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CC NG LC PHT TRIN
PHN MM M NGUN M
H c Lnh; Trn V Anh Th
Khoa CNTT - i hc ng
TM TT
Thi gian gn y, Vit Nam thng xuyn cp n cm t m ngun m - Open
source hoc phn mm m ngun m (OSS) - Open Source l mt gii php tt cho
cc t chc, c quan v chnh ph in t. mt s nc pht trin chuyn sang
dng phn mm m ngun m trong cc c quan nh nc nh Php, Hn Quc, c...
Nhng vn l ch hin nay s lng ln cc nh pht trin phn mm v ngi s
dng c trnh tay ngh v lp trnh cao li dnh mt lng ln thi gian, tin bc v
cng sc ca mnh sng to, m rng v bo tr min ph lin tc cho cc sn phm
phn mm m ngun m. Vy ci g thc y cc nh pht trin phn mm lm iu
? Bi bo ny s i vo tm hiu cc ng lc pht trin phn mm m ngun m ca
cc lp trnh vin trn ton th gii.
ABSTRACT
Recently, in Viet Nam often referring to the phrase Open source or Open Source
Software (OSS) as a good solution for organizations, agencies and E-Government. In
Developed countries have started to use open source software in government agencies
such as French, Korea, Germany... So, the problem is large numbers of hight skilled
software developers (and user) dedicate tremendous amounts of time, money and effort
to the creation, expansion and ongoing maintenance of Free products? So what have
motivated developers do it? This paper will going to reseach the motivations of the
developers to development open source software.
Keywords: Open source, Open source software, Motivation, Economics
1. t vn
Phn mm m ngun m l phn mm m m ngun ca phn mm cung cp sn
cho ngi dng sa i, s dng v ti phn phi li. M ngun ca phn mm l hon
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ton c cung cp cho ngi dng s dng vi cc mc ch khc nhau nh hc tp,
nghin cu, phn tch, sa i, phn phi li. [2]
Cm t Ngun m - Open source hay Phn mm ngun m - Open Source
software c Eric S.Raymond a ra vo nm 1998 thay cho cm t Phn mm t
do - Free software lm r v trnh s nhm ln gy ra bi s m h ca t min
ph - Free trong ting anh v n ang c s dng ph bin hin nay. T Min ph
y c ngha l T do - Freedom v i khi cn c gi l Libre. Mt cch nh
ngha khc ca t min ph l Min ph nh trong ngn lun - Free as in Speech,
khng min ph nh trong bia - not free as in beer (Weber, 2004), vi cch nh ngha
ny, t Min ph c ngha l min ph trong vic phn phi nhng khng min ph v
mt chi ph. [3]
Hnh 1. Th trng s dng my ch trn ton th gii t thng 08/1995 n 04/2012
(1)
Tnh n thng 7/2011, trn trang Web SourceForget.net lu tr hn 300.000 d
n phn mm m ngun m c pht trin bi hn 2 triu nh pht trin phn mm
(2)
;
Tnh n thng 05/2012, trn trang Web GitHub (github.com) c khong 1.623.568
ngi lu tr hn 2.814.969 triu d n
(3)
; Tnh n thng 1/2012, trnh duyt Web m
ngun m Google Chrome gi 25 - 28% th phn th trng trnh duyt Web k t
(1)
http://news.netcraft.com/
(2)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge
(3)
https://github.com/
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khi c ban hnh vo thng 9/2008 v hin nay ang rt pht trin
(1)
; Tnh n thng
05/2012, trnh duyt Web FireFox c pht trin bi qu phi li nhun Mozilla chim
25% th phn s dng trnh duyt Web trn ton th gii v mt s nc nh Indonesia,
c v Ba Lan th phn s dng trnh duyt Web ny tng ng l 67%, 50% v 44%
(2)
.
Da trn s liu iu tra ca cng ty dch v Internet Netcraft n thng 04/2012
[Netcraft 2012]
(3)
, my ch Web m ngun m Apache nm gi 64.46% (tng 0,22%
so vi thng 03/2012) th trng my ch Web, ng tip theo l Microsoft vi 13,66%
(gim 0,15% so vi thng 03/2012).
Apache c pht trin bi hng ngn lp trnh vin c tay ngh cao, ng gp thi
gian v kin thc vo pht trin m khng ly mt ng th lao no. Vy ng lc
no lm cho cc lp trnh vin ny ng gp m ngun m h khng cn mt s khch
l v kinh t no?
2. ng lc pht trin phn mm m ngun m
Cho ti hin nay c rt nhiu nh nghin cu i su vo vic tm hiu cc ng
lc ca cc lp trnh vin nhm gii thch c ti sao h li sn sng pht trin OSS.
[1] lit k mt s cng trnh nghin cu, c th k n cc cng trnh ca Raymond
(nm 2000), Lerner v Tirole (nm 2002), Torvalds v Diamond (nm 2001) s dng
phng php phn tch da trn trng hp, trong h ch yu tp trung i vo nghin
cu mt s d n ni ting v c s dng ph bin nh my ch Web Apache, Perl v
Sendmail. [1] Hertel s dng phng php thc nghim da trn vic phn tch cc
trang Web lm r vic pht trin rt nhanh chng ca Linux.
Hnh 2. Biu cc i tng tham gia pht trin OSS [9]
(1)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome
(2)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox
(3)
http://news.netcraft.com/
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Xc nh c hai nhm ng lc chnh: ng lc bn trong (intrinsic motivation)
v ng lc bn ngoi (extrinsic motivation). ng lc bn trong m t mt s tnh
hung m mt ai lm mt ci g v h xem l iu h ang quan tm, n l iu
th v, hoc n ang l mt thch thc i vi mi ngi v k c chnh h. Trong khi
, ng lc bn ngoi li cp ti vic mt ai lm mt ci g nhm hy vng c
c mt kt qu ring bit phc v cho mc ch ca h. [4] ng lc bn trong bt
ngun t trong tm l ca c nhn v ng lc bn ngoi l nhng phn thng hay mn
qu (rewards) m cc lp trnh vin nhn c khi tham gia vo cng ng pht trin
m ngun m.
tui trung bnh tham gia pht trin OSS l khong 30 tui v c trnh hc vn
cao. [9] Kt qu ca mt cuc kho st do Tp on T vn Boston vo nm 2002 v vic
cc nh pht trin OSS trn SourceForge, kt qu cho thy vi 684 ngi c iu tra
th tui trung bnh l 30 v c kinh nghim 11 nm trong lp trnh. V c bit, thnh
phn tham gia pht trin OSS rt a dng, khng ch l cc sinh vin cc trng i hc
hoc nhng ngi mi bt u lm vic nhng c kinh nghim trong lnh vc Cng ngh
Thng tin. C th, lp trnh vin chim 45%, Qun tr h thng 6% hoc Qun l CNTT
(6%), cc i tng khc nh hc sinh (20%) v gii hc thut (7%). [1][4]
2.1. ng lc bn trong
phn tch cc ng lc bn trong ca cc lp trnh vin pht trin OSS, [1]
chia ng lc bn trong thnh ba ch : (i) Cc lp trnh vin, ngi dng cn mt gii
php phn mm c th, (ii) Lm cho vui - th vui ca cc lp trnh vin, (iii) Mong mun
tng cng ng lp trnh vin mt mn qu.
2.1.1. Cn mt gii php c th
Lp trnh vin, ngi ng u mt cng ty hoc l nhm trng ca mt nhm
pht trin phn mm mun pht trin mt phn mm OSS v h cha hi lng vi phn
mm m h ang c hoc ch n gin l v cc phn mm m h cn cha tn ti. Linus
Torvalds l mt v d, Linus cn mt h iu hnh Unix ph hp v chy tt trn my
ca mnh, v kt qu l h iu hnh Linux ra i. Hay Eric Allman cn mt my ch
th in t (Email Server) hiu qu hn dn n phn mm Sendmail ra i, Larry Wall
cn mt cng c t ng to ra cc Web v kt qu l ngn ng lp trnh Perl ra i,
Don Knuth cn mt cng c thun tin cho vic son tho vn bn khoa hc v kt qu
l T
E
X ra i [1].
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Pht biu rng, nhng ngi pht trin phn mm cho thy s quan tm ca h trong
vic tham gia pht trin phn mm OSS do nhu cu ca ring h i vi phn mm
v tha mn nhu cu ca mnh h gp phn vo vic ci tin phn mm . [2]
2.1.1. Lm cho vui - th vui ca cc lp trnh vin
i vi nhiu lp trnh vin, vic lp trnh c coi l mt hot ng rt b ch. V
do , vic cc lp trnh vin to ra cc chng trnh phn mm hoc cc tr chi hoc
thm ch l mt d n phn mm v bt u lm n ch vi mt iu n gin l s
thch [5][10].
V m ngun m nh mt ngnh khoa hc ng dng trong nhng ngi lp trnh
ng vai tr ging nh nhng nh khoa hc, khm ph ra nhng tng mi th v
v hp dn. V h khng th ngi ch i ai gii quyt tng trc h m h
mun t mnh bt tay vo vit code (tr li phng th nghim - i vi nh khoa hc)
th nghim v sa li. H c thc y bi s t m, ham mun hc hi v chia s
nhng pht hin ca h vi mi ngi v mong mun ng gp mt ci g cho cng
ng. [9]
i vi nhng ngi pht trin OSS (hoc cc nh khoa hc), vic to ra cc sn
phm phn mm ri cho cng ng s dng l mt iu th v gii quyt mt vn
v chnh iu lm h t ho v bn thn h. c c iu th v (thnh qu) ,
h b ra rt nhiu thi gian to ra mt chng trnh gc hon chnh hoc b sung
nhng tnh nng mi hu ch, vi s sng to v s cng hin ht mnh v khoa hc, v
nim vui v i khi n l v cng ng.
2.1.3. Tng cho cng ng mt mn qu
Theo Raymond, mn qu m cc lp trnh vin cho cng ng ng ngha vi vic
n cng xc nh c a v x hi ca h trong sn phn . iu ny thc s ng i
vi gii Hacker, th hin qua vic cc Hacker to danh ting ca mnh trn cng ng
qua cc gi phn mm hoc gii php ca mnh [1].
Mt cch tip cn khc do Hars v Ou [4] a ra gii thch cho ny l Cc
lp trnh vin xem cng ng ngun m nh l mt gia nh, mi ngi lm vic
hng ti mt s hi t gia cc mc tiu c nhn ca h v mc tiu ca cng ng.
Cc thnh vin trong cng ng xem nh l ngi thn ca nhau v t h sn sng
lm mt ci g m c th mang li li ch cho cng ng ngay c khi n khng phc
v mc ch no ca bn thn h [1].
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Cng a ra mt bin th khc ca ng lc bn trong v n cng c xp vo mc
ny l Lng nhn i - altruism ca cc lp trnh vin. Lp trnh vin m ngun m
cung cp mt ci g cho ngi khc (vit chng trnh v cho m ngun) vi chi ph
ca h t b ra (thi gian, sc lc, chi ph c hi) m khng ly bt k mt khon chi ph
no [1][4].
2.2. ng lc bn ngoi
Hu ht cc nh nghin cu u ng nht rng ng lc bn ngoi c nhn hay
mt t chc pht trin OSS l vn v kinh t hoc mong mun c c c hi tt hn
trong cng vic hoc s thng tin ca bn thn trong cng vic.
ng lc ca cc T chc tham gia pht trin phn mm m ngun m l nh
vic pht trin nhng phn mm c t cng ng, t chc ca h c th tit kim ti
nguyn, chi ph trong tin trnh pht trin phn mm [11], v h c th tn ti u
tranh chng li s thng tr ca cc i th cnh tranh vi h, v nh vic tham gia v
cng ng m ngun m m cc cng ty phn mm tr nn ni ting trn th trng pht
trin phn mm v h qu ca n l gip h thu ht thm nhiu khch hng v nhn vin
c trnh v kinh nghim cao, n gip lm tng p lc ln cc i th cnh tranh vi
h [2].
Cho rng, mt lp trnh vin c th tham gia cc d n m ngun m ci thin
k nng ca h. Cc k nng c nhn, cc kh nng v kin thc ca cc lp trnh vin
c coi nh l mt hnh thc u t vn c bit, u t vo con ngi thng qua kinh
t ca cc cng ty, t chc s dng ngun lao ng. C nhiu cch khc nhau pht
trin tim nng ca mt con ngi, v d nh: gio dc, o to, hc tp v thc hnh,...
n s to c hi vic lm tt hn, lng cao hn v c kh nng p ng c nhiu cng
vic hn [4].
Tip cn m ngun m cho php cc lp trnh vin c c nhng kinh nghim v
thy c li ch ca m ngun m. N cng cho php cc lp trnh vin gia nhp vo
cng ng pht trin m ngun m ging nh vic i hc vic t thc t.
Nu l mt lp trnh vin chuyn nghip th vic vit phn mm v cho cng ng
phn mm cng vi m ngun l mt gii php hiu qu h th hin kh nng v s
kho lo ca h trong lp trnh. Tham gia vo cc d n m ngun m c th l mt knh
qung co tt cc lp trnh vin ti nng qung b s kho lo v tt nhin vic qung
co ny s lin quan n li nhun trong tng lai ca h [4].
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2.3. ng lc khc
Ti [7] cho rng, ng lc mi ngi tham gia vo cng ng m ngun m bao
gm cc ng c tm l x hi, vn ha hoc ng c v kinh t.
gc nhn v Vn ha th vic pht trin cc ng dng m ngun m c xem l
mt nn vn ha Mn qu, y khi mt lp trnh vin cho cng ng mt mn qu
th danh ting ca h c xc nh bi mn qu m h cho cng ng.
ng gc nhn tm l x hi th vic ng gp m ngun cho cng ng ca lp
trnh vin s c khng ch cng ng, ng nghip ngng m m ngay c bn thn h
cng thy mnh c ch vi cng ng v cng mun sng mt cuc sng v cng ng.
ng gc kinh t, mt lp trnh vin s la chn tham gia mt d n m ngun
m nu li ch h nhn c cao hn chi ph h tham gia [7]. Theo Lerner v Tirole [8],
li ch chia lm hai loi: li ch trc tip (immediate) v li ch gin tip/chm (delayed).
Li ch trc tip gm s gia tng gi tr ca mt sn phm ca mt c nhn v s hi
lng ca mt ai v sn phm c gi tr ca c nhn . Li ch gin tip lin quan
n vic cng nhn gia cc ng nghip cng nh phn thng ca ngi s dng lao
ng hin ti hoc trong tng lai, chng hn nh mc lng cao hn hay n gin ch
l cng vic hp dn hn.
3. Kt lun
Bi bo ny i su vo nghin cu cc ng lc pht trin phn mm m ngun
m ca cc lp trnh vin v ca cc cng ty hoc t chc s dng ngun nhn lc cng
ngh thng tin pht trin phn mm. Trong , ng lc bn trong l vic h ang
cn mt gii php, phn mm gii quyt vn , hay c th l mt nim am m cng
ngh, s thch th trong vic lp trnh v mun cho cng ng s dng thnh qu ca
mnh. ng lc bn ngoi li cho chng ta thy gc kinh t ca vic pht trin phn
mm m ngun m, trong bao hm c chin lc o to con ngi ca cc t chc
v phng php h chn la l cho cc lp trnh vin lm cc d n phn mm ngun m
pht trin k nng, trnh v s nhy bn trong lm vic nhm, cng ng. Ngoi
ra, cc ng lc v tm l x hi v ci gi l vn ha Qu m ngun m cng l mt
trong nhng ng lc thc y cc lp trnh vin tham gia cng ng m ngun m
h thy c mnh l mt phn ca cng ng v sng mt cuc sng v cng ng.
Hnh 3 cho thy kt qu kho st ca Tp on T vn Boston v mc ch tham gia
cng ng m ngun m ca 648 lp trnh vin ng gp m ngun, pht trin d n
phn mm v a ln trn trang Web SourceForge.
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Kt

C
Ch
S cn thi
Ci
Ngha v
t qu dt d
nh bi phn
B giy
Kch thch tr
Ci thin k n
c nng cng
it m m ng
thin chc n
sau khi s d
Lm vic n
c t nghin
K
Uy tn m ng
n mm dc qu
y php rng b

r tu
nng
vic
gun
nng
dng
nhm
n cu
Khc
gun
uyn
buc

% s ng

i dng

Hnh 3. Cc mc ch v % s ngi tham gia pht trin phn mm OSS
t 648 ngi c iu tra.[9]
V mt iu rt th v m trong qu trnh nghin cu tc gi thy c l thnh
phn tham gia pht trin phn mm m ngun m rt a dng, t nhng ngi c
o to c bn n cc i tng l hc sinh cng ng gp vo th gii phn mm m
ngun m. V ng lc ca cc i lng ny cng rt a dng, mt phn l pht
trin tr tu, k nng nhng phn tim n li l nhng gi tr bn ngoi, phn thng bn
ngoi m h s nhn c trong tng lai
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Jrgen Bitzer, Wolfram Schrettl and Philipp J. H. Schrder (2007), Intrinsic Motivation
in Open Source Software Development, Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 35.
2. M.abdul Qadoos Bilal Khan and his collaborators (Sebtember 2011), Review on
motivation for selection of open source software license: an economic and social
perspective, IJRIC, Vol.7.
3. Karin Van Den Berg (August 2005), Master Thesis - An Open Source software
evaluation model with a case study on Course Management Systems, Tilburg
University.
4. Alexander Hars, Shaosong Ou (2001), Working for Free? - Motivations of
Participating in Open Source Projects, Proceedings of the 34th Hawaii International
Conference on System Sciences - IEEE.
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5. Working group on Libre Software (April 2000), Free Software / Open Source:
Information Society Opportunities for Europe?.
6. Yunwen Ye, Kouichi Kishida (May 2003), Toward an Understanding of the
Motivation of Open Source Software Developers, ICSE2003, Portland.
7. Il-Horn Hann, Jeff Roberts, Sandra Slaughter and Roy Fielding (May 2002), Why
Do Developers Contribute to Open Source Projects? First Evidence of Economic
Incentives, ICSE 2002, Ireland.
8. Lerner, J. and J. Tirole (March 2000), The Simple Economics of Open Source, The
National Bureau of Economic Research.
9. Paul Gustafson and William Koff (September 2004), Open source: Open for
Bussiness, CSC.
10. Kevin Crowston, Kangning Wei, James Howison and Andrea Wiggins (2010), Free/
Libre Open Source Software Development: What we know and What we do not
know, ACM Computing Surveys.
11. Dirk Riehle (january 2010), The Economic Case for Open Source Foundations,
IEEE Computer Society.