345 331 :(2013 KRGK) C ,DN ,FIGGZG

FZCI

F[TPF \PMGI
\GPKNBN GV[IR[ OK[RN \GZGF \XGCY JNYPC \GFG[G FIV[PC
KGN-QPENG FKPTG QKKNY FEKBP
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

BGCP

\GKDGNGMKSV ,\GKBGVZ ,\GKZGCKX \GKGTP[P \NTCG \GRG[ \GK\ZCI \GCM[G \GKGCZ\ ) \GCIZR \GKMGRKIG \GPKNB .(

World) DGH QC N[ \GPKNB BKF OK[R EDR \GPKNB N[ Z\GKC \GIKM[F \GZGXF \IB FXGIF UYKF-\CIZ FTVG\ BKF GHM \GPKNB .(Health Organization [WHO], 2002 Romito, Crisma, & Saurel-Cubizolles, 2003; Ross, Walther, & Epstein, 2004; Wenzel, Tucker, Elliot, Marshall, & Williamson, 2004 331

NT QZY FGBR Z"EN ;ZPBPF \GMKBN OZ\ Z[B FZVPFG KRKKRTF CG[PF NT OKKPKRGRBF OKMKZTPN \GEG\ .QGKXN QG[BZC FIV[PC \GPKNB \GTDVR OK[RN JNYPC KTGXYP-CZF \GGXNG ;\MPG\FG FNKTKF FRGGMFF

4.2013 :OGSZVN Z[GB ;2.2013 :QGZIB ISGR ;5.2012 :\MZTPC NCY\F

KGN-QPENG FKPTG QKKNY FEKBP

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

Levendosky & Graham-Bermann, 2000; Levendosky, Huth-Bocks, Shapiro, & Semel, 2003; Osofsky, 2003; Prinz & Feerick, 2003 Holden, 2003

WHO, 2002

Jaffe & Crooks, 2005

\GCZT\F ,\IBF .OKKZGF OKJYVSB ZGVK[C \GNKTKM GIMGF QFK\[G ,FIV[PC FIV[PC \GPKNB \TKRPN OKHMZPC F\[TR Z[B \GPKNB \GTDVR OK[RN \K\XGCY F\IVFG QGXZ \GTKC[ ,\KZGF \KPXT FSKV\ N[ OKJYVSB ZGVK[C FTKKSG ,NBZ[KC { F KKR [ F . ( ;2006 ,NZVG ENV) KZGFF YIEC \GPKNB \GTDVR OK[RN OKJNYPC OKFG[F QFKENKNG OK[RN \KEBKE \GCZT\F \GCZN ,OK[RF N[ \GKZGF \GKEGYV\ \GNGMK ZGVK[C FNKTKM FIMeF GH .FIV[PC ,ENKF N[ OKKEGYV\ OKCKMZP ZGVK[C QMG QFKENK QKCN QRKC FKXYBZJRKBF \GMKB ;2009 ,CGBZJRKGG KGN-QPENG) GN[ \GKYI[PFG YI[PF \PZ \PDGE \K\XGCY \GCZT\FC LZGX [K ,GNNF \GKGCZT\FF N[ \IMGPF Q\GNKTK UB NT .( OKKZGF OKMZXN \GSIKK\F ,ZPGNM .GRKGX[ \GKGCZT\FC GFGH Z[B OKRTP \CN[PF OKJNYPC ,ZC[P \T[C \GCZT\F N[ \ZDSPC OKKCKJYKKCGSG OKKCKJYKKCGB OKKEGYV\ .FIV[PC \GPKNB \GTDVR OK[RN

Jarvis, Gordon, & Novaco, 2005; Levendosky & Graham-Bermann, 2000; Szewczyk-Sokolowski, Hans, & Bernstein, & Cox, \GPKNB \GTDVR OK[R N[ KZGFF EGYV\F[ LM NT OKTKCXP OKRG[ OKZYIP .(2007 Levendosky et al., 2003; Osofsky,) \GGI QF[ YIEFG \GPKNBF QP FTZN TV[GP \GPKNB \GTDVR OK[RN \GETGKPF \GKGCZT\F K\[ GYECRG GI\GV NBZ[KC .(2003 Peled, Davidson-Arad, & Perel, 2010

Waldman-Levi,

2012

\GZVS \ZKYS
\GZGFF NT \GPKNBN FVK[IF \GTV[F
FTZN TV[GP \GTDVRF OK[RF N[ KZGFF EGYV\F KM LM NT OKTKCXP OKRG[ OKZYIP ) \K\ZCIG \K\IV[P FMKP\ ZETFPG \GGI QF[ YIEFPG \GPKNBF QP

Buchbinder,

332

JNYPC \GFG[G FIV[PC \GPKNBN GV[IR[ OK[RN \GZGF \XGCY

:OKJYVSB KR[ GBXPR .\GZVSC GETG\ NT ,OKENKF N[ OKRG[F OKMZXF OT \GEEGP\FN \K[DZ \GRKPHG \e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

2004; Levendosky & Graham-Bermann, 2000; Levendosky et al., 2003; Osofsky, OK[RF N[ Q\GZGF NT \GPKNBF \GMN[F .(2003; Peled, 1997; Prinz & Feerick, 2003 Banyard, Williams, & Siegal, 2003; Jones, Hughes, & Unterstaller, 2001 Casanueva, Levendosky & Graham-Bermann, 2000 Martin, Runyan, Barth, & Bradley, 2008 Banyard et al., 2003 Levendovsky et al., 2003 Huth-Bocks, Levendovsky, Theran, & Bogat, 2004

Holden, 2003; Osofsky,

2003; Prinz & Feerick, 2003

Graham-Bermann, Lynch, Banyard, DeVoe, & Halabu, 2007 Peled, 1997

structure or scaffolding Buchbinder, 2004; Letourneau, Fedick, & Willms, 2007; Levendosky et al., 2003 Peled et al., 2010

Buchbinder & Eisikovits, 333

2004; Haj-Yahia & Cohen, 2009

KGN-QPENG FKPTG QKKNY FEKBP

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eZGFF \SKV\ .OKENKF KRVP \KHKVF ,\RRGDPF ,"FCKJKPFG FCGJF \GFPKBF" :OKCJY KR[ GB OKZGVKS KR[ \NNGM F\GKFC .FNKV[PFG \[KKCPF ,\TDGVF ,"FTZF \GPKNBF"G ;\GKI QF FC[ FZCIF \B FXZPF FYIEF ,NGXKV N[ FRDF KRGRDRP OKTKRP \KZGFF Q\SKV\C GNNF OKEGDKRF KR[ \B OKENKF \IRHF ZCEC FP[B \[GI\ KRVP KPXTF NT ZGP[N KEM \BHG ,FKXHKNBKEKBG ) FIV[PC \GPKNB NXC OKKIF N[C .(

Peled & Barak-Gil, 2011

Buchbinder & Eisikovits, 2004; Peled &

Barak-Gil, 2011

FIV[PC \GPKNB KTDVRN \GKGCZT\F

KVN \GR\[PG \GRGGDP \GKGCZT\F \GR\KR GH FKKSGNMGBN KM OKV[GI OGI\C OKZYIP .OKKR[F QKC CGNK[ GB OKENK ,\GFPKB :ETKF NFY KVN ,\GR\KR QF FC[ FCKCSF ,\GZCTGP QF GC[ K\XGCYF LZTPF BGF GNNF \GKGCZT\FFP \GCZN U\G[PF ) OKZGF \MZEFCG \K\GDFR\F-\KCKJKRDGYF F[KDFP \GRGZYTC [GPK[FG

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

Becker, Mathis, Mueller, Issari, & Atta, 2008; Cartwright-Hatton et al., 2011; Compas .OKENKF NXB \GDFR\F \GKTC \\IVFC \TKKSP OKZGF \MZEF .(et al., 2011 .(Grahamm-Bermann et al., 2007)

Peled et al., 2010

334

JNYPC \GFG[G FIV[PC \GPKNBN GV[IR[ OK[RN \GZGF \XGCY

K\XGCYF LKNF\FG \GCZT\FF

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{ \KMGRKI-GMKSVF F[KDF (B \MZTPF[ ZSP \ZCTFG ,FEKPNG LGRKI \GTXPBC \GKDGNGMKSV \GKTC OGXPX Z\GK CGJ EEGP\FN OK[RN TKKSN BKF \KZYKTF FZJPF[G \KDGNG\V FRRKB \K\IV[PF

Haj-Yahia & Cohen,

2009; Jarvis et al., 2005

335

KGN-QPENG FKPTG QKKNY FEKBP

\KIVFN LMCG ,\GPKNBN FVK[IF OT \GEEGP\FCG OKENKF NGEKDC OKRG[ OKK[Y OT F[KDF KV NT ,\KNGVKJ FXGCY N[ FEGIKK .(2009 ,KNBKIK) OKGGNRF FP[BF \G[DZ \B ,\GK\KKGGI \GNTVF CGNK[C FKZGBK\ NT \SSC\P FXGCYF[ LMC BKF ,\KMGRKI-GMKSVF \TPJFC \TKKSP LMCG ,OKRM\C NKTV QVGBC \GSR\FN \GV\\[PN \GZ[VBPF OKMZTR FXGCYF KZCI QKC ,[BZP OKZICR FXGCYF KRM\ .\GKEGYV\F \GKGRPGKPF ,OKV\\[PF QKC \GKGGICG TEKPC UG\K[ [K ,OKB[GRF \B \G[KIPPF \GNTVFG OKRGKE .FXGCYN WGIP TKKS\[ \K\MKP\ \ZDSP \KKRCNG \GKTC QGZ\VN \GYKRMJ \GEPNRG \KIVFN KEM ,\GKCKJKRDGY \GKGRPGKP EGPKN { \K\GDFR\F-\KCKJKRDGYF F[KDF (C ) QFKENK NXBG OK[RF NXB \GKGXZ BN \GKGDFR\F OKK\GDFR\F-OKKCKJKRDGY \GRGZYTC [GPK[ NT IGGEP \GZVSC .( TKKSP NVJPF ,FH DGSP \GKGCZT\FC .OKZGF \MZEF GPM \GKMGRKI-GMKSV \GXGCYC FZGFF \B EPNP ,GK\GKTCC GENKN TKKSN NGMK BGF QFC[ OKMZE BGXPN FZGFN \B EEGTPG ,ENKF NXB \GKGXZ BN \GKGDFR\F \KIVFN KEM \GKCKJKRDGY \GKGRPGKP ) \GND\SPG \GKCGKI \GKGEEGP\F \KKRYF O[N ENKN KGYKI NEGP [P[N FZGFF .(

Cartwright-Hatton et al., 2011; Tobon

Tobon et al., 2011

et al., 2011

FXGCYF ZGBK\
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

.\GIRPCG FXGCYC QGPB \KKRC .G\CKCSPG G\IV[PP ENKF YG\KR \GCYTC OKNGTF \G[DZF \RCFG JNYPN \GND\SF .ENKF EGYV\ NTG KZGFF EGYV\F NT FIV[PC \GPKNB N[ \GMN[FF \RCF .O\RCFG ENKF N[ \GYGXPFG OKMZXF KGFKH .ENKFP \GK\GBKXP \GKVKX \CXF LG\ FIG\V \ZG[Y\ IG\KV CKXFN \NGMKF IG\KVG ENKF N[ \NNGMF \GI\V\FN \GNGCDF \GTP[P \RCF .KCYTG ZGZC QVGBC \GNGCD

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

336

JNYPC \GFG[G FIV[PC \GPKNBN GV[IR[ OK[RN \GZGF \XGCY

.ENKF KVNM \GKGPSG \GKGND \GRVYG\ \G[GI\G NGMS\ KCXP OT \GEEGP\F .7 EXKMG QFKENKG OK[RN OKK[KB-QKC OKZ[YC FEKZVFG OGKSF KMKNF\ \GTP[P \RCF .8 .OPKKYN Z[VB OKTGZKBC UG\K[ {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

K\XGCYF LKNF\FG \GKHMZP \GP\

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

337

KGN-QPENG FKPTG QKKNY FEKBP

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

338

JNYPC \GFG[G FIV[PC \GPKNBN GV[IR[ OK[RN \GZGF \XGCY

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

Yalom, 1975

339

KGN-QPENG FKPTG QKKNY FEKBP

QVGBC OK[DVPN FZIKB EZG :FPDGEN .QFKNT OKZPG[ GNB EXKM OKDEFN KEM ,K\XGCYF :FZPBG ,FN FIGR BN FT[F KM FRKKX ,OKZGIKBN SIKK\FN FRPHGF Z[BMG ,TGCY ."...\XY [PD\FN Z[VB ,FXGCY TGC[ NM \G[TN WINF FP FRKCP BN KRB NNMC..." QPHF FPN ?LN \VMB BN FH ,LN FMIPG FV \C[GKG QPHC FTKDP KRB[ FH" :F\RT FRGZ \R\GR \B FPDGE FHKB ,FXGCYN \ZIBP \B..." :FZPB FZ[ ."...?LN CG[I BN KN[ OFKNT \IZGX \B ZYGC NM LM OD ?ZVSF \KCN GZIBK[M OFN KEKD\ FP ,LN[ OKENKN LKNF\N \GTKKSP LMCG ,OK[RF ZGCT \GBZP \GGFP GNB \GCGD\ ."OKZIBP OF[ EXKMG OKK\XGCYF OKNNMFG LZTPF \GTP[PN GSIKK\F \GIRPF FH [DVPC .K\XGCYF FXGCYC \GDFR\FF QKC FNCYFN SIKK\F QGKEF .FXGCYF NT OKZPG[ LZTPF \GNGCD \GNGCD \CXFC OKRGPJF \GRGZSING \GRGZ\KN QMG ,FXGCYN WGIP[ OKKIC \GDFR\FN .OKENKG \GFPKB KSIKC JNYPN FBGC OT EXKM FRNK FZBK\ ,OGK ZES \KKRCF B[GRC [DVPC :\VSGR FPDGE NT \GKBZIBF ,\KCF \GFPKB ,ONGBG .\KCC F\[T[ GPM "OZGH OGK ZES" KVN FNTV FZVKS ,FNKI\C .OK[RF Z\K OD LMG ,\BH NCYN G[Y\F ,JNYPC \KCF Y[P NGFKR L[PFC .\TDGV \ZGYKCM \BH F\GGI BKFG ,ZKTFNG TKKSN GCZF \KCF \GFPKB ,FRNK \KCF \GNJP \B TXCN FYKVSF BN[ ZIBP FN TKKSN GXZ \KCF \GFPKB[ FRKCF NMG\ BKF[ KEMG GRTKK OKENKF KMZX[ KEM F\ZHTN \GGXFG OK[RF GP\ZR \GCZ OKPTVG FDZEFC NIF OGK ZES \GRCN \GSRN FJKNIF[ TDZFP .OKKNGVKJ OK[DVPC U\\[FN FZGE FZPB FH ZGVKSN FCGD\C .FPXTN OD QPH FN [K[ F[KDZP BKF OGKMG ,KGRK[ BKF[G ,OFKNT JN\[FN FNGMK BN BKFG ,OKXGZ OF[ FP OK[GT OKENKF FNXB[ FXGCYF \YGHI\N KRGKIF ,FGGY\F QGZYT \B \VY[P GH FPDGE .FRPP EGPNN IP[\ \XGCY \PDGE K\XGCY FRCP ,FH QVGBC .JNYPC OK[IZ\P[ OKCZ FM OKKGRK[ IMGR \GFPKBM ,\G[EIF \GV\\[PF KRKTC QPXT \GBZN \GYK\G \GV\\[PN Z[VBP \CMZ ZCEF ,\G[EI \GV\\[P ZGCT .FPDGEN OKNEGPM ,QFKENK KKICG QFKKIC OKKGRK[ GMZT[ NM \B EMNPF YCE GFH .KGRK[F \GRM\KF ZCEC FIMGFG ,Z\GK CGJ EK\TN FGGY\ ZZGTP .FEGCTF CKCS FXGCYF

QGKEG OGMKS ,\KRMG\F \MZTF

\GTDVR OK[RN JNYPC FP[GK Z[B \GZGF B[GRC \K\XGCY \GCZT\F DKXP FH ZPBP OKRM\FG \GP\F ,\GZJPF ,KJZGBK\F SKSCF \B DKXP ZPBPF .FIV[PC \GPKNB FVK[I N[ \GMN[FF \RCF LG\P .ZD\BP K\XGCY FRCP ZGBK\ LG\ ,OKKHMZPF QMG ,ENKF \GI\V\F NTG KZGFF EGYV\F NT OKKI \RMSPG F[Y \GPKNBN \M[GPP

340

JNYPC \GFG[G FIV[PC \GPKNBN GV[IR[ OK[RN \GZGF \XGCY

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

Graham-Bermann et al., 2007

WHO, 2002

Furr, 2000; King et al., 1998

341

KGN-QPENG FKPTG QKKNY FEKBP

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