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SEE 3533 - Intro
SEE 3533 - Intro
SEE 3533 - Intro
COMMUNICATIONS
PRINCIPLES
Topic 1– Introduction to
Communication System
1.0 Introduction
mtx(t) mrx(t)
s(t) Input Comm Output r(t)
Transducer System Transducer
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Analog vs Digital Systems
ANALOG DIGITAL
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g(t) g(t)
t
Analog, continuous-time Digital, continuous-time
g(t) g(t)
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Aperiodic signal: Unit pulse signal Periodic signal: A sinusoidal signal
x (t ) = A sin(2πf ot +θ )
2π 1
ω0 = 2πf 0 ; T0 = =
ω0 f0
sin (x+y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
2π 2π
x(t + ) = A sin ω0 (t + ) + θ = A sin(ω0t + 2π + θ )
ω0 ω0
= A[ sin(ω0t + θ ) cos(2π ) + cos(ω0t + θ ) sin(2π )]
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1.3.1 Harmonic signal
-A harmonic is a signal whose frequency
is an integral multiple of the frequency of
a reference signal.
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1.4 Basic Communication System
wired / wireless
mtx(t) ptx(t) prx(t) mrx(t)
Input Transmitter Transmission Output
Receiver
Transducer Medium Transducer
s(t) r(t)
Noise n(t)
• Receiver – receive the modulated signal, prx(t) and then convert the
signal to modulating signal, mrx(t) through the process called
demodulation.
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1.5 Transmission Medium (Guided)
• Kabel Terpiuh (Twisted pair)
– Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
– Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
• Kabel Sepaksi (Coaxial)
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1.6 Transmission Medium (Unguided)
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Representative
applications
Transmission
Propagation
designations
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Frequency
Wavelength
modes
Frequency
media
Optical Fiber
1015Hz
Laser beam
1.7 Frequency Spectrum
Ultraviolet
Wideband data
10-6m
Visible
Infrared
1014Hz
Extra High Satellite-satellite 1G0Hz
Frequency Microwave relay
EHF Earth-satellite
Waveguide
1cm
Radar
Line-of-sight
SHF
10cm
Broadband PCS
Ultra High Wireless communication 1GHz
Frequency Cellular, Pager
UHF
UHF TV
1m
VHF
10m
Mobil radio
Skywave
High
radio
Frequency
CB radio
HF 10MHz
100m
Amateur radio
Medium
Frequency
AM broadcasting 1MHz
MF
1km
Groundwave
Low
Frequency 100kHz
radio
Aeronautical
LF
10km
Submarine cable
Twisted Pair
Very Low Navigation
Cable
Frequency Transoceanic radio 10kHz
100km
VLF
Audio Telephone
Telegraph
1kHz
1.8 Communication System Efficiency
• We can measure the level of efficiency of communication system
through several ways:
– How close the received signal to the transmitted input signal?
• s(t), r(t) ; Needs high quality of transmission.
• s(t) Analog – Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
≅
• Technology Problem
– Hardware
– Economy
– Law and Regulation
• Physical Problems
– BW
– Signal Power
– Noise
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1.8.2 Types of Transmission
• Simplex
One way transmission
• Half-Duplex
Two way transmission but only one user can transmit the
signal at one time.
• Full-Duplex
Two way transmission, both users can transmit the signal at
the same time.
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1.9 Noise
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1.9.1 Types of noise
• An undesired disturbance within the frequency band of interest; the summation
of unwanted or disturbing energy introduced into a communications system
from man-made and natural sources.
• A disturbance that affects a signal and that may distort the information carried
by the signal.
Noise
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1.9.2 Noise Effect
• Degrade system performance for both analog and
digital systems.
• The receiver cannot understand the original signal.
• The receiver cannot function as it should be.
• Reduce the efficiency of communication system.
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1.9.3 Thermal Noise
• Johnson–Nyquist noise (thermal noise, Johnson noise, or
Nyquist noise) is the Electronic noise - generated by the
thermal agitation of the charge carriers (the electrons) inside
an electrical conductor in equilibrium, which happens
regardless of any applied voltage.
• Current flows due to the free electrons will create noise voltage, n(t).
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This type of noise was first measured by John B. Johnson at Bell Labs in 1928. He described his
findings to Harry Nyquist, also at Bell Labs, who was able to explain the results.
Pn ∝ TB
Pn = kTB Watt
where
Pn = noise power (Watt)
k = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
T = Temperature (K)
B = BW spectrum system (Hz)
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It can be modeled by a voltage source representing the noise of the non-ideal
resistor in series with an ideal noise free resistor.
Vn, Noise
voltage source
Rn, Noise
=
source Rn, noise
free
• Noise source will be connected to a system with the input resistance RL.
• Therefore, total noise power is Pn.
• With the concept of maximum power transfer ie when Rn = RL all the
power will be transferred to the load.
• Also called as impedance matching.
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Vn, Noise
voltage source
VL RL, system input
Rn, Noise resistance
free
• SNR o is always less than SNRi , due to the facts that the
existence of noise in the receiver itself. In the receiver usually
constitute a process of filtering, demodulation and
amplification.
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1.10 Noise Calculation
• SNR is a ratio of signal power, S to noise power, N.
S
SNR = 10 log dB
N
• Noise Factor, F
Si N i
F=
So N o
G Ni
Ni No G No
Na Nai
N o = GN i + N a N o = G ( N i + N ai )
Na and Pn = N i = kTi B
where N ai =
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1.10.2 Analysis Amplifier with Noise
Si G So
(1) S o = GSi
Ni Na No N o = GN i + N a
Model Penguat Berhingar Na
=G N i +
Si G
SNRo << SNRi
(2) SNRi Ni = G ( N i + N ai )
=
SNRo GSi
(3) We have:
G ( N i + N ai )
N i = kTi B and N ai = kTe B
N i + N ai
=
Ni kTe B
=> F = 1+
N ai kTi B
=1+
Ni Noise Factor: Noise Temperature:
Te
F =1 +
N ai
F =1+ Te = ( F − 1)Ti
Ni Ti 29
1.10.3 Analysis Amplifier Without Noise
Si
Ni+Nai
G So
No
(1) S o = GSi
N o = G ( N i + N ai )
Model Penguat Tanpa Hingar
Si
SNRo << SNRi
(2) SNRi Ni
=
SNRo GSi
(3) We have:
G ( N i + N ai )
N i = kTi B and N ai = kTe B
N i + N ai
=
Ni kTe B
=> F = 1+
N ai kTi B
=1+
Ni Noise Factor: Noise Temperature:
Te
F =1 +
N ai
F =1+ Te = ( F − 1)Ti
Ni Ti 30
1.10.4 Cascaded Connection
• In communication system cascaded connection is commonly
used:
• Below is the example of cascaded connection.
antenna
F1 , Te1 F3 , Te3
Si S1 S2
Ni N1 N2
G1 F2 , G2 , Te2 G3 So
Ti No
Nai1 Nai2 Nai3
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Level 1: Si F1 , Te1 Level 2:
Ni S1 S1 F2 , G2 , Te2 S2
G1
Ti N1 N1 N2
Nai1 Nai2
S1 = G1Si S 2 = G2 S1
N1 = G1 ( N i + N ai1 ) = G1G2 Si
= G1kTi B + G1kTe1 B N 2 = G2 ( N1 + N ai 2 )
= G1kB( Ti + Te1 ) = G1G2 ( N i + N ai1 ) + G2 N ai 2
= G1G2 kTi B + G1G2 kTe1 B + G2 kTe 2 B
Level 3: = G1G2 kB( Ti + Te1 ) + G2 kTe 2 B
F3 , Te3
S2
S 0 = G3 S 2 N2
G3 So
Nai3 No
= G1G2G3 S i
N o = G3 ( N 2 + N ai 3 )
= G2G3 ( N1 + N ai 2 ) + G3 N ai 3
= G1G2G3kTi B + G1G2G3kTe1 B + G2G3kTe 2 B + G3kTe3 B
= G1G2G3kB( Ti + Te1 ) + G2G3 kTe 2 B + G3 kTe 3 B
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SNRi
Ftot = =
SNRo
Si
Ni
=
So
No
Si
kTi B
=
G1G2G3 S i
G1G2G3 kB (Ti +Te1 ) +G2G3 kTe 2 B +G3 kTe 3 B
G1G2G3 kB(Ti +Te1 ) +G2G3 kTe 2 B +G3 kTe 3 B
=
G1G2G3 kTi B
Ti +Te1 T Te 3
= + e2 +
Ti G1Ti G1G2Ti
Te1 T Te 3
=1 + + e2 +
Ti G1Ti G1G2Ti
We have: Therefore:
F =1 +
Te
Ftot = F1 +
( F2 −1) ( F3 −1)
+
Ti G1 G1G2 33
To calculate Noise Temperature: From: Te = ( F − 1)Ti
We have:
Ftot = F1 +
( F2 −1) + ( F3 −1)
G1 G1G2
Te 2 T
1 + −1 1 + e 3 −1
Tetot Te1 Ti Ti
1+ =1+ + +
Ti Ti G1 G1G2
Tetot Te1 Te 2 Te 3
= + +
Ti Ti G1Ti G1G2Ti
Te 2 Te 3
Tetot = Te1 + +
G1 G1G2
Friss’ formula: ( F2 − 1) ( F3 − 1) ( Fn − 1)
Ftot =F +
1 + + ... +
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn −1
Te 2 Te 3 Tn
Tetot = Te1 + + + ... +
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn −1
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1.10.5 Attenuator, Transmission Loss
• All transmission medium will attenuate power and caused power
loss => Pout < Pin.
Power loss or power attenuation is given by:
Pin 1
L= =
Pout G
P
LdB = 10 log10 in = −GdB
Pout
where:
l = length of the transmission medium
α = attenuation constant
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1.10.6 Transmission Loss
Transmission Medium Frequency Loss dB/km
Kabel Terpiuh (Twisted- 10kHz 2
pair Cable) 100kHz 3
300kHz 6
Kabel Sepaksi (Coaxial 100kHz 1
Cable) 1MHz 2
3MHz 4
Pandu Gelombang
Empat Segi (Rectangular 10GHz 5
Waveguide)
Kabel Fiber Optik (Fiber 3.6 x 1014Hz 2.5
Optic Cable) 2.4 x 1014Hz 0.5
1.8 x 1014Hz 0.2
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Unit dB in Communication
If P1 is the reference power: If V1 is the reference voltage:
P2 V2
PdB = 10 log10 VdB = 20 log10
V
P1 1
Example 1.3
A carrier signal, vc(t) = 100 cos 10πt Volt was suppressed by 20 dB.
What is the carrier’s new amplitude?
dB = 20 log V2 / V1 = 20 log 100 / 1 = 40 dB
New carrier amplitude = 40 dB – 20 dB = 20 dB ;
20 log V = 20 dB ; V = log-1 1 = 10 Volt.
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Therefore, vc(t)new = 10 cos 10πt Volt
Example 1.4
One operational amplifier with a frequency range of (18-20) MHz has
input resistance 10 kΩ. Calculate noise voltage at the input if the
amplifier operate at ambient temperature of 270C.
Vn2 = 4KTBR
= 4 x 1.38 x 10-23 x (273+ 27) x 2 x 106 x 104
Vn = 18 µvolt
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Example 1.5
Noise generated in amplifier of 5 MHz bandwidth is represented by
amplifier input noise power of 0.082 pW. Calculate noise factor and
noise figure if the amplifier was fed with the
(a) source input signal match the temperature of 300 K
(b) source input signal match the temperature of 100 K
Ni No
Noise factor and noise figure were less when operated at room
temperature.
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Example 1.6
An antenna is connected to an amplifier with noise temperature, Te = 125 oK,
gain, G = 108. Given the bandwidth, B = 10 MHz and output receiver noise, No
= 10 µW. Determine the antenna temperature, Ti and noise factor, F of the
receiver.
N o = ( N i + N e )G
= ( KTi B + KTe B )G
= KB (Ti + Te )G
10 µ = 1.38 ×10 −23 ×10 ×10 6 (Ti +125)10 8
∴ Ti = 600 o K
Te 125 N i + N e 100
F = 1+ = 1+ = 1. 2 or F= = = 1.2
Ti 600 Ni 82.8
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Example 1.7
Three amplifiers, ABC was connected in series. Noise figure and power
gain of the amplifiers are given below:
Amplifier A : GA = 20 dB FA = 3 dB
Amplifier B : GB = 10 dB FB = 5 dB
Amplifier C : GC = 5 dB FC = 10 dB
An input signal of 50 dB higher than noise level was fed at the input of the
network. Calculate:
(a) Total noise factor
(b) SNR at the output
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Solution:
F − 1 F3 − 1 Amplifier A : GA = 20 dB FA = 3 dB
F = F1 + 2 +
G1 G1G2 Amplifier B : GB = 10 dB FB = 5 dB
10 5 / 10
−1
10 − 1 Amplifier C : GC = 5 dB FC = 10 dB
= 10 +
3 10
+
100 100 × 10
3.16 − 1 10 − 1
= 1.99 + + A B C
100 1000
= 1.99 + 0.0216 + 9 × 10 −3
= 2.03
(a) Angka hingar = 10 log10 2.03 = 3.05 dB