Lung for flesh Flesh for lung It is very easy to detect Sumerian word formation once the researcher

has established the most frequent technique used by the scribe to create words out of nothing. The technique works like this: the scribe takes a Semitic phrase (for example the flesh of the lungs), then makes a double switch. He uses the Semitic word for flesh as a Sumerian word for lung and then presents the Semitic word for lung as a Sumerian word for flesh. Let me demonstrate how easy it was for the scribe to deceive the readers for generations to come. mur [LUNG] (20x: Ur III, Old Babylonian) wr. mur "lung" Akk. ha [1 ] + mur -0 (18x/90%); -ra (2x/10%). (no 350 300 250 200 150 100 dat 0 0 0 0 0 0 e) [1 ] 14 6

4 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table. 1. lung (20x/100%) ~ LEX/Old Babylonian/unknown mur-u10 Ugumu 187. ELA/Ur III/Girsu mur-bi 1(barig)5(ban2) ASJ 03, 058 06 o i 4; murbi 3(ban2) 3(di) 1/3(di) sila3 ASJ 03, 060 09 o i 10;murbi 2(barig) HLC 177 (pl. 105) 7; mur diri gu4 e2 dnane MVN 02, 046 2; 4(ge2)e mur MVN 13, 360 4. ELA/Ur III/Mazyad 1(u) e gur numun mur ASJ 11, 333 07 1.ELA/Ur III/Nippur 1(barig) 1(ban2) 5(di) sila3 e mur amar-re nu NATN 632 1; 1(barig)1(ban2) 3(di) sila3 mur gu4-re nu NATN 645 1; 2(barig) 3(ban2) e mur gu4-re nuNATN 653 1; 1(barig) 1(ban2) [x sila3] e mur gu4-re nu NATN 660 1. unknown/Ur III/Girsu 4(ban2) mur diri gu4-e gu7-a ASJ 17, 205 100 ii 16; 2(barig) 5(ban2) 5(di) sila3mur diri gu4-e gu7-a ASJ 17, 205 100 r i 11; 1(a) gur mur hu-bu7bu Georgica 4.03 o iii 5. unknown/Ur III/Umma mur-ra gu4 niga-e3 Princeton 1, 235 2. See: udu mur ub; uzu e mur; uzu mur. Akk. ha "lung(s)".

uzu [FLESH] (274x: ED IIIa, Old Akkadian, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian, unknown) wr. uzu; uzu(LAK350) "flesh; body; entrails; omen" Akk. ru [1 ] + uzu -0 (274x/100%). (no 350 300 150 100 2500 2000 dat 0 0 0 0 e) 12 14 2 4 3 2 3

[1 ] [2 ]

9 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table. 1. flesh (274x/100%) ~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu = i-ru-um OB Nippur Ura 3 402. LEX/unknown/Nippur uzu Ni 03477 r i 5'. ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu 2(a@c) uzu ah2 ITT 1, 01243 3. ELA/Ur III/Drehemuzu-a bala AnOr 07, 104 9; uzu-a bala AnOr 07, 108 o i 20; uzu-a bala AnOr 07, 108 o i 5. ELA/Ur III/Nippur uzu ah2 1(di)kam ku3-bi igi 9(di) [gal2] NATN 563 2; 1(di) uzuah2-kam TMH NF 1-2, 059 3; 1/2(di) uzu ah2 TMH NF 1-2, 164 3. ELA/Ur III/Umma1(di) ge uzu AnOr 01, 274 4; uzu ku3-a dara2 MVN 03, 303 3; 2(di) uzu gu4niga-e3 MVN 13, 762 3; 5(di) udu niga uzu u4 YOS 04, 207 r ii 11. ELA/Ur III/Ur3(di) uzu za3 tug2 udu UET 3, 0288 1; 4(di) uzu za3 tug2 udu UET 3, 0288 5; [x]uzu za3 tug2 udu UET 3, 0288 9. ELA/Early Old Babylonian/unknown 1(di) pisan uzuBIN 09, 150 6. unknown/ED IIIb/unclear 3(a@c) uzu(LAK350) MC 4, 12 o i 4. unknown/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) sila4 ga uzu-a bala-e3 DoCu 274 3; mu mu-du-lum u3 uzu had2-e3MVN 15, 101 2; uzu a balae3 Ontario 1, 046 2. unknown/Ur III/Girsu 1(di) uzu ududul-gi-bi2du-ri2 CBT 2, BM 18529 9. unknown/Ur III/Nippur [i3]-du8 uzu e3 u3 e2ge-gun3 BBVO 11, 274, 6N-T195 o iii 2. unknown/Ur III/Umma uzu! zuh-a SNAT 373 3. ~ uLEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu al-x-[...] OB Nippur Ura 3 464a; uzu KAD5 OB Nippur Ura 3 466; uzu x OB Nippur Ura 3 480. ELA/Ur III/Drehem uzu x [...] MVN 13, 118 14; uzu-abala-[...] PDT 2, 1358 5; uzu-a bala-a-x TRU 323 9. ELA/Ur III/Girsu [1(di)] uzuur2Kennelmen no. 08 7. ELA/Ur III/Nippur uzu [...] TMH NF 1-2, 272 o ii 13; x uzu-e3JANES 18 48 24 5. ~ XLEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu elix(KAAR) OB Nippur Ura 3 406; uzu KAAR OB Nippur Ura 3 407; uzu a-sa OB Nippur Ura 3 408; uzu a2-du OB Nippur Ura 3 409; uzuKAAR OB Nippur Ura 3 410; uzu KAAR gud OB Nippur Ura 3 411; uzu UD.NE OB Nippur Ura 3 413; uzu ubur OB Nippur Ura 3 414; uzu ma-sil3-tum OB Nippur

Ura 3 425; uzu ti OB Nippur Ura 3 426; uzu ti-ti OB Nippur Ura 3 427; uzu kak zag-ga OB Nippur Ura 3 429; uzu ni2-idru OB Nippur Ura 3 432; uzu ni2-giggi OB Nippur Ura 3 447; uzu te-ir-za OB Nippur Ura 3 460; uzu ma-gi OB Nippur Ura 3 467; uzu ni2-idru OB Nippur Ura 3 481; uzu dah-ma-sa OB Nippur Ura 3 505. ELA/Ur III/Nippur1(di) uzu ur2-ti TMH NF 1-2, 164 1; 1(di) uzu ur2-ti TMH NF 1-2, 164 5. ~ abtir[gore]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ab-tir OB Nippur Ura 3 482. ~ ak[do]LEX/ED IIIa/unknown uzu(LAK350) ak ED Officials 82. ~ akan[nipple]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu akan OB Nippur Ura 3 415. ~ asilaara[afterbirth]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu a-sila3-ar-ra OB Nippur Ura 3 493. ~ bun[bladder]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu bun2 OB Nippur Ura 3 431. ~ dimma[~sheep]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu dimx(BALA)-ma OB Nippur Ura 3 461. ~ e[house] mur[lung]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu e2 mur-ra OB Nippur Ura 3 483. ~ ella[kidney] XLEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ella2(BIR) RI OB Nippur Ura 3 475. ~ ella[kidney] mu[face]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ella2 mu2 OB Nippur Ura 3 476. ~ ella[kidney] mu[face] bar[side]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ella2 mu2 bar-ra OB Nippur Ura 3 478. ~ ella[kidney] mu[face] ag[heart]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ella2 mu2 ag4-ga OB Nippur Ura 3 477. ~ endur[navel]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu en3-dur OB Nippur Ura 3 506. ~ gaba[chest]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu gaba OB Nippur Ura 3 450. ~ gag[nail] sala[bug-ridden]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu kak za-la2 OB Nippur Ura 3 430. ~ gag[nail] ti[rib]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu kak ti OB Nippur Ura 3 428. ~ ganba[price]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ganba OB Nippur Ura 3 463. ~ gu[neck]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu gu2 OB Nippur Ura 3 417. unknown/Ur III/Umma1(di) ku uzu gu2-ba AAICAB 1/1, pl. 028, 1911-204 2. ~ gubalidua[hump]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu gu2-bal-i-du3a OB Nippur Ura 3 420. ~ gumur[spine]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu gu2-mur7 OB Nippur Ura 3 418. ~ gumur[windpipe]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu gu-mur OB Nippur Ura 3 412. ~ e[penis]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu i3 OB Nippur Ura 3 498. ~ e[tree] gaba[chest]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu i gaba OB Nippur Ura 3 451. ~ e[tree] ag[heart]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu i ag4-ga OB Nippur Ura 3 434. ~ iripadra[bone]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ir3-pad-ra2 OB Nippur Ura 3 455.

~ iripadra[bone] gid[long]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ir3-padra2 gid2-da OB Nippur Ura 3 456. ~ iripadra[bone] hulu[narrow]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ir3-pad[ra2] hul-hul OB Nippur Ura 3 458. ~ iripadra[bone] lugud[short]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ir3-padra2 lugud2-da OB Nippur Ura 3 457. ~ uur[beam]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu i-ur3-ra OB Nippur Ura 3 433. ~ hab[malodorous]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu al-hab2-ba OB Nippur Ura 3 465. ~ i[oil] gud[ox]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu i3 gud OB Nippur Ura 3 470. ~ i[oil] nun[prince]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu i3 nun-ne OB Nippur Ura 3 497. ~ i[oil] ah[pig]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu i3 ah OB Nippur Ura 3 472. ~ i[oil] tab[double]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu i3 tab-ba OB Nippur Ura 3 469. ~ i[oil] udu[sheep]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu i3 udu OB Nippur Ura 3 471. ~ imma[vulva]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu im-ma OB Nippur Ura 3 504. ~ inar[colon]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu in-ar OB Nippur Ura 3 502. ~ inti[way]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu in-ti OB Nippur Ura 3 503. ~ lipi[innards]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu lipi!(URAB2) OB Nippur Ura 3 479. ~ masila[heel]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ma-sila3 OB Nippur Ura 3 423. ~ mehi[tissue]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu me-hi OB Nippur Ura 3 445. ~ meze[jaw]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu me-ze2 OB Nippur Ura 3 405. LEX/unknown/Nippuruzu me-ze2 Ni 03477 r i 8'. ~ mur[lung]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu mur OB Nippur Ura 3 446. ~ nikigia[liver]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ni2-ki2-gi4-a OB Nippur Ura 3 494. ~ nikid[~food]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ni2-kid2 OB Nippur Ura 3 473; uzu ni2-kid2 OB Nippur Ura 3 474. ~ sa[sinew]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu sa OB Nippur Ura 3 484; uzu sa-sa OB Nippur Ura 3 485. ~ sa[sinew] gal[big]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu sa gal OB Nippur Ura 3 486. ~ sa[sinew] hal[thigh]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu sa hal OB Nippur Ura 3 487a. ~ sa[sinew] sal[thin]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu sa sal OB Nippur Ura 3 487. ~ sa[sinew] tah[add]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu sa dah OB Nippur Ura 3 488. ~ sa[head] tuhul[hip]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu sa tugul(NAGAR.ZA@t) OB Nippur Ura 3 454. ~ sadu[head]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu sa-du OB Nippur Ura 3 403.LEX/unknown/Nippur uzu sa-du Ni 03477 r i 6'.

~ sam[price]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu am2-ma OB Nippur Ura 3 462. ~ sanimmara[back]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu sa-nim-ma-ra OB Nippur Ura 3 489. ~ si[horn] masila[heel]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu si ma-sila3 OB Nippur Ura 3 424. ~ sila[cut] dili[single]LEX/ED IIIa/unknown uzu sila3 dili ED Food 51. ~ sila[cut] gal[big]LEX/ED IIIa/unknown uzu(LAK350) sila3 gal ED Food 50. ~ sila[cut] zag[side] udu[sheep]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu sila3 zag udu OB Nippur Ura 3 422. ~ sila[heel]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu sil OB Nippur Ura 3 495. ~ su[grease]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu sul2(NI) OB Nippur Ura 3 468. ~ ag[heart]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ag4 OB Nippur Ura 3 435; uzu ag4 e2-ninnuOB Nippur Ura 3 438. ELA/Ur III/Drehem 3(di) udu nita2 siki sag10 uzu-e3 OIP 115, 213 1. ~ ag[heart] dub[go around]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ag4 aldub OB Nippur Ura 3 443. ~ ag[heart] ar[place]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ag4 ar-arra OB Nippur Ura 3 439. ~ ag[heart] lub[bag]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ag4 lu-ub2 OB Nippur Ura 3 442. ~ ag[heart] lugal[king] tuku[acquire]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ag4 lugal nu-tuku OB Nippur Ura 3 440. ~ ag[heart] mah[great]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ag4 mah OB Nippur Ura 3 436. ~ ag[heart] sig[weak]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ag4 sig OB Nippur Ura 3 437. ~ ag[heart] u[hand] niin[total]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ag4 u niin2-na OB Nippur Ura 3 441. ~ ag[heart] us[lean]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ag4 al-us2-sa OB Nippur Ura 3 444. ~ e[cook]LEX/ED IIIa/unknown uzu mu-e6 ED Officials 84. LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzual-e6-a2 OB Nippur Ura 3 464. ~ ir[testicle]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ir OB Nippur Ura 3 499. ~ te[cheek]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu te OB Nippur Ura 3 416. ~ tuhul[hip]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu tugul(NAGAR.ZA@t) OB Nippur Ura 3 452. ~ tuhul[hip] sila[heel]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu tugul(NAGAR.ZA@t) sila OB Nippur Ura 3 453. ~ udu[daily]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu u4-u2-u OB Nippur Ura 3 404. ~ udu[~head]LEX/unknown/Nippur uzu ud-u2-u Ni 03477 r i 7'. ~ umbin[nail]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu umbin OB Nippur Ura 3 500. ~ umbin[nail] gud[ox]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu umbin gud OB Nippur Ura 3 501. ~ ur[root]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ur2 OB Nippur Ura 3 448. ELA/Ur III/Girsu 1(ban2)ninda 1(di) uzu ur2 Berens 078 4; [x] uzu ur2 Berens 088 1; x uzu ur2-e x ad x Berens 088 3. unknown/Ur

III/Girsu 1(di) uzu ur2 dul-gi-bi2-du-ri2 CBT 2, BM 18524 8; 1(di)uzu ur2 MVN 19, 037 2; 1(di) uzu ur2 MVN 19, 038 1. ~ ur[root] kun[tail]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu ur2 kun OB Nippur Ura 3 449. ~ u[membrane]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu E2SAL OB Nippur Ura 3 490; uzu E2SAL OB Nippur Ura 3 491; uzu E2SAL OB Nippur Ura 3 492. ~ zag[side] udu[sheep]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu zag udu OB Nippur Ura 3 421. ~ zila[boiled]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu zi-il-a2 OB Nippur Ura 3 459. ~ zingi[ankle bone]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu zi-in-gi4 OB Nippur Ura 3 496. ~ zu[tooth] keed[bind] gumur[spine]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur uzu zu2 keda gu2-mur7 OB Nippur Ura 3 419. See: e uzu; hal uzu; atam e uzu; ugula e uzu. 2. body 3. entrails 4. omen Akk. ru "flesh". [1993] A. Cavigneaux and F. Alrawi, ZA 83 204-205. [1992] P. Steinkeller and J.N. Postgate, LAT 40. See ETCSL: uzu=flesh. Sumerian uzu = Akkadian
i-ru-um

[FLESH]

Sumerian mur = Akkadian Akk. ha [LUNG] We can see clearly that the Akkadian scribe chopped the Semitic word i-ruum and then through metathesis created Sumerian mur [LUNG] The switch of semantic values agrees with the switch of phonetic values respectively. The artificial language mirrors the live tongue perfectly.