ca Cell Array trn mn hnh hin ln y cu trc ca n. C th bit ni dung(hay gi tr) ca mt hay nhiu Cell khi ta nhp cc ch s ca Cell:
>> my_cell

28

my_cell = [1x36 char [1x1 ] [ 10] [2x2 double] '23-Nov-2009'

struct]

[1x1 struct]

>> my_cell{2,3} ans = 23-Nov-2009 >> my_cell{2,1:2} ans = name: 'Jahann Sebastian Bach' born: [1x1 struct] ans = name: 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart' born: [1x1 struct] >> my_cell{2,2}.born.Month ans = January

2.6 Qun l bin Kch c ca vector hay ma trn c xc nh bi lnh size(variable). i vi vector cn c th dng lnh length(variable), v khi s dng lnh cho ma trn ta s thu c gi tr ca vector mang kch c ln nht. Ngoi ra mt bin c th c kch c l 0, nu n c to nn bi lnh variable = [].
>> a = [2 4 5;1 2 4] a = 2 1 4 2 5 4 29

>> length(a) ans = 3 >> size(a) ans = 2 3

>> variable = [] variable = []

Bng lnh who ta c th kim tra c mi bin ang tn ti trong Workspace nh danh mc hin trn mn hnh. Bng whos ta cn bit thm cc thng tin v kch c v nhu cu b nh ca bin. Bng lnh clear[variable_1 variable_2 ] ta c th xo c ch ch mt s bin nht nh, nu ch gi clear ta s xo ton b bin trong Workspace.
>> whos Name a ans b componist datum my_cell variable Size 2x3 1x1 3x2 1x2 1x1 2x3 0x0 Bytes 48 8 48 1256 398 1878 0 Class double array double array double array struct array struct array cell array double array

Grand total is 221 elements using 3636 bytes 30

2.7 R nhnh v vng lp 2.7.1 Lnh r nhnh if v switch Bng cc php so snh v logic mc trc, ta c th a ra c cc quyt nh, phn bit cc trng hp. lm iu , Matlab c cc lnh sau y: if term command [elseif term command ][else command] end swith term case term command [...][otherwise command] end >> if test<=2; a=2, elseif test<=5; a=5,else a=10, end; a = 5 >> switch test case 2; a=2, case {3 4 5}; a=5, otherwise a=10, end; a = 5

Trong c hai trng hp trn, cc lnh con c ngn cch bi du (;) v du (,). Trong cc Scripts, thng ta hay vit nhiu cu trc if v switch mc vng, an xen ln nhau. 2.7.2 Vng lp for v while Bng vng lp ta c th thc hin lp li nhiu ln mt s lnh nht nh: For variable = term command end While term command end Trong c hai trng hp, lnh break u c tc dng kt thc vng lp. vidu.m
for k=1:0; k^2 31

end; n = 1; while 1 n=n+1; m=n^2 if m>10 break; end; end >> vidu m = 4 m = 9 m = 16

Trong v d trn vng lp for khng h c thc hin v phm vi 1:0 ca k l phm vi rng v iu kin ngng c kim tra trc. Ngc li, cng trong v d vng lp while c thc hin t nht mt ln v iu kin ngng ch c kim tra sau cng. Ngoi ra, vng while cn hai lnh end kt thc. 2.7.3 Gin on bng continue v break Hai lnh hay c s dng iu khin chu trnh tnh ton l continue v
break. Trong vng lp for hay while, khi gi continue ngay lp tc chu trnh 32

tnh chuyn sang bc lp k tip, mi lnh cha thc hin ca vng lp s b b qua. Lnh break cn mnh hn: Ngng vng lp ang tnh. Lnh break c tc dng c trong cc cu trc r nhnh dng if, switch. Nu break c s dng ngoi vng for, while trong phm vi ca mt script file hay function ca Matlab, khi y script file v function s b ngng ti v tr ca break. V d: Kim tra xem trong cc s nguyn thuc khong 3 7, s no l s nguyn t. Vic kim tra c thc hin mch vng bn ngoi. >>for m = 3:1:7, For n = 2:1:m-1, If mod(m,n) ~= 0, continue, end Fprintf( %2d is not a prime number!\n, m) Break End % n If n == m-1, Fprintf(!! %2d is a prime number!\n, m) End % if end % m Mch vng trong c nhim v: Ln lt chia s cn kim tra m cho tt c cc s trong khong t 2 ti (m-1), sau kim tra xem s d mod(m, n) ca php chia c khc 0 hay khng. Nu s d bng 0, khi y m chia ht cho n v lnh
continue khng c gi, lnh fprintf xut thng bo ln mn hnh. Nu s

d khc 0, khi y m khng chia ht cho n v lnh continue c hiu lc, lnh
fprintf v break b b qua chuyn sang kim tra vng lp mi vi n ln

hn. Nu m khng chia ht cho cc s trong khong t 2 n (m-1), m ch chia

33

ht cho 1 v bn thn m, khi y m l s nguyn t. Vic kim tra n == m-1 l cn thit, v nu m khng phi l s nguyn t, v v vy vng lp pha trong c ri b bi lnh break tip tc cc lnh thuc vng lp pha ngoi. Matlab a ra kt qa trn mn hnh nh sau: !! 3 is a prime number! 2 is not a prime number! 3 . xem tt c cc lnh to kh nng iu khin chng trnh tnh ton, ta gi lnh help lang. 2.8 Cc scripts v cc hm ca Matlab 2.8.1. Cc scripts ca Matlab Bn cnh kh nng nhp lnh trc tip, ta c th vit v ct nhiu chui lnh trong cc script ca Matlab di dng file vi k t ASCII (m-file). Mt script c khai bo tn khng c ui .m. son tho cc file ta c th s dng trnh son tho ca Matlab bng cch gi menu File/New/M-file hoc File/Open. Cng c th gi trc tip nh nt nhn trn ca s Matlab. Nu cha ci t trnh son tho , c th s dng bt k trnh son tho ASCII no khc cng c.

34

Hnh 2.3 Trnh son tho ca Matlab vi v d file PWM.M V mt dng lnh c th tr nn qu di, ngi s dng c th xung dng (cha kt thc) bng du 2.8.2. Cc hm ca Matlab Mt dng c bit ca hm m-files l cc hm ca Matlab (cc function). Khi gi mt function ta c th chuyn giao d liu cho function hay nhn d liu do function tr li. Ngoi ra, mt function cng c th c cc
function khc hay script gi, v mt script cng c th c cc scripts gi.

Cc bin trong phm vi mt function l bin local (cc b). Cc bin

global (ton cc, c gi tr s dng chung) c nh ngha bi lnh global

variable Lnh nh ngha phi c gi trc tip t Command Windows ca

35

Matlab, hay t mt script, v cng c th nh ngha trong phm vi mt

function.

Trong phm vi function ta c th s dng hai bin nargin v nargout xc nh s lng d liu c chuyn giao hay nhn tr li. Nu mt Matlab script hay mt Matlab function ln u tin c gi, Matlab s dch ra m o, l m s c kch hot thc hin nhim v t ra cho script hay function. Nu v sau khng c s thay i g trong m-file, qu trnh dch s khng xy ra ln th hai. Bng lnh clear functions ta c th xo cng bc cc hm dch, ng thi gi nguyn cc m-files. 2.9 Nhp xut d liu Thng thng, Matlab tm c cc script hay d liu, bt buc cc file lin quan phi nm ti th mc hin ti. Mt s lnh iu hnh v qun l file
pwd dir [] ls [] cd directory mkdir directory copyfile source destination delete file ! commando

Hin th th mc hin ti Hin th ni dung ca th mc [] Hin th ni dung ca th mc [] Chuyn th mc To th mc mi Sao chp (copy) file Xo file Gi lnh t h iu hnh

36

CHNG III HA TRONG MATLAB

3.1 C s ho Matlab Khun kh ca mi thao tc xut ho trn nn Matlab l Figure. C th to ra ca s nh hnh 2.2 bng cch gi lnh figure v mi figure s t ng c nh s.
>> figure

C th gi mt figure c s bng lnh figure(number). S ca figure s hin th nu ta gi gcf (Get hendle to Current figure).
>> gcf ans = 1

37

Bng lnh subplots (row, column, counter), c th chia u mt figure thnh nhiu subplots ( ho con) c counter (b m) nh s pha trn bn tri. Nu vic nh s ch cn mt ch s, chng s c vit tun t khng cn du phy hay du cch. C th xo ni dung ca mt figure bng lnh clf (clear current figure), v lnh delete
figure(number) s xo chnh figure. Tng t, lnh

close(number) s ng figure mang s number cn lnh close all s ng tt

c cc figures ang m. C th xem c im ca mt figure bng lnh get, vi lnh set ta li c th lp c im cho figure. Vic lp trnh ho trong Matlab lun ph thuc vo i tng c th v v cng phong ph. Mt cng c lm nh bt cng vic l trnh son tho c tnh ho (property editor) vi ca s gii thiu hnh sau:

Vic phn chia thang bc ca trc thng c Matlab t ng thc hin. Tuy nhin, ta c th phn chia th cng trong trng hp hai chiu (2-D) bng lnh axis([x_min,x_max,y_min,y_max]) v trong trng hp ba chiu (3-D)
axis([x_min,x_max,y_min,y_max,z_min,z_max]). Lnh axis(auto) s trao

quyn chia trc li cho Matlab. Lnh grid on s to ra mt li to ng vi cch chia trc xc nh. i vi ho 3-D ta c thm lnh box on to khung bao cho 3-D-Plot.

38

 in k t vo mt ho ta c nhiu kh nng khc nhau: Dng

xlabel(string), ylabel(string), zlabel(string) in tn cho trc; dng title(string) in tn cho figure. Ngoi ra ta cn c th vit cc k t ln cao,

tt thp hay cc k t Hy Lp. Bng lnh legend(string_1,string_2,, [position]) ta c th in thm mt s li ghi ch vo ho. V tr ca li ghi ch c xc nh bi s ghi trong [position], vi ngha: 14 s t li ghi ch vo 4 gc, 0 t t ng v -1 t vo bn phi, cnh ho. Lnh text(x_value,y_value,string) cho php ta in mt on vn bn vi ni dung string vo to bt k x_value, y_value trong ho. S dng lnh zoom on | off dung chut ct v co dn mng . Ngoi ra, ca s figure cn c mt vi nt cho php dung chut in on vn bn, v thm nt hoc mi tn, v m Property Editor. C th thm thng tin chi tit v xut ho ra mn hnh bng cch gi
help graph2d, help graph3d v help specgraph.

3.2 ho 2 chiu Lnh plot (x_value,y_value [,plotstyle]) v th ni cc im cho bi cp gi tr x_value, y_value. Thng thng cc im c ni bi mt nt lin. Nu ta np lun phin nhiu vector x/y, ta s thu c nhiu nt ni c lp vi nhau. Nu thiu x_value, khi y cc gi tr ca y_value s c v theo th t ch s ca chng. Nu y_value l cc gi tr phc, khi y th v vi hai trc o v trc thc. Lnh stars cng c vit vi c php tng t nhng s to ra th bc thang. Chui k t plotstyle cu to bi hai thnh phn: Thnh phn th nht l mt ch ci chn mu v thnh phn th hai l chui k hiu c trng cho dng chm/ gch ni to nn nt th.

39

Mu
k en b Xanh lam c Xm g Xanh l cy r m y w

Nt v im sm Vng Trng -: . Nt lin Nt t Nt gch chm Nt chm o * + Chm trn Chm sao Du cng Du nhn

Mi ln gi mi lnh plot, cc th c trong Figure (hoc trong Subplot) hin ti s b xo. C th ngn chn cc iu bng cch gi lnh hold
on sau lnh plot u tin. figure; subplot (121); plot([-5:0.1:5],cos((-5:0.1:5)*pi), 'k:'); hold on; fplot ('2*sin(x)', [-5 5]); subplot(122); t = (0:20)*0.9*pi; plot(cos(t),sin(t));

40

Lnh fplot(function, range) trong v d trn minh ha kh nng v trc tip cc hm tng minh. Ngoi ra, Matlab cn to iu kin v cc hm khng tng minh mt cch d dng nh lnh ezplot(function_1, [function_2,] range). Hai lnh semilogx v semilogy cng c c php ging nh plot vi im khc duy nht: Hai trc x v y c chia thang logarithm. Lnh loglog c tc dng chia ng thi c hai trc x v y theo thang logarithm. th BODE v bng lnh bode:
>> figure; >> pt1 = tf ([1],[0.04 1]); >> pd = tf ([0.04 1], [1]); >> bode (pt1,'b-',pd,'r--')

41

3.3 ho 3 chiu 3.3.1 Cc lnh Plots Lnh plot3 c tc dng tng t nh lnh plot, im khc duy nht l
plot3 c thm vector s liu th ba dnh cho trc z. >> phi = (0:100) / 100*2*pi; >> plot3(sin(2*phi), cos(3*phi), phi, 'b*');

42

 biu din cc hm 2 chiu di dng mt trong khng gian ta s dng lnh surf(x_value, y_value, z_value [, color]). Nu x_value, y_value, z_value l cc ma trn c s hng v s ct ging nhau, khi y cc im ca ho s c v v ni lin thnh mt. Nu cc im c mt khong cch u n v pha hai trc x v y, khi y x_value v y_value c th ch l vector. Trong trng hp ny, cc gi tr x_value c chun theo ct v y_value chun theo hang ca ma trn z_value. Hai lnh mesh v waterfall c c php ging nh surf, nhng li to ra mt li khng in y v ho kiu thc nc. Ngc li contour li v nn cc ng ng mc (ng ni cc im c cng z_value).

43

Ngoi ra ta cn c th thm mt ma trn color xc nh mu cho ho. Mi phn t ca color ng vi mt phn t ca z_value. Cc gi tr mu s c s dng trong mt bng mu, v ta c th thay i bng nh lnh
colormap(name). Nu khng khai bo ma trn mu, Matlab s t ng gn color

= z_value. Di mu c th c co dn thang nh lnh caxis (color_min, color_max). 3.3.2 Phi cnh trong ho 3-D C th dng lnh view(horizontal,vertical) phi cnh cho ho 3 chiu bng cch khai cc gc theo phng nm ngang v phng thng ng tnh bng (o, Degree). Gc chun cho trc l (-37.5o, 30o). Ngoi ra, cng c th to dng hay thay i phi cnh bng cch nhy v ko th chut, sau khi gi lnh rotate3d. 3.3.3 Nhp, xut v in ho Nu cn phi gn mt File ho c sn vo khun hnh ca Figure, ta c th s dng hai lnh variable = imread(file,fmt) v image(variable).
>> anh = imread('anh1.jpg','jpeg'); >> image(anh)

44

Bng lnh imread ta gn File ho vi nh dng fmt cho bin variable. Nu variable nhn hnh nh ch bao gm gam mu xm, variable s l mt bin 2 chiu. Nu l hnh nh mu RGB, variable s l mt mng 3 chiu. nh dng ca ho c khai bo bi fmt. Lnh image (variable) s xut ho mi gn cho variable ra mn hnh Figure c cha nh vi nh dng .jpg ho Figure ca Matlab cng c th c xut sang cc nh dng khc. Lnh print fnumber s in Figure mang s number ra my in. Lnh print
fnumber -dfmt file s xut Figure thnh file vi cc nh dng ho khc. V

d: bmp (Windows bitmap), emf (Enhanced meta), eps (EPS level 1),

jpg

(JPEG image), pcx (Paintbrush 24-bit) hay tif (TIFF image, compressed). bit chi tit hy gi lnh help print. Nu cn phi lu li sau ny x l, c th ct cc ho thu c thnh File vi nh dng fig ca Matlab. ct hoc ta i theo menu File / Save as, hoc gi lnh saveas(handle, file [,format]). Lnh saveas ct handle (Figure hin ti, c th dng gcf hi) thnh tp c tn file vi mt trong cc nh dng: fig (File nh phn), m (gm mt File fig v mt File Script).

45

CHNG IV C S SIMULINK
4.1 Khi ng Simulink c th lm vic vi Simulink, trc ht ta phi khi ng Matlab. Nu chy di h iu hnh Linux, sau khi thc hin lnh simulink3 ta s thu c ca s th vin ca Simulink. Nu lm vic di Windows, sau khi gi simulink ta c ca s tra cu th vin nh sau:

46

Cc th vin con Source (cc khi ngun tn hiu), Sinks (cc khi xut tn hiu), Math (cc khi ghp ni ton hc) v Signals & Systems (cc khi tn hiu v h con) s c gii thiu trong phm vi chng ny. Tnh cht ca cc khi chc nng Tt c cc khi chc nng u c xy dng theo mt mu ging nhau nh sau:

Mi khi c mt hay nhiu u vo/ra (tr trng hp ngoi l: cc khi thuc hai th vin con Source v Sinks), c tn v trung tm ca hnh khi ch nht c biu tng th hin c im ring ca khi. Ngi s dng c th tu thay i tn ca khi (nhy kp phm chut tri vo v tr tn), tuy nhin, mi tn ch c th s dng mt ln duy nht trong phm vi ca s m hnh m phng. Khi nhy kp phm chut tri trc tip vo khi ta s m ca s tham s Block Parameters (tr cc khi Scope, Slider Gain, Subsystem) v c th nhp th cng cc tham s c trng ca khi. Khi nhp xong, nhy chut tri vo nt OK hay nt Apply Simulink chp nhn cc tham s va nhp. Nu nhy kp phm chut tri vo nt Help ta s m ca s ca tin ch tr gip trc tuyn. Nhy mt ln
47

phm chut phi trc tip vo khi c tc dng m menu cha cc lnh cho php son tho v lp nh dng khi. Simulink phn bit hai loi khi chc nng: Khi o (vitural) v khi thc (not vitural). Cc khi thc ng vai tr quyt nh khi chy m phng m hnh Simulink. Vic thm hay bt mt khi thc s thay i c tnh ng hc ca h thng ang c m hnh Simulink m t. C th nu nhiu v d v khi thc nh: khi Sum hay khi Product ca th vin con Math. Ngc li cc khi o khng c kh nng thay i c tnh ca h thng, chng ch c nhim v thay i din mo ho ca m hnh Simulink. chnh l cc khi nh Mux, Demux, hay Enable thuc th vin con Signal & System. Mt s khi chc nng mang c tnh o hay thc tu thuc theo v tr hay cch thc s dng chng trong m hnh Simulink. M hnh Simulink T ca s th vin khi (Library) hay t ca s truy cp th vin (Library Browser) ta c th to ra cc ca s m phng mi bng cch i theo menu File / New / Model, hoc m cc File c sn qua menu File / Open. Mt File Simulink khi c ct gi s c ui .mdl. 4.2 Cc thao tc c bn vi Simulink Sao chp: Bng cch gp v th Drag & Drop nh phm chut phi l c th sao chp mt khi t th vin con (cng c th t mt ca s khc ngoi th vin). Di chuyn: Ta c th d dng di chuyn mt khi trong phm vi ca s ca khi nh phm chut tri. nh du: Bng cch nhy phm chut tri vo khi ta c th nh du, la chn tng khi, hoc ko chut nh du nhiu khi mt lc.

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 Xa: c th xa cc khi v cc ng ni b nh du bng cch gi lnh menu Edit / Clear. Bng menu Edit / Undo hoc t hp phm Ctrl+Z ta c th cu vn li ng tc xa va thc hin. H thng con: Bng cch nh du nhiu khi c quan h chc nng, sau gom chng li thng qua menu Edit / Create Subsystem, ta c th to ra mt h thng con mi. Ni hai khi: Dng phm chut tri nhy vo u ra ca mt khi, sau di mi tn ca chut ti u vo cn ni. Sau khu th ngn tay khi phm chut, ng ni t ng c to ra. C th r nhnh tn hiu bng cch nhy phm chut phi vo mt ng ni c sn v ko ng ni mi xut hin ti u vo cn ni. Di chuyn ng ni: lu tn hiu thong v d theo di, nhiu khi ta phi di chuyn, b tr li v tr cc ng ni. Khi nhy chn bng chut tri ta c th di chuyn tu cc im gc hoc di chuyn song song tng on thng ca ng ni. To vector ng ni: d phn bit gia ng ni n v ng ni cc tn hiu theo nh dng vector, hoc ma trn, hoc mng, ta c th chn menu Format / Wide nonscalar lines tng b dy ca ng ni. Ch th kch c v dng d liu ca tn hiu: Lnh chn qua menu Format / Signal dimensions s hin th kch c ca tn hiu i qua ng ni. Lnh menu Format / Port data types ch th thm loi d liu ca tn hiu qua ng ni. nh dng cho mt khi: Sau khi nhy phm chut phi vo mt khi, ca s nh dng khi s m ra. Ti mc Format ta c th la chn kiu v kch c ch, cng nh v tr ca tn khi, c th lt hoc xoay khi. Hai mc Foreground Color v Background Color cho php ta t ch mu bao quang cng nh mu nn ca khi.

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 nh dng cho ng ni: Sau khi nhy phm chut phi vo mt ng ni, ca s nh dng ng s m ra. Ti y c cc lnh cho php ct b, chp hoc xo ng ni. Hp i thoi v c tnh ca khi: Hoc i theo menu ca ca s m phng Edit / Block Properties, hoc chn mc Block Properties ca ca s nh dng khi, ta s thu c hp i thoi cho php t mt vi tham s tng qut v c tnh ca khi. Hp i thoi v c tnh ca tn hiu: C th ti c hp thoi Signal Properties ca mt ng ni hoc bng cch nhy chut nh du ng ni trn ca s m phng, sau i theo menu Edit / Signal Properties t ca s nh dng ng. Trong hp i thoi ta c th t tn cho ng ni mt cch n gin hn: Nhy kp phm chut tri vo ng ni ta s t ng ti c ch nhp vn bn. 4.3 Tn hiu v cc loi d liu 4.3.1 Lm vic vi tn hiu Trong Simulink ta phn bit ba loi kch c tn hiu: Tn hiu n. Vector tn hiu: Cn c gi l tn hiu 1-D, v kch c ca tn hiu ch c xc nh theo mt chiu vi di n. Ma trn tn hiu: Cn c gi l tn hiu 2-D, v kch c ca tn hiu c xc nh theo hai chiu [mn]. C vector hng [1n] v vector ct [m1] cng thuc v phm tr ma trn tn hiu.

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Khi to Simulink, cc khi o s to nn cc ng tn hiu o, duy nht nhm mc ch lm cho s cu trc tr nn ri mt, ngi s dng d qun l hn. Tn hiu o c th c 51hem51 s tp hp hnh nh ca nhiu tn hiu o, khng o, hay hn hp c hai loi. Trong qu trnh m phng, Simulink s dng mt th tc tn signal propagation nhn bit: Nhng tn hiu thc no c ghp vo 51hem tn hiu o. i vi cc tn hiu o ta c th m hp thoi Signal Properties v khai chn Show propagated signals. Sauk hi khai chn tn ca tn hiu s t ng c b sung 51hem phn trong ngoc < >, cho bit cc tn hiu cha trong . Bus tn hiu l tp hp cc tn hiu o ring r. Khi tch Bus bi b phn phn knh Demux ta s khng th truy cp vo tng phn t ca mi tn hiu, m ch c th truy cp vo tng tn hiu. 4.3.2 Lm vic vi cc loi s liu Bn cnh cc c im c gii thiu, mi tn hiu thuc s cu trc Simulink u c gn mt loi s liu nht nh, v do quyt nh n dung lng b nh dnh cho mt tn hiu. Simulink cng h tr tt c cc loi s liu ca Matlab. double: chnh xc cao, du phy ng.
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 single: chnh xc va, du phy ng. int8, uint8, int16, uint16, int32, uint32: s nguyn 8-, 16- hay 32- bit c / khng c du. 52oolean: bin logic 0 hoc 1. Loi s liu mc nh sn ca Simulink l double. Trong qu trnh m phng, Simulink s kim tra xem vic o gia cc loi s liu c ng hay khng, nhm loi tr cc kt qu sai lm c th xy ra. Kh nng khai bo, xc nh loi s liu ca tn hiu cng nh ca tham s thuc cc khi chc nng trong Simulink l c bit c ngha, nu ta d nh to ra t m hnh Simulink m chy cho cc ng dng thi gian thc. Nhu cu v b nh v tc tnh ton ph thuc vo loi s liu c ta chn. 4.4 Th vin Sources v Sinks 4.4.1 Th vin Sources a) Constant Khi constant to nn mt hng s thc hoc phc, hng s c th l scalar, vector hay ma trn tu theo cch ta khai bo tham s Constant Value v Interpret vector parameters as 1-D c c chn hay khng. Nu c chn, ta c th khai bo tham s Constant Value l vector hang hay ct vi kch c [1n] hay [n1] di dng ma trn. Nu khng c chn, cc vector hang ct ch c s dng nh vector vi chiu di n, tc l tn hiu 1-D.

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b) Step v Ramp Nh hai khi Stemp v Ramp ta c th to nn cc tn hiu dng bc thang hay dng dc tuyn tnh, 53at kch thch cc m hnh Simulink. Trong hp thoi Block Parameters ca khi Step ta c th khai bo gi tr u / gi tr cui v c thi im bt u ca tn hiu bc nhy. i vi Ramp ta c th khai bo dc, thi im v gi tr xut pht ca tn hiu u ra. i vi c hai khi, ta c th s dng tham s tu chn Interpret vector parameters as 1-D quyt nh cc tn hiu dng bc nhy hay dng dc tuyn tnh c gi tr scalar hay vector hay ma trn. Ch : Hai khi Step v Ramp khng phi ch to ra mt tn hiu nh nhiu ngi vn hiu nhm, m c th to ra mt tp cc tn hiu c x l di dng vector hng hay ct hoc ma trn. c) Signal Generator v Pulse Generator Bng Signal Generator ta to ra cc dng tn hiu kch thc khc nhau.

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Cung cp cho 4 dng song khc nhau (ging nh my pht 54at ): + Sng Sin + Sng vung (Square) + Sng rng ca (Sawtood) + Sng ngu nhin (Random) Vi Pulse Generator to chui xung hnh ch nht. Bin v tn s c th khai bo tu . i vi Pulse Generator ta cn c kh nng chn t l cho b rng xung (tnh bng phn trm cho c chu k). i vi c hai khi ta c th s dng tham s tu chn Interpret vector parameters as 1-D quyt nh cc tn hiu c gi tr scalar hay vector ma trn.

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i vi cc h gin on hay h lai (s c c hai loi khi lin tc v gin on) ta s dng khi Discrete Pulse Generator to chui xung ch nht. d) Repeating Sequence Khi Repeating Sequence cho php ta to nn mt tn hiu tun hon tu . Tham s Time values phi l mt vector thi gian vi cc gi tr n iu tng. Vector bin ra Output values phi c kch c ph hp vi chiu di ca tham s Time values. Gi tr ln nht ca vector thi gian quyt nh chu k lp li ca vector bin ra.

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e) Sine Wave Khi Sine Wave c s dng to tn hiu hnh sin cho c hai loi m hnh: lin tc (tham s Simple time = 0) v gin on (tham s Simple time = 1). Tn hiu u ra y ph thuc vo 56at ham s chn: Amplitude, Frequency v Phase trn c s quan h y = Amplitude.sin(Frequency.time + Phase). V n v ca Phase l [rad], ta c th khai bo trc tip gi tr ca Phase l mt h s no nhn vi pi. Ging nh khi Constant, ta c th s dng tham s tu chn Interpret vector parameters as 1-D quyt nh cc tn hiu c gi tr calar hay vector hay ma trn.

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f) From Workspace Khi From Workspace c nhim v ly s liu t ca s Matlab Workspace cung cp cho m hnh Simulink. Cc s liu ly vo phi c dng ca biu thc Matlab, khai bo ti dng Data.

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g) From File Bng khi From File ta c th ly s liu t mt MAT-File c sn. MATFile c th l kt qu ca mt ln m phng trc , c to nn v ct i nh khi To file trong s Simulink.

4.4.2 Th vin Sinks

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Th vin ny bao gm cc khi xut chun ca Simulink. Ngoi kh nng hin th n gin bng s, cn c cc khi dao ng k biu din cc tn hiu ph thuc thi gian hay biu din hai tn hiu trn h to XY. a) Scope

Nh khi Scope ta c th hin th cc tn hiu ca qu trnh m phng. Khi nhn vo nt Properties, hp thoi Scope Properties (c im ca Scope) s m ra. Chn general ta c th t ch cho cc trc. Khi t Number of axes > 1, ca s Scope s c nhiu th con ging tng t nh lnh Subplot ca Matlab. Nu in mt s c th vo time range, th s ch c biu din ti thi im do gi tr ca s xc nh.

b) XY Graph

Khi ny biu din hai tn hiu u vo trn h to XY di dng ho Matlab u vo th nht (bn trn). ng vi trc X u th hai ng vi trc Y. c) To Workspace

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Khi To Workspace gi s liu u vo ca khi ti mi trng Matlab Workspace di dng mng (Array), Stracture hay Stracture with time v ly chui k t khai ti variable name t tn cho tp s liu c ghi.

d) To File Khi ny gip ta ct tp s liu (mng hay ma trn) u vo ca khi cng vi vector thi gian di dng Mat-File. Array nh dng ging nh nh dng m khi From File cn, v vy s liu do To File ct c th c From File c trc tip m khng cn phi x l g. 4.5 Th vin Math Th vin ny c mt s khi c chc nng ghp ton hc cc tn hiu khc nhau, c nhng khi n gin ch nhm cng hay nhn tn hiu cn c cc hm phc tp nh lng gic v logic Sau y ta xt chc nng ca mt s khi quan trng trong th vin ny. a) Sum

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Tn hiu ra ca khi Sum l tng cc tn hiu u vo (V d nh tn hiu u vo l cc tn hiu hnh Sin th tn hiu u ra cng l cc tn hiu hnh Sin). Khi Sum cng c th tnh tng tng phn t (v d tn hiu vo gm hai tn hiu: Sin(x) v [5 9 3] th tn hiu ra s c dng [Sin(x)+5 Sin(x)+9 Sin(x)+3]

b) Product v Dot Product

Khi Product thc hin php nhn tng phn t hay ma trn cng nh php chia gia cc tn hiu vo (dng 1- D hay 2 D) ca khi, v d: nu mt khi Product c tham s Number of Inputs = */*, vi ba tn hiu vo l 5, sinx v [4 4 5 6] khi y tn hiu u ra c dng [20/Sinx 20/Sinx 25/Sinx 30/Sinx].

Khi Dot Product tnh tch v hng ca cc Vector u vo. Gi tr u ra ca khi tng ng vi lnh Matlab y = Sum(cn(u1)*u2). c) Math Function v Trigonometric Function

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C hai khi ny u c th x l tn hiu 2-D. Khi Math Function c mt lng ln cc hm ton c chun b sn cho php ta la chn theo nhu cu s dng.

Cn khi Trigonometric Function c tt c cc hm lng gic quan trng. d) Gain v Slider Gain Khi Gain c tc dng khuch i tn hiu u vo (nh dng 1-D hay 2D) bng biu thc khai bo ti Gain. Biu thc ch c th l mt bin hay mt s bin. Bin phi tn ti trong mi trng Matlab Workspace th khi y Simulink mi tnh ton c bin.

Khi Slider Gain cho php thay i h s khuch i v hng trong qu trnh m phng.

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4.6 Khai bo tham s v phng php tch phn chun b cho m phng. Trc khi tin hnh m phng ta phi c nhng thao tc chun b nht nh: l khai bo tham s v phng php m phng. Cc thao tc chun b c thc hin ti hp thoi Simulation Parameters. Ti tt c cc tham s u c mt gi tr mc nh sn, ngha l: C th khi ng m phng tt nht, phi thc hin chun b, t cc tham s ph hp vi m hnh Simulink c th. Hp thoi Simulation Parameters bao gm cc trang: a) Solver (thut ton) Ti trang ny ta c th khai bo thi im bt u v kt thc, thut ton tch phn v phng php xut kt qu ca m phng.

Simulink cung cp cho ta mt s thut ton khc nhau gii bng s phngt rnh vi phn. p ng mt ph kh rng cc bi ton t ra. i vi h gin on ta c th chn thut ton discrete vi bc tch phn linh hot (VariableStep) hay c nh (Fixed-step).
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Thut ton Variable-step lm vic vi bc tch phn linh hot. Vic gii cc phng trnh vi phn c bt u vi bc tch phn khai bo ti Initial step size. Nu ngay khi va bt u, o hm ca cc bin trng thi qu ln, Solver s chn gi tr b hn gi tr ghi ti Intial step size. Trong qu trnh m phng, Simulink s c gng gii phng trnh vi phn bng bc cho php ln nht ghi ti Max step size. Kch c Max step size c th tnh nh sau:

Do c kh nng thch nghi bc tch phn, thut ton Slover vi Variablestep c th gim st bin thin ca cc bin trng thi t thi im va qua ti thi im hin ti. Thm vo , thut ton c th nhn bit cc v tr khng lin tc ca hm nh cc t bin dng bc nhy. b) Gim st sai s c th thch nghi bc tch phn vi ng hc ca cc bin trng thi, ti mi bc tch phn, Simulink li tnh bin thin ca bin trng thi t thi im va qua ti thi im hin ti. bin thin c gi l sai s cc b local error ei (i = 1 : s bin trng thi ca h. C mi bc tch phn, thut ton Solver (dng Variable-step) li kim tra xem local error ca mi bin trng thi c tho mn iu kin acceptable error (sai s c th chp nhn) c xc nh bi tham s Relative tolerance v Absolute tolerance hp thoi Simulation Parameters (vit tt l eltol v abstol). iu kin acceptable error c m t bng cng thc sau: ei max ( reltol.|xi|,abstol)
acceptable error

Nu mt trong s cc bin trng thi khng tho mn iu kin trn, bc tch phn t ng c gim v qu trnh tnh ca bc s c lp li. Vic acceptable error c xc nh trn c s la chn ti a c nguyn do nh sau:
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Gi tr khai bo tai Relative tolerance l ng vi bin thin cho php tnh bng % ca gi tr tc thi ca bin trng thi xi. Nu acceptable error ch c quyt nh bi Relative tolerance, vy khi |xi| b th relation tolerance c th tr nn qu b, ng ngha vi vic: Bin trng thi khng c php bin thin g na. iu ny khng xy ra nu acceptable error c chn theo cng thc trn. Nu ta khai bo cho Absolute tolerance gi tr auto, khi y Simulink s bt u bng 10-6. Sau abstol c t v reltol.max(|xi|). Nh cch chn bc linh hot nh vy, Simulink cho php cc bin trng thi vn c c) Zero crossing detection Khi nim zero crossing trong Simulink c hiu l tnh khng lin tc trong din bin ca trng thi hay l cc im khng thng thng. Cc tn hiu khng lin tc thng do mt s khi nht nh gy ra nh Abs, Backslash, Dead Zone, Saturation hay Switch. Mi khi hm loi ny c km theo mt bin zero crossing, ph thuc vo cc bin trng thi khng lin tc v i du mi khi gp im khng lin tc. C sau mi bc tch phn, Simulink li kim tra cc bin zero crossing v qua nhn bit: Trong bc hin ti c xy ra zero crossing hay khng. Nu c Simulink s tnh chnh xc ti a thi im xut hin bng phng php ni suy gia gi tr va qua v gi tr hin ti ca bin zero crossing . Khi bit chnh xc, Simulink bt u tnh tip t cn phi. V vy, nu chn sai s qu th s c nguy c b st cc im khng. Nu c nghi vn b st im khng, cn phi gim sai s khai bo m bo l Solver vi Variable-step s chn bc tnh nh. Solver vi Fixed-step hot ng vi bc c nh v vic gim st pht hin cc im khng lin tc l khng th. Song v bit chnh xc s lng bc tch phn, ta c th c lng kh chnh xc thi gian tnh ca m hnh m phng. iu ny c bit c ngha nu ta d kin ci t m hnh (sau khi m phng thnh cng) trn mt cu hnh Hardware no . d) Workspace I/O
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Nh khai bo thch hp ti trang Workspace I/O ta c th gi s liu vo, hoc c s liu t mi trng Matlab Workspace m khng cn s dng cc khi nh To Workspace, From Workspace trong m hnh Simulink. Ngoi rat a c th khai bo gi tr ban u cho cc bin trng thi ti y. Input: tn ca cc tp s liu cn c t Workspace, cc tp s liu c th nh dng Array, Structure v Structure with time. Initial State: tn ca bin ang gi gi tr ban u, bin c th c nh dng Array hay Structure. Vic tn dng kh nng khai bo bin gi gi tr ban u l rt quan trng khi ta cn s dng cc gi tr trng thi ca mt ln m phng trc , ang cn nm trong Workspace nh kch hot Save to Workspace v khai bo Final state. Bin ra ca m hnh Simulink c ct bng cch in tn bin ra vo Output, sau khi kch hot Output. Tng t State ct bin trng thi vo Workspace e) Advance (khai bo nng cao) Sauk hi nhn nt Configure ca Inline parameters, ta thu c ca s mi khai bo cu trc tham s ca m hnh. Vic kch hot Inline parameters s ph nh kh nng thay i tham s ca cc khi trong qu trnh m phng. Duy nht nhng tham s lit k trong danh sch Global (tunable) parameters l vn c th thay i c. V nhng tham s khng thay i c s b coi l hng s, thi gian s gim i ng k. 4.6.1 Khi ng v ngng m phng Qu trnh m phng ca m hnh Simulink c khi ng qua menu Simulation/Start. Trong khi m phng, c th chn Simulation/Pause tm ngng, hay Simulink/Stop ngng hn qu trnh m phng. Thm vo ta cn c th iu khin qu trnh m phng bng cc dng lnh vit ti ca s lnh ca Matlab. iu ny c bit c ngha khi ta mun t
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ng ho ton b cc chu trnh m phng, khng mun khi ng, ngng hay x l, bng tay. l cc lnh set_param v sim. Lnh set_param c gi nh sau: set_param(sys,SimulinkCommand,cmd) Trong lnh trn, m hnh m phng c tn sys s c khi ng khi cmd = start, hay ngng li khi cmd = stop. Sau khong thi gian ngh pause, tar a lnh tip tc m phng bng continue. Nu chn cmd = update, m hnh s c cp nht mi Lnh sim c gi nh sau: [t,x,y] = sim(model) Nu mun chuyn giao c tham s m phng, ta gi : [t,x,y] = sim(model,timespan,options,ut) Bng lnh trn ta ch ng c qu trnh t tham s m phng t mi trng Matlab. V tri ca lnh gm cc vector thi gian t, ma trn bin trng thi x v ma trn bin ra y ca m hnh. Cc tham s ca sim c ngha nh sau : model l tn ca m hnh Simulink, timespan vit di dng [tStart tFinal] nh ngha thi im bt u v thi im ngng chy m phng. Tham s ut cho php c tp s liu c vo khi Inport, c tc dng tng t nh khi khai Input thuc trang Workspace I/O ca hp thoi Simulation Parameters. Bng option ta chuyn giao cho m hnh cc tham s m phng quan trng nh thut ton v bc tch phn, sai s, cc iu kin xut s liu, Vic to cu trc tham s options c thc hin bng lnh : options = simset (property, value, ) Vi lnh trn, cc tham s t trong hp thoi Simulation Parameters s khng b thay i, m ch b v hiu ho khi sim khi ng qu trnh m phng. Bng lnh :
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newopts = simset(oldopts, property, value, ) ta c th thay i b tham s c oldopts bi b tham s mi newopts. Khi gi simset khng c khai bo i km, khi y ton b properties v cc gi tr ca chng c xut ra mn hnh. Vi lnh : struct = simset(model) ta s thu c trn vn b tham s options c khai bo nh lnh simser hay nh hp thoi Simulations Parameters. V d lnh : [t,x,y] = sim(model, [],simset(simget(model), slover, ode23, MaxStep, 0.01) ; s a thut ton tch phn ca s Simulink c tn model v ode23 vi bc ln nht l 0,01 giy. Ti v tr ca timespan ta vit [], ngha l : cc gi tr ca Start time v Stop time hp thoi Simulation Parameters c gi nguyn. 4.6.2 X l li Nu xut hin li trong qu trnh m phng, Simulink s ngng m phng v m hp thoi thng bo li Simulation Diagnostics. Trong phn pha trn ca hp thoi bo li ta thy c danh sch cc khi gy nn li. Khi chuyn vch chn ti khi no, ta s thy phn di hp thoi cc m t k v li ca khi . Nu nhy chut tri vo nt Open, ca s Block Parameters ca khi s m ra tat hay i, sa li cc tham s khai bo ti . i khi ngun gy li trn s cn c tn ni bt 68hem bng mu, gip ta nhanh chng xc nh c v tr ca khi gy li. 4.6.3 Tp hp cc tham s trong Script ca Matlab i vi cc s Simulink phc hp, ta khng nn trc tip khai bo tham s cho tng khi c th, m nn tp hp chng li trong mt script (m-File). Bng

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cch y mi cng vic khai bo hay thay i tham s u c th c thc hin mt cch rt r rang, tng minh v kh nhm ln. lm nh vy, thay v vit cc gi tr c th, ta ch cn vit tn ca cc bin. Cc bin s c gn gi tr c th sau ny, trong khun kh ca script. Trc khi bt u m phng hay sau khi thay i tham s, ta s phi gi script np cc bin vo mi trng Workspace ca Matlab. Nh vy, trong qu trnh m phng Simulink c th truy cp v s dng cc bin np. Mt kh nng kch hot mt script cha cc tham s m hnh, l vic s dng cc th tc Callback. Kh nng ny cho php ta tit kim, khng cn mt cng gi script bng dng lnh trong ca s lnh. Mt script, khi c lin kt vi tham s InitFcn ca s Simulink nh lnh set_param, lc bt u m phng s c kch hot, nhng lun trc khi c Block Parameters. V d: Set_param(model, InitFcn, model_init) s lin kt script c tn model_ini.m vi tham s InitFcn ca m hnh Simulink c tn model.mdl. Mi lin kt s b hu nu ta gi: set_param(model, InitFcn, ) Thng tin: Th tc Callback no c gi v c gi vo lc no, s do lnh sau y quyt nh: set_param(0, CallbackTracing, on) Lnh s buc Simulink phi lit k ton b cc th tc Callback ti ca s Command khi chng c gi. bit 69hem v lnh set_param v Callback Routines ta gi lnh help set_param. 4.6.4 In m hnh Simulink Cng ging nh ho Matlab, ta c th xut m hnh Simulink di cc dng khc nhau. Bng lnh print smodel ta s xut m hnh c tn model ra my
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in. Tuy nhin, nu in qua menu File/Print ta s c nhiu kh nng khai bo tham s in hn. V d: Ch in mt tng m hnh nht nh. Trc khi in ta nn chuyn tham s Paper type v kh A4, v mt vi my in c vn khi in theo kh usletter. C th lm iu t ca s Command ca Matlab Set(gcf, PaperType, A4) Vic in m hnh Simulink thnh File c thc hin tng t nh ho Matlab: Print smodel; Print smodel dmeta model; Print smodel deps model; 4.7 H thng con (Sub system) 4.7.1 To h thng con C hai cch to h thng con: Cch 1: Dng chut nh du tt c cc khi m ta mun gom li vi nhau. Cn ch nh du c cc ng tn hiu km theo. Sau chn Create Subsystem thuc menu Edit. Cc khi b nh du s c Simulink thay th bi mt khi Subsystem. Khi nhy chut kp vo khi mi, ca s c tn ca khi mi s m ra. Cc tn hiu vo / ra ca h con s c t ng ghp vi h thng m bi cc khi Inport v Outport. Cch 2: Dng khi Subsystem c sn ca th vin Signals & Systems. Sau khi gp khi sang m hnh h thng ang m, ta nhy chut kp vo khi m ca s ca khi v ln lt gp cc khi cn thit to thnh h thng con. Vic ghp ni vi h thng m phi c ch ng thc hin bng tay nh cc khi Inport v Outport. y l cch i ngc vi cch 1: Ta ln lt to cc h thng con (bt u t tng thp nht), sau ni cc h thng con to thnh h thng m (tng cp trn trc tip).
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4.7.2 Th vin signals v Subsystem Subsystem

Khi Subsystem c s dng to h thng con trong khun kh ca mt m hnh Simulink. Vic ghp vi m hnh thuc cc tng ghp trn c thc hin nh khi Inport v Outport. S lng u vo / ra ca khi Subsystem ph thuc s lng khi Inport v Outport. u vo / ra ca khi Subsystem s c t theo tn mc nh ca cc khi Inport v Outport. Nu chn Format / Hide Port Labels trn menu ca s khi Subsystem, ta c th ngn chn c cch t tn k trn v ch ng t cho Inport v Outport cc tn ph hp vi ngha ca chng. Inport v Outport

Inport v Outport l cc khi u vo, u ra ca mt m hnh m phng. Ti hp thoi Block Parameters ta c th in vo Port number s th t ca khi. Simulink t ng nh s cc khi Inport v Outport mt cch c lp vi nhau, bt u t 1. Khi ta b sung thm khi Inport hay Outport, khi mi s nhn s th t k tip. Khi xo mt khi no , cc khi cn li s t ng nh s mi. Trong hp thoi Block Parameters ca Inport, ta cn c Port with dng khai bo b rng ca tn hiu vo. Khi ghp mt tn hiu c b rng ln hoc b hn b rng khai bo vi Inport, ngay lp tc Simulink bo li. Cn lu tm ti mt vi tham s quan trng khc ca khi Outport. V d, Outport when disabled cho h thng cn x l tn hiu ra nh th no khi h thng m phng ang ngng khng chy (xo v khng hay gi nguyn gi tr cui cng). Initial Output cho bit gi tr cn lp cho u ra.

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Thng qua cc khi Inport v Outport thuc tng trn cng (ch khng phi thuc cc h thng con), ta c th ct vo hay ly s liu ra khi mi trng Workspace. lm iu ta phi kch hot cc Input v Output trang Workspace I/O ca hp thoi Simulation Parameters v khai bo tn ca cc bin cn ly s liu vo, hay tn ca cc bin m ta s gi s liu ti Enable v Trigger

Hai phn t Enable v Trigger nhm mc ch to cho cc h con Subsystem kh nng khi ng c iu kin. Trong mt h thng con ch c th s dng mt khi Enable v Trigger. Khi c gn mt trong hai khi , ti khi Subsystem s xut hin thm mt u vo iu khin c bit, ni m tn hiu Enable hay Trigger c a ti. Cc h con c khi Enable c gi l h cho php. H con s c kch hot ti nhng bc tch phn c pht ra tn hiu Enable vi gi tr dng. Tham s States when enabling cho bit cn t gi tr ban u cho bin trng thi nh th no trc khi c kch hot. Tham s Show output port gn cho khi Enable thm mt u ra, to iu kin x l hay s dng tip tn hiu Enable. Cc h con c khi Trigger gi l h c kch hot bng xung. Vic kch hot xy ra ti sn dng (Trigger type: rising), hay sn m (Trigger type: falling), hay c hai sn (either) ca xung kch hot. Nu Trigger type c chn l function-call, ta c c hi ch ng to xung kch hot nh mt S-function do ta t vit. Cc khi Enable v Trigger l khi o c iu kin. Mux v Demux

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Khi Mux c tc dng ging nh mt b chp knh, c tc dng chp cc tn hiu 1-D ring r thnh mt vector tn hiu mi. Nu nh mt trong s cc tn hiu ring r l 2-D, khi y ta ch c th tp hp cc tn hiu ring r thnh Bus tn hiu. Ti tham s Number of inputs ta c th khai bo tn, kch c v s lng tn hiu vo. V d, vit [4 3 -1] ngha l c tt c 3 u vo, u vo th nht c b rng l 4, u vo th hai c b rng l 3, cn u vo th ba cha xc nh v gi tr khai l -1. Khi Demux c tc dng ngc li vi Mux: Tch cc tn hiu c chp t nhiu tn hiu ring r tr li thnh cc tn hiu ring r mi. Khi Demux lm vic hoc theo ch vector (Bus selection mode = off) hoc theo ch chn Bus (Bus selection mode = on). ch vector, Demux ch chp nhn tn hiu 1-D u vo v s tch tn hiu 1-D thnh cc tn hiu ring r nh khai bo ti Number of outputs. Tham s Number of outputs c th c khai bo di dng mt s nguyn >1 hay di dng mt vecter hng, vic tch cc phn t ca tn hiu vo v phn chia cc phn t thnh cc tn hiu ra hon ton ph thuc vo b rng tn hiu vo, s lng v b rng ca tn hiu ra m ta khai bo. Khi chn ch Bus selection, Demux ch chp nhn Bus tn hiu u vo ca khi. Mux v Demux lun lun l o. Bus Selector v Selector

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Cc tn hiu do khi Mux chp li, c th c tch ra khng ch bng khi Demux. Ta c th s dng khi Bus Selector ti to li cc tn hiu t mt Bus tn hiu, ng thi gom chng li thnh cc tn hiu ring r ban u. Ti hp thoi Block Parameters ca khi Bus Selector trong Signals in the bus ta c th thy danh sch lit k tt c cc tn hiu nm trong Bus. Nhn nt Select >> ta c th chn nhng tn hiu m ta cn tch ra khi Bus v gom li nh ban u. Khi Selector cho ta kh nng la chn linh hot hn Bus Selector: Kh nng tch ra khi Bus tn hiu 1-D hay 2-D cc phn t ring l ri sau gom chng li thnh mt tn hiu 1-D hay 2-D mi. Hit Crossing

Khi Hit Crossing c tc dng pht hin thi im tn hiu u vo i qua gi tr khai ti Hit Crossing offset theo hng khai ti Hit Crossing direction. Nu ta chn Show output port, ti thi im Crossing u ra s nhn gi tr 1, cn li l 0. Nu ti trang Advanced ca hp thoi Simulation Parameters ta t Boolean logic signals = off, tn hiu ra s l double, ngoi ra l boolean. IC

Khi IC c tc dng gn cho tn hiu ra ca khi mt iu kin ban u nht nh. 4.7.3 Kch hot c iu kin cc h thng con
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Cc h thng con c cha khi Enable hay Trigger gi l cc h cho php kch hot hay h kch hot bng xung. Vic kch hot h con hon ton do tn hiu iu khin tng ng xc nh. Nh v d di y cho thy, khi gn khi Enable hay Trigger cho mt h con, h s t ng c thm mt u vo ginh cho tn hiu iu khin.

V d tip theo gii thch r hn na cch s dng khi Enable. Hai tn hiu hnh sin c cng bin v tn s c a ti mt Subsystem. Tn hiu sin th nht c a ti u vo Enable, tn hiu sin th hai c a ti u vo In1 ca h con. Bn trong h con, tn hiu ca In1 c nhn vi tn hiu ra ca khi Enable. Tn hiu u ra ca khi Product v ca khi Enable c chp knh, a ti khi Scope v ct vo Workspace di nh dng Array sau plot thnh th.

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Sau khi chy enable1.mdl, thu c th trn ta cn thc hin cc dng lnh sau:
>> plot(tout,simout(:,1),'r-.',tout,simout(:,2),'g-'); >> legen('Signal Enable','Signal Enable x Sinus');

V d tip theo s minh ho tc dng ca khi Trigger. Trong s m phng: Hai tn hiu hnh sin c tn s khc nhau c a ti mt h con. Khi Sine Wave th hai ch c a tng trng qua h con. Ba tn hiu Trigger, tn hiu ra ca Subsystem v Sine Wave th hai c a ti Scope. Tng t v d trn, c ba tn hiu c plot ta so snh. Tuy nhin tham s ca khi Trigger c t vo either, ngha l: H con c kch hot bng c hai sn ln v xung ca xung kch hot.

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Sau khi chy trigger1.mdl, tc l khi: Kt qu m phng c ct vo Workspace, ta thc hin chum lnh di y thu c th nh hnh trn.
>> plot(tout,simout(:,1),'r-.',tout,simout(:,2),'g-'); >> legend('Trigger Signal','Out1 Signal','Sinus Signal');

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Angermann, A.; Beuschel, M.; Rau, M.; Wohlfarth, U.: Simulation mit SIMULINK/MATLAB: Skriptum mit Ubungsaufgaben. Stand: 29. November 2001, TU munchen: [2] Bishop, R. H.: Modern control systems analysis and disign using MATLAB. Addison - Wesley, 1993. [3] Nguyn Phng Quang MATLAB & SIMULINK dnh cho k s iu khin t ng - Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.

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