*UXSR GH 3URFHVDPLHQWR 3DUDOHOR $SOLFDGR &HQWUR GH &iOFXOR ,QVWLWXWR GH &RPSXWDFLyQ

Diseo de redes de comunicaciones confiables El problema de Steiner generalizado

7UDEDMR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ LQWHUQD

6HUJLR 1HVPDFKQRZ

&HQWUR GH &iOFXOR  ,QVWLWXWR GH &RPSXWDFLyQ )DFXOWDG GH ,QJHQLHUtD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH OD 5HS~EOLFD 8UXJXD\

$JRVWR 

5HVXPHQ (VWH GRFXPHQWR UH~QH OD FRQFHSWRV UHVROXFLyQ YLQFXODGRV GHO FRQ HO GLVHxR 6WHLQHU GH UHGHV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV UHOHYDGRV HQ HO

FRQILDEOHV

PHGLDQWH

SUREOHPD

GH

JHQHUDOL]DGR

PDUFR GHO SUR\HFWR $OJRULWPRV *HQpWLFRV 3DUDOHORV \ VX $SOLFDFLyQ DO 'LVHxR GH 5HGHV GH &RPXQLFDFLRQHV &RQILDEOHV

'LVHxR GH UHGHV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV FRQILDEOHV (O SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU JHQHUDOL]DGR 6HUJLR 1HVPDFKQRZ

$JRVWR 

(VWH

GRFXPHQWR

UH~QH OD

FRQFHSWRV UHVROXFLyQ

YLQFXODGRV GHO

FRQ

HO

GLVHxR 6WHLQHU

GH

UHGHV

GH

FRPXQLFDFLRQHV UHOHYDGRV HQ HO

FRQILDEOHV

PHGLDQWH

SUREOHPD

GH

JHQHUDOL]DGR

PDUFR GHO SUR\HFWR $OJRULWPRV *HQpWLFRV 3DUDOHORV \ VX $SOLFDFLyQ DO 'LVHxR GH 5HGHV GH &RPXQLFDFLRQHV &RQILDEOHV (O WUDEDMR VH RUJDQL]D GHO PRGR TXH VH GHVFULEH D FRQWLQXDFLyQ /D VHFFLyQ  FRQWLHQH XQD EUHYH LQWURGXFFLyQ DO SUREOHPD GH GLVHxR GH UHGHV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV \ OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU JHQHUDOL]DGR *HQHUDOL]HG 6WHLQHU 3UREOHP *63 /D VHFFLyQ  EULQGD

XQD GHILQLFLyQ IRUPDO GHO SUREOHPD *63 VX IRUPXODFLyQ PDWHPiWLFD FRPR XQ SUREOHPD GH 3URJUDPDFLyQ /LQHDO (QWHUD \ XQ HMHPSOR GH UHVROXFLyQ VREUH XQ JUDIR GDGR &DVRV

SDUWLFXODUHV GHO *63 VH SUHVHQWDQ HQ OD VHFFLyQ  UHXQLHQGR XQ EUHYH HVWXGLR GH FRPSOHMLGDG GHO SUREOHPD *63 \ VXV YDULDQWHV \ FRPHQWDQGR DOJXQDV WpFQLFDV GH UHVROXFLyQ H[DFWD \

KHXUtVWLFDV HQFRQWUDGDV HQ ODV UHIHUHQFLDV ELEOLRJUiILFDV 8Q UHOHYDPLHQWR GH ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV GH ODV WpFQLFDV GH SURJUDPDFLyQ HYROXWLYD SDUD OD UHVROXFLyQ GH YDULDQWHV GHO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU VH RIUHFH HQ OD VHFFLyQ 

 ,QWURGXFFLyQ
8QD UHG GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV VH FRPSRQH GH XQ FRQMXQWR GH QRGRV HPLVRUHVUHFHSWRUHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ FRQHFWDGRV SRU HQODFHV TXH SHUPLWHQ OD WUDQVPLVLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ 8QR GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV SUREOHPDV GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH UHGHV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV SODQWHD HO

GLVHxR GH XQD WRSRORJtD GH LQWHUFRQH[LyQ GH VXV QRGRV GH PRGR TXH OD UHG YHULILTXH FLHUWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH FRQILDELOLGDG /D FRQILDELOLGDG GH XQD UHG HV XQD PHGLGD TXH HYDO~D OD

SUREDELOLGDG GH p[LWR HQ OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQWUH SDUHV GH QRGRV /D JUDQ GHPDQGD GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV GH GDWRV HQ ORV ~OWLPRV TXLQFH DxRV KD SURSXOVDGR HO GLVHxR \ GHVDUUROOR GH OD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD GH UHGHV (O FRQWLQXR FUHFLPLHQWR HQ HO WDPDxR GH ORV SUREOHPDV KD FRQGXFLGR SDUD OD D ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV GH D SURSRQHU DOWHUQDWLYDV (Q HVWH D ORV HQIRTXHV YDULDV

H[DFWRV

WUDGLFLRQDOHV

UHVROXFLyQ

SUREOHPDV

FRPSOHMRV

FRQWH[WR

KHXUtVWLFDV VH KDQ DSOLFDGR DO SUREOHPD GH GLVHxR GH UHGHV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV FRQILDEOHV (QWUH HOODV ODV WpFQLFDV GH SURJUDPDFLyQ HYROXWLYD \ ORV DOJRULWPRV JHQpWLFRV HQ SDUWLFXODU VH KDQ PDQLIHVWDGR FRPR PpWRGRV IOH[LEOHV \ UREXVWRV SDUD OD VROXFLyQ GH ORV FRPSOHMRV

SUREOHPDV GH RSWLPL]DFLyQ VXE\DFHQWHV DO GLVHxR GH UHGHV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV &RQVLGHUDQGR XQD UHG GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV FRQ FLHUWRV QRGRV GLVWLQJXLGRV GHQRPLQDGRV

WHUPLQDOHV HO 3UREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU *HQHUDOL]DGR *HQHUDOL]HG

6WHLQHU 3UREOHP *63 UHILHUH

DO GLVHxR GH XQD VXEUHG GH PtQLPR FRVWR TXH YHULILTXH FLHUWRV UHTXHULPLHQWRV SUHILMDGRV GH FRQH[LyQ HQWUH SDUHV GH QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV /D PLQLPL]DFLyQ GHO FRVWR WRWDO GH XQD UHG GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV \ OD PD[LPL]DFLyQ GH VX

FRQILDELOLGDG VRQ REMHWLYRV FRQWUDSXHVWRV 3RU HOOR XQ PRGHOR TXH PLQLPLFH HO FRVWR WRWDO GH OD UHG VDWLVIDFLHQGR HO UHTXLVLWR GH FRQH[LyQ HQWUH WRGR SDU GH QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV VLQ DJUHJDU UHGXQGDQFLD GH FDPLQRV FRQVWLWX\H XQD VROXFLyQ PX\ VHQVLEOH D IDOODV HQ ORV QRGRV R HQ ORV HQODFHV TXH DIHFWDUtDQ OD RSHUDWLYLGDG GH OD UHG (O *63 LQFRUSRUD UHTXLVLWRV DGLFLRQDOHV GH FRQHFWLYLGDG VREUH SDUHV GH QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV

DSOLFiQGRVH DO GLVHxR GH UHGHV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV HQ ODV FXDOHV OD DOWD FRQILDELOLGDG TXHGD JDUDQWL]DGD SRU OD H[LVWHQFLD GH GLIHUHQWHV FDPLQRV DOWHUQDWLYRV HQWUH SDUHV GH QRGRV

WHUPLQDOHV KDFLHQGR DO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH OD UHG PiV UHVLVWHQWH D IDOODV HQ VXV FRPSRQHQWHV (Q ODV VHFFLRQHV VLJXLHQWHV VH SUHVHQWD HO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU \ VXV YDULDQWHV ORV PRGHORV PDWHPiWLFRV \ VXV DSOLFDFLRQHV DO GLVHxR GH UHGHV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV (VWH WUDEDMR SUHWHQGH EULQGDU XQD LQWURGXFFLyQ \ DO VX SUREOHPD $SOLFDFLyQ GH DO 6WHLQHU HQ HO PDUFR 5HGHV GHO GH

SUR\HFWR

$OJRULWPRV

*HQpWLFRV /D

3DUDOHORV GH

'LVHxR XQ

GH

&RPXQLFDFLRQHV UHIHUHQWH H[DFWD \ DO

&RQILDEOHV GH

WHVLV

5REOHGR

>5RE@

FRQVWLWX\H \ ODV

FRPSOHWR GH ORV

WUDEDMR

SUREOHPD

6WHLQHU

VXV HO

PRGHORV OHFWRU

PDWHPiWLFRV HQ

WpFQLFDV HQ

UHVROXFLyQ FRQFHSWRV

KHXUtVWLFDV

DSOLFDEOHV

3DUD

LQWHUHVDGR

SURIXQGL]DU

VREUH HO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU TXH ILJXUDQ HQ HVWH WUDEDMR OD WHVLV GH 5REOHGR >5RE@ HV XQD H[FHOHQWH UHIHUHQFLD

 (O SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU JHQHUDOL]DGR

 )RUPXODFLyQ GHO *63 /D VLJXLHQWH IRUPXODFLyQ GHO *63 VH EDVD HQ OD GHILQLFLyQ RULJLQDO GH .UDUXS >.UD@ TXH

SXHGH HQFRQWUDUVH HQ 5REOHGR >5RE@

6HDQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV HOHPHQWRV  8Q JUDIR QR GLULJLGR * 9( FRQ XQD PDWUL] GH FRVWRV F DVRFLDGRV D VXV DULVWDV

8Q FRQMXQWR GLVWLQJXLGR GH QRGRV 7 OODPDGRV WHUPLQDOHV GH FDUGLQDOLGDG Q TXH 

_7_

WDO

Q VLHQGR Q ^U ` FRQ LM

_9_ OD FDUGLQDOLGDG GHO FRQMXQWR GH YpUWLFHV

8QD PDWUL] 5

7 GH GLPHQVLyQ Q

[ Q  FX\RV HOHPHQWRV VRQ HQWHURV

SRVLWLYRV TXH LQGLFDQ ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH FRQHFWLYLGDG FDQWLGDG GH FDPLQRV HQWUH WRGR SDU GH QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV

(O SUREOHPD *63 SURSRQH HQFRQWUDU XQ VXEJUDIR * SDU GH QRGRV LM

GH * GH FRVWR PtQLPR WDO TXH SDUD WRGR DULVWD FRQH[RV HV GHFLU H[LVWHQ U FDPLQRV

7 L

M HVWRV VHDQ ORFDOPHQWH U

GLVMXQWRV TXH QR FRPSDUWHQ DULVWDV HQWUH ORV QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV L \ M (O SUREOHPD *63 DGPLWH XQD IRUPXODFLyQ DQiORJD TXH H[LJH OD H[LVWHQFLD GH FDPLQRV QRGR FRQH[RV FDPLQRV TXH QR FRPSDUWHQ QRGRV 6REUH ORV QRGRV QR SHUWHQHFLHQWHV DO FRQMXQWR GH QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV QR VH SODQWHDQ UHTXLVLWRV

GH FRQHFWLYLGDG (VWRV QRGRV FRQRFLGRV FRPR QRGRV GH 6WHLQHU SXHGHQ IRUPDU SDUWH R QR GH OD VROXFLyQ ySWLPD GHSHQGLHQGR GH OD FRQYHQLHQFLD GH XWLOL]DUORV

 0RGHOR 0DWHPiWLFR GHO *63 $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SUHVHQWD HO PRGHOR GHO SUREOHPD *63 DULVWD FRQH[R EDVDGD HQ OD

IRUPXODFLyQ GH 5REOHGR >5RE@ 3DUD FDGD DULVWD LM XWLOLGDG GH OD DULVWD

( VH GHILQHQ ODV YDULDEOHV [ HQ OD GLUHFFLyQ GH L

ELQDULD M HQ XQ

\ OD YDULDEOH \ FDPLQR TXH

TXH GHQRWD OD D ORV QRGRV

LM

KDFLD

XQH

WHUPLQDOHV N \ O /D VROXFLyQ DO SUREOHPD *63 TXHGD GHWHUPLQDGD SRU OD UHVROXFLyQ GHO VLJXLHQWH SUREOHPD GH 3URJUDPDFLyQ /LQHDO (QWHUD TXH VH GHQRPLQDUi SUREOHPD >*633/(@

Min

( i , j )E
VXMHWR D

ij

xij

kl xij y ij + y kl ji

(i, j ) E , k , l T , k l
k , l T , k l k , l T , k l
kl ip

( k , j )E

y y

kl kj

rkl rkl

( i ,l )E

kl il

( p , j )E

kl pj

( i , p )E

k , l T , p V \ {k , l}

xij {0,1}
kl yij 0

(i, j ) E

i, j : (i, j ) E , k , l T , k l
&XDGUR  0RGHOR PDWHPiWLFR GHO *63 FRPR SUREOHPD GH 3URJUDPDFLyQ /LQHDO (QWHUD

/ODPDQGR

^XLM`

OD

VROXFLyQ (  XLM

ySWLPD

GHO

SUREOHPD

>*633/(@

HO

FRQMXQWR

GH

DULVWDV

GHWHUPLQDGR SRU ^LM

` GHILQH HO VXEJUDIR VROXFLyQ * 

8QD IRUPXODFLyQ DQiORJD SXHGH REWHQHUVH SDUD OD YHUVLyQ QRGR FRQH[R GHO *63 XWLOL]DQGR OD WpFQLFD GH SDUWLFLyQ GH QRGRV SDUD WUDQVIRUPDU HO JUDIR *

 8Q HMHPSOR GH SUREOHPD *63 8Q HMHPSOR GH SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU JHQHUDOL]DGR VREUH XQ JUDIR * VH RIUHFH D FRQWLQXDFLyQ 6HD HO JUDIR * GH OD ILJXUD  HQ HO FXDO VH KDQ PDUFDGR FRQ FRORU D]XO RVFXUR ORV QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV VREUH ORV FXDOHV VH GHILQHQ ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH FRQHFWLYLGDG LQGLFDGRV HQ OD

WDEOD  PLHQWUDV TXH ORV QRGRV GH 6WHLQHU VH KDQ PDUFDGR FRQ FRORU YHUGH FODUR

 

5HTXHULPLHQWRV GH FDPLQRV

     '  

$  % $ $ % $ 

 

A
    

D
  

% ' ( & & '

     

7DEOD  5HTXHULPLHQWRV GH FDPLQRV VREUH ORV QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV GHO JUDIR *

C
&  

8WLOL]DQGR OD QRWDFLyQ GHO PRGHOR PDWHPiWLFR GHO FXDGUR , VH WLHQH TXH U U  U  U  U   U   

)LJXUD   *UDIR * VREUH HO FXDO VH UHVROYHUi HO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU FRQ UHTXHULPLHQWRV U 

/D VROXFLyQ DO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU SODQWHDGR VREUH HO JUDIR * VH RIUHFH HQ OD ILJXUD  HQ OD VLJXLHQWH SiJLQD

 

    '  $   

A


D
    

C
&

C

VREUH HO JUDIR *

)LJXUD   6ROXFLyQ DO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU FRQ UHTXHULPLHQWRV U 

 9DULDQWHV \ FDVRV SDUWLFXODUHV GHO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU

 9DULDQWHV GHO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU /D FRPSOHMLGDG GHO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU REHGHFH D OD JHQHUDOLGDG GH VX SODQWHR TXH H[LJH UHTXHULPLHQWRV YDULDEOHV GH FRQHFWLYLGDG HQWUH SDUHV GH QRGRV OR FXDO LPSOLFD OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQ Q~PHUR YDULDEOH GH FDPLQRV GLVMXQWRV HQ OD VROXFLyQ &LHUWDV YHUVLRQHV GHO SUREOHPD VLPSOLILFDQ HVWH UHTXHULPLHQWR H[LJLHQGR XQD FDQWLGDG ILMD GH FDPLQRV GLVMXQWRV HQWUH SDUHV GH QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV (VWD FODVH GH SUREOHPDV VRQ FRQRFLGRV FRPR SUREOHPDV GH N FRQH[LyQ VLHQGR N HO Q~PHUR GH FDPLQRV GLVMXQWRV UHTXHULGRV (O FDVR PiV VLPSOH GH SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU HV DTXHO TXH VROR H[LJH XQ FDPLQR HQWUH WRGR SDU GH QRGRV N  /D VROXFLyQ GH HVWH SUREOHPD FRQRFLGR FRPR SUREOHPD GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU

FRUUHVSRQGH D XQ iUERO GH FXEULPLHQWR GH FRVWR PtQLPR GHO JUDIR * (VWDV YDULDQWHV GHO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU VH GHILQHQ \ FRPHQWDQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ  3UREOHPDV GH N FRQH[LyQ /RV SUREOHPDV GH N FRQH[LyQ VRQ FDVRV HVSHFLDOHV GHO *63 HQ ORV FXDOHV ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH FDQWLGDG GH FDPLQRV VRQ FRQVWDQWHV SDUD WRGR SDU GH QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV (VWRV SUREOHPDV VRQ XVXDOHV HQ DSOLFDFLRQHV GRQGH VH GHVHD UHGXFLU ORV FRVWRV GH HQODFHV H[WUD HQWUH QRGRV GH OD UHG PDQWHQLHQGR XQ Q~PHUR EDMR GH FDPLQRV GLVMXQWRV HQWUH WRGR SDU GH QRGRV &RPR HMHPSOR HQ HO GLVHxR GH UHGHV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ WHOHIyQLFDV XQD

VROXFLyQ  DULVWD FRQH[D SHUPLWH LQWURGXFLU HO QLYHO PtQLPR GH UHGXQGDQFLD GH FDPLQRV HQWUH WRGR SDU GH QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV OLPLWDQGR OD FDQWLGDG GH HQODFHV QHFHVDULRV ORV FXDOHV

XVXDOPHQWH WLHQHQ XQ FRVWR HOHYDGR

/D UHVROXFLyQ GH XQ SUREOHPD GH N FRQH[LyQ LQYROXFUD KDOODU XQ VXEJUDIR GH FXEULPLHQWR N DULVWD FRQH[R GH XQ JUDIR GDGR 3RU JUDIR N DULVWD FRQH[R VH HQWLHQGH DTXHO TXH QR SXHGH WUDQVIRUPDUVH HQ GHVFRQH[R UHPRYLHQGR PHQRV GH N DULVWDV 8QD UHG GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV N DULVWD FRQH[D FRQWLQXDUi IXQFLRQDQGR FRUUHFWDPHQWH JDUDQWL]DQGR OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQWUH

WRGR SDU GH QRGRV D~Q OXHJR GH N IDOORV GH HQODFH 8QD IRUPXODFLyQ GHO SUREOHPD GH N FRQH[LyQ FRPR SUREOHPD GH SURJUDPDFLyQ OLQHDO SXHGH HQFRQWUDUVH HQ HO WUDEDMR GH *U|WVFKHO 0RQPD \ 6WRHU >*06D@ (O SUREOHPD GH N FRQH[LyQ KD VLGR HVWXGLDGR H[WHQVDPHQWH (Q SDUWLFXODU HO FDVR N SURSRQH HO GLVHxR GH XQ JUDIR  FRVWR PtQLPR HV DPSOLDPHQWH FRQH[R TXH FXEUH XQ  TXH FRQ \

FRQMXQWR GH QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV GH UHGHV GH

FRQVLGHUDGR

FRPR

PRGHOR

FRPXQLFDFLRQHV

WUDQVSRUWH 0RQPD 0XQVRQ \ 3XOOH\%ODQN >003@ HVWXGLDURQ HO SUREOHPD GH  FRQH[LyQ SDUD HO FDVR HQ TXH GRQGH OD IXQFLyQ GH FRVWR FXPSOH OD GHVLJXDOGDG WULDQJXODU HQWUH DULVWDV XQD UHIHUHQFLD D HVWH WUDEDMR SXHGH HQFRQWUDUVH HQ 5REOHGR >5RE@ (O FDVR JHQpULFR GHO SUREOHPD GH N FRQH[LyQ FRQ N 0RQPD >%%0@  3UREOHPD GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU (O SUREOHPD GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU HV XQ FDVR SDUWLFXODU GHO SUREOHPD GH N FRQH[LyQ SDUD HO FDVR N  +D VLGR H[WHQVDPHQWH HVWXGLDGR FRPR XQR GH ORV SUREOHPDV FOiVLFRV GH

 HV HVWXGLDGR SRU %LHQVWRFN %ULFNHOO \

RSWLPL]DFLyQ FRPELQDWRULD (O UHTXHULPLHQWR GH FRQH[LyQ VLPSOH HQWUH SDUHV GH QRGRV VH VROXFLRQD HQFRQWUDQGR XQ iUERO GH FXEULPLHQWR GHO FRQMXQWR GLVWLQJXLGR GH QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV TXH WHQJD FRVWR PtQLPR ([LVWH XQD JUDQ GLYHUVLGDG GH DOJRULWPRV H[DFWRV \ KHXUtVWLFDV TXH UHVXHOYHQ HO SUREOHPD GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU DO UHVSHFWR SXHGH FRQVXOWDUVH HO WUDEDMR GH 5REOHGR >5RE@ 'HQWUR GH ORV DOJRULWPRV H[DFWRV HV SRVLEOH PHQFLRQDU ORV GH HQXPHUDFLyQ GH iUEROHV GH FXEULPLHQWR ORV GH HQXPHUDFLyQ GH WRSRORJtDV DOJRULWPRV EDVDGRV HQ SURJUDPDFLyQ GLQiPLFD \ HQ UHODMDFLyQ ODJUDQJHDQD HQWUH RWURV /DV KHXUtVWLFDV HPSOHDGDV XWLOL]DQ WpFQLFDV JRORVDV VLJXLHQGR

FDPLQRV GH FRVWR PtQLPR R FRVWR SURPHGLR HVWUDWHJLDV GH FRQWUDFFLyQ R GH FXEULPLHQWR &RPSOHMLGDG GHO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU (O SUREOHPD JHQHUDOL]DGR SDUD HO GH 6WHLQHU HV 13&RPSOHWR GH WDO FXDO GH IXH GHPRVWUDGR GLVMXQWDV SRU .UDUXS SDUD

>.UD@

WDQWR

FDVR

GH

UHTXHULPLHQWRV

FDPLQRV

DULVWDV

FRPR

FDPLQRV GH QRGRV GLVMXQWRV (O SUREOHPD GH N FRQH[LyQ HV WDPELpQ 13 GLItFLO WDO FXDO SUXHEDQ /XHENH \ 3URYDQ UHGXFLHQGR XQD IRUPD HVSHFLDO GHO SUREOHPD 763 D OD YHUVLyQ SODQDU GHO SUREOHPD GH  FRQH[LyQ R GH DFXHUGR D OD UHIHUHQFLD GH 5REOHGR >5RE@ HV SRVLEOH UHGXFLU HO SUREOHPD GH GHWHUPLQDU XQ FLFOR KDPLOWRQLDQR DO SUREOHPD  FRQH[R (O SURSLR SUREOHPD GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU TXH SODQWHD OD UHVWULFFLyQ PHQRV JHQHUDO HQ FXDQWR D FDPLQRV HV 13 FRPSOHWR GH DFXHUGR D OD SUXHED GH .DUS >.DU@ ,QFOXVLYH YHUVLRQHV

VLPSOLILFDGDV FRPR ORV FDVRV FRQ FRVWRV XQLIRUPHV GH ODV DULVWDV JUDIR SODQDU R ELSDUWLWR HQ WHUPLQDOHV \ QR WHUPLQDOHV D~Q VRQ SUREOHPDV 13 GLItFLOHV &RPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD FRPSOHMLGDG GH ODV YHUVLRQHV GHO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU OD UHVROXFLyQ XWLOL]DQGR DOJRULWPRV H[DFWRV VH KDFH FDGD YH] PHQRV WUDWDEOH DO DXPHQWDU HO WDPDxR GHO SUREOHPD 3RU WDO PRWLYR VH EXVFDQ VROXFLRQHV DOWHUQDWLYDV XWLOL]DQGR KHXUtVWLFDV TXH

SHUPLWDQ HQFRQWUDU EXHQDV VROXFLRQHV HQ WLHPSRV UD]RQDEOHV 8QD YDULDGD JDPD GH HQIRTXHV VH KDQ XWLOL]DGR SDUD OD UHVROXFLyQ GHO SUREOHPD GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU $ PDQHUD GH HMHPSOR HV SRVLEOH FLWDU ODV KHXUtVWLFDV DSOLFDEOHV DO SUREOHPD GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU GHWDOODGDV HQ ORV WUDEDMRV GH :HUQHFN >:HU@ 3RJJL \ :HUQHFN >3R:@ \ 3RJJL HW DO >3RJ@ 8Q DOJRULWPR +DMED GH DSUR[LPDFLyQ DGRSWD GH OD IDFWRU  HV SURSXHVWR XQD SRU -DLQ HQ VX HO WUDEDMR GH  N

>-DL@

>+DM@

LGHD

SURSRQLHQGR

YDULDQWH

SDUD

SUREOHPD

GH

FRQH[LRQ

&DVRV 3DUWLFXODUHV GHO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU JHQHUDOL]DGR 5HWRUQDQGR DO SUREOHPD JHQHUDOL]DGR GH 6WHLQHU FLHUWRV FDVRV SDUWLFXODUHV VRQ GH LQWHUpV SRU UHGXFLU VX FRPSOHMLGDG D XQ RUGHQ SROLQRPLDO $OJXQRV >5RE@ FDVRV SDUWLFXODUHV VH FRPHQWDQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ EDVDGRV HQ OD UHVHxD GH 5REOHGR

3UREOHPD *63 FRQ FRVWRV XQLIRUPHV 6L ORV FRVWRV DVRFLDGRV D ODV DULVWDV GHO JUDIR * VRQ LGpQWLFRV HO SUREOHPD *63 VH UHVXHOYH KDOODQGR XQ VXEJUDIR FRQ PtQLPR Q~PHUR GH DULVWDV TXH VDWLVIDJD ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV U

GH

FRQHFWLYLGDG SDUD ORV QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV 5REOHGR >5RE@ SUHVHQWD XQ DOJRULWPR GH RUGHQ SROLQRPLDO RULJLQDO GH &RXFK)UDQN UHVROYHU HO DULVWDV SUREOHPD UHGXFLGR QRGRV FRQ (O FRVWRV FDVR LGpQWLFRV TXH QR (VWD VH VROXFLyQ SHUPLWHQ SHUPLWH DULVWDV OD SDUD GH OD

H[LVWHQFLD HQ

SDUDOHODV

HQWUH

HQ

SDUDOHODV

FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD VROXFLyQ KD VLGR DWDFDGR VROR HQ OD YHUVLyQ GHO SUREOHPD GH N FRQH[LyQ FRQ UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH FRQHFWLYLGDG XQLIRUPHV HQWUH QRGRV

*63 FRQ &RVWRV %RROHDQRV (O FDVR GHO *63 FRQ PDWUL] GH FRVWRV ERROHDQD HV FRQRFLGR FRPR $XJPHQWDWLRQ 3UREOHP FX\D IRUPXODFLyQ SURSRQH KDOODU HO PtQLPR Q~PHUR GH DULVWDV WDO TXH DO DJUHJDUODV DO JUDIR VH VDWLVIDFH ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH FRQH[LyQ GDGRV SRU XQD PDWUL] 5 /DV YHUVLRQHV DULVWDFRQH[D GH HVWH SUREOHPD IXHURQ HVWXGLDGDV SRU (VZDUDQ \ 7DUMDQ

>(V7@ \ *ROGQHU \ 5RVHQWKDO >*R5@ :DWDQDEH \ 1DNDPXUD >:D1@ DQDOL]DURQ HO FDVR GH NFRQH[LyQ (O FDVR PiV JHQpULFR GH $XJPHQWDWLRQ 3UREOHP FRQ UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH FRQH[LyQ YDULDEOHV HV HVWXGLDGR SRU .DMLWDQL 8HQR \ :DGD >.8:@ &DL \ 6XQ >&D6@ \ )UDQN >)UD@ TXLHQ

SUHVHQWD DOJRULWPRV GH UHVROXFLyQ GH RUGHQ SROLQRPLDO (O DOJRULWPR GH PHQRU FRPSOHMLGDG FRQRFLGR KDVWD HO PRPHQWR TXH LQFUHPHQWD OD

FRQHFWLYLGDG GH DULVWDV GH XQ JUDIR D XQ QLYHO

HQ WLHPSR SROLQRPLDO IXH SURSXHVWR SRU

*XVILHOG 0DUWHO \ 1DRU >*01@ 6DOYR HVWH ~OWLPR DOJRULWPR ORV GHPiV SHUPLWHQ VROXFLRQHV TXH XWLOLFHQ DULVWDV SDUDOHODV

 7pFQLFDV HYROXWLYDV DSOLFDGDV D OD UHVROXFLyQ GHO SUREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU

'H DFXHUGR DO UHOHYDPLHQWR UHDOL]DGR HV SRVLEOH DILUPDU TXH QR H[LVWHQ DQWHFHGHQWHV GH

DSOLFDFLyQ GH ORV $OJRULWPRV *HQpWLFRV DO SUREOHPD JHQHUDOL]DGR GH 6WHLQHU

([LVWHQ

YDULDV

UHIHUHQFLDV

DSOLFDFLRQHV

GH

WpFQLFDV

HYROXWLYDV

DO

SUREOHPD

GHO

iUERO

GH

6WHLQHU \ VXV YDULDQWHV (O SULPHU WUDEDMR GDWD GH  IHFKD HQ TXH +HVVHU 0lQQHU \ 6WXFN\ >+20@ SURSRQHQ OD FRGLILFDFLyQ GH XQ DOJRULWPR JHQpWLFR SDUD OD RSWLPL]DFLyQ GH iUEROHV GH 6WHLQHU D SDUWLU

iUEROHV GH FXEULPLHQWR (O SUREOHPD UHVXHOWR HQ HVWH FDVR XWLOL]D HO DOJRULWPR H[DFWR SDUD KDOODU ORV iUEROHV GH FXEULPLHQWR FRQ 2Q ORJ Q RSHUDFLRQHV \ OXHJR XWLOL]D XQ DOJRULWPR

JHQpWLFR SDUD RSWLPL]DU HO FRVWR GH ODV YDULDQWHV REWHQLGDV DO DJUHJDU SXQWRV GH 6WHLQHU (O DOJRULWPR FRGLILFD iUEROHV GH 6WHLQHU XWLOL]DQGR FURPRVRPDV FRQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH SRVLFLRQHV GH ORV SXQWRV GH 6WHLQHU XWLOL]D FRPR IXQFLyQ GH ILWQHVV HO FRVWR DVRFLDGR FRQ HO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU TXH HV SRVLEOH FRQVWUXLU FRQ ORV SXQWRV RULJLQDOHV \ ORV SXQWRV GH 6WHLQHU FRGLILFDGRV HQ HO LQGLYLGXR \ HO DOJRULWPR HV FRQILJXUDGR GH DFXHUGR D ORV YDORUHV GH ORV SDUiPHWURV TXH VXJLHUH WpFQLFD 5&$ *UHIHQVWHWWH GH XQR >*UH@ GH /RV UHVXOWDGRV VH FRPSDUDQ \ HO FRQ ORV GH REWHQLGRV DSOLFDQGR \ OD

RSWLPL]DFLyQ GH ODV

6LPXODWHG

$QQHDOLQJ

DOJRULWPR

5D\ZDUG6PLWK SDUD HO

&ODUH (O

PHMRUHV

KHXUtVWLFDV

GHVDUUROODGDV

SDUWLFXODUPHQWH

SUREOHPD

DOJRULWPR JHQpWLFR SURSXHVWR PRVWUy XQD SHUIRUPDQFH VLPLODU D OD GHO DOJRULWPR 5&$ VLHQGR HVWH DOWDPHQWH HVSHFLDOL]DGR SDUD OD UHVROXFLyQ GHO SUREOHPD

(Q



.DSVDOLV GHO iUERO

5D\ZDUG6PLWK GH 6WHLQHU

6PLWK

>.56@

WUDEDMDURQ GH

VREUH

XQD

YDULDQWH (Q

GHO HVWH

SUREOHPD

FRQRFLGD

FRPR

3UREOHPD

6WHLQHU

5HFWLOtQHR

SUREOHPD HO JUDIR VXE\DFHQWH HV SODQDU HQ HO VHQWLGR GH TXH ORV QRGRV WHUPLQDOHV SXQWRV D FRQHFWDU PHGLDQWH ODV HO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU VH VXSRQHQ XELFDGRV \R HQ GH HO HO SODQR HXFOtGHR GHEHQ UHGHV VHU GH

$GLFLRQDOPHQWH KRUL]RQWDOHV R

FRQH[LRQHV (VWH

HQWUH

QRGRV

WHUPLQDOHV DSOLFDFLyQ

SXQWRV HQ

6WHLQHU

YHUWLFDOHV

SUREOHPD

WLHQH

GLUHFWD

GLVHxR

GH

FRPXQLFDFLRQHV VLVWHPDV PHFiQLFRV HQ HGLILFDFLRQHV WDEOHURV GH FLUFXLWRV \ SDTXHWHV 9/6, (O SUREOHPD FRQVLVWH HQ KDOODU HO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU UHFWLOtQHR GH FRVWR PtQLPR (O DOJRULWPR JHQpWLFR LQFOX\H GH .DSVDOLV 5D\ZDUG6PLWK IDFWLEOHV DO \ 6PLWK WUDEDMD VREUH VREUH XQ HVSDFLR DSOLFD GH XQ

LQGLYLGXRV

TXH

VROXFLRQHV

QR

SUREOHPD

ORV

FXDOHV

VH

WpUPLQR GH SHQDOL]DFLyQ DO HYDOXDU OD IXQFLyQ GH ILWQHVV

(O PLVPR SUREOHPD UHFWLOtQHR GH 6WHLQHU IXH HVWXGLDGR SRU -XOVWURP HQ VXV WUDEDMRV GH  >-XO@ \  >-XO@ -XOVWURP SURSRQH XQ DOJRULWPR JHQpWLFR TXH XWLOL]D XQD FRGLILFDFLyQ PL[WD ELQDULD \ QRELQDULD EDVDGD HQ XQ PDSHR GH iUEROHV GH FXEULPLHQWR GH Q YpUWLFHV FRQ VWULQJV GH ODUJR Q GHULYDGR GH XQD SUXHED GH OD IyUPXOD GH &D\OH\ RULJLQDO GH 3UIHU 8Q RSHUDGRU GH FUX]DPLHQWR PRGLILFDGR VH LQWURGXFH SDUD HYLWDU OD H[FHVLYD SpUGLGD GH PDWHULDO JHQpWLFR HQ OD GHVFHQGHQFLD (Q HO WUDEDMR LQLFLDO GH -XOVWURP >-XO@ HO DOJRULWPR JHQpWLFR QR SHUPLWtD DOFDQ]DU HO OD PLVPD FDOLGDG XQ GH VROXFLRQHV TXH RWUDV WpFQLFDV TXH OD KHXUtVWLFDV XWLOL]D XQD HO

3RVWHULRUPHQWH KHXUtVWLFD DOJRULWPR

DXWRU SDUD (VWD HO

SURSXVR OD

DOJRULWPR GH OD

JHQpWLFR

KtEULGR LQLFLDO GH

>-XO@ VREUH

HVSHFtILFD JHQpWLFR TXH

FRQVWUXFFLyQ SHUPLWH JHQpWLFR

SREODFLyQ

FXDO

RSHUD \

PHMRUD

REWHQHU

UHVXOWDGRV

PD\RU FRQ ORV

FDOLGDG

PiV GH

HILFLHQWHPHQWH

DOJRULWPR

HVWiQGDU

FRPSDUDEOHV

UHVXOWDGRV

WpFQLFDV KHXUtVWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV SDUD HO SUREOHPD

(Q VX WHVLV GH GRFWRUDGR GH  >(VE@ SXEOLFDGD HQ  >(VE@ (VEHQVHQ SURSXVR DOWHUQDWLYDV D OD DQWHULRU SURSXHVWD GH .DSVDOLV DO LPSOHPHQWDU XQ DOJRULWPR JHQpWLFR SDUD UHVROYHU HO SUREOHPD GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU (VEHQVHQ LPSXVR HO WUDEDMR FRQ VROXFLRQHV

IDFWLEOHV HYLWDQGR WpUPLQRV GH SHQDOL]DFLyQ HQ OD IXQFLyQ GH ILWQHVV \ XWLOL]DQGR XQ RSHUDGRU JHQpWLFR GH LQYHUVLyQ TXH UHRUGHQD ODV FRPSRQHQWHV GH XQ YHFWRU JHQRWLSR WRPDQGR HQ FXHQWD XQD FLHUWD SUREDELOLGDG GH LQYHUVLyQ 6REUH OD LGHD GHO WUDEDMR LQLFLDO (VEHQVHQ \

0D]XPGHU >(V0@ SUHVHQWDURQ XQ DOJRULWPR JHQpWLFR SDUD HO SUREOHPD GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU \ VX DSOLFDFLyQ DO GLVHxR GH FLUFXLWRV SRU .RX 9/6, HW DO %DVDQGR >.RX@ VX HO FRGLILFDFLyQ HQ OD KHXUtVWLFD XQD

GHWHUPLQtVWLFD

'1+

SURSXHVWD

DOJRULWPR

JHQpWLFR

PRVWUy

FDOLGDG VXSHULRU HQ ODV VROXFLRQHV REWHQLGDV UHVSHFWR D GRV KHXUtVWLFDV ELHQ FRQRFLGDV SDUD HO SUREOHPD GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU VLHQGR FRPSHWLWLYR HQ WpUPLQRV GH SHUIRUPDQFH

'LYHUVRV

SUREOHPDV

VREUH

UHGHV

GH

FRPXQLFDFLRQHV

WLHQHQ

FRPR

VROXFLyQ

HO

SUREOHPD

GHO

iUERO GH 6WHLQHU \ VREUH HOORV VH KDQ DSOLFDGR DOJRULWPRV JHQpWLFRV (Q HO FDVR GH =KX :DLQZULJWK \ 6FKRHQHIHOG >=:6@ XWLOL]DURQ XQ KtEULGR FRQ WpFQLFDV

KHXUtVWLFDV SDUD KDOODU iUEROHV GH 6WHLQHU HQWUH ODV FXDOHV VH PHQFLRQD OD KHXUtVWLFD HYROXWLYD SURSXHVWD SRU (VEHQVHQ \ XQ DOJRULWPR JHQpWLFR SURSLR SDUD OD RSWLPL]DFLyQ GH

UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH FRQH[LRQHV PXOWLSXQWR VREUH OD UHG GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV

9R \ *XWHQVFKZDJHU >9R*@ LQYHVWLJDURQ VREUH OD KLEULGDFLyQ HQWUH DOJRULWPRV JHQpWLFRV \ XQD WpFQLFDV GH LQWHOLJHQFLD DUWLILFLDO OD WpFQLFDV GH WURFHDGR /DV WpFQLFDV GH DSUHQGL]DMH SRU WURFHDGR UHODFLRQHV VH EDVDQ DOWR HQ XQ HQ FRQMXQWR HO GH KLSyWHVLV GH HVSHFtILFDV (Q HO TXH VH XWLOL]DQ GH ORV SDUD KDOODU

GH

QLYHO

HVSDFLR

E~VTXHGD

FRQWH[WR

DOJRULWPRV

JHQpWLFRV ORV HVTXHPDV VRQ GHILQLGRV SRU WURFHDGR FRPELQDQGR WUR]RV VXSHULRUHV GH IRUPD TXH VHDQ VHSDUDEOHV VREUH SRU HO HO RSHUDGRU GH FUX]DPLHQWR VH UHDOL]DQ FRQ XQD HO SUREDELOLGDG SUREOHPD GHO EDMD iUERO /DV GH

LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV 6WHLQHU

PHFDQLVPR

KtEULGR

VREUH

+ZDQJ 'R \ <DQJ >+'<@ GHVDUUROODURQ XQ DOJRULWPR JHQpWLFR SDUD UHVROYHU HO SUREOHPD GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU (Q VX DSOLFDGR DO FDGD GLVHxR GH XQD VROXFLyQ SDUD HO SUREOHPD QRGR GH UXWHR \ XQ

PXOWLFDVWLQJ

SURSXHVWD

FURPRVRPD

FRGLILFD

UXWDV

HQWUH

XQ

RULJHQ

FRQMXQWR GH QRGRV GHVWLQR GH DFXHUGR DO PpWRGR GH FRGLILFDFLyQ SURSXHVWR HQ HO WUDEDMR GH +LUDPDWVX 6KLPDPRWR \ <DPDVDNL >+6<@

6REUH HO PLVPR SUREOHPD GHO UXWHR PXOWLFDVWLQJ ;LDQZHL &KDQJMLD \ *DQJ SURSXVLHURQ XQ DOJRULWPR JHQpWLFR KtEULGR HQ VX WUDEDMR GH  >;&*@ (O $* LPSOHPHQWDGR XWLOL]D XQD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ ELQDULD TXH LQGLFD HO FRQMXQWR SUHVHQWH GH QRGRV GH 6WHLQHU HQ OD VROXFLyQ TXH UHSUHVHQWD HO LQGLYLGXR /D SURSXHVWD FRPELQD D XQD KHXUtVWLFD SDUD GHFRGLILFDU HO JHQRWLSR ELQDULR \ FRQVWUXLU HO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU DVRFLDGR D OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GLYHUVDV WpFQLFDV HVWiQGDU GH UHGXFFLyQ GH UHGHV \ XQ PHFDQLVPR HYROXWLYR SDUD PLQLPL]DU HO FRVWR GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU /RV DXWRUHV UHSRUWDQ OD REWHQFLyQ GH VROXFLRQHV GH PHMRU FDOLGDG TXH ODV REWHQLGDV FRQ

KHXUtVWLFDV GHWHUPLQLVWDV \ FRQ 6LPXODWHG $QQHDOLQJ HQ WLHPSRV GH HMHFXFLyQ PRGHUDGRV

*DOLDVVR \ :DLQZULJKW >*D:@ SURSXVLHURQ XQ DOJRULWPR JHQHWLFR KtEULGR SDUD HO SUREOHPD GH UXWHR PXOWLSXQWR /D SURSXHVWD H[WLHQGH HO WUDEDMR GH =KX HW DO >=6:@ FRPELQDQGR OD KHXUtVWLFD JHQpWLFR SURSXHVWD SDUD SRU (VEHQVHQ HO >(VE@ SDUD KDOODU GH iUEROHV GH 6WHLQHU GH \ XQ DOJRULWPR \

GHWHUPLQDU

RUGHQDPLHQWR

ySWLPR

SURFHVDPLHQWR

UHTXHULPLHQWRV

SRUFHQWDMHV GH DQFKR GH EDQGD DVLJQDGRV D GLIHUHQWHV FDPLQRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ

$SOLFDGR

DO

SUREOHPD XQ

GH

GLVHxR JHQpWLFR

GH

FLUFXLWRV OD

9/6,

:DNDED\DVKL GHO SUREOHPD

>:DN@ GHO iUERO

SUHVHQWy GH 6WHLQHU

UHFLHQWHPHQWH

DOJRULWPR

SDUD

UHVROXFLyQ

UHFWLOtQHR (O FURPRVRPD VRODPHQWH FRGLILFD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ WRSROyJLFD GHO iUERO GH 6WHLQHU &RQMXQWDPHQWH FRQ pVWD VH XWLOL]D OD LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRPpWULFD GHWHUPLQDGD GXUDQWH OD

HYDOXDFLyQ GH OD IXQFLyQ GH ILWQHVV SDUD OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO iUERO

GH 6WHLQHU VLJXLHQGR XQ

PpWRGR FRQVWUXFWLYR VLPLODU DO PpWRGR GH .UXVNDO /D IXQFLyQ GH ILWQHVV FXDQWLILFD HO FRVWR GH OD UHG \ OD Pi[LPD GHPRUD HQWUH RULJHQ \ GHVWLQR 8Q PHFDQLVPR HVSHFLDO GH FUX]DPLHQWR GHQRPLQDGR LQWHUFDPELR GH VXEiUEROHV HV XWLOL]DGR (O DOJRULWPR VH SUHVHQWD FRPR HIHFWLYR HQ WpUPLQRV GH FDOLGDG GH VROXFLRQHV GH ORV iUEROHV UHFWLOtQHRV GH 6WHLQHU REWHQLGRV DXQTXH VH PHQFLRQD TXH OD SHUIRUPDQFH HV PDOD FRPSDUDGD FRQ DOJRULWPRV HVWiQGDU \ VH SURSRQH LQYHVWLJDU VREUH VX PHMRUD HQ HO IXWXUR

5HIHUHQFLDV ELEOLRJUiILFDV
>$6:@ 'HVLJQLQJ WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV QHWZRUNV XVLQJ JHQHWLF DOJRULWKPV DQG SUREDELOLVWLF PLQLPXP VSDQQLQJ WUHHV )DULV 1 $EXDOL  'DOH $ 6FKRHQHIHOG  5RJHU / :DLQZULJKW 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH  $&0 6\PSRVLXP RQ $SSOLHG &RPSXWLQJ 3KRHQL[ $UL]RQD 86$ SS  

>%%0@

2Q WKH 6WUXFWXUH RI 0LQLPXP:HLJKW N&RQQHFWHG 6SDQQLQJ 1HWZRUNV 'DQLHO %LHQVWRFN (UQHVW ) %ULFNHOO &O\GH / 0RQPD 6,$0 -RXUQDO RQ 'LVFUHWH 0DWKHPDWLFV  SS  

>&&3D@ 'LJLWDO 'DWD 1HWZRUNV 'HVLJQ 8VLQJ *HQHWLF $OJRULWKPV &KDR+VLHQ &KX  +VLQJXD &KRX * 3UHPNXPDU (XURSHDQ -RXUQDO RI 2SHUDWLRQDO 5HVHDUFK 9RO  1R   SS 

>&&3E@ 7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV 1HWZRUN 'HVLJQ 'HFLVLRQ $ *HQHWLF $OJRULWKP $SSURDFK * 3UHPNXPDU & &KX + &KRX 'HFLVLRQ 6FLHQFHV 9RO  1R  6SULQJ  SS 

>&&3@

*HQHWLF $OJRULWKP IRU &RPPXQLFDWLRQ 1HWZRUN 'HVLJQ  $Q (PSLULFDO 6WXG\ RI WKH )DFWRUV WKDW ,QIOXHQFH 3HUIRUPDQFH + &KRX * 3UHPNXPDU & &KX ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ (YROXWLRQDU\ &RPSXWDWLRQ 9RO  1R  -XQH  SS 

>&RR@

(IILFLHQWO\ 6ROYLQJ WKH (XFOLGHDQ 6WHLQHU 7UHH 3UREOHP LQ 7ZR 'LPHQVLRQV -RQDWKDQ &RRPEV &RPSXWLQJ DQG 6\VWHP 6FLHQFHV 7D\ORU 8QLYHUVLW\ 8SODQG ,1

>(VE@

&RPSXWLQJ 1HDU2SWLPDO 6ROXWLRQV WR WKH 6WHLQHU 3UREOHP LQ D *UDSK 8VLQJ D *HQHWLF $OJRULWKP +HQULN (VEHQVHQ 3K ' 7HVLV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI $DUKXV 'HSDUWPHQW RI &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH IHEUHUR  'LVSRQLEOH HQ 1HWZRUNV  

>(V0@

$ *HQHWLF $OJRULWKP IRU WKH 6WHLQHU 3UREOHP LQ D *UDSK +HQULN (VEHQVHQ 3LQDNL 0D]XPGHU ('$&(7&(852$6,&  SS 

>(VW@

$XJPHQWDWLRQ 3UREOHPV .DSDOL 3 (VZDUDQ 5REHUW (QGUH 7DUMDQ 6,$0 -RXUQDO RQ &RPSXWLQJ  SS   &LWDGR HQ >5RE@

>&D6@

7KH PLQLPXP DXJPHQWDWLRQ RI DQ\ JUDSK WR D NHGJHFRQQHFWHG JUDSK * 5 &DL  < * 6XQ 1HWZRUNV 9RO   SS  &LWDGR HQ >5RE@

>)UD@

$XJPHQWLQJ JUDSKV WR PHHW HGJHFRQQHFWLYLW\ UHTXLUHPHQWV $ )UDQN 5HSRUWH WpFQLFR GHO ,QVWLWXWH IRU 2SHUDWLRQV 5HVHDUFK 8QLYHUVLW\ RI %RQQ  &LWDGR HQ >5RE@

>*01@ $ IDVW DOJRULWKP IRU RSWLPDOO\ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH HGJHFRQQHFWLYLW\ ' *XVILHOG &K 0DUWHO ' 1DRU 3URFHHGLQJV RI )RXQGDWLRQ RI &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH  SS   &LWDGR HQ >5RE@

>*UH@

2SWLPL]DWLRQ RI FRQWURO SDUDPHWHUV IRU JHQHWLF DOJRULWKPV - *UHIHQVWHWWH ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ 6\VWHPV 0DQ DQG &\EHUQHWLFV Y Q SS  &LWDGR HQ >+06@

>)69@ 5LQJ 1HWZRUN 'HVLJQ IRU 0HWURSROLWDQ $UHD 1HWZRUNV $ )LQN * 6FKQHLGHUHLW DQG 6 9R 7HFKQLVFKH 8QLYHUVLWlW %UDXQVFKZHLJ 0DU]R 

>*D:@ $ K\EULG JHQHWLF DOJRULWKP IRU WKH SRLQW WR PXOWLSRLQW URXWLQJ SUREOHP ZLWK VLQJOH VSOLW SDWKV 3DEOR *DOLDVVR 5RJHU / :DLQZULJKW $&0 6\PSRVLXP RQ $SSOLHG &RPSXWLQJ 6$&  SS 

>*06@ 3RO\KHGUDO $SSURDFKHV WR 1HWZRUN 6XUYLYDELOLW\ 0DUWLQ *U|WVFKHO &O\GH / 0RQPD 0HFKWKLOG 6WRHU $06 6HULHV LQ 'LVFUHWH 0DWKHPDWLFV DQG 7KHRUHWLFDO &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH  SS  

>*06D@ 3RO\KHGUDO DQG &RPSXWDWLRQDO ,QYHVWLJDWLRQV IRU 'HVLJQLQJ &RPPXQLFDWLRQ 1HWZRUNV ZLWK +LJK 6XUYLYDELOLW\ 5HTXLUHPHQWV 0DUWLQ *U|WVFKHO &O\GH / 0RQPD 0HFKWKLOG 6WRHU -RXUQDO 2SHUDWLRQV 5HVHDUFK  SS  

>*06E@ 'HVLJQ RI 6XUYLYDEOH 1HWZRUNV 0DUWLQ *U|WVFKHO &O\GH / 0RQPD 0HFKWKLOG 6WRHU 1HWZRUN 0RGHOV +DQGERRNV LQ 2SHUDWLRQV 5HVHDUFK DQG 0DQDJHPHQW 6FLHQFH  1RUWK+ROODQG SS  

>*R5@

6PDOOHVW DXJPHQWDWLRQ WR ELFRQQHFW D JUDSK $ *ROGQHU $ 5RVHQWKDO DQG 6,$0 -RXUQDO RQ &RPSXWLQJ 9RO   SS  &LWDGR HQ >5RE@

>+DM@

$SSUR[LPDWLRQ DOJRULWKPV IRU ILQGLQJ D NFRQQHFWHG VXEJUDSK RI D JUDSK ZLWK PLQLPXP ZHLJKW 7DPiV +DMED +XQJDULDQ (OHFWURQLF -RXUQDO RQOLQH KWWSKHMDV]LIKX$10$10$DQPDSGI FRQVXOWDGR DJRVWR 

>+'<@

0XOWLFDVW 5RXWLQJ %DVHG RQ *HQHWLF $OJRULWKPV 5HQ+XQJ +ZDQJ :HL<XDQ 'R 6K\L&KDQJ <DQJ -RXUQDO RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6FLHQFH DQG (QJLQHHULQJ 9RO  1R  SS  

>+02@ 2Q 6WHLQHU 7UHHV DQG *HQHWLF $OJRULWKPV - +HVVHU 5 0lQQHU 2 6WXFN\ 3DUDOOHOLVP /HDUQLQJ (YROXWLRQ /HFWXUH 1RWHV LQ &RPS 6FLHQFH  SS  

>+20@ 2SWLPL]DWLRQ RI 6WHLQHU 7UHHV E\ *HQHWLF $OJRULWKPV - +HVVHU 5 0lQQHU 2 6WXFN\ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH UG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ *HQHWLF $OJRULWKPV SS  )DLID[ 9$ 

>+6<@

$ G\QDPLF URXWLQJ FRQWURO EDVHG RQ D *HQHWLF $OJRULWKP $ +LUDPDWVX 1 6KLPDPRWR . <DPDVDNL ,-&11
 SS  

>-DL@

$ )DFWRU  $SSUR[LPDWLRQ $OJRULWKP IRU WKH *HQHUDOL]HG 6WHLQHU 1HWZRUN 3UREOHP . -DLQ &RPELQDWRULD  9RO  SS  GLVSRQLEOH HQ )2&6  SS

>-XO@ $ JHQHWLF DOJRULWKP IRU WKH UHFWLOLQHDU 6WHLQHU SUREOHP %U\DQW $ -XOVWURP 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH )LIWK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ *HQHWLF $OJRULWKPV SS  0RUJDQ .DXIPDQQ 3XEOLVKHUV 

>-XO@

6HHGLQJ WKH SRSXODWLRQ LPSURYHG SHUIRUPDQFH LQ D JHQHWLF DOJRULWKP IRU WKH UHFWLOLQHDU 6WHLQHU SUREOHP %U\DQW $ -XOVWURP $&0 6\PSRVLXP RQ $SSOLHG &RPSXWLQJ 6$&  SS 

>-XO@

(QFRGLQJ UHFWLOLQHDU 6WHLQHU WUHHV DV OLVWV RI HGJHV %U\DQW $ -XOVWURP $&0 6\PSRVLXP RQ $SSOLHG &RPSXWLQJ 6$&  SS 

>.DU@

5HGXFLELOLW\ DPRQJ FRPELQDWRULDO SUREOHPV 5 0 .DUS &RPSOH[LW\ RI &RPSXWHU &RPPXQLFDWLRQV SS  3OHQXP 3UHVV 

>.UD@

*HQHUDOL]HG 6WHLQHU SUREOHP - .UDUXS XQSXEOLVKHG QRWH  &LWDGR HQ >5DY@

>.56@

6ROYLQJ WKH JUDSKLFDO 6WHLQHU WUHH SUREOHP XVLQJ JHQHWLF DOJRULWKPV .DSVDOLV 5D\ZDUG6PLWK DQG 6PLWK -RXUQDO RI WKH 2SHUDWLRQDO 5HVHDUFK 6RFLHW\  

>/X3@

2Q WKH VWUXFWXUH DQG FRPSOH[LW\ RI WKH FRQQHFWHG 6WHLQHU QHWZRUN SUREOHP LQ WKH SODQH (/ /XHENH - 6 3URYDQ 2SHUDWLRQV 5HVHDUFK /HWWHUV   SS 

>.RX@

$ )DVW $OJRULWKP IRU 6WHLQHU 7UHHV / .RX * 0DUNRZVN\ /%HUPDQ $FWD ,QIRUPDWLFD 6SULQJHU9HUODJ YRO  SS  &LWDGR HQ >(V0@

>.8:@ 0LQLPXP DXJPHQWDWLRQ RI D WUHH WR D NHGJHFRQQHFWHG JUDSK 6 8HQR < .DMLWDQL + :DGD 1HWZRUNV 9RO  SS   &LWDGR HQ >5RE@

>0D\@

*HQHWLF $OJRULWKPV DQG 0XOWL&RRUGLQDWLRQ LQ 1HWZRUN 'HVLJQ 5REHUW 5 0H\HU ',0$&6 :RUNVKRS RQ 1HWZRUN 'HVLJQ &RQQHFWLYLW\ DQG )DFLOLWLHV /RFDWLRQ 

>003@

0LQLPXPZHLJKW WZR FRQQHFWHG VSDQQLQJ QHWZRUNV &/ 0RQPD %6 0XQVRQ DQG :5 3XOOH\EODQN 0DWKHPDWLFDO 3URJUDPPLQJ  SS  

>3RJ@

+\EULG ORFDO VHDUFK IRU WKH 6WHLQHU SUREOHP LQ JUDSKV 0 3RJJL GH $UDJmR & & 5LEHLUR ( 8FKRD 5HQDWR ) :HUQHFN ([WHQGHG $EVWUDFWV RI WKH WK 0HWDKHXULVWLFV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH 0,&  SS  3RUWR 3RUWXJDO 

>3R:@

2Q WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI 067EDVHG KHXULVWLFV IRU WKH 6WHLQHU SUREOHP LQ JUDSKV 0 3RJJL GH $UDJmR 5HQDWR ) :HUQHFN 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK :RUNVKRS RQ $OJRULWKP (QJLQHHULQJ DQG ([SHULPHQWV $/(1(;
 6DQ )UDQFLVFR 

>5RE@

'LVHxR 7RSROyJLFR GH 5HGHV &DVRV GH (VWXGLR 7KH *HQHUDOL]HG 6WHLQHU 3UREOHP \ 7KH 6WHLQHU (GJH&RQQHFWHG 6XEJUDSK 3UREOHP ) 5REOHGR 7HVLV GH 0DHVWUtD HQ ,QIRUPiWLFD 3('(&,%$ ,QIRUPiWLFD 

>5DY@

6WHLQHU 7UHHV DQG %H\RQG $SSUR[LPDWLRQ $OJRULWKPV IRU 1HWZRUN 'HVLJQ 5DPDPXUWK\ 5DYL 7HFKQLFDO 5HSRUW &6 %URZQ 8QLYHUVLW\ &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH  3K ' 7KHVLV 

>6D7@

0DWKHPDWLFDO SURJUDPPLQJ LQ D K\EULG JHQHWLF DOJRULWKP IRU 6WHLQHU SRLQW SUREOHPV 3XOLQ 6DPSDW 'DYLG - 7KXHQWH 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH  $&0 V\PSRVLXP RQ $SSOLHG FRPSXWLQJ $&0 3UHVV 1< 86$ SS   

>9D]@

5HFHQW UHVXOWV RQ DSSUR[LPDWLQJ WKH 6WHLQHU WUHH SUREOHP DQG LWV JHQHUDOL]DWLRQV 9LMD\ 9 9D]LUDQL 7KHRUHWLFDO &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH 0DUFK  9ROXPH  ,VVXH 

>9R*@

$ FKXQNLQJ EDVHG JHQHWLF DOJRULWKP IRU WKH 6WHLQHU WUHH SUREOHP LQ JUDSKV 9R . *XWHQVFKZDJHU 1HWZRUN 'HVLJQ &RQQHFWLYLW\ DQG )DFLOLWLHV /RFDWLRQ ',0$&6 6HULHV LQ 'LVFUHWH 0DWKHPDWLFV DQG 7KHRUHWLFDO &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH  $06 3URYLGHQFH  SS 

>:DN@

$ *HQHWLF $OJRULWKP IRU WKH 5HFWLOLQHDU 6WHLQHU 7UHH 3UREOHP LQ 9/6, ,QWHUFRQQHFW /D\RXW 6KLQ
LFKL :DNDED\DVKL ,QIRUPDWLRQ 3URFHVVLQJ 6RFLHW\ RI -DSDQ ,36- -2851$/ 9RO 1R  0D\R 

>:D1@

(GJHFRQQHFWLYLW\ DXJPHQWDWLRQ SUREOHPV 7 :DWDQDEH $ 1DNDPXUD &RPSXWHU DQG 6\VWHP 6FLHQFHV 9RO  SS   &LWDGR HQ >5RE@

>:HU@

3UREOHPD GH 6WHLQHU HP *UDIRV $OJRULWPRV 3ULPDLV 'XDLV H ([DWRV 5HQDWR ) :HUQHFN 0DVWHU
V 7KHVLV 'HSDUWPHQW RI ,QIRUPDWLFV 38&5LR -XOLR 

>;&*@

$ *HQHWLF $OJRULWKP IRU 0XOWLFDVWLQJ 5RXWLQJ 3UREOHP =KRX ;LDQZHL &KHQ &KDQJMLD =KX *DQJ 1RUWKHUQ -LDRWRQJ 8QLY %HLMLQJ &KLQD  3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RPPXQLFDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\  ,&&7 

>=6:@

$ *HQHWLF $OJRULWKP IRU WKH 3RLQW WR 0XOWLSRLQW 5RXWLQJ 3UREOHP ZLWK 9DU\LQJ 1XPEHU RI 5HTXHVWV / =KX ' 6FKRHQHIHOG 5 :DLQZULJKW 3URFHHGLQJ RI WKH  ,((( ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ (YROXWLRQDU\ &RPSXWLQJ ,&(& $QFKRUDJH $ODVND 0D\R