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Class
Reg Number
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c Name .......................................................................
Candidate
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Chemistry
H2 9746
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Tutor Tutee
c Exercise 16: Integrated Questions
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1

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AlO2- (Al3+ and O2-)

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No. ions are hydrated and only held in place by relatively weak electrostatic forces
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Al + NaOH + 3H 2O  NaAl(OH)4 + 3/2 H 2
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Aluminium and its oxides are amphoteric due to Al 3+ being small and highly charged
and hence having high charge density and is able to polarise / distort the large
anionic cloud on O 2-, resulting in Al 2O3 having ionic with some covalent character,
allowing it to react with both acids and alkalis .
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rate = 6.57.5 10 6 mol dm3 s1

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lines 1 and 2: as [H 2O2] increases by 0.07/0.05 = 1.4, so does rate

so order w.r.t. [H 2O2] = 1
lines 1 and 3: increase in rate (1.8) is also the increase in [H 2O2],
so rate is independent of [H +] (or zero order)

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step II: Cl 2, uv light
step III: KCN (in ethanol) + heat / reflux
step V: Sn or Fe + HCl (+ heat)

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silkworm hydrogen bonds
spider van der Waals OR hydrogen bonds

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Colour is due to the absorption of visible light
Atom needs vacancy(ies) in the d -orbitals
The d-orbitals are split into two energy levels by ligands (d-d splitting)
Energy is used to promote electrons from lower to upper d -orbitals (d-d transition)
OR Energy gap in non -transition metals does not lie in visible range
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V(III) is V3+ (or [V(H2O)6]3+) and is green

V(IV) is VO 2+(aq) and is blue NOT V 4+
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moles of e = 0.02 x 5 x 20/1000 = 0.002

Hence 2 moles of electrons are used per mole of vanadium
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NH3 + H2O
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Cu + 2OH  Cu(OH)2 (pale blue ppt)

Then 4NH 3 + Cu2+(aq) = [Cu(NH 3)4]2+ (deep blue solution)
NH3 is a stronger ligand than H 2O and displaces it .
Reference to IP < K sp due to equilibrium position shifting right as [Cu 2+] decreases to
favour dissolution of Cu(OH) 2 due to formation of deep blue solution.
Reference to CP.
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violet [Cr(H2O)6]3+ 3Cl
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charge = current x time = 0.01 x 34 560 000 = 345 600 C
moles of H = 345 600/96 500 = 3.6 mol M mass of H = 3.6 g

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advantages: less pollution/CO 2/NOx etc. or cleaner by -products
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hydrogen is difficult to store or to transport any one

NOT hydrogen is explosive/flammable
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Initially, Cu 2+(aq) exists as Cu(H2O)62+, where the 6 water molecules are ligands. From
equation 7.1, - molecules now replace the water molecules in Cu(H 2O)62+, forming
Cu2, thereby constituting a ligand -exchange reaction.
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From Equation 7.1, H + is the product of the forward reaction and the reaction is pH
dependent since by CP, a high pH (i.e. low [H +]) will cause equilibrium to shift right
to favour the forward reaction to counteract the decrease in [H +].
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End of Paper

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