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483F12L04 Orbmech
483F12L04 Orbmech
483F12L04 Orbmech
Lecture #03 September 8, 2011 ENAE 483/484 project organization Planetary launch and entry overview Energy and velocity in orbit Elliptical orbit parameters Orbital elements Coplanar orbital transfers Noncoplanar transfers Time in orbit Interplanetary trajectories Relative orbital motion (proximity operations)
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Notes
There will be no live lecture on Tuesday, 9/13 - a lecture video will be posted Looking ahead - under current plans, the following lectures will also be video only
Tuesday, 9/20 Thursday, 9/22 Thursday, 9/29
As always, future plans are subject to change at any time, so keep checking the syllabus at spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
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Crew Systems
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Crew Systems
Jason Niemeyer Sahil Ambani
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Planetary radii
rEarth = 6378 km rMoon = 1738 km rMars = 3393 km
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Energy in Orbit
Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Total Energy
2 v 1 K.E. = K.E. = mv 2 = 2 m 2
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Ref: J. E. Prussing and B. A. Conway, Orbital Mechanics Oxford University Press, 1993 UNIVERSITY OF
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Implications of Vis-Viva
Circular orbit (r=a)
vcircular = r 2 r
2vcircular
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r2 r1 v1
v2 vapogee
vperigee
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Delta-V
v1 =
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r1
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2r2 1 r1 + r2
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Delta-V
v2 =
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r2
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= Vc 1 Vc2 =
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r1
r2
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Equator
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Differences in Inclination
Line of Nodes
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v1 vperigee
vapogee
v2 v2
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vperigee v1 v1
vapogee
v2 v2
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r1
2r2 r 1 + r2
Delta-V
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2 + v 2 2v v cos i v1 = v1 1 p 1 p
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Delta-V
r2
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2 + v 2 2v v cos i v2 = v2 2 a 2 a
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Time in Orbit
Period of an orbit
P = 2 a3
M = nt = E e sin E
Orbital Mechanics ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
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1+e E tan 1e 2
until it converges
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ttransit
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E=0; 1.783; 2.494; 2.222; 2.361; 2.294; 2.328; 2.311; 2.320; 2.316; 2.318; 2.317; 2.317; 2.317
Ej +1
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Have to be sure to get the position in the proper quadrant - since the time is less than 1/2 the period, the spacecraft has yet to reach apogee --> 0<<180
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Angular momentum
h=rv
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pe sin d vr = (1 + e cos )2 dt
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2 d r p dt e sin 1 + e cos = vr = r p h = r v
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dt
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Patched Conics
Simple approximation to multi-body motion (e.g., traveling from Earth orbit through solar orbit into Martian orbit) Treats multibody problem as hand-offs between gravitating bodies --> reduces analysis to sequential two-body problems Caveat Emptor: There are a number of formal methods to perform patched conic analysis. The approach presented here is a very simple, convenient, and not altogether accurate method for performing this calculation. Results will be accurate to a few percent, which is adequate at this level of design analysis.
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Choose transfer orbit such that approach is tangent to desired final orbit at periapse
v =
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2 + r
2 vh
2 + r
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Apogee velocity of Earth transfer orbit from initial 400 km low Earth orbit
va = vm 2r1 = 1.018 r1 + rm km 6778 = 0.134 6778 + 384, 400 sec
Velocity difference between spacecraft infinitely far away and moon (hyperbolic excess velocity)
vh = vm va = vm
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2m + = rLLO
1.0182
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3.140 km/sec
2.684 km/sec
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V-Bar Approach
Ref: Collins, Meissinger, and Bell, Small Orbit Transfer Vehicle (OTV) for On-Orbit Satellite Servicing and Resupply, 15th USU Small Satellite Conference, 2001 UNIVERSITY OF Orbital Mechanics ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
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R-Bar Approach
Approach from along the radius vector (Rbar) Gravity gradients decelerate spacecraft approach velocity - low contamination approach Used for Mir, ISS docking approaches
Ref: Collins, Meissinger, and Bell, Small Orbit Transfer Vehicle (OTV) for On-Orbit Satellite Servicing and Resupply, 15th USU Small Satellite Conference, 2001 Orbital Mechanics ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
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