CC VN CN THO LUN

CA NI DUNG N THI TT NGHIP

MN TON CAO CP (NGNH GD TIU HC).
Cc ti liu tham kho:
[1] Hng dn n thi tt nghip i hc (phn ton cao cp) . Nguyn
Gia nh v cc tc gi. Trung tm T t xa H Hu.
[2]Ton cao cp 1(i s). Nguyn Gia nh.Trung tm T t xa H
Hu.
1/ VN 1: Cch chng minh mt quan h hai ngi trn mt tp hp l
quan h tng ng v xc nh tp thng.
c th gii quyt vn ny, bn cn nm vng khi nim quan h hai
ngi, cc tnh cht ca quan h hai ngi, nh ngha quan h tng ng,
lp tng ng v tp thng. Bn c th c phn 1.1, 1.2, chng I, [1].
Sau bn hy t gii cc bi tp sau:
Bi tp 1: Cho tp X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} v quan h hai ngi R xc
nh trn X nh sau: x, y X , xRy x + y M2 .
a) Tp R c nhng phn t no?
b) Quan h hai ngi R c nhng tnh cht g?
c) R c phi l quan h tng ng trn X? Nu phi th hy tm lp
tng ng ca cc phn t 1, 2. Tp thng X/R c nhng phn
t no?
Bi tp 2: Trn tp cc s nguyn Z, xt quan h ng d modulo 5:
m, n Z , mRn m n M5 .
a) Chng minh R l quan h tng ng trn Z.
b) Xc nh tp thng Z5 (Tp cc lp ng d modulo 5).
P N VN 1.
Bi tp 1:
a) Tp R gm cc phn t (x,y) ca tp X X sao cho x R y, ngha l
x+y l s chn. T suy ra:
R = {(0, 2); (2, 0);(0, 4); (4; 0);(0, 6); (6,0); (2, 4); (4, 6);(4, 2);(6, 4); (1,3);

(3,1);(1,5); (5,1); (1, 7); (7,1); (3,5);(5,3);(3, 7);(7,3); (5, 7);(7,5)}

b) Quan h R trn X c cc tnh cht phn x, i xng v bc cu.
(i) kim tra tnh phn x, ta chng minh:
x X , x + x = 2 x M2 xRx.
(ii) x, y X , xRy x + y M2 y + x M2 xRy : Tnh i xng.
(iii)
x, y, z X , xRy yRz ( x + y M2) ( y + z M2)

x + 2 y + z M2 x + z M2 xRz

: Tnh bc cu.

c) Quan h R trn tp X c cc tnh cht phn x, i xng, bc cu nn

l quan h tng ng.
Lp tng ng ca a X l tp tt c cc phn t ca X c quan h
R vi a.
1 = {1,3,5,7} ; 2 = {0,2,4,6} .

Tp thng X/R = { {0, 2, 4, 6};{1,3,5,7}} . Quan h R chia tp X thnh 2

lp tng tng ng.
Bi tp 2:
a) Ta chng minh quan h R trn Z c cc tnh cht phn x, i xng,
bc cu.
5 mRm : Tnh phn x.
(i) m Z , m m = 0M
5 n m M5 nRm : Tnh i xng.
(ii) m, n Z , mRn m n M
(iii)
m, n, p Z , mRn nRp (m n M5) (n p M5)
: Tnh bc cu.
(m n) + ( n p ) M5 m p M5 mRp
b) Cc lp tng ng:
0 = { m Z / m 0M
5} = { m = 5k / k Z }

1 = { m Z / m 1M5} = { m = 5k + 1/ k Z }
2 = { m Z / m 2M5} = { m = 5k + 2 / k Z }

3 = { m Z / m 3M5} = { m = 5k + 3 / k Z }
4 = { m Z / m 4M5} = { m = 5k + 4 / k Z }

Tp thng Z/R = Z5 = 0,1, 2,3, 4 , c gi l tp cc lp ng d

modulo 5.
Bn hy gii bi tp ny i vi quan h ng d modulo p.
2/ VN 2:
Cc khi nim n nh, ton nh v song nh.
Bn hy c phn 2.1, 2.2, chng 2, [1]; v gii cc bi tp sau:
Bi tp 1: Cho nh x f t R vo R xc nh bi f(x) = x2-3x+1. f c phi l
n nh? Ton nh? Song nh? (R l tp hp s thc).
Bi tp 2 : Cho nh x f t R vo R, xc nh bi f(x) =7x3-5. Chng minh
f l song nh.
Bi tp 3: Cho nh x f t [2; +) vo R xc nh bi f(x) = x 2 . f c
phi l n nh? Ton nh? Song nh?
P N VN 2.
f : R R, f ( x) = 7 x 3 5.
Bi tp 2 :
chng minh f l song nh, ta chng minh f l n nh v l ton
nh.
Tht vy:

(i)

x, x ' R, f ( x ) = f ( x ') 7 x 3 5 = 7 x '3 5

x 3 = x '3 x = x '.
f l n nh.
(ii) Ta c: y = f ( x ) = 7 x 3 5 x =
Suy ra: y R, x =

y+5
.
7

y+5
R : y = f ( x).
7

f l ton nh.
Vy f l song nh.
Bi tp 1 :

f : R R, f ( x) = x 2 3 x + 1.
(i) Ta c:
x, x ' R, f ( x) = f ( x ') x 2 3x + 1 = x '2 3 x '+ 1

x = x '
x 2 x '2 3( x x ') = 0 ( x x ')( x + x ' 3) = 0
.
x = 3 x '
Chng hn: x=0, x=3: x x ' , nhng f(x) = f(x) = 1.
f khng l n nh.
(ii) nhn xt rng:
y = f ( x ) = x 2 3x + 1 = ( x 3 ) 2 5 5 , x R.
2
4
4
Vi y R, y < 5 4 , chng hn y = 2 , th khng tn ti x R, y = f ( x).
f khng l ton nh.
Suy ra f khng l song nh.
Bi tp 3 : f :[2; +) R, f ( x) = x 2.
(i) Kim tra tnh n nh:
x, x ' [2; +), f ( x ) = f ( x ') x 2 = x ' 2 x = x '.
f l n nh.
(ii) Ta c: x [2; +), y = f ( x) = x 2 0.
f khng l ton nh.
f khng l song nh.
*** Bn hy t tm mt v d v mt song nh; mt n nh nhng
khng ton nh; mt ton nh nhng khng n nh; mt nh x khng n
nh cng khng ton nh.