Phonetics & Phonology Lagos & Bittner 2006

ENGLISH ALLOPHONIC BOOKLET

(revised to 2013)



Phoneme


Place

Manner

Voicing

Allophones + Position

Examples

Phonemic
Transcription

Allophonic
Transcription


/ b /


Bilabial


Stop
(plosive)


Voiced
| b | Initial / medial
| b| Unreleased in syllable-final
position before a consonant
| b | Final released (when emphatic)
back
absent

Wheres the
club?
/ bL /
/ 'bsonl /

/ vcoz o LI:b /
| bL |
| 'bsonl |

| vcoz o LI:b|
Devoiced | b | Before a voiceless consonant or silence Bob took it / bnb luL il / | bnb luL il|
*Note: b is silent as in climb, dumb, comb, &c.



/ d /




Alveolar
Stop
(plosive)

Voiced
| d | Initial Dame / dcim / | dcim |
| d | Medial (same as above in RP) lady / 'Icidi / | 'IcidI |
Tap Voiced | i | Intervocalic (in SAE) lady / 'Icidi / | 'IciiI |

Stop
(plosive)

Voiced
| d | Final released (when emphatic) Dad! / dd / | dd |
| d| Unreleased in syllable-final
position before a consonant
pad Thai / pd 'lai/ | pd 'lai |
Devoiced | d | Before a voiceless consonant or silence Call the guard! / L:I o gu:d / |L: o gu:d|
Dental Stop Voiced | d | Before dental consonants add theirs / d coz / | d coz |





/ q /




Velar


Stop
(plosive)


Voiced
| g | Initial / medial goal / gouI / | gouI |
| g | Final released (when emphatic) Such a pig! / s:lj o pig / | s:lj o pig |
| g| Unreleased in syllable-final
position before a consonant
fig / !ig 'liI:/ | !ig 'l:I: |
Devoiced | g | Before a voiceless consonant or silence
Pick the bag
/ piL o bg / | pIL o bg |
Fricative Voiced | y | Initial (Old English) / Intervocalic (Spanish)
ghost lago /gousl/ - /Iago/ |yousl| - |Iayo|
Approximant
Voiced | | Intervocalic (Latin American Spanish) lago / Iago / |Iao|

Palatal

Stop
(plosive)

Voiced
| g | Advanced before front closed vowels
| |
give
get
/ giv /
/ gcl /
| giv | - | iv |
| gcl | - | cl |
| g | Retracted before back open vowels
Greek gods
/ giI:L gndz / | g:I:L gndz |
Phonetics & Phonology Lagos & Bittner 2006
Phoneme Place Manner Voicing Allophones + Position Examples Phonemic
Transcription
Allophonic
Transcription


/ p /



Bilabial



Stop
(plosive)



Voiceless
| p| Initial / medial / final + v (aspirated) pin / pin / | pin |
| p | After s (unaspirated) spot / spnl / | spnl |
| p| p + v + n (nasal) open / 'oupon / | 'oupn |
| p | Final released (when emphatic) lap / Ip / | Ip |
| p| Unreleased in syllable-final
position before a consonant
pop corn / pnp L:n/ | pnp L:n|
| ? | Glottal reinforcement pop / pnp / | pn?p |




/ t /




Alveolar




Stop
(plosive)




Voiceless
| l| Initial / medial / final + v (aspirated) tin / lin / | lin |
| l | After s (unaspirated) stool / slu:I / | slu: |
| l| t + v + n (nasal) eaten / 'I:lon / | 'I:?ln |
| l | Final released (when emphatic) Find it! / !aind il / | !aind il |
| l| Unreleased in syllable-final
position before a consonant
dot com / dnl 'Lnm/ | dnl 'Lnm |
| ? | Glottal reinforcement/replacement fighting / '!ailip / | '!ai?lip |
Tap Voiced | i | Intervocalic (in SAE) | | city / 'sili / |'siiI| - |'siI|




/ k /




Velar




Stop
(plosive)




Voiceless
| L| Initial / medial / final + v (aspirated) cap / Lp / | Lp |
| L | After s (unaspirated) scum / sL:m / | sL:m |
| L| k + v + n (nasal) bacon / 'bciLon / | 'bciLn |
| L | Final released (when emphatic) pack / pL / | pL |
| L| Unreleased syllable-final position
before a consonant
lack for / IL !:/ | IL !: |
| ? | Glottal reinforcement doctor / 'dnLlo(i) / | 'dn?Llo |
Velar

Stop

Voiceless
| L | Advanced before close vowels | c | key / LI: / | LI:| - |cI:|
Palatal | L | Retracted before open vowels car / Lu: / | Lu: |


/ m /
Bilabial Nasal Voiced | m | Initial / medial / final cam / Lm / | Lm |
Labiodental Nasal Voiced | p | Medial before f comfortable / 'L:m!olobI / | 'L:p!lobI |
Bilabial Nasal Voiced | m | Final syllabic bottom / 'bnlom / | 'bnlm |
Phonetics & Phonology Lagos & Bittner 2006
Phoneme Place Manner Voicing Allophones + Position Examples Phonemic
Transcription
Allophonic
Transcription


/ n /

Apicodental

Nasal

Voiced

| n | Dental before /0/ //
tenth
in there
/ 'lcn0 /
/ in'co(i) /
| 'lcn0 |
| in'co |
Apicoalveolar Nasal Voiced | n | Elsewhere can / Ln / | Ln |
Laminoalveolar Nasal Voiced | n | Alveopalatal before /lj/ /d/ lunch / I:nlj / | I:nlj |
Bilabial Nasal Voiced | m| Before bilabial plosive/stops manpower / 'mnpauo / | 'mmpauo |



/ q /

Dorsopalatal

Nasal

Voiced

| p | After close front vowels

going

/ 'gouip /

| 'gouip |
Dorsovelar Nasal Voiced | p | After open back vowels sung / s:p / | s:p |
Velar Nasal Voiced | p | Final syllabic
lock and key
/InL on 'LI:/ | InLp 'LI: |



/ l /


Alveolar

Lateral-approx.
Voiced | I | Initial apicoalveolar loop / Iu:p / | Iu:p |
Alveolar
Lateral-approx.
Voiced | | Velarized (dark) before a consonant or
silence, except /j/
Did she
call?
/ did jI: L:I / | did jI L: |
Alveolar
Lateral-approx.
Devoiced | I | After a aspirated /p/ /L/ plot / pInl / | pInl |
Alveolar
Lateral-approx.
Voiced | I | Final syllabic paddle / 'pdI / | 'pdI |
Dental
Lateral-approx.
Voiced | I | Before /0/ // wealth / vcI0 / | vc0 |





/ r /





Alveolar
Lateral-approx.
Voiced | : | Initial / medial rock / inL / | :`n?L |
Retroflex
Approximant
Voiced | | Final (SAE) car / Lu:(i) / | Lu: |

Apicoalveolar

Tap

Voiced
| i | Linking r or after /0/ //
Yes, there is / jcs coi 'iz / | jcs coi'iz |
| i | Intrusive r warsh / vnj / | v:ij |
Alveolar
Approximant
Devoiced | : | After aspirated /p/ /l/ /L/ pray / pici / | p:ci |
Alveolar Fricative Voiced | : | After /d/ or Final (Chilean Spanish)
dry cantar /diai/ /Lan'lai/ |d:ai| | Lan'la: |
Alveolar Trill Voiced | i | Initial / medial (Spanish) perro / 'pcio / | 'pcio |
Alveolar Tap Voiced | i | Medial (Spanish) pero / 'pcio / | 'pcio |
Uvular Trill Voiced | i | Initial / final (17
th
century French) rouge / iu: / | iu |
Uvular
Fricative-approx.
Voiced | n | Initial / medial / final (Modern French/German) rouge / iu: / | nu |
Phonetics & Phonology Lagos & Bittner 2006
Phoneme Place Manner Voicing Allophones + Position Examples Phonemic
Transcription
Allophonic
Transcription

/ I /


Labiodental

Fricative

Voiceless

Initial / medial / final

fan

/ !n /

| !n |


/ v /

Labiodental

Fricative

Voiced

| v | Initial / medial / final

van

/ vn /

| vn |
Devoiced | v | Before voiceless consonant or silence have to /hv lo/ | hv lo |


/ /


Dental

Fricative

Voiceless

Initial / medial / final

ether

/ 'I:0o /

| 'I:0o |


/ /

Dental

Fricative

Voiced

| | Initial / medial / final

either

/ 'aio / / 'I:o /

| 'aio | | 'I:o |
Devoiced | | Before voiceless consonant or silence with thanks
/ vi 0pLs / | vi 0pLs |


/ s /


Alveolar

Fricative

Voiceless

Initial / medial / final

seal

/ sI:I /

| sI: |


/ z /

Alveolar

Fricative

Voiced

| z | Initial / medial / final

zeal

/ zI:I /

| zI: |
Alveolar Fricative Devoiced | z | Before voiceless consonant or silence It is too late / il iz 'lu: Icil / | il iz 'lu: Icil |



/ j /


Postalveolar


Fricative


Voiceless


Initial / medial / final


shower / 'jauo(i) / | 'jauo |
machine / mo'jI:n / | mo'jI:n |
issue / 'iju:/ - / 'isju:/ | 'iju:| - | 'isju:|
mash / mj / | mj |
Phonetics & Phonology Lagos & Bittner 2006
Phoneme Place Manner Voicing Allophones + Position Examples Phonemic
Transcription
Allophonic
Transcription


/ /


Postalveolar


Fricative

Voiced

| | Initial/Medial / final
genre / nnio / | nn:o |
allusion / o'Iju:on / | o'Iju:n |
seizure / 'sI:o(i) / | 'sI:o |
Devoiced | | Before voiceless consonant or silence collage / Ln'Iu: / | Ln'Iu: |


/ b /

Glottal

Fricative
Voiceless | h | Initial / medial house / haus / | haus |
Voiced | n | Between voiced segments ahead / o'hcd / | o'ncd |


/ tj /

Postalveolar

Affricate

Voiceless

| lj | Initial / medial / final
chop it / ljnp il / | ljnp il |
bachelor / 'bljoIo(i) / | 'bljoIo |
| ?lj | Glottal reinforcement in syllable-final
position before consonant or silence
match / mlj / | m?lj |



/ d /


Postalveolar


Affricate

Voiced

| d | Initial / medial / final
jumper / 'd:mpo(i) / | 'd:mpo |
agent / 'cidonl / | 'cidonl |
George / d:d / | d:d |
Devoiced | d | Before voiceless consonant or silence edge / cd / | cd |


/ w /

Labiovelar
Approx. Voiced | v | Initial / medial (back, oral, glide) wet / vcl / | vcl |
Approx. Devoiced | v | After aspirated /p/ /l/ /L/ queen / LvI:n / | LvI:n |
Fricative Voiceless | n | Initial (back, oral, glide) when /(h)vcn/ | ncn |


/ j /

Palatal

Approx.

Voiced

| j | Initial / medial (front, oral, glide)
yes / jcs / | jcs |
queue / Lju: / | Lju: |
Fricative Voiceless | | After aspirated /p/ /l/ /L/ and /hj/ tune huge /lju:n/ /hju:d/ |lu:n| |u:d|


/ x /


Velar

Fricative

Voiceless

| x | Final (Scottish English)

loch

/ InL /

| Iox |
Phonetics & Phonology Lagos & Bittner 2006
Phoneme Place Manner Voicing Allophones + Position Examples Phonemic
Transcription
Allophonic
Transcription


/ ? /


Glottal


Stop
(plosive)


Voiceless

Medial before /p/ /l/ /L/ /lj/

actor
top

/ 'Llo(i) /
/ lnp /

| '?Llo |
| ln?p |
Initial before central vowels Uh-oh (Trouble)
Uh-uh (No)
/ :'ou /
/ ':: /
| ?:'?ou |
| '?:?o |
























Phonetics & Phonology Lagos & Bittner 2006
ENGLISH ALLOPHONES
(revised to 2013)

CONSONANTS
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyngeal
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive p b l d c L g ?
Nasal m p n p
Trill
Tap or Flap i
Fricative ! v 0 s z j x h n
Affricate lj d
Lateral
fricative

Approximant n v : j
Lateral
approximant
I
Ejective stop
Implosive
Click
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.










Phonetics & Phonology Lagos & Bittner 2006
SPANISH ALLOPHONES
(revised to 2013)

CONSONANTS
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Laryngeal
Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Laryngeal Glottal
Occlusive p b l d L g
Nasal m p n j p
Trill i
Tap or Flap i
Fricative ! 0 s z j x y _ h
Affricate lj d
Lateral
fricative

Approximant
Lateral
approximant
I
Semivowel j v
Ejective stop
Implosive
Click
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.









Phonetics & Phonology Lagos & Bittner 2006
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET
(revised to 2013)

CONSONANTS
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyngeal
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive p b l d q c L g q c ?
Nasal m p n p j p r
Trill s i i
Tap or Flap i
Fricative ! v 0 s z j , j x y _ n h \ h n
Affricate lj d
Lateral
fricative
[
Approximant n v u : j
Lateral
approximant
I ] L
Ejective stop p` l` ` c` L` q`
Implosive 5 l u c j l g q G
Click
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible