Unit #2 Atomic Structure

Early Theories of Matter Ideas of the Philosophers Democritus (460 - 370 B.C.) > matter is composed of tiny particles called atomos Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.) > disagreed with the idea of atoms > believed in the four elements: air, earth, water and fire > this view held for nearly 2000 years Alchemy filled in the time until modern chemistry began experiments included: ore testing, metalworking, production of gunpowder, ink, dyes, paints, cosmetics, ceramics, glass manufacture

John Dalton (1766 - 1844) marks the beginning of modern atomic theory based statements on scientific research

Daltons Atomic Theory 1803 1. All matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. 2. Atoms of the same element are identical in size, mass and chemical properties. 3. Atoms of different elements are different. 4. Atoms of different elements can physically mix or chemically combine. 5. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined or rearranged.

Dalton's Atomic Model indivisible atom smallest particle same throughout J. J. Thomson (1856 - 1940) 1897: discovered the electron used a cathode ray tube

Thomson's model nicknamed the "plum pudding" model accounts for the discovery of the electron positive charge is diffuse (spread out) electrons (negative charges) are in fixed positions in the atom
historical cathode ray tube

Ernst Rutherford (1871 - 1937) a student of Thomson set out to prove Thomson's model correct Gold foil experiment - 1911

large voids between nuclei

animation of the gold foil experiment

Rutherford's Model all of the positive charge is in the nucleus nucleus is central core of the atom electrons are in motion around the nucleus nicknamed the "nuclear model"

Summary of current understanding of subatomic particles electron symbol discovered by & date location mass in g mass in amu charge eThomson 1897 proton p+ Rutherford 1918 neutron no Chadwick 1932 in nucleus

empty space in nucleus

9.1 x 10 - 28 g 1.672 x 10-24 g 1.674 x10-24 g 0.0006 -1 1.00 +1 1.00 0

Nucleus - central core of the atom (1/100,000th diameter) composed of p+ and n0 contains all of the atoms positive charge contains 99.97 % of the atoms mass

In normal chemistry... the nucleus remains intact electrons are lost, gained or shared changes in the nucleus = nuclear physics/chemistry

Atomic Number - Z the number of protons in the nucleus H. Moseley discovered: each element contains a unique positive charge determines the place for each element on the periodic table

In a neutral atom: # protons = # electrons In a charged atom (ion): # protons = # electrons

Mass Number - A total number of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus Remember: All of the mass of the atom is found in the nucleus.

# n0 = mass # - atomic #

or

# n0 = A - Z

Isotopes atoms with the same identity but different mass same number of protons different number of neutrons essentially the same chemical properties due to having the same numbers of protons and electrons

Isotopic Notation

more simply: Cu-63 or Copper-63

Example: Fill in the table Isotope atomic # mass # #p+ #n0 #e-

C-14

47

60

Atomic mass mass of the average atom based on the relative abundance of each of the isotopes atomic mass unit (amu) or (u) sometimes expressed in daltons (Da) based on a "relative mass scale" based on C-12 1 u = 1.66 x 10 - 24 g

Bohr's Model 1913 - Niels Bohr attempted to explain the location of electrons nucleus is surrounded by electrons in circular orbits nicknamed the "planetary model" used to explain the emission spectra of H

Hydrogen emission spectra

http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=124&cat=Chemistry

Atomic Emission Spectra a set of frequencies of waves emitted by atoms observed as a set of lines of individual colors each element has a unique emission spectrum can be used to identify an element Electrons... are naturally in a ground state (lowest energy) gain energy to reach an excited state (high energy) have to release energy in a different form to get back to the lower energy state release LIGHT energy

Light Basic wave characteristics wavelength - distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave symbol: ....Greek letter lambda usually expressed in m, cm or nm frequency - the number of waves that pass a point per second symbol: Greek letter nu expressed in Hz (hertz) 1 Hz = 1 s-1 amplitude - waves height from the origin to the crest or trough speed - all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light symbol: c = 3.00 x 108 m/s (in a vacuum) c= c is a constant so and can be calculated

What is the wavelength of a microwave with a frequency of 3.44 x 109 Hz?

answer = 0.0872 m

Electromagnetic Spectrum energy travelling in waves shorter wavelengths = higher frequency = more energy

Particle Nature of Light wave behavior of light cannot explain why heated objects give off distinct colors (specific frequencies) of light Max Planck (1858 - 1947) studied the different wavelengths of light emitted by heated objects conclusion: matter can gain or lose energy only in specific amounts quantum - minimum energy that can be gained or lost by an atom hot objects emit light in quantized amounts E=h E - energy in J (joule) - frequency h - Plancks constant.6.626 x 10 -34 J s energy can be gained or lost only in whole number multiples of h

What is the energy of light with a frequency of 9.71 x 1015 Hz?

What is the wavelength of light with an energy of 7.5 x 10 -16 J?

answers: 6.43 x 10 - 18 J 2.7 x 10 -10 m

The Quantum Mechanical Model Multiple scientists de Broglies Hypothesis matter has wave-like properties consequence: whole number of wavelengths must fit within the circumference of the orbit

The energy level number, n, is equal to the number of waves.

 An electron wave cannot occupy a distance that is not equal to a whole number of wavelengths. In a distance such as this, the wave would interfere with itself in a complicated way, and would become unstable

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle impossible to know the velocity and position of a particle at the same time therefore, we can not predict EXACTLY where the electron is located AND how fast it is moving

Schrodingers Model Erwin Schrodinger 1926 electron cloud model

limits electrons to certain energy levels does not predict the path of the electron deals with probability due to repulsive and attractive forces based on a complex mathematical equation

Schrodinger's Cat popular analogy of that he used describes the uncertainty of atomic theory at the time

quantum numbers describe the location of the electron in four categories each category gets more specific

Energy Level principal quantum number > n > values n = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 defines the size of the atom as n increases the energy level gets larger

Energy Sublevels each energy level has "n"number of sublevels the sublevels have labels 1st one in each levels 2ndp 3rd d 4thf Atomic Orbitals each energy level has "n2" number of atomic orbitals each sublevel has a fixed number of orbitals s .... 1 orbital p .... 3 orbitals d .... 5 orbitals f .... 7 orbitals

s orbitals p orbitals

d orbitals

f orbitals

Electron configurations 1. the arrangement of electrons in an atom 2. lowest energy and most stable 3. follows three basic rules of predicting arrangement Rules of electron arrangement 1. aufbau principle - each e - occupies the lowest energy orbital each sublevel has a different energy state e - within a energy level fill in sub level orders,p,d,f the energy levels overlap so a guideline is needed to establish sublevel order 1s diagonal rule sets the order of filling the sublevels 2s 2p

3s 4s 5s 6s 7s

3p 4p 5p 6p 7p

3d 4d 4f 5d 5f 6d

2. Pauli Exclusion Principle - an atomic orbital contains a maximum of two electrons the two e - will travel with opposite spins direction of spin will be represented by one pair of e 3. Hunds Rule - e - will individually occupy equal energy orbitals before forming a pair all orbitals of a sublevel are of equal energy

1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s

2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p

3d 4d 4f 5d 5f 6d

Electron Notation Examples

Steps to use this shortcutCd 1. find the noble gas (group 18 on the periodic table) with an atomic number less than the element Kr 2. Put the noble gas in bracketsCd [Kr] 3. The noble gas filled the p sublevel with n = period number 4 4. Follow the diagonal rule and continue the notation from the next ssublevel using the remaining electrons Cd [Kr] 5s2 4d10

1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s

2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p

3d 4d 4f 5d 5f 6d

Randomly Selected Electron Configuration Worksheet Carpico Complete the orbital notation and electron dot. Mn

Complete the electron configuration and electron dot. Y

Complete the electron configuration with shortcut and electron dot. Sn

Complete the orbital notation and electron dot. W

Complete the electron configuration with shortcut and electron dot. Xe

Complete the electron configuration and electron dot. Zn